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labors of many years in bonds, when told of the work in hand, replied: "God bless you! God bless you!" She then kissed the party at her house, and requested all to kneel, which we did, and she offered prayer to God for His blessing on the enterprise, and our success. At the slaves' quarters, there was apparently a general jubilee, and they stepped forward manfully, without impressing or coaxing. Captain Brown...was surprised and pleased by the promptitude with which they volunteered, and with their manly bearing at the scene of violence. ...The truth of the Harper's Ferry "raid," as it has been called, in regard to the part taken by the slaves, and the aid given by colored men generally, demonstrates clearly: First, that the conduct of the slaves is a strong guarantee of the weakness of the institution, should a favorable opportunity occur; and, secondly, that the colored people, as a body, were well represented by numbers, both in the fight, and in the number who suffered martyrdom afterward.
31:
65:(UDC) were offended by this positive depiction of Brown, and commissioned the Heyward Shepherd monument to discredit Brown's positive image and promote the "faithful slave" as a role model for Blacks. The monument misrepresented the circumstances of Shepherd's death to imply that he consciously opposed John Brown's plan to spark a slave rebellion; in reality, Shepherd was not aware of the plan and believed he was dealing with robbers. The inscription praises the "faithfulness of thousands of negroes" to the
527:
whites and 100 blacks gathered to unveil and dedicate the
Shepherd Monument. During the ceremony, voices rose to praise and denounce the monument. Conceived around the turn of the century, the monument endured controversy. In 1905, the United Daughters of the Confederacy stated that erecting the monument would influence for good the present and coming generations, and prove that the people of the South who owned slaves valued and respected their good qualities as no one else ever did or will do.
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Brown, Green, and the others. The owners of two submitted claims for their losses. Some slaves were observed with weapons inside the
Arsenal. The story that Washington and Allstadt's slaves were there only because they were forced to be there is what the slaves had said, after Brown's raid had failed, and their owners wanted to believe that.
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This boulder is erected by the United
Daughters of the Confederacy and the Sons of Confederate Veterans as a memorial to Heyward Shepherd, exemplifying the character and faithfulness of thousands of negros who, under many temptations throughout subsequent years of war, so conducted themselves that no
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On the Sunday evening of the outbreak, when we visited the plantations and acquainted the slaves with our purpose to effect their liberation, the greatest enthusiasm was manifested by them—joy and hilarity beamed from every countenance. One old mother, white-haired from age, and borne down with the
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The UDC originally assumed that
Shepherd had been a slave. They eventually changed the memorial to reflect Shepherd's status as a freedman, but they continued to refer to it as the "faithful slave monument". According to the historian Caroline Janney, "They found little relevance in his status as
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On
October 17, 1859, abolitionist John Brown attacked Harpers Ferry to launch a war against slavery. Heyward Shepherd, a free African-American railroad baggage master, was shot and killed by Brown's men shortly after midnight. Seventy-two years later, on October 10, 1931, a crowd estimated to 300
145:, was that no Blacks participated voluntarily at all. Lee's report did not become public until the report of the Senate Select Committee investigating the incident, over six months later. But Wise's views were widely known, as he stated them clearly in speeches, which appeared in many newspapers.
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allegation that the enslaved were happy and did not want freedom; the UDC had a "Faithful Slave
Memorial Committee". However, the grand jury Bill of Indictment lists 11 Black enslaved men who were allegedly incited to revolt by the accused. One was locked up in the Charles Town jail together with
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There has been contention throughout the 20th century as to what plaque, if any, should be displayed next to the UDC's memorial. "Today the
Heyward Shepherd Memorial stands not as a representative of a community's collective remembrance, but rather as a testament to the struggle between Southern
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Although the monument was completed before 1923, it was not installed immediately because local White leaders feared that it would provoke interracial animosity. The UDC eventually agreed to change the design to satisfy White leaders' concerns, and the memorial was dedicated in 1931. Despite the
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John Brown's raid on the armory at
Harpers Ferry caused the death of four townspeople. One of those who died in the fighting was Heyward Shepherd, a railroad baggagemaster and a free black. Although the true identity of his assailant is uncertain, Shepherd soon became a symbol of the "faithful
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What happened, as described by
Shepherd to the physician who treated him, John D. Starry, was "that he had been out on the railroad bridge looking for a watchman who was missing, and he had been ordered to halt by some men who were there, and, instead of doing that, he turned to go back to the
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On the night of
October 16, 1859, Heyward Shepherd, an industrious and respected colored freeman, was mortally wounded by John Brown's raiders. In pursuance of his duties as an employee of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, he became the first victim of this attempted
93:(NPS) designed a series of interpretative signs to place the monument in historical context, and from 1981 to 1995 kept it covered in plywood to prevent vandalism. As of 2022, the monument remains on display accompanied by an interpretative sign.
201:, whose northern terminus was the Harpers Ferry station. The stationmaster was Fontaine Beckham, the popular mayor of Harpers Ferry; when he was absent, Shepherd was in charge of the station. Beckham, who also was killed, "liked him very much."
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had been moved. The text on the plaque, replying to the "faithful slave" allegation that Virginia's happy slaves did not want freedom, states that seven "slaves and sons of slaves" fought with Brown, who was "crucified". It was written by
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Haywood Shepherd was a Black man; according to one source he was born free, but another source says that he had been the property of station master Fontaine Beckham. He was over 6 feet (180 cm) in height, and lived in
89:, the Black press, and the local Black community. The NAACP responded by creating a new tablet that was even stronger in its support for John Brown. The Heyward Shepherd monument continued to be controversial. The
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Startling incidents & developments of Osowotomy Brown's insurrectory and treasonable movements at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, October 17th, 1859 : with a true and accurate account of the whole transaction
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In 2006, 74 years later, the plaque was finally given a public place, but a remote one: on the former Storer College grounds, at the Fort's former location. Tourist guides largely ignore it. The plaque reads:
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197:, whose trains went back and forth through Harpers Ferry. In Harpers Ferry was the first interline rail junction in the country: there was frequently baggage or freight to move to or from the trains of the
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office, and as he turned they shot him in the back." He rejected his assaulters' claim that this was to begin a slave rebellion. He thought they were robbers and refused to keep quiet as they requested.
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had been established in Harpers Ferry; the college placed a plaque on the Armory in 1918. There was no better place, from the UDC's point of view, for a monument to the "happy slave" than Harpers Ferry.
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myth that the cause of the Confederacy was justified and not centered on slavery. The Heyward Shepherd monument was one of many erected by the UDC to help popularize the Lost Cause myth.
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156:, or even that he had heard of it. He thought he was dealing with robbers. Nevertheless, the monument was intended to be a reply to Blacks' glorification of Brown, in whose honor
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Subsequently, Winchester's Old Colored Cemetery has been paved over and the location used for parking. It was located at current North East Lane and Woodstock Lane, near
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The origin of the monument to the "faithful slave" is the monument to Brown, posted on the original building, the "firehouse," which had been moved to the campus of
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servant" among those who deplored Brown's action against the traditional southern way of life. The monument, placed here in 1931, reflects those traditional views.
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432:, the white president of Storer, who had participated in the UDC's 1931 ceremony, refused to allow the plaque to be mounted, because he found it "too militant".
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219:, with "honors of war by the military companies of the town, accompanied by the mayor and other citizens." However, in 1932 no one could find his grave.
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A Voice from Harper's Ferry. A Narrative of Events at Harper's Ferry; with incidents prior and subsequent to its capture by John Brown and his men
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Heyward Shepherd, Victim of Violence. Address of Dedication at the Unveiling of the Heyward Shepherd Monument, at Harpers Ferry, October 10, 1931
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A bill was introduced into the Virginia Legislature to provide a pension for his widow Sarah. His wife and children moved to Washington, D.C.
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The monument was immediately challenged by many as perpetuating the "happy slave" concept of slavery as a justification for the practice.
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stain was left upon a record which is the peculiar heritage of the American people, and an everlasting tribute to the best in both races.
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In 1931, after opposition since it had been proposed in 1920, what was called at the time the Faithful Slave Memorial was erected by the
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A plaque to contextualize the original 1931 monument was placed in 1955 by the National Park Service. The text of the plaque read:
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The monument was in storage from 1976 to 1980 and then shrouded in plywood, supposedly to protect it from vandalism, until 1995.
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rail line. He owned a small house there, had a wife and five children, according to the 1860 census, and had money in the bank.
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Hayes, Dianne. "NAACP Retraces History at Harpers Ferry." Diverse: Issues in Higher Education 23, no. 13 (August 10, 2006): 17.
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Another plaque was installed near the 1931 monument by the National Park Service, to place the monument in context. It reads:
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gave the opening address, and the college chorus performed. A "distinguished colored clergyman" gave the benediction.
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United States Congress. Senate. Select Committee on the Harper's Ferry Invasion (1860). Mason, John Murray (ed.).
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Although he had objected to the original 1920 proposal as provocative of "unpleasant racial feeling"—there was a
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Whites and African Americans to write their respective memories of the raid into the historical landscape."
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189:. The author says that he was an eyewitness. It is not known if it was the author who made the drawing.
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John Brown, Abolitionist. The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights
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free or slave—either way, he was a black man who was 'loyal' and subservient to white interests."
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1069:"Continuing Skirmishes in Harpers Ferry: Entangled Memories of Heyward Shepherd and John Brown"
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responded by preparing a plaque, which they called "The Great Tablet", to be displayed at
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46:, dedicated in 1931. It commemorates Heyward Shepherd (1825 – October 17, 1859), a
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1636:. : Published under the auspices of the Heyward Shepherd Memorial Association, 1931.
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Libby, Jean; Frye, Dennis; Woodall, Jim (March 25, 2021), Broomall, James (ed.),
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He had worked for nearly twenty years as a porter or baggage handler with the
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1543:"The Pernicious Myth of the 'Loyal Slave' Lives on in Confederate Memorials"
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Confederate States of America monuments and memorials in West Virginia
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However, the official view, in the reports of the Virginians Lt. Col.
73:. The idea of the "faithful slave" was an important component of the "
1604:"An 'Ever Present Bone of Contention': the Heyward Shepherd Memorial"
681:"An 'Ever Present Bone of Contention': the Heyward Shepherd Memorial"
625:
799:
Five for Freedom. The African American Soldiers in John Brown's Army
61:
dedicated a plaque on its campus celebrating John Brown's raid. The
626:"Written in Stone: Gender, Race, and the Heyward Shepherd Memorial"
1524:"Heyward Shepherd 'tribute' is a racist relic that must come down"
1488:"'Loyal Slave' Monuments Tell a Racist Lie About American History"
556:"Heyward" is a misspelling of Shepherd's recorded name of Haywood.
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1628:. Johnson Publishing Company. September 18, 1995. pp. 22–23.
1620:"Monument to First Black Killed at Harpers Ferry Draws Criticism"
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1000:"Legislature of Virginia. Wednesday, February 22, 1860. Senate"
986:"Senate Select Committee Report on the Harper's Ferry Invasion"
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United Daughters of the Confederacy monuments and memorials
1193:"NAACP kicks off convention by honoring abolitionist Brown"
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Jefferson County, West Virginia in the American Civil War
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Buildings and structures in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
1515:"The Heyward Shepherd Monument: An Overt Ode to Slavery"
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George Tyler Moore Center for the Study of the Civil War
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George Tyler Moore Center for the Study of the Civil War
1292:"Tablet to Shepherd, John Brown Raider Victim, Unveiled"
1234:"Tribute to victim of Brown's raid still controversial"
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Freedom's Dawn. The Last Days of John Brown in Virginia
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Tourist attractions in Jefferson County, West Virginia
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Monuments and memorials to John Brown (abolitionist)
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148:There is no evidence that Shepherd was opposed to
85:changes, the monument was strongly opposed by the
1561:"Heyward Shepherd: The Faithful Slave Memorial"
588:"Haywood Shepherd (U.S. National Park Service)"
439:
130:
128:, the only Black in Brown's party who escaped:
866:"NAACP And DAR Locked In Battle Over A Statue"
755:. Boston: Published by the author. p. 60.
632:. Vol. 52, no. 2. pp. 117–141.
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27:Monument in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, USA
8:
392:march a year later—Storer College president
116:The monument was intended to publicize the
2436:Buildings and structures completed in 1931
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1648:
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1137:Johnson, Mary (2015). "Heyward Shepherd".
937:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
375:. The text of the granite monument reads:
1965:B & O Railroad Potomac River Crossing
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185:This is from a 1906 book by Elijah Avey,
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792:
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2134:Remarks After the Hanging of John Brown
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1128:
893:California Digital Newspaper Collection
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
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187:The Capture and Execution of John Brown
50:who was the first person killed during
2371:African-American-related controversies
2076:John Brown Museum (Osawatomie, Kansas)
2043:Harpers Ferry National Historical Park
1569:. Remembering Landscapes of Conflict.
1402:from the original on December 15, 2018
1113:from the original on December 23, 2018
930:
773:from the original on December 14, 2018
417:firehouse used by John Brown as a fort
101:
2107:John Brown's Provisional Constitution
2066:John Brown Farm, Tannery & Museum
2038:Burning of Winchester Medical College
1166:"Dedicate memorial to slave, Oct. 10"
102:Black people's response to John Brown
7:
2426:1931 establishments in West Virginia
2381:Memorials of or with American slaves
1304:from the original on August 31, 2020
1272:from the original on August 22, 2017
1143:. West Virginia Humanities Council.
1077:Japanese Journal of American Studies
2411:History of slavery in West Virginia
2061:John Brown Farm State Historic Site
1541:Levin, Kevin M. (August 17, 2017).
1522:Holloway, Kali (October 11, 2018).
1513:Holloway, Kali (October 16, 2018).
1480:Further reading (most recent first)
1345:from the original on April 20, 2021
1140:e-WV The West Virginia Encyclopedia
906:A Citizen of Harpers Ferry (1859).
471:IN GRATITUDE THIS TABLET IS ERECTED
339:United Daughters of the Confederacy
213:Winchester–Fairfax Colored Cemetery
63:United Daughters of the Confederacy
2391:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
1671:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
1232:Tasker, Greg (September 3, 1995).
1037:from the original on July 10, 2021
883:from the original on July 10, 2021
52:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
25:
2275:Origins of the American Civil War
2165:Abolitionism in the United States
1486:Holloway, Kali (March 25, 2019).
965:from the original on May 14, 2020
1300:. October 11, 1931. p. 16.
801:. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books (
473:THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE
454:SEVEN SLAVES AND SONS OF SLAVES.
124:A different view is provided by
2350:Winchester and Potomac Railroad
1398:. Historical Markers Database.
1376:from the original on 2018-12-23
1372:. Clio: Your Guide to History.
1246:from the original on 2020-08-31
1210:from the original on 2021-04-20
1147:from the original on 2018-12-15
1087:from the original on 2021-06-26
1033:. October 29, 1859. p. 2.
961:. October 25, 1859. p. 1.
916:from the original on 2021-07-10
695:from the original on 2008-05-26
636:from the original on 2018-12-14
468:BUT HIS SOUL GOES MARCHING ON!”
292:THAT SLAVERY SHOULD BE REMOVED
199:Winchester and Potomac Railroad
2120:The Last Moments of John Brown
2071:John Brown House (Akron, Ohio)
1517:. Independent Media Institute.
1446:Searching for Hayward Shepherd
1443:Libby, Jean (March 25, 2021),
1266:"Harpers Ferry History marker"
953:"An incident of the rebellion"
458:MARCHED 200,000 BLACK SOLDIERS
1:
2406:Lost Cause of the Confederacy
2127:A Plea for Captain John Brown
1341:. July 15, 2006. p. 11.
1328:"NAACP leads up to milestone"
475:ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE
75:Lost Cause of the Confederacy
34:The Heyward Shepherd monument
1990:Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
1454:Shepherdstown, West Virginia
1433:Shepherdstown, West Virginia
1370:"NAACP Tablet Commemoration"
1029:Shepherdstown, West Virginia
879:. July 9, 1981. p. 34.
767:"Plaque in Harpers Ferry WV"
624:Janney, Caroline E. (2006).
415:in Harpers Ferry, where the
335:Sons of Confederate Veterans
44:Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
2113:The Last Days of John Brown
2033:Battle Hymn of the Republic
1975:Charles Town, West Virginia
1960:Allstadt House and Ordinary
1534:Charles Town, West Virginia
1368:Straley, Steven C. (2017).
1206:. July 4, 2006. p. 6.
655:"Heyward Shepherd Monument"
288:THAT THIS NATION MIGHT HAVE
195:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
110:Blacks in John Brown's raid
2457:
1782:Thomas Wentworth Higginson
1178:. Sep 28, 1931. p. 8.
484:2010 picture of the plaque
450:THAT WOKE A GUILTY NATION.
294:FOREVER FROM AMERICAN SOIL
2048:Heyward Shepherd monument
1797:Franklin Benjamin Sanborn
1719:John Anthony Copeland Jr.
1559:Shackel, Paul A. (2003).
1428:Searching for H. Shepherd
1008:. 24 Feb 1860. p. 2.
912:. Baltimore. p. 19.
797:Meyer, Eugene L. (2018).
493:at its current location.
466:A-MOULDERING IN THE GRAVE
456:OVER HIS CRUCIFIED CORPSE
426:a biography of John Brown
300:AND HIS 21 MEN GAVE THEIR
40:Heyward Shepherd monument
2401:Historical controversies
2102:John Brown's last speech
1337:West Palm Beach, Florida
1264:Hawks, Steve A. (2019).
927:(subscription required).
842:Rowman & Littlefield
320:ALUMNI OF STORER COLLEGE
274:John Brown's Fort plaque
1632:Andrews, Matthew Page.
747:Anderson, Osborne Perry
464:“JOHN BROWN’S BODY LIES
308:PLACED ON THIS BUILDING
306:HEROISM THIS TABLET IS
57:In 1918, the all-Black
2148:Virginia v. John Brown
1854:John E.P. Daingerfield
1754:Francis Jackson Meriam
1687:Osborne Perry Anderson
1602:Johnson, Mary (1997).
1566:Historical Archaeology
1176:Harrisonburg, Virginia
1067:Ochiai, Akiko (2012).
1025:Shepherdstown Register
875:Santa Cruz, California
679:Johnson, Mary (1997).
529:
512:
480:
460:AND 4,000,000 FREEDMEN
446:AIMED AT HUMAN SLAVERY
386:
326:
290:A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM
275:
190:
176:Winchester and Potomac
135:
126:Osborne Perry Anderson
35:
2295:Pottawatomie massacre
1807:George Luther Stearns
1608:West Virginia History
685:West Virginia History
659:National Park Service
538:Loyal slaves monument
524:
507:
428:and NAACP cofounder.
377:
361:39.32330°N 77.73005°W
284:
273:
241:39.18444°N 78.16069°W
211:He was buried in the
184:
91:National Park Service
33:
2280:Battle of Osawatomie
2225:Fire on the Mountain
2177:Battle of Black Jack
2017:Winchester, Virginia
2012:Sandy Hook, Maryland
1985:Harpers Ferry Armory
1764:Aaron Dwight Stevens
1749:Lewis Sheridan Leary
1679:John Brown's raiders
1548:Smithsonian Magazine
1500:on November 15, 2019
1109:. scienceviews.com.
1105:Hamilton, Calvin J.
803:Chicago Review Press
310:WHICH HAS SINCE BEEN
304:TO COMMEMORATE THEIR
266:1918 plaque to Brown
172:Winchester, Virginia
2320:Henry David Thoreau
2219:Ralph Waldo Emerson
2182:Battle of the Spurs
1834:Owen Brown (father)
1787:Samuel Gridley Howe
1529:Spirit of Jefferson
1107:"John Brown's Fort"
871:Santa Cruz Sentinel
366:39.32330; -77.73005
357: /
246:39.18444; -78.16069
237: /
215:, on what is today
2247:Haitian Revolution
2237:The Good Lord Bird
2231:Wm. Lloyd Garrison
2214:Frederick Douglass
2187:James Madison Bell
1828:Mary Ann Day Brown
1579:10.1007/BF03376617
715:Reynolds, David S.
489:2021-06-26 at the
430:Henry T. MacDonald
394:Henry T. MacDonald
276:
191:
97:Historical context
71:American Civil War
36:
2358:
2357:
2285:Quindaro Townsite
2257:Elijah P. Lovejoy
2209:George DeBaptiste
2204:John Stuart Curry
2095:John Brown's Body
2087:John Brown's Body
2081:John Brown's body
2002:John Brown's Fort
1995:Historic District
1980:Gibson-Todd House
1924:George H. Steuart
1874:Stonewall Jackson
1864:George Henry Hoyt
1823:John Wilkes Booth
1816:Other individuals
1759:Dangerfield Newby
1198:The Star Democrat
1171:Daily News-Record
1005:Richmond Enquirer
830:DeCaro Jr., Louis
630:Civil War History
315:JOHN BROWN'S FORT
42:is a monument in
16:(Redirected from
2448:
2270:James Montgomery
1934:Lewis Washington
1919:Lysander Spooner
1914:Heyward Shepherd
1894:Wendell Phillips
1709:Owen Brown (son)
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48:free black man
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1879:Robert E. Lee
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1239:Baltimore Sun
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988:. p. 23.
987:
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958:Baltimore Sun
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851:9781442236721
847:
843:
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812:9781613735725
808:
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723:Vintage Books
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478:
477:MAY 21, 1932
437:
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418:
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405:
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397:
395:
391:
385:
380:insurrection.
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329:1931 monument
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144:
143:Henry A. Wise
141:and Governor
140:
139:Robert E. Lee
134:
129:
127:
122:
119:
112:
111:
106:
105:
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72:
68:
64:
60:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
2396:Free Negroes
2345:Walt Whitman
2340:Wakarusa War
2307:
2300:
2262:
2236:
2223:
2196:
2169:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2094:
2086:
2053:
2047:
2007:Kennedy Farm
1939:Walt Whitman
1913:
1802:Gerrit Smith
1714:Watson Brown
1704:Oliver Brown
1623:
1611:
1607:
1570:
1564:
1546:
1527:
1502:. Retrieved
1498:the original
1491:
1479:
1478:
1469:, retrieved
1462:the original
1445:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1406:December 12,
1404:. Retrieved
1396:"John Brown"
1390:
1378:. Retrieved
1363:
1353:– via
1347:. Retrieved
1331:
1322:
1312:– via
1306:. Retrieved
1295:
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1259:
1248:. Retrieved
1237:
1227:
1217:– via
1212:. Retrieved
1196:
1169:
1160:
1149:. Retrieved
1139:
1117:December 10,
1115:. Retrieved
1100:
1089:. Retrieved
1075:
1045:– via
1039:. Retrieved
1023:
1020:"(Untitled)"
1014:
1003:
994:
979:
967:. Retrieved
956:
947:
925:Adam Matthew
923:– via
918:. Retrieved
908:
901:
891:– via
885:. Retrieved
869:
860:
833:
798:
777:December 12,
775:. Retrieved
761:
751:
741:
718:
709:
697:. Retrieved
688:
684:
674:
662:. Retrieved
658:
649:
638:. Retrieved
629:
595:. Retrieved
591:
582:
561:
552:
525:
521:
513:
508:
504:
482:
441:
434:
424:, author of
406:
403:
390:Ku Klux Klan
387:
378:
332:
287:
277:
260:
221:
210:
207:
203:
192:
186:
168:
147:
136:
131:
123:
115:
107:
83:
56:
39:
37:
2252:Victor Hugo
2242:miniseries)
2056:(biography)
592:www.nps.gov
518:1994 plaque
501:1955 plaque
400:1932 plaque
364: /
244: /
69:during the
67:Confederacy
2365:Categories
2330:Nat Turner
2171:La Amistad
2054:John Brown
2026:Afterwards
1774:Secret Six
1692:John Brown
1504:August 23,
1493:The Nation
1308:January 6,
1276:January 2,
1250:2020-01-06
1214:2021-04-20
1151:2018-12-14
1091:2021-04-19
969:January 6,
920:2021-01-17
732:0375726152
664:29 January
640:2018-12-14
597:2024-01-25
574:References
444:JOHN BROWN
352:77°43′48″W
349:39°19′24″N
297:JOHN BROWN
232:78°09′38″W
229:39°11′04″N
150:John Brown
118:Lost Cause
1970:Beall-Air
1953:Locations
1595:159933805
1380:April 20,
1349:April 20,
1041:March 19,
933:cite book
887:March 23,
699:March 20,
257:Monuments
108:See also
1587:25617086
1400:Archived
1374:Archived
1343:Archived
1302:Archived
1270:Archived
1244:Archived
1208:Archived
1145:Archived
1111:Archived
1082:Archived
1035:Archived
963:Archived
914:Archived
881:Archived
832:(2015).
771:Archived
769:. 1918.
749:(1861).
717:(2005).
693:Archived
691:: 1–26.
634:Archived
532:See also
487:Archived
337:and the
312:KNOWN AS
217:Route 11
2239:(book,
2158:Related
1614:: 1–26.
1471:July 6,
462:SINGING
2303:(film)
2265:(play)
2097:(song)
2089:(poem)
1830:(wife)
1593:
1585:
1080:(23).
848:
809:
729:
448:A BLOW
318:BY THE
1591:S2CID
1583:JSTOR
1465:(PDF)
1450:(PDF)
1419:Media
1085:(PDF)
1072:(PDF)
544:Notes
409:NAACP
322:1918
302:LIVES
87:NAACP
77:", a
1697:body
1506:2019
1473:2022
1408:2018
1382:2021
1351:2021
1310:2020
1278:2020
1119:2018
1043:2021
971:2020
939:link
889:2021
846:ISBN
807:ISBN
779:2018
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