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overwintering sites. It was also determined that habitat surrounding breeding ponds with plenty of cover and suitable overwintering sites may have less need for provision of artificial hibernacula than landscapes with less woodland, hedgerows, scrub etc. Because great crested newts show high loyalty to over-wintering locations, returning to such established areas year after year, artificial hibernacula could be important in future years to conserve newts and other amphibians. Although, monitoring in the vicinity of these hibernacula in autumn using felt roofing tiles did not reveal the presence of any great crested newts even though they are known to breed in nearby ponds. Common toads and frogs did surround the area however. Therefore, further studies need to be conducted in order to create species-appropriate artificial hibernacula.
468:
375:
290:, reuse the same hibernacula, year after year. They converge with other lady beetles and migrate to hibernacula used by prior generations. They are able to find old hibernacula due to hydrocarbons released by lady beetle feet which create a lasting path. This allows lady beetles to retrace their footsteps to previously used hibernacula. Their tendency to aggregate and overwinter in groups is likely due to their attraction to similar environments and conspecifics. Beetles use rock crevices as hibernacula, often clumping in them, in groups. These rock crevices are found in rock fields the beetle are attracted to for high levels of vegetation and greenery.
628:
371:
microclimate characteristics, such as moist soil, that buffer frogs from temperatures that drop below the freezing point of the body fluids for extended periods. Although, determining if frogs can identify sites with appropriate microclimates to support overwinter survival and what factors might inform such choices are still unknown and will require further study. Therefore, it is still not known to what extent various types of prospective hibernacula for frogs might be suitable in the years to come, especially factoring in climate change.
636:
342:
27:
588:
279:
413:
541:, the most northern of all lizards. They can burrow into the soil, go under leaf litter, or use shelters like rocks as hibernacula. Although the air temperature in West Siberia can drop to −10 °C, the soil temperature at the depths where these lizards hibernate remains higher than −10 °C. This enables them to survive the harshest temperatures of any lizard.
460:
669:
in New South Wales, Australia, dig holes in the ground to form hibernacula, with the preferred location being in boulder fields under a layer of snow. During the first few months of hibernation, possums awaken occasionally and leave one hibernaculum in favor of another, seemingly in an effort to find
445:
generally hibernate for about six months from early
October to mid-April. They live in lakes during their active months, then travel to small offshoot streams to hibernate. Hibernacula are about 100–150 meters away from the main body of the home lake. Most snapping turtles hibernate by burrowing into
361:
Like other amphibians, frogs show minimal capacities for freezing tolerance and survive winter by using terrestrial hibernacula where they avoid freezing. However, frogs may exhibit greater freeze-tolerance capacity at high latitude range limits, where winter climate is more severe. For example, data
492:
are two of the most well-studied hibernating snake species, and share similar hibernacula characteristics. These species sometimes construct their own burrows, or use tunnels formed from the decay of tree roots or by gophers. The tunnels form complex networks, and have side chambers which each house
483:
has actually been observed using all of the hibernacula listed above. Most species seem to prefer finding an already-present suitable site rather than constructing one of their own, but they do expand upon present structures and may make their own burrows if there aren't any quality sites available.
648:
in northern latitudes hibernate for up to eight months during the winter, and leave their roosts in the warm spring weather when insect prey is plentiful again. Bats gauge the outside temperature by being attuned to the airflow at the hibernacula entrance, which is driven by temperature differences
478:
Unlike more solitary snapping turtles, snakes may either hibernate alone or in large aggregations of up to several thousand individuals of the same or different species. They use a wide variety of hibernacula, including: rock piles, debris-filled wells, caves, crevices, unused burrows made by other
366:
in South Dakota survive winter by locating hibernacula that prevent freezing, their toleration of short freezing bouts may expand the range of suitable hibernacula. However, overwinter mortality may be high at the northern range boundary due to colder temperatures and might limit cricket frogs from
314:
butterfly also only mature halfway as a caterpillar before hibernating for the winter. For freeze-avoidant insects, ideal hibernacula are dry, as freeze-avoidant insects are less likely to dampen and freeze in them, however moist hibernacula promote inoculative freezing for freeze-tolerant insects.
678:
also wakes and leaves the hibernaculum spontaneously and for brief periods of time. Their hibernacula are located in holes in large trees with varying levels of insulation. However, the range of insulation levels is relatively narrow, as there are often small numbers of suitably large trees. There
602:
excavate dens into a hillside or at the base of a tree, stump, or shrub, but some make dens at the bases of hollow trees, in hollow logs, or in rock caves or cavities. Den reuse is observed in this species, but very rarely. There were no significant den size differences between age or sex classes,
536:
spend about 6 months hibernating, almost always solitarily, though pairs of juvenile females have been observed within the same hibernaculum. They use the undersides of rock slabs as hibernacula, digging a small chamber in the dirt just large enough for their bodies with a small tunnel for outside
323:
Amphibians that hibernate include several species of frogs and salamanders from the northern continental climates of North
America and Eurasia and also from extreme Southern Hemisphere climates. These amphibians slow their metabolism during winter to avoid unsuitable conditions, such as freezing.
561:
and survive when an individual is hibernating, this is a cost-effective strategy to increase survival rates. Hibernation is usually perceived as taking place during winter, as in the most well-known hibernators bears and bats, but can also occur during the dry season when there is little food or
391:
aims to maintain and enhance existing newt populations through appropriate management of suitable habitat. As part of steps to implement the HABAP, newt hibernacula (e.g. log piles) have been constructed to improve the quality of the terrestrial habitat through increasing the number of potential
352:
Generally, for amphibians that hibernate under ice, it is necessary for the animal to be submerged in water that is 10 to 15 cm deep and to maintain the temperature between 2 and 3 °C and not above 4 °C. Water should be well aerated, with maintained low-intensity light levels and
450:
streams or vegetated streams, but some use other structures such as abandoned beaver dens. These streams are typically less than 0.3 m deep and 0.7 m wide, covered by sunken alder roots or fallen trees, and not covered by ice in the winter. Many animals return to the same stream to
408:
reptile. They depress their metabolism and heart rates to reduce energy consumption so they don't need to exit their hibernacula. Hibernating reptiles are also safer from predation inside of their concealed and protected hibernacula. Various species of turtles, snakes, and lizards all use
370:
The microclimate refers to the climate of a very small or restricted area, like the hibernaculum, especially when this differs from the climate of the surrounding area. Overwinter survival in these cricket frogs among other frogs is dependent on using hibernacula with appropriate physical
252:. Cryoprotectants are toxic, with high concentrations only tolerated at low temperatures. Thus, hibernacula are used to avoid sporadic warming and the risk of death due high concentrations of cryoprotectants at warmer temperatures. Freeze-tolerant insects, like second-generation
683:, hibernacula size is proportional to the weight of the individual occupying it, with adults having deeper hibernacula than juveniles, unlike black bears. Most juveniles choose to hibernate within 20 meters of their mother's burrow; those that don't have higher mortality rates.
643:
Bats favor larger hibernacula where large groups may roost together, including natural caves, mines, cellars, and other kinds of underground sites and man-made structures, like ice-houses. Within these hibernacula, the bats are still highly tuned to environmental factors.
550:
228:. For this reason, extremely cold temperatures, such as those experienced in the winter, outside of tropical locations, cause their metabolic systems to shut down; long exposure may lead to death. Insects survive colder winters through the process of
1830:
Van der Meij, Thomas; Van Strien, A. J.; Haysom, K. A.; Dekker, J.; Russ, J.; Biala, K.; Bihari, Z.; Jansen, E.; Langton, S. (May 1, 2015). "Return of the bats? A prototype indicator of trends in
European bat populations in underground hibernacula".
217:
1322:
Burger, Joanna; Zappalorti, Robert T.; Gochfeld, Michael; Boarman, William I.; Caffrey, Michael; Doig, Victor; Garber, Steven D.; Lauro, Brook; Mikovsky, Maria (January 1, 1988). "Hibernacula and Summer Den Sites of Pine Snakes
404:, which is similar to hibernation; both processes require usage of a hibernaculum. Staying inside an insulated hibernaculum is a strategy to avoid the harsh winter months when the frigid outside temperatures may kill an
807:
306:
which creates hibernacula after dispersing during its first instar then overwinter before emerging from the hibernacula in early May. Woolly bear caterpillars overwinter as caterpillars and grow to be
1092:
Kawarasaki, Y.; Teets, N. M.; Denlinger, D. L.; Lee Jr., R. (2014). "Wet hibernacula promote inoculative freezing and limit the potential for cryoprotective dehydration in the
Antarctic midge,
324:
Most freeze avoidance strategies include overwintering in aquatic situations or burrowing in the soil to depths below the frostline. A hibernaculum for amphibians should provide the following:
562:
water, as in the mouse lemurs of
Madagascar. Given that mammals can spend anywhere from 1 to 9 months hibernating, their choice in hibernaculum is essential in determining their survival.
867:
821:
615:
differ from black bears, grizzlies, and other bear species where both sexes hibernate in that only females use hibernacula. Like other female bears, polar bears use hibernacula as
657:. Behavior other than hibernating can also occur at hibernacula; common pipistrelles produce most of their mating calls and mate with each other in and near their hibernacula.
240:
for different insects, the latter of which must be done in hibernacula. Insects that do not migrate must halt their growth to avoid freezing to death, in a process called
1266:
Strain, Gabriel F.; Anderson, James T.; Michael, Edwin D.; Turk, Philip J. (January 1, 2012). "Hibernacula Use and
Hibernation Phenology in the Common Snapping Turtle (
1192:
Burdick, Seth L.; Swanson, David L. (2010). "Overwintering
Physiology and Hibernacula Microclimates of Blanchard's Cricket Frogs at Their Northwestern Range Boundary".
513:
of
Wyoming, comprising 4 individuals preserved together in a hibernaculum. This indicates that the aggregating behavior of brumating snakes dates back to at least the
349:
Species from cool continental climates hibernate at temperatures from 0 to 4 °C. Some species will not survive hibernation at temperatures that exceed 4 °C.
649:
between inside and outside the hibernacula, allowing bats to leave when the temperature begins to warm. Some hibernacula are shared between multiple species, such as
467:
1861:
Beecham, John J.; Reynolds, Doyle G.; Hornocker, Maurice G. (January 1, 1983). "Black Bear
Denning Activities and Den Characteristics in West-Central Idaho".
374:
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likewise don't show age or sex class differences in den dimensions. Grizzlies prefer hibernacula sites with abundant ground and canopy cover, and abundant
619:. Also like other species, they tend to dig dens into the earth, although their Arctic hibernacula are usually covered with snow by the time they emerge.
717:
Jung, M.-P.; Kim, K.-H.; Lee, S.-G.; Park, H.-H. (2013). "Effect of climate change on the occurrence of overwintered moths of orchards in South Korea".
598:
Many bears occupy similar hibernacula to smaller mammals, but theirs are, of course, much larger and can vary greatly across and within species. Most
557:
Like other animals, mammals hibernate during seasons of harsh environmental conditions and resource scarcity. As it requires less energy to maintain
256:, can survive being frozen and therefore, undergo inoculative freezing. Hibernacula range in size and structure depending on the insects using them.
537:
access. Adults use larger rock slabs, dig deeper chambers, and have longer tunnels than juveniles. Perhaps the most extreme example is seen in the
752:
McMullen, David C. (March 2008). "Mitochondria of cold hardy insects: Responses to cold and hypoxia assessed at enzymatic, mRNA and DNA levels".
1628:
Pigeon, Karine E.; Côté, Steeve D.; Stenhouse, Gordon B. (July 1, 2016). "Assessing den selection and den characteristics of grizzly bears".
1365:
Berman, Daniil I.; Bulakhova, Nina A.; Alfimov, Arcady V.; Meshcheryakova, Ekaterina N. (December 1, 2016). "How the most northern lizard,
1899:
Bartoničková, Lenka; Reiter, Antonín; Bartonička, Tomáš (November 22, 2016). "Mating and
Courtship Behaviour of Two Sibling Bat Species (
56:
665:
Many hibernating, small-bodied mammals hibernate in simple holes in the ground, though some use complex systems of tunnels and burrows.
917:
Wheeler, C. A.; Cardé, R. (2014). "Following in their footprints: Cuticular hydrocarbons as overwintering aggregation site markers in
155:
1999:
1044:
1594:
Kobbe S. & Dausmann K. H. (2009). "Hibernation in Malagasy mouse lemurs as a strategy to counter environmental challenge".
528:
in Mexico and the southern United States have been found hibernating in groups of 2 to 8 in cracks or under slabs of bark in
627:
1718:
Körtner, Gerhard; Geiser, Fritz (January 1, 1998). "Ecology of natural hibernation in the marsupial mountain pygmy-possum (
310:. They use plant debris as makeshift hibernacula, to protect themselves from extreme elements. Some butterflies, like the
80:
20:
1786:
Young, Paul J. (January 1, 1990). "Structure, Location and Availability of Hibernacula of Columbian Ground Squirrels (
1604:
1514:"Morphology and systematics of a new fossil snake from the early Rupelian (Oligocene) White River Formation, Wyoming"
1473:
Legler, John M.; Fitch, Henry S. (January 1, 1957). "Observations on Hibernation and Nests of the Collared Lizard,
224:
Insects range in their size, structure, and general appearance but most use hibernacula. All insects are primarily
680:
887:
841:
675:
635:
303:
119:
1512:
Croghan, Jasmine A; Palci, Alessandro; Onary, Silvio; Lee, Michael S Y; Caldwell, Michael W (2024-06-19).
533:
485:
442:
387:
As part the Highways Agency Biodiversity Action Plan (HABAP) in the UK, the Species Action Plan (SAP) for
148:
1950:
Ramsay, Malcolm A.; Stirling, Ian (May 21, 1990). "Fidelity of Female Polar Bears to Winter-Den Sites".
666:
510:
388:
341:
129:
244:. Insects prepare to overwinter through a variety of mechanisms, such as using anti-freeze proteins or
1731:
1637:
1378:
1105:
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930:
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Underground (i.e. ground squirrels, mouse lemurs, bears) or in a protected shelter (i.e. bats, bears)
525:
298:
Other types of insect hibernacula include self-spun silk hibernacula, such as those made and used by
1676:"Effects of temperature and availability of insect prey on bat emergence from hibernation in spring"
654:
599:
489:
307:
172:(plural form: hibernacula) (Latin, "tent for winter quarters") is a place in which an animal seeks
26:
578:
Either reused consistently (i.e. bats, ground squirrels) or very rarely (i.e. bears, mouse lemurs)
180:. The word can be used to describe a variety of shelters used by many kinds of animals, including
1975:
1932:
1878:
1807:
1763:
1568:
1494:
1452:
1402:
1344:
1295:
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974:"Aggregation characteristics of three species of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) at hibernation sites"
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311:
107:
2004:
1967:
1924:
1755:
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D. C., Rudolph; R. R., Schaefer; S. J., Burgdorf; M., Duran; R. N., Conner (January 1, 2007).
1394:
1167:
1080:
The Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada: With Special Reference to New England
946:
769:
538:
141:
1008:
Volney, W. Jan A (November 17, 2000). "Climate change and impacts of boreal forest insects".
1959:
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Axtell, Ralph W.; Axtell, Carol A. (January 1, 1970). "Hibernacula, Birth and Young of
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Black bear mother and cubs hibernating, utilizing a hibernaculum as a maternity den
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92:
1844:
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631:
Gray bats congregating and using the entirety of a natural cave as a hibernaculum
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114:
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31:
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Meyer, Gretchen A.; Senulis, Joseph A.; Reinartz, James A. (December 5, 2016).
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Tunnels (i.e. snakes) or cavities large enough for the body (i.e. lizards)
1424:
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514:
241:
102:
97:
47:
1291:
1054:. Canada Forestry Service, Department of the Environment. Archived from
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as they moult and overwinter in their second instars. An example is the
1979:
1882:
1811:
1572:
1498:
1348:
895:
501:
459:
345:
Frogs wintering at their hibernaculum at Gunnersbury Triangle in London
205:
1649:
1240:
and other amphibians for habitat enhancement, Northumberland, England"
1205:
1448:
1146:"Facility Design and Associated Services for the Study of Amphibians"
201:
189:
181:
65:
1963:
1874:
1803:
1564:
1490:
1340:
1236:"Assessing the use of artificial hibernacula by great crested newts
1283:
416:
An adult snapping turtle emerging from its stream-bank hibernaculum
626:
466:
458:
447:
373:
340:
193:
866:
Layne, Jack R.; Edgar, Christine L.; Medwith, Rebecca E. (1999).
185:
34:
under a clump of vegetation, which functions as its hibernaculum
197:
594:
hibernating in a cave, which functions as their hibernaculum
232:, which occurs at all stages of development and may include
888:
10.1674/0003-0031(1999)141[0293:CHOTWB]2.0.CO;2
842:
10.1674/0003-0031(1999)141[0293:chotwb]2.0.co;2
259:
However, insect hibernacula are generally required to be:
679:
can be hibernacula differences even within a species. In
639:
Columbian ground squirrel outside its burrow hibernaculum
575:
Attuned to environmental conditions, such as temperature
820:
Layne, J. R. Jr.; Edgar, C. L.; Medwith, R. E. (1999).
400:
Many reptiles undergo hibernation or a process called
474:
famously form large aggregations in their hibernacula
463:
An outside view of a snake burrow (species unknown)
220:
A western spruce budworm moves along a small branch
1833:Mammalian Biology – Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde
409:hibernacula, the forms of which can vary greatly.
868:"Cold Hardiness of the Woolly Bear Caterpillar (
822:"Cold hardiness of the woolly bear caterpillar (
282:A lady beetle sits on a flower, drinking nectar
263:Well-insulated from extreme temperature changes
1045:"Weather and Outbreaks of the Spruce Budworm,
603:except adult males creating larger entrances.
972:Honek, A.; Martinková, Z.; Pekár, S. (2007).
565:Hibernacula vary greatly, but are typically:
149:
8:
156:
142:
37:
1691:
1518:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1161:
1010:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
992:
754:Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
334:Low-intensity, short-photoperiod lighting
331:Maintenance of oxygen and humidity levels
1835:. Special Issue: Bats as Bioindicators.
794:. Springer Science & Business Media.
670:the hibernaculum with the most suitable
634:
586:
548:
411:
277:
269:Dry (except for freeze-tolerant insects)
215:
25:
810:. (March 29, 2012). Western Farm Press.
709:
353:minimal disturbance of the amphibians.
45:
1907:) in the Vicinity of a Hibernaculum".
1894:
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1854:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1781:
1779:
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1713:
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1468:
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1234:Knowles, Mark; Latham, Dorian (2008).
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1259:
1257:
7:
1270:) in Canaan Valley, West Virginia".
861:
859:
803:
801:
785:
783:
378:Alpine newt hibernating in dead wood
1863:Bears: Their Biology and Management
1327:) in the New Jersey Pine Barrens".
1630:The Journal of Wildlife Management
808:"How insects survive cold weather"
14:
367:expanding their range northward.
248:in freeze-avoidant insects, like
176:, such as a bear using a cave to
1921:10.3161/15081109ACC2016.18.2.013
54:
30:A common frog emerging from its
1792:The American Midland Naturalist
1549:Sceloporus grammicus disparilis
1431:Pituophis mellanoleucus lodingi
876:The American Midland Naturalist
830:The American Midland Naturalist
451:hibernate in subsequent years.
981:European Journal of Entomology
286:Some insects, like convergent
1:
1030:10.1016/S0167-8809(00)00232-2
479:animals, and ant mounds. The
21:Hibernaculum (disambiguation)
1845:10.1016/j.mambio.2014.09.004
1553:The Southwestern Naturalist
1369:, overwinters in Siberia".
1078:Scudder, Samuel H. (1889).
1049:(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)"
923:Journal of Chemical Ecology
420:Hibernacula are typically:
2026:
1526:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae073
792:Insects at Low Temperature
766:10.1016/j.ibmb.2007.12.003
681:Columbian ground squirrels
18:
1901:Pipistrellus pipistrellus
1391:10.1007/s00300-016-1916-z
1118:10.1007/s00300-014-1475-0
943:10.1007/s10886-014-0409-1
496:A fossil specimen of the
2000:Latin biological phrases
1788:Spermophilus columbianus
1047:Choristoneura fumiferana
872:Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)"
826:Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)"
676:reddish-gray mouse lemur
488:and the closely related
120:Critical thermal maximum
1144:Browne, Robert (2007).
1043:Ives, W. G. H. (1974).
731:10.1111/1748-5967.12016
534:Common collared lizards
443:Common snapping turtles
1693:10.1093/jmammal/gyw126
1437:Journal of Herpetology
1329:Journal of Herpetology
1325:Pituophis melanoleucus
1272:Journal of Herpetology
719:Entomological Research
667:Mountain pygmy possums
640:
632:
595:
554:
475:
464:
417:
379:
346:
304:eastern spruce budworm
283:
266:Protected from weather
221:
35:
1909:Acta Chiropterologica
1744:10.1007/s004420050365
1244:Conservation Evidence
1163:10.1093/ilar.48.3.188
994:10.14411/eje.2007.008
919:Hippodamia convergens
790:Lee, Richard (2012).
638:
630:
590:
552:
511:White River Formation
490:Louisiana pine snakes
481:common European viper
470:
462:
415:
377:
344:
281:
219:
130:Developmental biology
29:
1952:Journal of Mammalogy
1680:Journal of Mammalogy
1475:Crotaphytus collaris
870:Pyrrharctia isabella
824:Pyrrharctia isabella
655:soprano pipistrelles
427:Below the frost line
362:suggests that while
328:Optimum temperatures
308:isabella tiger moths
208:of various species.
19:For other uses, see
1736:1998Oecol.113..170K
1642:2016JWMan..80..884P
1596:Naturwissenschaften
1383:2016PoBio..39.2411B
1268:Chelydra serpentina
1110:2014PoBio..37..753K
1022:2000AgEE...82..283V
935:2014JCEco..40..418W
661:Other small mammals
651:common pipistrelles
389:great crested newts
337:Minimum disturbance
41:Part of a series on
16:Wild animal shelter
1427:Pituophis ruthveni
1238:Triturus cristatus
1094:Belgica antarctica
641:
633:
596:
555:
509:is known from the
476:
465:
418:
380:
347:
284:
222:
108:Embryonic diapause
36:
1650:10.1002/jwmg.1069
1602:(10): 1221–1227.
1377:(12): 2411–2425.
1206:10.1643/CP-09-121
646:Little brown bats
539:viviparous lizard
166:
165:
2017:
1984:
1983:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1827:
1816:
1815:
1783:
1772:
1771:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1695:
1686:(6): 1623–1633.
1671:
1662:
1661:
1625:
1608:
1592:
1577:
1576:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1449:10.1670/06-235.1
1420:
1411:
1410:
1367:Zootoca vivipara
1362:
1353:
1352:
1319:
1304:
1303:
1263:
1252:
1251:
1231:
1218:
1217:
1189:
1176:
1175:
1165:
1141:
1130:
1129:
1089:
1083:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1053:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1016:(1–3): 283–294.
1005:
999:
998:
996:
978:
969:
963:
962:
914:
908:
907:
863:
854:
853:
817:
811:
805:
796:
795:
787:
778:
777:
749:
743:
742:
714:
526:Mesquite lizards
158:
151:
144:
58:
38:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2014:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1964:10.2307/1382172
1949:
1948:
1944:
1898:
1897:
1890:
1875:10.2307/3872522
1860:
1859:
1852:
1829:
1828:
1819:
1804:10.2307/2426563
1785:
1784:
1775:
1720:Burramys parvus
1717:
1716:
1709:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1627:
1626:
1611:
1593:
1580:
1565:10.2307/3668971
1546:
1545:
1541:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1491:10.2307/1439168
1472:
1471:
1464:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1341:10.2307/1564337
1321:
1320:
1307:
1265:
1264:
1255:
1233:
1232:
1221:
1191:
1190:
1179:
1143:
1142:
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1091:
1090:
1086:
1077:
1073:
1064:
1062:
1058:
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1041:
1037:
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1006:
1002:
976:
971:
970:
966:
916:
915:
911:
865:
864:
857:
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814:
806:
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788:
781:
751:
750:
746:
716:
715:
711:
706:
689:
663:
625:
585:
547:
523:
515:Early Oligocene
457:
440:
398:
385:
359:
321:
300:spruce budworms
296:
276:
246:cryoprotectants
214:
162:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2023:
2021:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1958:(2): 233–236.
1942:
1915:(2): 467–475.
1888:
1850:
1839:(3): 170–177.
1817:
1798:(2): 357–364.
1773:
1730:(2): 170–178.
1707:
1663:
1636:(5): 884–893.
1609:
1578:
1559:(3): 363–366.
1551:(Iguanidae)".
1539:
1504:
1485:(4): 305–307.
1462:
1443:(4): 560–565.
1433:) hibernacula"
1412:
1354:
1335:(4): 425–433.
1305:
1284:10.1670/10-275
1278:(2): 269–274.
1253:
1219:
1200:(2): 247–253.
1177:
1156:(3): 188–202.
1131:
1104:(6): 753–761.
1084:
1071:
1035:
1000:
964:
929:(5): 418–428.
909:
882:(2): 293–304.
855:
812:
797:
779:
744:
725:(3): 177–182.
708:
707:
705:
702:
701:
700:
695:
688:
685:
662:
659:
653:roosting with
624:
621:
617:maternity dens
584:
581:
580:
579:
576:
573:
570:
546:
543:
530:mesquite trees
522:
519:
456:
453:
439:
436:
435:
434:
431:
430:Well-insulated
428:
425:
397:
394:
384:
381:
358:
355:
339:
338:
335:
332:
329:
320:
317:
295:
292:
275:
272:
271:
270:
267:
264:
250:soybean aphids
213:
210:
164:
163:
161:
160:
153:
146:
138:
135:
134:
133:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
111:
110:
100:
95:
90:
85:
84:
83:
78:
68:
60:
59:
51:
50:
43:
42:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2022:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1703:
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1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
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1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1425:"Pine snake (
1419:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:Polar Biology
1368:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:Polar Biology
1095:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1061:on 2017-10-25
1057:
1050:
1048:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1004:
1001:
995:
990:
986:
982:
975:
968:
965:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
913:
910:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
871:
862:
860:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
825:
816:
813:
809:
804:
802:
798:
793:
786:
784:
780:
775:
771:
767:
763:
760:(3): 367–73.
759:
755:
748:
745:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
713:
710:
703:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
686:
684:
682:
677:
673:
668:
660:
658:
656:
652:
647:
637:
629:
622:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:Grizzly bears
601:
593:
589:
582:
577:
574:
571:
568:
567:
566:
563:
560:
551:
544:
542:
540:
535:
531:
527:
520:
518:
516:
512:
508:
507:
503:
499:
494:
491:
487:
482:
473:
472:Garter snakes
469:
461:
454:
452:
449:
446:the banks of
444:
437:
432:
429:
426:
423:
422:
421:
414:
410:
407:
403:
395:
393:
390:
382:
376:
372:
368:
365:
364:cricket frogs
356:
354:
350:
343:
336:
333:
330:
327:
326:
325:
318:
316:
313:
312:white admiral
309:
305:
301:
294:Other insects
293:
291:
289:
280:
273:
268:
265:
262:
261:
260:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
230:overwintering
227:
218:
211:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
159:
154:
152:
147:
145:
140:
139:
137:
136:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
109:
106:
105:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
82:
79:
77:
74:
73:
72:
69:
67:
64:
63:
62:
61:
57:
53:
52:
49:
44:
40:
39:
33:
28:
22:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1866:
1862:
1836:
1832:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1727:
1723:
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1683:
1679:
1633:
1629:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1556:
1552:
1548:
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1507:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1426:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1197:
1193:
1153:
1150:ILAR Journal
1149:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1079:
1074:
1063:. Retrieved
1056:the original
1046:
1038:
1013:
1009:
1003:
987:(1): 51–56.
984:
980:
967:
926:
922:
918:
912:
879:
875:
869:
833:
829:
823:
815:
791:
757:
753:
747:
722:
718:
712:
698:Insect hotel
672:microclimate
664:
642:
597:
592:Indiana bats
564:
556:
524:
504:
495:
477:
441:
419:
399:
386:
369:
360:
351:
348:
322:
297:
285:
258:
223:
170:hibernaculum
169:
167:
93:Cryptobiosis
76:Hibernaculum
75:
1905:P. pygmaeus
613:Polar bears
609:sweet-vetch
600:black bears
559:homeostasis
506:Hibernophis
493:one snake.
486:Pine snakes
424:Underground
406:ectothermic
254:corn-borers
238:hibernation
115:Winter rest
88:Aestivation
71:Hibernation
32:hibernation
1994:Categories
1065:2017-11-11
836:(2): 293.
704:References
693:Dead hedge
498:stem group
319:Amphibians
226:exothermic
178:overwinter
1972:0022-2372
1929:1508-1109
1869:: 79–86.
1752:0029-8549
1724:Oecologia
1702:0022-2372
1658:1937-2817
1534:0024-4082
1399:0722-4060
572:Concealed
402:brumation
288:lady bugs
274:Lady bugs
234:migration
98:Brumation
2005:Ethology
1937:88845759
1760:28308194
1605:Jump up^
1407:18342152
1300:86258084
1292:41515049
1250:: 74–79.
1214:49226979
1172:17592183
1126:18668382
959:15195001
951:24687179
904:86373710
850:86373710
774:18252250
739:82758101
687:See also
396:Reptiles
242:diapause
206:primates
103:Diapause
48:dormancy
1980:1382172
1883:3872522
1812:2426563
1768:8295396
1732:Bibcode
1638:Bibcode
1573:3668971
1499:1439168
1457:3536989
1379:Bibcode
1349:1564337
1106:Bibcode
1018:Bibcode
931:Bibcode
896:2426919
545:Mammals
521:Lizards
438:Turtles
212:Insects
202:rodents
190:lizards
182:insects
46:Animal
2010:Winter
1978:
1970:
1935:
1927:
1881:
1810:
1766:
1758:
1750:
1700:
1656:
1571:
1532:
1497:
1479:Copeia
1455:
1405:
1397:
1347:
1298:
1290:
1212:
1194:Copeia
1170:
1124:
957:
949:
902:
894:
848:
772:
737:
674:. The
455:Snakes
204:, and
194:snakes
174:refuge
66:Torpor
1976:JSTOR
1933:S2CID
1879:JSTOR
1808:JSTOR
1764:S2CID
1569:JSTOR
1495:JSTOR
1453:S2CID
1403:S2CID
1345:JSTOR
1296:S2CID
1288:JSTOR
1210:S2CID
1122:S2CID
1059:(PDF)
1052:(PDF)
977:(PDF)
955:S2CID
900:S2CID
892:JSTOR
846:S2CID
735:S2CID
583:Bears
448:alder
383:Newts
357:Frogs
186:toads
125:Sleep
1968:ISSN
1925:ISSN
1790:)".
1756:PMID
1748:ISSN
1722:)".
1698:ISSN
1654:ISSN
1530:ISSN
1483:1957
1429:and
1395:ISSN
1198:2010
1168:PMID
947:PMID
770:PMID
623:Bats
198:bats
1960:doi
1917:doi
1871:doi
1841:doi
1800:doi
1796:123
1740:doi
1728:113
1688:doi
1646:doi
1561:doi
1522:doi
1487:doi
1477:".
1445:doi
1387:doi
1337:doi
1280:doi
1202:doi
1158:doi
1114:doi
1096:".
1026:doi
989:doi
985:104
939:doi
921:".
884:doi
880:141
838:doi
834:141
762:doi
727:doi
502:boa
236:or
81:HIT
1996::
1974:.
1966:.
1956:71
1954:.
1931:.
1923:.
1913:18
1911:.
1903:,
1891:^
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1634:80
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
