1029:, for example, refers to art music as one of an "axiomatic triangle consisting of 'folk', 'art' and 'popular' musics". He explains that each of these three is distinguishable from the others according to certain criteria, with high cultural music often performed to an audience whilst folk music would traditionally be more participatory, high culture music is small scale and performed at the local level rather than as a mass produced pop music, it is stored in written form rather than non-written, it's often made for a diverse group of people as opposed to a heterogeneous socioculturally audience, non-industrious high art music spreads in many locales rather than pop music which is possible in industrious economies only, it's made not to compete in the free market place of music. In this regard, "art music" frequently occurs as a contrasting term to "
422:
135:
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40:
999:, and wealthy urban-based society provides a coherent and conscious aesthetic framework, and a large-scale milieu of training, and, for the visual arts, sourcing materials and financing work. Such an environment enables artists, as near as possible, to realize their creative potential with as few as possible practical and technical constraints, though many more could be found on the cultural and economic side. Although the Western concept of high culture concentrates on the Greco-Roman tradition, and its resumption from the
950:
458:
1226:"Arts & Leisure" section, from 1962 to 1988, featured articles on high culture which usually outranked popular culture. But by 1993, articles on pop culture (49%) soon outranked the ones on high culture (39%) thanks to advertising effecting editorial coverage (mostly on the latest motion pictures). Advertising on literature, however, has been prominent since the novel became a popular literary genre in the 19th century. Authors like
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labor and done to earn a living. This implied an association between high culture and the upper classes whose inherited wealth provided such time for intellectual cultivation. The leisured gentleman not weighed down by the necessity of earning a living, was free to devote himself to activities proper to such a "free man" – those deemed to involve true excellence and nobility as opposed to mere utility.
1984:
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modern definition of the term "high culture" embraces not only Greek and Latin texts, but a much broader canon of select literary, philosophical, historical, and scientific books in both ancient and modern languages. Of comparable importance are those works of art and music considered to be of the highest excellence and broadest influence (e.g. the
223:
286:
From the idea of the "free" man with sufficient leisure to pursue such intellectual and aesthetic refinement, arose the classical distinction between the "liberal" arts which are intellectual and done for their own sake, as against the "servile" or "mechanical" arts which were associated with manual
356:
and societies. However, aristocratic patronage through most of the modern era was also pivotal to the support and creation of new works of high culture across the range of arts, music, and literature. The subsequent prodigious development of the modern
European languages and cultures meant that the
314:
During the
Renaissance, the classical intellectual values of the fully rediscovered Græco–Roman culture were the cultural capital of the upper classes (and the aspiring), and aimed at the complete development of human intellectual, aesthetic, and moral faculties. This ideal associated with humanism
213:
writes that, unlike popular culture, "the classics—and soon to be classics—are in their own right descriptions and explanations of the cultural systems that produced them." He says that "a crucial way in which mass culture differs from high art" is that individual works of mass culture are less
1210:, and in most European countries, whole ministries administer these programs. This includes the subsidy of new works by composers, writers and artists. There are also many private philanthropic sources of funding, which are especially important in the US, where the federally funded
341:. A key contribution of the Renaissance was the elevation of painting and sculpture to a status equal to the liberal arts (hence the visual arts lost for elites any lingering negative association with manual artisanship). The early Renaissance treatises of
252:
tradition, the ideal mode of language was published and preserved in works of elevated style (correct grammar, syntax, and diction). Certain forms of language used by authors in valorized epochs were held up in antiquity and the
1024:
used to refer to musical traditions implying advanced structural and theoretical considerations and a written musical tradition. The notion of art music is a frequent and well-defined musicological distinction – musicologist
163:
as "the disinterested endeavour after man’s perfection" pursued, obtained, and achieved by effort to "know the best that has been said and thought in the world". Such a literary definition of high culture also includes
1796:
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style; an emphasis on the authorial expressivity of the director or writer; and a focus on the thoughts and dreams of characters, rather than presenting a clear, goal-driven story. According to the film scholar
854:, from the nobility, the aristocracy, and the bourgeoisie, with a worldly perspective of society and civilisation. The post-university tour of the cultural centres of Europe was a social-class benefit of the
103:); high culture also identifies a society’s common repository of broad-range knowledge and tradition (folk culture) that transcends the social-class system of the society. Sociologically, the term
1077:
scholars typically define an "art film" using a "...canon of films and those formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream
Hollywood films", which includes, among other elements: a
279:
since it reflected a form of education aiming at the refinement of human nature, rather than the acquisition of technical or vocational skills. Indeed, the Greco-Roman world tended to see such
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1357:. In such activities of aesthetic judgement, the ruling-class person uses social codes unknown to middle-class and lower-class persons in the pursuit and practice of activities of taste.
457:
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With the widening of access to university education, the effort spread there, and all aspects of high culture became the objects of academic study, which with the exception of the
1286:
197:
presents the sociologic experience of the working-class man and woman in acquiring the cultural literacy, at university, which facilitates social upward mobility. In the U.S.,
381:
traditions, art that demonstrates the imagination of the artist is accorded the status of high art. In the West this tradition began in
Ancient Greece, was reinforced in the
168:. Moreover, the philosophy of aesthetics proposed in high culture is a force for moral and political good. Critically, the term "high culture" is contrasted with the terms "
327:
soon spread through Europe becoming much of the basis of upper class education for centuries. For the socially ambitious man and woman who means to rise in society,
421:
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proposed that æsthetic taste (cultural judgement) is in large part derived from social class. Social class establishes the definitions of high art, e.g. in
348:
The evolution of the concept of high culture initially was defined in educational terms largely as critical study and knowledge of the Græco–Roman arts and
964:
Much of high culture consists of the appreciation of what is sometimes called "high art". This term is rather broader than Arnold's definition and besides
134:
1693:
Denis Arnold, "Art Music, Art Song", in The New Oxford
Companion to Music, Volume 1: A-J, (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1983): 111.
770:
660:
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265:(fifth century BC); and the form of classical Latin used in the "Golden Age" of Roman culture (c. 70 B.C. – AD 18) represented by such figures as
1120:, and, in response, many proponents of the concept devoted great efforts to promoting high culture among a wider public than the highly educated
1098:
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337:, instructs the reader to acquire and possess knowledge of the Græco–Roman Classics, being education integral to the social-persona of the
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transmitted through the high-status institutions (schools, academies, universities) meant to produce the ideal gentleman of that society.
409:, which were produced by unknown craftsmen working in large factories. In both China and the West the distinction was especially clear in
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The cultural products most often regarded as forming part of high culture are most likely to have been produced during periods of high
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1964:
1911:
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explored the relations of value of the arts (high and mass) when subjected to industrial reproduction. The critical theoreticians
1148:, and many others in America and throughout the western world have worked to widen the appeal of elements of high culture such as
369:, etc). Together these texts and art works constitute the exemplary artifacts representing the high culture of the Western world.
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courses still play an important role in the promotion of the concept of high culture, though often now avoiding the term itself.
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1328:(1983) stating that high art is "a literate, codified culture, which permits context-free communication" among cultures.
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413:, where for centuries imaginary views, produced from the imagination of the artist, were considered superior works.
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works of literature and music, history and philosophy, which a society considers representative of their culture.
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said that high culture and popular culture are necessary and complementary parts of the culture of a society. In
1882:. Ed. Michael Holquist. Trans. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist. Austin and London: University of Texas Press.
39:
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580:
329:
273:. This form of education was known to the Greeks as παιδεία, which was translated by the Romans into Latin as
1797:
Promoting high culture: The evolution of the
Brisbane Musical Union, 1872–98|Queensland Review|Cambridge Cove
1324:, as a requisite part of a healthy national identity. Gellner expanded the conceptual scope of the phrase in
405:
and the work produced by common artists, working in largely different styles, or the decorative arts such as
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2245:
2215:
2149:
2134:
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interpreted the high-art and mass-art cultural relations as an instrument of social control, with which the
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In socially-stratified Europe and the
Americas, a first-hand immersion to the high culture of the West, the
795:
210:
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2920:
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2536:
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whose natural territory it was supposed to be. There was a drive, beginning in the 19th century, to open
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Especially in Europe, governments have been prepared to subsidize high culture through the funding of
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Project MUSE - High
Culture/Low Culture: Advertising in Literature, Art, Film, and Popular Culture
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2016:
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The
Competition between High Culture and Popular Culture as Seen in the "New York Times" on JSTOR
1282:
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1108:
410:
1709:
Philip Tagg, "Analysing
Popular Music: Theory, Method and Practice", Popular Music 2 (1982): 41.
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1020:(or serious music, classical music, cultivated music, canonical music or erudite music) is an
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worked in advertisement before their literary careers and/or had used ads on their novels.
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850:, was a rite of passage that complemented and completed the book education of a
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also funds broadcasting. These may be seen as part of the broader concept of
3591:
3580:
3542:
3435:
3102:
2501:
1834:(1 ed.). Ringwood, Victoria: Penguin Books Australia Ltd. p. 301.
1342:
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958:
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851:
755:
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275:
261:
of ancient Greek spoken and written by the playwrights and philosophers of
1936:
Memory and modernity:reflections on Ernest Gellner's theory of nationalism
889:
in its diverse history and myriad forms; knowledge of the humane letters (
3619:
3508:
3430:
3376:
3361:
3351:
1405:
1350:
1320:, high culture was conceptually integral to the politics and ideology of
1070:
1051:
1046:
973:
930:
918:
878:
870:
765:
561:
536:
509:
280:
31:
1807:
1568:
Everything Bad is Good for You: How Popular Culture is Making Us Smarter
257:
as eternal valid models and normative standards of excellence; e.g. the
17:
3602:
3552:
3526:
3403:
3356:
1973:
1372:
1117:
934:
910:
710:
160:
65:
1818:
3641:
3513:
3371:
2284:
1889:
Popular Culture and High Culture: an Analysis and Evaluation of Taste
1731:
Philip Tagg, "Analysing Popular Music: Theory, Method and Practice",
1183:
1175:
1145:
1125:
922:
861:
The European concept of high culture included cultivation of refined
715:
270:
266:
1533:
1261:
The relations between high culture and mass culture are concerns of
1167:
had not often been the case until the late 19th century. University
222:
1774:. University of Minnesota, 2001 (Commerce and Mass Culture Series).
1603:
M. Tullius Cicero, De Officiis, Book I: Moral Goodness, section 150
1490:
Edging Women Out: Victorian Novelists, Publishers and Social Change
1132:
to give the general public access to high culture. Figures such as
1112:
at an aircraft factory in the English Midlands during World War II.
131:(the masses), though very often also enjoyed by the upper classes.
72:, which a society collectively esteems as being exemplary works of
3393:
1245:
1179:
1097:
948:
914:
886:
420:
307:
221:
214:
interesting than the broader cultural trends which produced them.
133:
1003:
onwards, such conditions existed in other places at other times.
236:
originated in the classical-world traditions of intellectual and
1203:
981:
446:
117:
characteristic of the less-educated social classes, such as the
3300:
1946:
929:, as well as a general acquaintance with important concepts in
3383:
1106:, under the auspices of CEMA, a government programme, perform
73:
3296:
1846:Élite culture is often an instrument of social control. . . .
1218:, although often a mass audience is not the intended market.
323:
through institutions such as the Renaissance court schools.
1681:
a b "Music" in Encyclopedia Americana, reprint 1993, p. 647
1942:
3820:
List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field
1334:
Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste
283:
labor as subordinate to purely intellectual activities.
205:
pursued the definition of high culture, by way of the
1287:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
3785:
3730:
3655:
3486:
3446:
3334:
2908:
2828:
2585:
2325:
2188:
2045:
1994:
1116:The term has always been susceptible to attack for
1615:"Jacques Maritain Center: Art and Scholasticism 4"
1904:No Respect: Intellectuals & Popular Culture
1891:. New York: Basic Books, 1974. xii, 179 pages.
1767:Sure Seaters: The Emergence of Art House Cinema
1206:, and in other ways. Organizations such as the
1747:Art film definition – Dictionary – MSN Encarta
1689:
1687:
3685:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
3312:
1958:
1472:Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society
1459:Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society
827:
315:(a later term derived from the humanities or
30:"High art" redirects here. For the film, see
8:
1906:. New York: Routledge, 1989. ix, 269 pages.
988:would not generally be considered high art.
571:
352:which furnished much of the foundation for
3443:
3319:
3305:
3297:
1965:
1951:
1943:
834:
820:
432:
1785:Film Genres: From Iconography to Ideology
425:Four English lords on ship during their
289:
38:
27:Form of culture valued by opinion-elites
1450:
444:
181:Notes Towards the Definition of Culture
1571:. Penguin Books Limited. p. 203.
1090:, with its own distinct conventions."
244:(from c. 8th century BC – AD 147) and
3772:National Endowment for the Humanities
3757:Humanities, arts, and social sciences
1879:The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays
1661:, 1997, Manchester University Press,
1484:Gaye Tuchman, Nina E. Fortin (1989).
87:identifies the culture either of the
7:
3767:Moscow University for the Humanities
3738:Arts and Humanities Research Council
3695:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
3260:
2861:Role of Christianity in civilization
1316:and for the rationalist philosopher
248:(753 BC – AD 476). In the classical
3272:
1212:Corporation for Public Broadcasting
1787:. Wallflower Press: 2007. (page 1)
1592:Gellius · Attic Nights — Book XIII
345:were instrumental in this regard.
294:A painting by Ming Dynasty artist
25:
1938:- Lecture text by Anthony D Smith
901:authors, and more broadly of the
281:manual, commercial, and technical
3271:
3259:
3248:
3247:
1982:
976:), and traditional forms of the
456:
361:, the painting and sculpture of
3815:Humanities in the United States
3663:American Journal of Archaeology
3073:Culture and positive psychology
1983:
1565:Steven Johnson (6 April 2006).
113:, which comprises the forms of
3690:Journal of Controversial Ideas
2512:High- and low-context cultures
1926:Full text of Matthew Arnold's
1553:The Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1486:"ch. 4 The High-Culture Novel"
1058:which is typically a serious,
865:and manners; the education of
310:, a Chinese musical instrument
209:of literature. Media theorist
1:
1208:Arts Council of Great Britain
1035:"traditional" or "folk music"
3710:Revue des Études Arméniennes
3078:Culture and social cognition
2063:Cross-cultural communication
159:(1869). The Preface defines
107:is contrasted with the term
56:– an example of high culture
3873:High society (social class)
3160:Intercultural communication
1645:"Moral letters to Lucilius"
1255:Antoine Samuel Adam-Salomon
786:Traditionalist conservatism
83:In popular usage, the term
3889:
2603:Cross cultural sensitivity
2270:Resistance through culture
1858:Distinction - Google Books
1735:(1982): 37–67, here 41–42.
1086:, "art cinema itself is a
1044:
1010:
955:Metropolitan Museum of Art
893:) represented by the best
532:Traditionalist Catholicism
29:
3825:Outline of the humanities
3805:Criticism of mass culture
3777:National Humanities Medal
3243:
3215:Transformation of culture
2648:Cultural environmentalism
2078:Cross-cultural psychology
2073:Cross-cultural psychiatry
2068:Cross-cultural leadership
1980:
1474:(1983) Rev. Ed. p. 91–92.
771:Spanish American royalism
3868:Social class subcultures
3810:Educational essentialism
3447:Interdisciplinary fields
3175:Living things in culture
3165:Intercultural competence
3068:Culture and menstruation
2567:Trans-cultural diffusion
1830:McGregor, Craig (1997).
1555:(1967) Volume 1. p. 167.
1337:(1979), the sociologist
1144:and others in Communist
646:1st Viscount Bolingbroke
581:Conservative corporatism
377:In the Western and some
330:The Book of the Courtier
232:The high culture of the
2986:Cultural homogenization
2216:Individualistic culture
2150:Popular culture studies
2135:Intercultural relations
1647:– via Wikisource.
1326:Nations and Nationalism
1140:of the BBC in Britain,
389:, which eliminated the
319:), was communicated in
3598:Liberal arts education
2921:Archaeological culture
2668:Cultural globalization
2537:Organizational culture
2385:Cultural communication
2343:Cultural appropriation
2130:Intercultural learning
2058:Cross-cultural studies
1722:, reprint 1993, p. 647
1720:Encyclopedia Americana
1461:(1983) Rev. Ed. p. 92.
1258:
1113:
961:
661:1st Duke of Wellington
572:
430:
311:
229:
143:
57:
54:Sistine Chapel ceiling
3674:History of Humanities
3190:Participatory culture
2981:Cultural evolutionism
2805:Multiracial democracy
2683:Cultural intelligence
2628:Cultural conservatism
2618:Cultural backwardness
2608:Cultural assimilation
2482:Cultural reproduction
2338:Cultural appreciation
2290:Far-right subcultures
2180:Transcultural nursing
2145:Philosophy of culture
2022:Cultural neuroscience
2002:Cultural anthropology
1657:Dormer, Peter (ed.),
1524:The Cornhill Magazine
1431:Working class culture
1249:
1101:
995:, for which a large,
952:
881:; an appreciation of
641:1st Earl of Rochester
631:1st Earl of Clarendon
586:Divine right of kings
424:
367:Johann Sebastian Bach
343:Leon Battista Alberti
335:Baldasare Castiglione
293:
225:
137:
42:
3830:Renaissance humanism
3762:Master of Humanities
3185:Oppositional culture
3155:Emotions and culture
3063:Cultural sensibility
3053:Cultural translation
2991:Cultural institution
2971:Cultural determinism
2693:Cultural nationalism
2678:Cultural imperialism
2638:Cultural deprivation
2532:Non-material culture
2165:Sociology of culture
2160:Semiotics of culture
1659:The Culture of Craft
1312:For the Orientalist
927:Western civilisation
848:Grand Tour of Europe
325:Renaissance humanism
190:The Uses of Literacy
149:introduced the term
45:The Creation of Adam
3749:Geisteswissenschaft
3715:Teaching Philosophy
3494:Abductive reasoning
3036:Culture speculation
3031:Cultural relativism
2961:Cultural competence
2851:Cultural Christians
2723:Cultural Revolution
2713:Cultural radicalism
2688:Cultural liberalism
2623:Cultural Bolshevism
2598:Consumer capitalism
2552:Relational mobility
2492:Cultural technology
2400:Cultural dissonance
2317:Culture by location
2280:Alternative culture
2196:Constructed culture
2175:Theology of culture
2115:Cultural psychology
2095:Cultural entomology
1928:Culture and Anarchy
1534:Culture and Anarchy
1519:Culture and Anarchy
1470:Williams, Raymond.
1457:Williams, Raymond.
1073:. Film critics and
567:Cavalier Parliament
391:hierarchy of genres
373:Cultural traditions
218:History in the West
156:Culture and Anarchy
140:Acropolis of Athens
3836:Studia Humanitatis
3195:Permission culture
3128:Disability culture
3108:Children's culture
2976:Cultural diversity
2936:Circuit of culture
2718:Cultural retention
2698:Cultural pessimism
2653:Cultural exception
2643:Cultural diplomacy
2633:Cultural contracts
2593:Colonial mentality
2522:Manuscript culture
2497:Cultural universal
2467:Cultural pluralism
2447:Cultural landscape
2442:Cultural invention
2410:Cultural framework
2312:Vernacular culture
2110:Cultural mediation
2090:Cultural economics
2085:Cultural analytics
2017:Cultural geography
2007:Cultural astronomy
1832:Class in Australia
1764:Barbara Wilinsky.
1283:Marxist philosophy
1259:
1223:The New York Times
1114:
1109:Peter and The Wolf
962:
891:literae humaniores
431:
411:landscape painting
317:studia humanitatis
312:
230:
144:
58:
3845:
3844:
3565:General knowledge
3548:Cultural literacy
3482:
3481:
3416:Religious studies
3352:Classical studies
3294:
3293:
3123:Death and culture
3016:Cultural movement
3006:Cultural literacy
2866:Eastern Orthodoxy
2778:Dominator culture
2773:Deculturalization
2673:Cultural hegemony
2663:Cultural genocide
2658:Cultural feminism
2477:Cultural property
2472:Cultural practice
2457:Cultural leveling
2452:Cultural learning
2437:Cultural industry
2432:Cultural identity
2415:Cultural heritage
2405:Cultural emphasis
2390:Cultural conflict
2363:Cultural behavior
2353:Cultural artifact
2265:Primitive culture
2241:Political culture
1841:978-0-14-008227-2
1669:, 9780719046186,
1578:978-0-14-193312-2
1539:Project Gutenberg
1499:978-0-415-03767-9
1388:General knowledge
1378:BildungsbĂĽrgertum
1307:cultural hegemony
1295:Theodor W. Adorno
1198:stations such as
1158:literary classics
1102:Dancers from the
1054:is the result of
939:political thought
905:traditions (e.g.
844:
843:
681:Winston Churchill
485:Counterrevolution
407:Chinese porcelain
403:scholar-officials
399:literati painting
354:European cultures
321:Renaissance Italy
300:scholar-gentleman
16:(Redirected from
3880:
3863:Academic culture
3632:Self-realization
3444:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3298:
3275:
3274:
3263:
3262:
3251:
3250:
3140:Drinking culture
3093:Culture industry
3041:Cultural tourism
3021:Cultural mulatto
2996:Cultural jet lag
2931:Cannabis culture
2888:Cultural Muslims
2810:Pluriculturalism
2793:Multiculturalism
2783:Interculturalism
2758:Culture minister
2748:Cultural Zionism
2743:Cultural subsidy
2738:Cultural silence
2613:Cultural attaché
2572:Transculturation
2527:Material culture
2517:Interculturality
2373:Cultural capital
2358:Cultural baggage
2295:Youth subculture
2236:Official culture
2201:Dominant culture
2140:Internet culture
2105:Cultural mapping
2100:Cultural history
2027:Cultural studies
2012:Cultural ecology
1986:
1985:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1944:
1886:Gans, Herbert J.
1860:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1827:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1805:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1781:
1775:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1750:. Archived from
1742:
1736:
1729:
1723:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1691:
1682:
1679:
1673:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1621:. Archived from
1611:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1527:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1481:
1475:
1468:
1462:
1455:
1411:Higher education
1355:military service
1343:social etiquette
1285:. In the essay "
1263:cultural studies
1216:official culture
1060:independent film
980:(including some
968:includes music,
856:cultural capital
836:
829:
822:
705:
676:G. K. Chesterton
656:3rd Earl of Bute
636:Roger L'Estrange
620:
577:
556:
469:
460:
449:
433:
417:Cultural capital
263:Periclean Athens
66:cultural objects
21:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3781:
3726:
3651:
3637:Self-reflection
3627:Moral character
3586:Human condition
3538:Critical theory
3478:
3442:
3389:Performing arts
3330:
3325:
3295:
3290:
3239:
3230:Western culture
3225:Welfare culture
3150:Eastern culture
3011:Cultural mosaic
2966:Cultural critic
2956:Cultural center
2904:
2878:Cultural Hindus
2824:
2815:Polyculturalism
2788:Monoculturalism
2763:Culture of fear
2733:Cultural safety
2728:Cultural rights
2708:Cultural racism
2703:Cultural policy
2581:
2487:Cultural system
2462:Cultural memory
2395:Cultural cringe
2321:
2253:Popular culture
2184:
2120:Cultural values
2041:
1990:
1976:
1971:
1922:
1917:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1791:
1782:
1778:
1763:
1759:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1733:Popular Music 2
1730:
1726:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1692:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1656:
1652:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1628:
1626:
1619:maritain.nd.edu
1613:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1530:
1514:Arnold, Matthew
1512:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1398:Oswald Spengler
1368:Achieved status
1363:
1339:Pierre Bourdieu
1305:maintain their
1299:Antonio Gramsci
1291:Walter Benjamin
1271:critical theory
1244:
1228:Charles Dickens
1150:classical music
1096:
1049:
1043:
1015:
1009:
986:decorative arts
978:performing arts
947:
883:classical music
840:
811:
810:
806:Veronese Easter
706:
703:
696:
695:
671:Stanley Baldwin
621:
618:
611:
610:
601:Oxford Movement
557:
554:
547:
546:
521:Noblesse oblige
505:Interventionism
470:
468:Characteristics
467:
447:
438:Politics series
419:
375:
365:, the music of
220:
195:Richard Hoggart
170:popular culture
115:popular culture
70:aesthetic value
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3886:
3884:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3850:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3740:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3670:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3595:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3523:
3520:Belles-lettres
3516:
3511:
3506:
3504:Antipositivism
3501:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3450:
3448:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3386:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3301:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3281:
3269:
3257:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3026:Cultural probe
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2951:Cross-cultural
2948:
2946:Coffee culture
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2916:Animal culture
2912:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2820:Transculturism
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2753:Culture change
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2577:Visual culture
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2557:Safety culture
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2378:Cross-cultural
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2037:Culture theory
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1932:
1921:
1920:External links
1918:
1916:
1915:
1902:Ross, Andrew.
1900:
1883:
1874:Bakhtin, M. M.
1870:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1850:
1840:
1822:
1811:
1800:
1789:
1783:Keith, Barry.
1776:
1757:
1754:on 2009-08-30.
1737:
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1702:
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1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1318:Ernest Gellner
1309:upon society.
1243:
1240:
1104:Ballet Rambert
1095:
1092:
1084:David Bordwell
1079:social realism
1066:rather than a
1045:Main article:
1042:
1039:
1011:Main article:
1008:
1005:
946:
943:
842:
841:
839:
838:
831:
824:
816:
813:
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809:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
781:Tory socialism
778:
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768:
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718:
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704:Related topics
702:
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683:
678:
673:
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663:
658:
653:
651:Samuel Johnson
648:
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628:
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617:
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613:
612:
609:
608:
603:
598:
593:
591:Family Compact
588:
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574:Château Clique
569:
564:
558:
555:General topics
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527:Traditionalism
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487:
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477:
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453:
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441:
418:
415:
374:
371:
242:Ancient Greece
219:
216:
211:Steven Johnson
147:Matthew Arnold
101:intelligentsia
60:In a society,
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3885:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3795:
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3790:
3788:
3784:
3778:
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3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3743:Human science
3741:
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3733:
3729:
3723:
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3718:
3716:
3713:
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3708:
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3658:
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3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
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3628:
3625:
3621:
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3613:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3459:Environmental
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3362:Language arts
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3317:
3315:
3310:
3308:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3236:
3235:Youth culture
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:Urban culture
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3205:Remix culture
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3180:Media culture
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3170:Languaculture
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3098:Culture shock
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3058:Cultural turn
3056:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
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2926:Bennett scale
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2856:Protestantism
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2562:Technoculture
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2543:
2542:Print culture
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2507:Enculturation
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2427:Cultural icon
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2368:Cultural bias
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2348:Cultural area
2346:
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2333:Acculturation
2331:
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2328:
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2308:
2307:Super culture
2305:
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2221:Legal culture
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2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
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2170:Sound culture
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2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
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1997:
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1989:
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1968:
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1912:0-415-90037-9
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1897:0-465-06021-8
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1699:0-19-311316-3
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1625:on 2021-02-27
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1492:. Routledge.
1491:
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1454:
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1444:
1439:
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1423:
1421:
1417:
1416:Western canon
1414:
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1296:
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1279:Postmodernism
1276:
1272:
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1267:media studies
1264:
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1147:
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1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:concert halls
1127:
1123:
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1111:
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1100:
1093:
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1038:
1036:
1032:
1031:popular music
1028:
1023:
1022:umbrella term
1019:
1014:
1006:
1004:
1002:
998:
997:sophisticated
994:
989:
987:
983:
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632:
629:
627:
626:Robert Filmer
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305:
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297:
296:Chen Hongshou
292:
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260:
259:Attic dialect
256:
251:
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207:Western canon
204:
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79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
55:
51:
47:
46:
41:
35:
34:
19:
3834:
3798:Philistinism
3793:Antihumanism
3747:
3719:
3705:Nova Religio
3672:
3590:
3570:Hermeneutics
3557:
3525:
3518:
3342:Anthropology
3283:
3276:
3264:
3252:
3200:Rape culture
3145:Drug culture
3133:Deaf culture
3118:Cyberculture
3088:Culture hero
3001:Cultural lag
2941:Civilization
2841:Christianity
2547:Protoculture
2231:Microculture
2211:High culture
2210:
2206:Folk culture
2155:Postcritique
1935:
1927:
1903:
1888:
1877:
1853:
1845:
1831:
1825:
1814:
1803:
1792:
1784:
1779:
1772:Google Books
1765:
1760:
1752:the original
1746:
1740:
1732:
1727:
1719:
1714:
1705:
1677:
1671:google books
1658:
1653:
1638:
1627:. Retrieved
1623:the original
1618:
1609:
1598:
1587:
1567:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1532:
1531: (2003)
1517:
1508:
1489:
1479:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1453:
1393:High society
1332:
1330:
1325:
1314:Ernest Renan
1311:
1303:ruling class
1260:
1251:Ernest Renan
1221:
1220:
1196:broadcasting
1173:
1169:liberal arts
1162:
1142:Leon Trotsky
1115:
1107:
1075:film studies
1064:niche market
1050:
1016:
993:civilization
990:
972:(especially
963:
903:liberal arts
890:
860:
845:
791:Ultra-Tories
731:Distributism
726:Conservatism
691:George Grant
686:Enoch Powell
666:Walter Scott
519:
500:High culture
499:
445:
436:Part of the
376:
363:Michelangelo
347:
328:
316:
313:
303:
285:
274:
246:Ancient Rome
231:
203:F. R. Leavis
199:Harold Bloom
188:
180:
178:
174:mass culture
154:
153:in the book
151:high culture
150:
145:
126:
108:
105:high culture
104:
97:status class
85:high culture
84:
82:
78:intellectual
64:encompasses
62:high culture
61:
59:
50:Michelangelo
43:
32:
3647:Work of art
3615:Metaphysics
3576:Historicism
3421:Visual arts
3347:Archaeology
3335:Disciplines
3278:WikiProject
3210:Tea culture
3113:Culturalism
3083:Culture gap
3046:Pop-culture
2846:Catholicism
2768:Culture war
2226:Low culture
2125:Culturomics
2032:Culturology
1718:"Music" in
1383:Culturology
1322:nationalism
1236:James Joyce
1232:Henry James
1200:BBC Radio 3
1186:companies,
1154:old masters
1134:John Ruskin
1122:bourgeoisie
1068:mass market
1062:aimed at a
1027:Philip Tagg
1001:Renaissance
970:visual arts
761:Reactionary
494:Anglicanism
490:High Church
475:Agrarianism
393:within the
387:Romanticism
383:Renaissance
333:(1528), by
255:Renaissance
250:Greco-Roman
227:T. S. Eliot
185:T. S. Eliot
123:Philistines
110:low culture
93:aristocracy
89:upper class
3852:Categories
3608:Quadrivium
3533:Creativity
3499:Aesthetics
3426:Filmmaking
3411:Philosophy
3367:Literature
3328:Humanities
2275:Subculture
2053:Bioculture
1667:0719046181
1629:2017-12-26
1440:References
1426:Middlebrow
1422:Non-high:
1347:gastronomy
1289:" (1936),
1188:orchestras
1138:Lord Reith
1088:film genre
1056:filmmaking
966:literature
907:philosophy
801:Viva Maria
776:Sanfedismo
741:Legitimism
596:Jacobitism
515:Monarchism
480:Classicism
427:Grand Tour
379:East Asian
350:humanities
339:aristocrat
298:showing a
166:philosophy
128:hoi polloi
119:barbarians
95:) or of a
76:, and the
3680:Humanitas
3592:Humanitas
3581:Historism
3543:Criticism
3436:Sculpture
3103:Culturgen
2871:Mormonism
2829:Religions
2502:Cultureme
2420:Destroyed
2046:Subfields
1445:Citations
1275:sociology
1194:, public
1152:, art by
1094:Promotion
1033:" and to
1018:Art music
1013:Art music
1007:Art music
959:Manhattan
875:sculpture
871:fine arts
863:etiquette
852:gentleman
756:Pink Tory
751:Miguelism
736:High Tory
721:Cristeros
606:Powellism
562:Cavaliers
429:, 1731–32
395:fine arts
385:, and by
359:Parthenon
306:) with a
276:humanitas
238:aesthetic
3858:The arts
3731:Academia
3700:Leonardo
3668:Daedalus
3656:Journals
3620:Ontology
3509:The arts
3431:Painting
3377:Rhetoric
3254:Category
2836:Buddhism
2586:Politics
1995:Sciences
1643:Seneca.
1516:(1869).
1406:Highbrow
1361:See also
1351:oenology
1257:, 1870s)
1242:Theories
1165:classics
1156:and the
1071:audience
1052:Art film
1047:Art film
1041:Art film
974:painting
945:High art
931:theology
919:rhetoric
879:painting
873:such as
796:Vendéens
766:Red Tory
746:Loyalism
542:Unionism
537:Royalism
510:Loyalism
240:life in
193:(1957),
183:(1948),
142:, Greece
33:High Art
18:High-art
3786:Related
3721:more...
3603:Trivium
3553:Culture
3527:Bildung
3469:Medical
3454:Digital
3404:Theatre
3357:History
3285:Changes
3266:Commons
2909:Related
2900:Sikhism
2895:Judaism
2326:Aspects
1988:Outline
1974:Culture
1914:(pbk.).
1876:(1981)
1867:Sources
1373:Bildung
1176:museums
1126:museums
1118:elitism
984:). The
935:science
911:history
869:in the
716:Chouans
711:Carlism
619:People
448:Toryism
401:by the
304:literai
172:" and "
161:culture
48:, from
3642:Wisdom
3574:
3514:Beauty
3487:Themes
3474:Public
3464:Health
3372:Poetry
2285:Fandom
1930:online
1910:
1895:
1838:
1697:
1665:
1575:
1496:
1402:High:
1192:cinema
1184:ballet
1146:Russia
982:cinema
937:, and
923:poetry
921:, and
271:Virgil
267:Cicero
125:, and
121:, the
3399:Music
3394:Dance
2883:Islam
2258:Urban
2246:Civic
2189:Types
1180:opera
925:) of
915:drama
899:Latin
895:Greek
887:opera
867:taste
308:guqin
99:(the
3558:High
2300:list
1908:ISBN
1893:ISBN
1836:ISBN
1695:ISBN
1663:ISBN
1573:ISBN
1494:ISBN
1297:and
1281:and
1234:and
1204:ARTE
1182:and
1136:and
1128:and
953:The
897:and
885:and
877:and
269:and
234:West
201:and
138:The
91:(an
3384:Law
1770:at
1537:at
1331:In
957:in
179:In
176:".
74:art
68:of
52:’s
3854::
1844:.
1686:^
1617:.
1522:.
1488:.
1353:,
1349:,
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1265:,
1230:,
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1190:,
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1160:.
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933:,
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909:,
440:on
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1966:e
1959:t
1952:v
1899:.
1632:.
1581:.
1526:.
1502:.
1253:(
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821:v
496:)
492:(
302:(
36:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
