1048:. As a result, antiestrogen therapy became the first-line treatment for breast cancer and almost completely replaced HDE. However, in the 1990s, HDE was revisited for breast cancer and was found to be effective in the treatment of women with acquired resistance to antiestrogen therapy. Since then, research on HDE for breast cancer has continued, and safer, bioidentical forms of estrogen like estradiol and estradiol valerate have also been studied and found to be effective. A major review was published in 2017 summarizing the literature to date.
929:
75,000 pg/mL measurable in some women. Levels of progesterone are 10 to 50 ng/mL in the first trimester and rise to 50 to 280 ng/mL in the third trimester, with a mean of around 150 ng/mL at term. Although only a small fraction of estradiol and progesterone are unbound in circulation, the amounts of free and thus biologically active estradiol and progesterone increase to similarly large extents as total levels during pregnancy. As such, pregnancy is a markedly
1557:"pseudopregnancy" and "progestin-only" regimens dominated the medical management of endometriosis.69 During the 1980s, danazol became the primary hormonal agent used in the treatment of endometriosis. In the 1990s the GnRH agonists have become the most frequently used drugs for the treatment of endometriosis. These advances have significantly expanded the hormonal armamentarium of the gynecologist when treating endometriosis.
51:
739:
1056:
Pseudopregnancy has been suggested for use in decreasing the risk of breast cancer in women, though this has not been assessed in clinical studies. Natural pregnancy before the age of 20 has been associated with a 50% lifetime reduction in the risk of breast cancer. Pseudopregnancy has been found to
952:
HDE has been used since the discovery and introduction of estrogens in the 1930s. It was first found to be effective in the treatment of prostate cancer in 1941 and in the treatment of breast cancer in 1944. HDE was the first medical therapy for prostate cancer and breast cancer. Pseudopregnancy was
928:
in normal human pregnancy are very high. Estradiol levels are 1,000 to 5,000 pg/mL during the first trimester, 5,000 to 15,000 pg/mL during the second trimester, and 10,000 to 40,000 pg/mL during the third trimester, with a mean of 25,000 pg/mL at term and levels as high as
396:. The majority of women with an intact uterus will develop endometrial hyperplasia within a few years of estrogen treatment even with mere replacement dosages of estrogen if a progestogen is not taken concomitantly. The addition of a progestogen to estrogen abolishes the increase in risk.
1556:
Hormonal therapy. During the past 40 years, the medical management of endometriosis has become significantly more sophisticated. In the early 1950s the high-dose estrogen regimen of
Karnaky was the only available hormonal treatment for endometriosis. In the 1960s and 1970s, Kistner's
996:
side effects. As a result of this study, HDE for prostate cancer fell out of favor. However, in recent times there has been a resurgence in interest of HDE for prostate cancer with safer, bioidentical and parenteral forms of estrogen that don't share the same risks, including
908:
found that mean steady-state estradiol levels in the 6 mg/day group were about 300 pg/mL and in the 30 mg/day group were about 2,400 pg/mL. An example pseudopregnancy regimen in women which has been used in clinical studies is
965:, at which time it was used to treat hypoplasia of the uterus and breasts and endometriosis. In modern times, pseudopregnancy is rarely used. However, studies in the mid-1990s were conducted and found it to be rapidly effective for increasing
894:. Unlike synthetic estrogens, bioidentical estrogens are efficiently inactivated in the liver even at high dosages or high circulating levels, as in pregnancy, although changes in hepatic protein production can still occur.
1264:
Ulrich U, Pfeifer T, Buck G, Keckstein J, Lauritzen C (1995). "High-dose estrogen-progestogen injections in gonadal dysgenesis, ovarian hypoplasia, and androgen insensitivity syndrome: Impact on bone density".
1043:
was found to be effective for the treatment of breast cancer and was introduced for medical use. Comparative studies found that the two therapies showed equivalent effectiveness, but that tamoxifen had reduced
1031:
Following continued clinical research after the discovery of the effectiveness of HDE for breast cancer in 1944, HDE, most commonly with diethylstilbestrol and to a lesser extent ethinylestradiol, became the
1212:
Ulrich U, Pfeifer T, Lauritzen C (September 1994). "Rapid increase in lumbar spine bone density in osteopenic women by high-dose intramuscular estrogen-progestogen injections. A preliminary report".
1001:
and transdermal estradiol. Modern HDE for prostate cancer has a variety of advantages and benefits over conventional androgen deprivation therapy with castration, including fewer side effects like
3003:
Oral estradiol doses are often double to quadruple that needed for postmenopausal women (i.e., 1-2mg) and higher doses may be needed for individuals with testes present (up to 4 or 8mg/day).
1452:
von
Schoultz B, Carlström K, Collste L, Eriksson A, Henriksson P, Pousette A, Stege R (1989). "Estrogen therapy and liver function--metabolic effects of oral and parenteral administration".
4562:
3570:
79:
2599:
Troisi R, Potischman N, Roberts JM, Harger G, Markovic N, Cole B, et al. (May 2003). "Correlation of serum hormone concentrations in maternal and umbilical cord samples".
1495:
Turo R, Smolski M, Esler R, Kujawa ML, Bromage SJ, Oakley N, et al. (February 2014). "Diethylstilboestrol for the treatment of prostate cancer: past, present and future".
1796:"High dose estrogen treatment increases bone mineral density in male-to-female transsexuals receiving gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in the absence of testosterone"
2110:
1569:
4615:
2343:
1412:
Lycette JL, Bland LB, Garzotto M, Beer TM (December 2006). "Parenteral estrogens for prostate cancer: can a new route of administration overcome old toxicities?".
2520:"Lower-dose vs high-dose oral estradiol therapy of hormone receptor-positive, aromatase inhibitor-resistant advanced breast cancer: a phase 2 randomized study"
1862:
Hartmann BW, Laml T, Kirchengast S, Albrecht AE, Huber JC (April 1998). "Hormonal breast augmentation: prognostic relevance of insulin-like growth factor-I".
308:
2083:
Alfred E. Chang, Patricia A Ganz, Daniel F. Hayes, Timothy
Kinsella, Harvey I. Pass, Joan H. Schiller, Richard M. Stone, Victor Strecher (8 December 2007).
849:
is used for HDE in men, levels of estradiol of at least approximately 200 pg/mL are necessary to suppress testosterone levels into the castrate range.
4725:
921:. It has been found to result in estradiol levels of about 3,100 pg/mL at 3 months of therapy and 2,500 pg/mL at 6 months of therapy.
4555:
4524:
4106:
980:
Oral HDE for prostate cancer with diethylstilbestrol was used widely in men with prostate cancer until the mid-1960s, when it was compared directly to
6871:
3563:
1751:
Smith KP, Madison CM, Milne NM (December 2014). "Gonadal suppressive and cross-sex hormone therapy for gender dysphoria in adolescents and adults".
3258:
3057:
Ockrim J, Lalani EN, Abel P (October 2006). "Therapy
Insight: parenteral estrogen treatment for prostate cancer--a new dawn for an old therapy".
2364:
Stege R, Carlström K, Collste L, Eriksson A, Henriksson P, Pousette A (1988). "Single drug polyestradiol phosphate therapy in prostatic cancer".
6907:
6064:
4097:
902:
6866:
4548:
4514:
4481:
3311:
2996:
2969:
2942:
2915:
2874:
2847:
2820:
2788:
2755:
2725:
2698:
2671:
2502:
2337:
2307:
2254:
2222:
2195:
2165:
2135:
2094:
1846:
1549:
1355:
1183:
4835:
6861:
4519:
3556:
650:, but the risk of adverse endometrial changes is minimized or offset with pseudopregnancy regimens due to the progestogen component. The
6595:
4820:
4815:
3195:
2633:
2260:
2574:
3436:
3263:
937:
state. Levels of estradiol and progesterone are both up to 100-fold higher during pregnancy than during normal menstrual cycling.
6019:
753:
448:
341:
5270:
4031:
2880:
172:. It is called this because the estrogen and progestogen levels achieved are in the range of the very high levels of these
3233:
3228:
1708:
Duarte FH, Jallad RS, Bronstein MD (November 2016). "Estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators in acromegaly".
6856:
6620:
5170:
4730:
4705:
4415:
4048:
3802:
3532:
3326:
2045:
Al Jishi T, Sergi C (August 2017). "Current perspective of diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure in mothers and offspring".
1078:
918:
819:
497:
289:
246:
238:
197:
1064:
in rodents similar to those of natural pregnancy, implicating high levels of estrogen and progesterone in this effect.
6912:
6876:
5118:
4529:
4498:
4419:
3401:
3306:
3248:
3128:"Potential Mechanisms underlying the Protective Effect of Pregnancy against Breast Cancer: A Focus on the IGF Pathway"
1073:
501:
2410:
Kuhl H (August 2005). "Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration".
6897:
5123:
3819:
3421:
3296:
3273:
3253:
875:
571:
468:
108:
6511:
6178:
6088:
5310:
4630:
4625:
3631:
509:
260:
in women. Although initially used alone, progestins were added in the 1960s and 1970s. In addition, the estrogen
6739:
6501:
6414:
6039:
5732:
5265:
5260:
5160:
3826:
3406:
3376:
3321:
253:
6743:
4785:
6083:
6027:
5937:
5562:
5552:
5487:
5439:
5357:
5079:
5047:
5015:
5005:
4884:
4868:
4825:
4800:
4740:
4735:
4486:
4310:
4306:
3991:
3969:
3952:
3920:
3797:
3773:
3753:
3749:
3721:
3647:
3635:
3486:
3396:
3188:
1013:, and considerable cost savings. The main drawback of modern HDE for prostate cancer is a high incidence of
998:
910:
683:
643:
438:
389:
212:
180:. HDE and pseudopregnancy have been used in medicine for a number of hormone-dependent indications, such as
120:
1036:
for the treatment of breast cancer in postmenopausal women from the early 1960s onwards. In the 1970s, the
5995:
5547:
5027:
4952:
4947:
4900:
4755:
3986:
3763:
3716:
3476:
3466:
3371:
3356:
3301:
3223:
1959:
Gentile S (December 2005). "The role of estrogen therapy in postpartum psychiatric disorders: an update".
958:
887:
871:
663:
607:
533:
444:
418:
316:
6268:
6093:
6031:
5557:
5101:
5064:
5052:
4920:
4403:
3787:
3781:
3711:
3681:
3591:
3579:
3512:
3391:
3243:
2892:
High-dose estrogen therapy was the first medical treatment for metastatic prostate and breast carcinoma.
841:
range. This is most of the basis of their use in prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. When
800:
773:
615:
521:
359:
347:
337:
161:
6658:
4830:
4805:
4780:
4765:
4700:
4640:
4635:
1626:
Ottolina J, Schimberni M, Makieva S, Bartiromo L, Fazia T, Bernardinelli L, et al. (August 2020).
1024:
of the breasts can be used to prevent it and has minimal side effects, mostly consisting of temporary
5688:
5345:
5084:
4990:
4932:
4770:
4710:
4645:
4620:
4411:
3908:
3856:
3792:
3768:
3741:
3706:
3691:
3527:
3522:
3507:
3502:
3461:
3441:
3361:
3351:
3346:
966:
711:
627:
611:
430:
412:
351:
6424:
6749:
6664:
6475:
6467:
5728:
5512:
5369:
5335:
5145:
4845:
4760:
4463:
4407:
4331:
4225:
4057:
3737:
3733:
3666:
3451:
3426:
3416:
3366:
3341:
3336:
3331:
2187:
Estrogens and
Antiestrogens II: Pharmacology and Clinical Application of Estrogens and Antiestrogen
898:
815:
722:
687:
631:
555:
505:
205:
6050:
654:
profile of HDE is worse in men compared to women. Side effects of HDE specific to men may include
17:
6902:
6831:
6810:
6805:
6615:
6496:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6163:
6078:
5692:
5352:
5010:
4927:
4872:
4715:
4675:
4665:
4605:
4574:
3915:
3861:
3745:
3729:
3686:
3639:
3471:
3446:
3431:
3381:
3316:
3268:
3181:
3082:
2435:
2389:
2104:
2027:
1984:
1776:
1733:
1608:
1563:
1520:
1477:
1237:
1025:
1017:
of about 40 to 77%, although it is generally only mildly or modestly discomforting. In addition,
934:
914:
860:
852:
703:
659:
647:
583:
478:
434:
426:
405:
393:
362:
331:
261:
201:
55:
6769:
6689:
6486:
6419:
5788:
5572:
4695:
6561:
6556:
6328:
6253:
2745:
2291:
1924:
Cronje WH, Studd JW (March 2002). "Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder".
1835:
Gunther Göretzlehner, Christian
Lauritzen, Thomas Römer, Winfried Rossmanith (1 January 2012).
1345:
6536:
6531:
6429:
6378:
6373:
6203:
5652:
4810:
4660:
4655:
4582:
4571:
4423:
4236:
4086:
3777:
3725:
3600:
3456:
3411:
3386:
3291:
3159:
3105:
3074:
3032:
2992:
2965:
2959:
2938:
2911:
2905:
2870:
2843:
2816:
2784:
2751:
2721:
2694:
2688:
2667:
2608:
2549:
2498:
2473:
2427:
2381:
2333:
2327:
2303:
2250:
2218:
2212:
2191:
2185:
2161:
2155:
2131:
2090:
2084:
2062:
2019:
1976:
1941:
1906:
1879:
1842:
1836:
1817:
1768:
1725:
1690:
1649:
1600:
1545:
1512:
1469:
1429:
1391:
1351:
1323:
1282:
1229:
1179:
1149:
785:
781:
667:
325:
312:
227:
223:
HDE and/or pseudopregnancy have been used in clinical medicine for the following indications:
96:
91:
6704:
6699:
6383:
6218:
6173:
5522:
5275:
2986:
2810:
2715:
2661:
2626:
2492:
2244:
2125:
1794:
Mueller A, Dittrich R, Binder H, Kuehnel W, Maltaris T, Hoffmann I, Beckmann MW (July 2005).
1173:
6679:
6541:
6449:
6444:
6434:
6348:
6273:
6148:
5285:
5113:
4860:
4790:
4745:
4685:
4680:
4670:
4650:
4610:
4298:
4286:
3898:
3814:
3627:
3517:
3149:
3139:
3066:
3024:
2837:
2776:
2539:
2531:
2465:
2419:
2373:
2295:
2283:
2124:
Rodolfo
Paoletti, P.G. Crosignani, P. Kenemans, N.K. Wenger, Ann S. Jackson (11 July 2007).
2054:
2011:
1968:
1933:
1871:
1807:
1760:
1717:
1680:
1639:
1592:
1504:
1461:
1421:
1383:
1313:
1274:
1221:
1139:
1083:
1033:
989:
962:
856:
804:
695:
691:
513:
454:
268:
as it increases the risk of endometriosis in the treated women and in their female children.
265:
193:
6388:
474:
As well as the following nonsteroidal estrogens (which are now little or not at all used):
6238:
5971:
5845:
5477:
5424:
5379:
5180:
4382:
4318:
4006:
3959:
3836:
2567:
1010:
974:
930:
891:
846:
823:
679:
517:
422:
242:
185:
157:
5949:
5945:
5923:
2518:
Ellis MJ, Gao F, Dehdashti F, Jeffe DB, Marcom PK, Carey LA, et al. (August 2009).
752:
Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
6709:
6471:
6343:
5772:
5492:
5464:
5456:
5295:
5200:
5190:
5135:
5130:
5032:
4850:
4750:
4492:
4355:
4343:
3976:
3658:
3481:
3283:
3154:
3127:
2544:
2519:
1583:
Veurink M, Koster M, Berg LT (June 2005). "The history of DES, lessons to be learned".
993:
985:
539:
1937:
1669:"Management of Endocrine Disease: Diagnostic and therapeutic approach of tall stature"
1318:
1301:
1278:
6891:
6323:
6158:
6133:
5913:
5831:
5664:
5642:
5497:
5374:
5106:
4957:
4915:
3942:
2377:
2284:
2282:
Shiffman MA (2012). "Cellulite: Etiology, Classification, Pathology, and
Treatment".
1241:
1058:
905:
257:
231:
189:
181:
84:
2469:
2439:
2393:
2127:
Women's Health and
Menopause: Risk Reduction Strategies — Improved Quality of Health
2031:
1988:
1780:
1737:
1612:
1524:
1481:
1374:
Oh WK (September 2002). "The evolving role of estrogen therapy in prostate cancer".
1144:
1127:
6491:
6463:
6439:
6308:
6233:
6143:
6138:
6128:
5931:
5897:
5887:
5883:
5818:
5812:
5744:
5240:
5230:
5205:
5069:
5022:
4876:
4864:
4365:
4302:
4241:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4135:
4130:
4077:
4044:
4024:
4018:
4014:
3873:
3868:
3662:
3643:
3583:
3086:
2058:
1037:
1021:
1014:
1009:, and impairment in cognitive, emotional, and sexual domains, potentially superior
1002:
925:
834:
812:
655:
651:
623:
587:
282:
275:
129:
1302:"The Treatment of Endometriosis by Inducing Pseudopregnancy with Ovarian Hormones"
50:
2932:
2864:
2780:
2299:
1539:
1508:
377:, but subsequent research found that diethylstilbestrol was both ineffective and
6836:
6764:
6729:
6724:
6684:
6654:
6640:
6630:
6625:
6454:
6398:
6393:
6288:
6283:
6263:
6213:
6188:
6183:
6108:
6098:
6015:
6011:
6007:
5999:
5989:
5985:
5953:
5941:
5927:
5919:
5859:
5792:
5736:
5708:
5542:
5517:
5389:
5290:
5165:
5089:
5059:
4910:
4890:
4840:
4794:
4690:
4399:
4372:
4351:
4347:
4339:
4324:
4314:
4266:
4205:
4200:
4150:
4038:
3981:
3807:
3757:
3676:
3617:
3537:
1628:"Early-life factors, in-utero exposures and endometriosis risk: a meta-analysis"
1018:
981:
675:
595:
547:
543:
490:
374:
366:
165:
4540:
3028:
2015:
1644:
1627:
6779:
6759:
6734:
6581:
6526:
6481:
6459:
6368:
6363:
6333:
6318:
6313:
6278:
6168:
6123:
6103:
5981:
5975:
5879:
5867:
5827:
5808:
5784:
5768:
5678:
5674:
5648:
5634:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5567:
5537:
5507:
5502:
5482:
5419:
5340:
5320:
5305:
5300:
5280:
5245:
5195:
5096:
5037:
4970:
4965:
4942:
4880:
4855:
4775:
4448:
4389:
4271:
4256:
4215:
4190:
4180:
4175:
4145:
4120:
3964:
3930:
3903:
3893:
3888:
3878:
3851:
3846:
3701:
3696:
3548:
2423:
1972:
1875:
1721:
1596:
970:
883:
879:
867:
838:
789:
639:
603:
591:
486:
482:
298:
271:
209:
41:
1327:
1286:
6774:
6754:
6694:
6674:
6516:
6353:
6228:
6223:
6208:
6193:
6153:
6035:
6003:
5961:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5891:
5871:
5855:
5804:
5780:
5776:
5764:
5756:
5752:
5712:
5700:
5684:
5670:
5660:
5656:
5612:
5472:
5446:
5434:
5409:
5399:
5384:
5364:
5315:
5215:
5210:
5185:
5175:
5140:
5000:
4975:
4937:
4895:
4376:
4359:
4335:
4276:
4251:
4185:
4140:
3947:
3935:
3925:
3841:
3831:
3654:
3218:
3204:
3144:
1465:
1040:
1006:
954:
941:
842:
808:
796:
718:
671:
635:
461:
378:
370:
302:
177:
125:
4720:
3163:
3078:
3036:
2612:
2553:
2535:
2477:
2431:
2066:
2023:
1980:
1945:
1910:
1821:
1772:
1729:
1694:
1653:
1604:
1516:
1433:
1425:
1395:
1387:
1225:
1153:
738:
388:
as unopposed estrogen, particularly at high dosages, increases the risk of
3109:
2385:
1883:
1473:
1233:
141:
6645:
6635:
6338:
6198:
6118:
6113:
6046:
5863:
5800:
5796:
5760:
5748:
5720:
5716:
5704:
5696:
5626:
5414:
5404:
5250:
5235:
5220:
5155:
5150:
4995:
4905:
4458:
4393:
4294:
4125:
3670:
3623:
3238:
2836:
Philipp Y. Maximov, Russell E. McDaniel, V. Craig Jordan (23 July 2013).
1045:
940:
Pseudopregnancy simulates the hormonal profile of the first trimester of
830:
792:
699:
599:
567:
563:
320:
3015:
Sayed Y, Taxel P (December 2003). "The use of estrogen therapy in men".
2157:
Drug
Benefits and Risks: International Textbook of Clinical Pharmacology
1812:
1795:
1685:
1668:
1126:
Coelingh Bennink HJ, Verhoeven C, Dutman AE, Thijssen J (January 2017).
977:. HDE has also commonly been used in transgender women since the 1960s.
6800:
6546:
6358:
6258:
6248:
6243:
6023:
5967:
5957:
5849:
5724:
5532:
5527:
5429:
5394:
5325:
5225:
5074:
5042:
4980:
4443:
3996:
3070:
777:
579:
173:
69:
3100:
Love RR (1994). "Prevention of breast cancer in premenopausal women".
2154:
Christoffel Jos van Boxtel, Budiono Santoso, I. Ralph Edwards (2008).
1764:
6719:
6714:
6571:
5835:
5823:
5638:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5330:
4985:
2714:
Gérard Chaouat, Olivier Sandra and Nathalie Lédée (8 November 2013).
707:
619:
559:
551:
496:
Progestogens that have been used in pseudopregnancy regimens include
385:
2002:
Sharma V (October 2003). "Pharmacotherapy of postpartum psychosis".
104:
100:
1128:"The use of high-dose estrogens for the treatment of breast cancer"
6795:
6669:
6551:
6521:
5740:
5622:
5451:
4107:
1061:
864:
827:
575:
465:
458:
384:
HDE should be combined with a progestogen in women with an intact
2988:
Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine: Gender in the Genomic Era
2456:
Coelingh Bennink HJ (April 2004). "Are all estrogens the same?".
874:
in the liver. As a result, they have disproportionate effects on
598:, and others. More uncommon but serious side effects may include
6815:
6506:
5875:
5630:
112:
4544:
3552:
3177:
2326:
Waun Ki Hong, American Association for Cancer Research (2010).
6650:
6065:
4098:
732:
512:
has been little-used for such purposes likely due to its poor
74:
Pseudopregnancy (when used in combination with a progestogen)
3173:
6596:
2910:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 221–222.
2866:
Cancer Chemotherapy and Biotherapy: Principles and Practice
2211:
Roy G. Farquharson, Mary D. Stephenson (2 February 2017).
1350:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1059–1060.
164:
are given. When given in combination with a high dose of
2190:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 540–.
2184:
Michael Oettel, Ekkehard Schillinger (6 December 2012).
2179:
2177:
2089:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 928–.
3477:
Estramustine phosphate (estradiol normustine phosphate)
2815:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 56–.
2771:
Horský J, Presl J (1981). "Sterility and Infertility".
2130:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 67–.
1538:
Berkowitz RS, Barbieri RL, Kistner RW, Ryan KJ (1995).
1347:
Principles and Practice of Endocrinology and Metabolism
4966:
Epiestriol (16β-epiestriol, 16β-hydroxy-17β-estradiol)
4383:
4366:
4032:
4025:
2842:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 4–.
870:
and for this reason have dramatically increased local
1175:
Reconstructive and Reproductive Surgery in Gynecology
953:
developed in the 1950s following the introduction of
328:
or as a means of hormonal breast enhancement in women
4049:
3970:
Methestrol dipropionate (promethestrol dipropionate)
3102:
Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs
2804:
2802:
2800:
2739:
2737:
2656:
2654:
2149:
2147:
290:
58:, an estrogen which has been used as a means of HDE.
6824:
6788:
6608:
6594:
6407:
6060:
4595:
4581:
4433:
4285:
4224:
4085:
4076:
4005:
3599:
3590:
3495:
3282:
3211:
2321:
2319:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
135:
119:
90:
78:
68:
63:
34:
4112:Tooltip selective estrogen receptor downregulators
1667:Albuquerque EV, Scalco RC, Jorge AA (June 2017).
2601:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
2238:
2236:
2234:
2078:
2076:
1172:Victor Gomel, Andrew Brill (27 September 2010).
1167:
1165:
1163:
984:and was associated with improved cancer-related
3936:Mestilbol (diethylstilbestrol monomethyl ether)
3121:
3119:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3046:
2839:Tamoxifen: Pioneering Medicine in Breast Cancer
2451:
2449:
2405:
2403:
1121:
1119:
717:The use of HDE in men has been associated with
6070:Tooltip Selective estrogen receptor modulators
5425:Furostilbestrol (diethylstilbestrol difuroate)
4786:16β,17α-Epiestriol (16β-hydroxy-17α-estradiol)
4103:Tooltip selective estrogen receptor modulators
2809:Donald Tindall, James Mohler (20 April 2009).
2666:. Academic Press. 18 June 2002. pp. 54–.
1407:
1405:
1369:
1367:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
4616:3-Methyl-19-methyleneandrosta-3,5-dien-17β-ol
4556:
3926:Dimestrol (diethylstilbestrol dimethyl ether)
3564:
3189:
2747:Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction
2663:Hormones, Brain and Behavior, Five-Volume Set
2217:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 259–.
1541:Kistner's Gynecology: Principles and Practice
1447:
1445:
1443:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
901:estradiol to treat postmenopausal women with
826:, and in men are able to completely suppress
534:Estradiol (medication) § Adverse effects
8:
4726:10β,17β-Dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one (DHED)
2869:. Lippincott-Raven Publishers. p. 186.
2720:. Bentham Science Publishers. pp. 10–.
2109:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1838:Praktische Hormontherapie in der Gynäkologie
1568:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1339:
1337:
6601:Tooltip G protein-coupled estrogen receptor
5420:Fosfestrol (diethylstilbestrol diphosphate)
4058:
3931:Fosfestrol (diethylstilbestrol diphosphate)
2904:Eric J. Thomas, J. Rock (6 December 2012).
6605:
5563:Triphenylmethylethylene (triphenylpropene)
4887:, many others; via estrogenic metabolites)
4811:17α-Epiestriol (16α-hydroxy-17α-estradiol)
4592:
4563:
4549:
4541:
4082:
3596:
3571:
3557:
3549:
3196:
3182:
3174:
2744:Plant TM, Zeleznik AJ (15 November 2014).
897:A study that used high- to very-high-dose
4583:
4087:
3852:Prasterone (dehydroepiandrosterone; DHEA)
3601:
3153:
3143:
2543:
2246:Hormones and Vitamins in Cancer Treatment
1811:
1684:
1643:
1317:
1143:
3808:Estropipate (piperazine estrone sulfate)
3538:Estropipate (piperazine estrone sulfate)
2961:Current Concepts in Transgender Identity
992:, mainly due to previously unrecognized
886:and bioidentical forms of estrogen like
750:about why it works in ER+ breast cancer.
3259:Estradiol-containing birth control pill
2863:Bruce Chabner, Dan Louis Longo (1996).
2750:. Academic Press. pp. 2289, 2386.
2497:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 79–.
1095:
2102:
1561:
31:
3312:Estradiol benzoate cyclooctenyl ether
2366:American Journal of Clinical Oncology
7:
4054:Tooltip follicle-stimulating hormone
2580:from the original on 4 February 2024
2263:from the original on 10 January 2023
2086:Oncology: An Evidence-Based Approach
1841:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 385–.
295:Tooltip insulin-like growth factor 1
2690:Principles of Clinical Pharmacology
2243:Aurel Lupulescu (24 October 1990).
1267:Adolescent and Pediatric Gynecology
447:(an estradiol ester that is also a
4459:Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
3059:Nature Clinical Practice. Oncology
2991:. Elsevier Science. pp. 96–.
2907:Modern Approaches to Endometriosis
2812:Androgen Action in Prostate Cancer
2773:Ovarian Function and its Disorders
2639:from the original on 15 April 2024
485:(diethylstilbestrol diphosphate),
204:estrogens have been used and both
25:
18:High-dose estrogen/pseudopregnancy
5962:taleranol (teranol, β-zearalanol)
4877:metandienone (methandrostenolone)
4525:Progestogens and antiprogestogens
3437:Estradiol propoxyphenylpropionate
3264:Combined injectable birth control
2693:. Academic Press. pp. 399–.
2491:Donna Shoupe (10 February 2011).
2004:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
1800:European Journal of Endocrinology
1673:European Journal of Endocrinology
6872:Progesterone receptor modulators
6626:Afimoxifene (4-hydroxytamoxifen)
5508:Prinaberel (ERB-041, WAY-202041)
3921:Diethylstilbestrol esters/ethers
3916:Diethylstilbestrol (stilbestrol)
2378:10.1097/00000421-198801102-00024
1899:Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde
878:and a greatly increased risk of
855:and nonsteroidal estrogens like
737:
451:; used for prostate cancer only)
369:were previously used to support
49:
6569:Coregulator-binding modulators:
4836:17β-Methyl-17α-dihydroequilenin
3017:Current Opinion in Pharmacology
2883:from the original on 2024-05-12
2470:10.1016/j.maturitas.2003.11.009
2346:from the original on 2024-07-03
1632:Reproductive Biomedicine Online
1497:Scandinavian Journal of Urology
1145:10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.10.010
721:, which has been attributed to
449:cytostatic antineoplastic agent
408:have been used in HDE therapy:
342:premenstrual dysphoric disorder
5400:Erteberel (SERBA-1, LY-500307)
4464:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
3650:) (via estrogenic metabolites)
2329:Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine 8
2059:10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.04.009
1214:Hormone and Metabolic Research
1:
6908:Hormonal antineoplastic drugs
6857:Receptor/signaling modulators
4821:17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol
4816:17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol
3234:Pharmacokinetics of estradiol
3229:Pharmacodynamics of estradiol
1938:10.1016/s0095-4543(03)00070-8
1414:Clinical Genitourinary Cancer
1319:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)33602-0
1279:10.1016/S0932-8610(12)80156-3
1057:produce decreases in risk of
168:, it has been referred to as
6867:Androgen receptor modulators
5171:Lynestrenol phenylpropionate
4515:Estrogen receptor modulators
4416:hydroxyprogesterone caproate
3327:Estradiol cyclooctyl acetate
2964:. Routledge. pp. 293–.
2958:Dallas Denny (13 May 2013).
2781:10.1007/978-94-009-8195-9_12
2717:Immunology of Pregnancy 2013
2300:10.1007/978-3-642-20113-4_25
2160:. IOS Press. pp. 458–.
1585:Pharmacy World & Science
1509:10.3109/21681805.2013.861508
1079:Estrogen deprivation therapy
919:hydroxyprogesterone caproate
820:follicle-stimulating hormone
498:hydroxyprogesterone caproate
247:benign prostatic hyperplasia
239:androgen deprivation therapy
6862:Estrogens and antiestrogens
6512:Oxabicycloheptene sulfonate
6199:Etacstil (GW-5638, DPC-974)
5375:Doisynoestrol (fenocycline)
5119:Ethinylestradiol 3-benzoate
4631:3β,5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel
4626:3α,5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel
4520:Androgens and antiandrogens
4456:Androstenedione immunogens:
4420:medroxyprogesterone acetate
4063:Tooltip luteinizing hormone
3943:Doisynoestrol (fenocycline)
3402:Estradiol hexahydrobenzoate
3307:Estradiol benzoate butyrate
3224:Estradiol (as a medication)
2687:Arthur J. Atkinson (2012).
2332:. PMPH-USA. pp. 753–.
2249:. CRC Press. pp. 40–.
1864:Gynecological Endocrinology
1178:. CRC Press. pp. 90–.
1074:Hormone replacement therapy
799:. When used in high doses,
502:medroxyprogesterone acetate
6929:
6579:Noncompetitive inhibitors:
6204:Ethamoxytriphetol (MER-25)
5365:Dimestrol (dianisylhexene)
5124:Ethinylestradiol sulfonate
4441:Mixed mechanism of action:
4213:Noncompetitive inhibitors:
3965:Methestrol (promethestrol)
3820:Ethinylestradiol sulfonate
3422:Estradiol phenylpropionate
3297:Estradiol acetylsalicylate
3274:Hydroxylation of estradiol
3254:Feminizing hormone therapy
3249:Menopausal hormone therapy
3244:Estrogen (as a medication)
3029:10.1016/j.coph.2003.07.004
2934:The Transsexual Phenomenon
2016:10.1517/14656566.4.10.1651
1897:Kaiser R (July 1959). "".
1645:10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.04.005
1344:Kenneth L. Becker (2001).
903:estrogen receptor-positive
876:hepatic protein production
670:in general (e.g., reduced
638:. In women, HDE may cause
548:breast pain and tenderness
531:
469:ethinylestradiol sulfonate
150:High-dose estrogen therapy
35:High-dose estrogen therapy
6849:
6621:7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone
6179:Desmethylchlorotrianisene
5358:Diethylstilbestrol esters
5311:Bisdehydrodoisynolic acid
4731:11β-Chloromethylestradiol
4706:7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone
4588:Tooltip Estrogen receptor
4476:
4198:Exclusively antagonistic:
4092:Tooltip Estrogen receptor
3606:Tooltip Estrogen receptor
2985:Legato MJ (15 May 2017).
2424:10.1080/13697130500148875
1973:10.1017/s1092852900010518
1876:10.3109/09513599809024960
1722:10.1007/s12020-016-1118-z
1597:10.1007/s11096-005-3663-z
140:
48:
39:
6685:Fulvestrant (ICI-182780)
6502:Methylpiperidinopyrazole
6455:Fulvestrant (ICI-182780)
5938:Resorcylic acid lactones
5161:Hydroxyestrone diacetate
5097:Etamestrol (eptamestrol)
3827:Hydroxyestrone diacetate
3754:estradiol ester mixtures
3407:Estradiol monopropionate
3377:Estradiol diundecylenate
3322:Estradiol butyrylacetate
3219:Estradiol (as a hormone)
1376:Clinical Prostate Cancer
911:intramuscular injections
285:in tall adolescent girls
5996:Synthetic xenoestrogens
5553:Triphenylchloroethylene
5488:Methestrol dipropionate
5016:Polyestradiol phosphate
3992:Triphenylchloroethylene
3750:polyestradiol phosphate
3487:Polyestradiol phosphate
3397:Estradiol hemisuccinate
3239:Estrogen (as a hormone)
3145:10.3389/fonc.2016.00228
2931:Harry Benjamin (1966).
2047:Reproductive Toxicology
1466:10.1002/pros.2990140410
1306:Fertility and Sterility
999:polyestradiol phosphate
924:Levels of estrogen and
644:endometrial hyperplasia
439:polyestradiol phosphate
390:endometrial hyperplasia
373:and reduce the risk of
160:in which high doses of
27:Type of hormone therapy
6089:4'-Hydroxynorendoxifen
6084:2-Phenylbenzothiophene
5958:zeranol (α-zearalanol)
5661:phlorizin (phloridzin)
5548:Triphenylbromoethylene
5447:ICI-85966 (Stilbostat)
5028:Estramustine phosphate
4901:Bolandiol dipropionate
3987:Triphenylbromoethylene
3764:Estramustine phosphate
3467:Estradiol undecylenate
3372:Estradiol diundecylate
3357:Estradiol dipropionate
3302:Estradiol anthranilate
2536:10.1001/jama.2009.1204
1544:. Mosby. p. 263.
1426:10.3816/CGC.2006.n.037
1388:10.3816/cgc.2002.n.009
1226:10.1055/s-2007-1001723
833:production and reduce
807:, strongly inhibiting
748:is missing information
608:venous thromboembolism
445:Estramustine phosphate
6269:Miproxifene phosphate
6094:27-Hydroxycholesterol
5558:Triphenyliodoethylene
5102:Ethinylandrostenediol
5065:Estrogenic substances
5053:Polyestriol phosphate
4921:Cloxestradiol acetate
4404:chlormadinone acetate
3788:Estrogenic substances
3782:polyestriol phosphate
3682:Cloxestradiol acetate
3392:Estradiol glucuronide
3132:Frontiers in Oncology
917:and 250 mg/week
616:myocardial infarction
612:cardiovascular events
522:elimination half-life
360:nonsteroidal estrogen
348:Postpartum depression
338:Premenstrual syndrome
192:, among others. Both
5583:WAY-204688 (SIM-688)
5395:ERB-196 (WAY-202196)
5346:Dienestrol diacetate
5085:Estrone methyl ether
4991:Esterified estrogens
4933:Conjugated estrogens
4826:17β-Dihydroequilenin
4801:17α-Dihydroequilenin
4741:15α-Hydroxyestradiol
4736:11β-Methoxyestradiol
4711:8,9-Dehydroestradiol
4412:gestonorone caproate
4226:Aromatase inhibitors
3909:Dienestrol diacetate
3857:Prasterone enanthate
3742:estradiol undecylate
3707:Esterified estrogens
3692:Conjugated estrogens
3528:Esterified estrogens
3523:Conjugated estrogens
3462:Estradiol undecylate
3442:Estradiol salicylate
3362:Estradiol distearate
3352:Estradiol dienantate
3347:Estradiol dibutyrate
2775:. pp. 333–345.
967:bone mineral density
712:erectile dysfunction
628:cholestatic jaundice
431:estradiol undecylate
413:Conjugated estrogens
252:In combination with
6750:Propylpyrazoletriol
6665:Diarylpropionitrile
5513:Propylpyrazoletriol
5370:Dimethylstilbestrol
5336:Diarylpropionitrile
5146:Etynodiol diacetate
4846:Abiraterone acetate
4756:16α-Fluoroestradiol
4408:cyproterone acetate
4307:testosterone esters
3738:estradiol enanthate
3734:estradiol cypionate
3667:etynodiol diacetate
3636:testosterone esters
3452:Estradiol sulfamate
3427:Estradiol phosphate
3417:Estradiol palmitate
3367:Estradiol disulfate
3342:Estradiol diacetate
3337:Estradiol decanoate
3332:Estradiol cypionate
2372:(Suppl 2): S101-3.
1813:10.1530/eje.1.01943
1686:10.1530/EJE-16-1054
1300:Kistner RW (1959).
913:of 40 mg/week
816:luteinizing hormone
723:androgen deficiency
632:gallbladder disease
542:of HDE may include
506:cyproterone acetate
406:steroidal estrogens
6913:Medical treatments
6832:Diethylstilbestrol
6616:2-Methoxyestradiol
6547:TAS-108 (SR-16234)
6497:Methylepitiostanol
6435:EM-800 (SCH-57050)
6359:TAS-108 (SR-16234)
6079:2-Phenylbenzofuran
5693:8-prenylnaringenin
5353:Diethylstilbestrol
5011:Lipoidal estradiol
4986:ERA-63 (ORG-37663)
4928:Conjugated estriol
4873:methyltestosterone
4831:17β-Dihydroequilin
4806:17α-Dihydroequilin
4781:16β-Hydroxyestrone
4766:16α-Hydroxyestrone
4716:8,9-Dehydroestrone
4701:7α-Methylestradiol
4676:4-Methoxyestradiol
4666:4-Hydroxyestradiol
4641:3β-Hydroxytibolone
4636:3α-Hydroxytibolone
4606:2-Hydroxyestradiol
4503:Never to phase III
4338:releasers) (e.g.,
4249:Second-generation:
3862:Prasterone sulfate
3746:estradiol valerate
3730:estradiol benzoate
3687:Conjugated estriol
3640:methyltestosterone
3472:Estradiol valerate
3447:Estradiol stearate
3432:Estradiol pivalate
3382:Estradiol enantate
3317:Estradiol benzoate
3269:High-dose estrogen
3071:10.1038/ncponc0602
2286:Aesthetic Medicine
1026:skin discoloration
935:hyperprogestogenic
915:estradiol valerate
861:diethylstilbestrol
782:estrogen receptors
704:sexual dysfunction
660:breast development
648:endometrial cancer
584:hyperprolactinemia
544:breast enlargement
479:Diethylstilbestrol
435:estradiol valerate
427:estradiol benzoate
394:endometrial cancer
363:diethylstilbestrol
332:Uterine hypoplasia
307:As a component of
262:diethylstilbestrol
176:that occur during
97:Estrogen receptors
56:Estradiol valerate
6898:Antigonadotropins
6885:
6884:
6877:List of estrogens
6845:
6844:
6590:
6589:
6430:Cytestrol acetate
5653:isoliquiritigenin
5595:Unknown/unsorted:
5281:β-LGND2 (GTx-878)
4861:Anabolic steroids
4771:16α-Iodoestradiol
4661:4-Fluoroestradiol
4656:4-Androstenedione
4646:3β-Androstanediol
4621:3α-Androstanediol
4572:Estrogen receptor
4538:
4537:
4530:List of estrogens
4472:
4471:
4424:megestrol acetate
4311:nandrolone esters
4299:anabolic steroids
4287:Antigonadotropins
4264:Third-generation:
4237:Aminoglutethimide
4234:First-generation:
4072:
4071:
3778:estriol succinate
3726:estradiol acetate
3648:nandrolone esters
3628:anabolic steroids
3546:
3545:
3457:Estradiol sulfate
3412:Estradiol mustard
3387:Estradiol furoate
3292:Estradiol acetate
2998:978-0-12-803542-9
2971:978-1-134-82110-5
2944:978-0-446-82426-2
2917:978-94-011-3864-2
2876:978-0-397-51418-2
2849:978-3-0348-0664-0
2822:978-0-387-69179-4
2790:978-94-009-8197-3
2757:978-0-12-397769-4
2727:978-1-60805-733-7
2700:978-0-12-385471-1
2673:978-0-08-053415-2
2504:978-1-4443-4263-5
2418:(Suppl 1): 3–63.
2339:978-1-60795-014-1
2309:978-3-642-20112-7
2256:978-0-8493-5973-6
2224:978-1-107-08201-4
2197:978-3-642-60107-1
2167:978-1-58603-880-9
2137:978-0-585-37973-9
2096:978-0-387-31056-5
1848:978-3-11-024568-4
1765:10.1002/phar.1487
1551:978-0-8151-7479-0
1357:978-0-7817-1750-2
1185:978-1-84184-757-3
863:are resistant to
805:antigonadotropins
786:biological target
771:
770:
668:demasculinization
556:hyperpigmentation
365:as well as other
326:Breast hypoplasia
313:transgender women
264:is an example of
228:Estrogen receptor
147:
146:
92:Biological target
64:Class identifiers
16:(Redirected from
6920:
6744:2,2',5'-PCB-4-OH
6680:Ethinylestradiol
6606:
6602:
6598:
6339:Rimostil (P-081)
6149:Chlorotrianisene
6071:
6067:
5846:Metalloestrogens
5625:-related (e.g.,
5440:Hexestrol esters
5114:Ethinylestradiol
5006:Estradiol esters
4761:16α-Hydroxy-DHEA
4746:16-Ketoestradiol
4686:5-Androstenediol
4681:4-Methoxyestrone
4671:4-Hydroxyestrone
4651:4-Androstenediol
4611:2-Hydroxyestrone
4593:
4589:
4585:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4542:
4385:
4368:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4100:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4051:
4034:
4027:
4007:Progonadotropins
3953:Hexestrol esters
3899:Chlorotrianisene
3815:Ethinylestradiol
3722:Estradiol esters
3607:
3603:
3597:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3550:
3518:Ethinylestradiol
3198:
3191:
3184:
3175:
3168:
3167:
3157:
3147:
3126:Katz TA (2016).
3123:
3114:
3113:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3054:
3041:
3040:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2937:. Julian Press.
2928:
2922:
2921:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2806:
2795:
2794:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2658:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2631:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2579:
2572:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2547:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2289:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2240:
2229:
2228:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2100:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2042:
2036:
2035:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1815:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1688:
1679:(6): R339–R353.
1664:
1658:
1657:
1647:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1559:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1449:
1438:
1437:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1371:
1362:
1361:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1321:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1261:
1246:
1245:
1209:
1190:
1189:
1169:
1158:
1157:
1147:
1123:
1084:Hyperestrogenism
1034:standard of care
990:overall survival
963:pharmacokinetics
892:estradiol esters
857:ethinylestradiol
837:levels into the
766:
763:
757:
741:
733:
554:enlargement and
516:(e.g., low oral
514:pharmacokinetics
508:, among others.
455:Ethinylestradiol
423:estradiol esters
296:
292:
266:medical reversal
53:
32:
21:
6928:
6927:
6923:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6888:
6887:
6886:
6881:
6841:
6820:
6784:
6600:
6586:
6420:7β-Hydroxy-DHEA
6403:
6239:Levormeloxifene
6069:
6062:
6056:
5972:deoxymiroestrol
5840:-hinokiresinol)
5478:Methallenestril
5380:Doisynolic acid
5181:Methylestradiol
4696:7α-Hydroxy-DHEA
4587:
4577:
4569:
4539:
4534:
4508:
4493:Clinical trials
4468:
4429:
4328:
4319:fluoxymesterone
4281:
4220:
4111:
4102:
4095:
4091:
4068:
4062:
4053:
4001:
3960:Methallenestril
3837:Methylestradiol
3803:Estrone sulfate
3605:
3586:
3577:
3547:
3542:
3533:Estrone sulfate
3491:
3278:
3207:
3202:
3172:
3171:
3125:
3124:
3117:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3056:
3055:
3044:
3014:
3013:
3009:
2999:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2886:
2884:
2877:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2808:
2807:
2798:
2791:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2743:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2349:
2347:
2340:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2257:
2242:
2241:
2232:
2225:
2214:Early Pregnancy
2210:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2101:
2097:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1759:(12): 1282–97.
1753:Pharmacotherapy
1750:
1749:
1745:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1560:
1552:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1451:
1450:
1441:
1411:
1410:
1403:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1263:
1262:
1249:
1211:
1210:
1193:
1186:
1171:
1170:
1161:
1125:
1124:
1097:
1092:
1070:
1054:
1011:quality of life
975:hypoestrogenism
950:
931:hyperestrogenic
847:estradiol ester
824:pituitary gland
767:
761:
758:
751:
742:
731:
706:(e.g., reduced
572:fluid retention
540:adverse effects
536:
530:
518:bioavailability
481:(stilbestrol),
402:
400:Available forms
309:hormone therapy
294:
288:Suppression of
243:prostate cancer
221:
186:prostate cancer
170:pseudopregnancy
158:hormone therapy
156:) is a type of
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6926:
6924:
6916:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6890:
6889:
6883:
6882:
6880:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6850:
6847:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6834:
6828:
6826:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6792:
6790:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6710:Hydroxytyrosol
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6612:
6610:
6603:
6592:
6591:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6584:
6575:
6574:
6565:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6425:Chloroindazole
6422:
6417:
6411:
6409:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6344:Spironolactone
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6075:
6073:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6054:
6045:Others (e.g.,
6043:
5993:
5979:
5965:
5935:
5917:
5895:
5853:
5843:
5821:
5816:
5773:liquiritigenin
5682:
5668:
5646:
5620:Xenoestrogens:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5591:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5493:Paroxypropione
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5462:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5405:Estrobin (DBE)
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5296:Allenolic acid
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5201:Norethisterone
5198:
5193:
5191:Mytatrienediol
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5136:Ethylestradiol
5133:
5131:Ethinylestriol
5128:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5099:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5080:Estrone esters
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5050:
5048:Estriol esters
5040:
5035:
5033:Estrapronicate
5030:
5025:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4858:
4853:
4851:Alestramustine
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4751:16-Ketoestrone
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4599:
4597:
4590:
4579:
4578:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4545:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4490:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4397:
4380:
4363:
4356:chlorpromazine
4344:metoclopramide
4326:
4322:
4291:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4230:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4117:
4115:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4042:
4022:
4011:
4009:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3977:Paroxypropione
3974:
3973:
3972:
3962:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3945:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3918:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3798:Estrone esters
3795:
3790:
3785:
3774:Estriol esters
3771:
3766:
3761:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3659:norethisterone
3651:
3620:
3611:
3609:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3553:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3482:Estrogen ester
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3178:
3170:
3169:
3115:
3092:
3065:(10): 552–63.
3042:
3007:
2997:
2977:
2970:
2950:
2943:
2923:
2916:
2896:
2875:
2855:
2848:
2828:
2821:
2796:
2789:
2763:
2756:
2733:
2726:
2706:
2699:
2679:
2672:
2650:
2627:"Progesterone"
2618:
2591:
2559:
2510:
2503:
2483:
2445:
2399:
2356:
2338:
2315:
2308:
2274:
2255:
2230:
2223:
2203:
2196:
2173:
2166:
2143:
2136:
2116:
2095:
2072:
2037:
2010:(10): 1651–8.
1994:
1967:(12): 944–52.
1951:
1932:(1): 1–12, v.
1916:
1889:
1854:
1847:
1827:
1786:
1743:
1716:(2): 306–314.
1700:
1659:
1638:(2): 279–289.
1618:
1575:
1550:
1530:
1487:
1439:
1420:(3): 198–205.
1401:
1363:
1356:
1333:
1312:(6): 539–556.
1292:
1247:
1191:
1184:
1159:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1053:
1050:
994:cardiovascular
969:in women with
957:with improved
949:
946:
769:
768:
762:September 2021
745:
743:
736:
730:
727:
694:, and reduced
529:
526:
494:
493:
472:
471:
452:
442:
416:
404:The following
401:
398:
356:
355:
345:
335:
329:
323:
305:
286:
281:Prevention of
279:
269:
250:
237:As a means of
235:
220:
217:
200:estrogens and
145:
144:
138:
137:
133:
132:
123:
121:Chemical class
117:
116:
94:
88:
87:
82:
76:
75:
72:
66:
65:
61:
60:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6925:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6852:
6851:
6848:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6823:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6787:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6745:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6607:
6604:
6599:
6593:
6583:
6580:
6577:
6576:
6573:
6570:
6567:
6566:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6406:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6324:Pipendoxifene
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6159:Clomifenoxide
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6134:Brilanestrant
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6068:
6059:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5980:
5977:
5973:
5970:-like (e.g.,
5969:
5966:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5936:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5918:
5915:
5914:guggulsterone
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5898:Phytosteroids
5896:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5854:
5851:
5847:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5833:
5832:enterolactone
5829:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5669:
5666:
5665:wedelolactone
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5643:photoanethole
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5498:Pentafluranol
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5359:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5351:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5258:Nonsteroidal:
5256:
5255:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5108:
5107:Ethandrostate
5105:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4916:Cloxestradiol
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4792:
4791:17α-Estradiol
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4591:
4586:
4580:
4576:
4573:
4566:
4561:
4559:
4554:
4552:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4381:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4110:
4101:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4078:Antiestrogens
4075:
4061:
4052:
4046:
4045:Gonadotropins
4043:
4040:
4036:
4035:(gonadorelin)
4029:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4015:Antiandrogens
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4004:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:Nonsteroidal:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3584:antiestrogens
3581:
3574:
3569:
3567:
3562:
3560:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3187:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2981:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2927:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2859:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2832:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2635:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2592:
2576:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2530:(7): 774–80.
2529:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2494:Contraception
2487:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2464:(4): 269–75.
2463:
2459:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2357:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2278:
2275:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1961:CNS Spectrums
1955:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1901:(in German).
1900:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1806:(1): 107–13.
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1591:(3): 139–43.
1590:
1586:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1460:(4): 389–95.
1459:
1455:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1220:(9): 428–31.
1219:
1215:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:mammary gland
1051:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
983:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
947:
945:
943:
938:
936:
932:
927:
922:
920:
916:
912:
907:
906:breast cancer
904:
900:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
829:
825:
821:
817:
814:
813:gonadotropins
810:
806:
803:are powerful
802:
798:
794:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
765:
755:
749:
746:This section
744:
740:
735:
734:
728:
726:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
594:, reversible
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
535:
527:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
492:
488:
484:
480:
477:
476:
475:
470:
467:
463:
460:
456:
453:
450:
446:
443:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
417:
414:
411:
410:
409:
407:
399:
397:
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
361:
353:
349:
346:
343:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
322:
319:and suppress
318:
314:
310:
306:
304:
300:
293:
287:
284:
280:
277:
273:
270:
267:
263:
259:
258:endometriosis
255:
251:
248:
244:
240:
236:
233:
232:breast cancer
229:
226:
225:
224:
218:
216:
215:may be used.
214:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:endometriosis
187:
183:
182:breast cancer
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
143:
139:
134:
131:
127:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
95:
93:
89:
86:
83:
81:
77:
73:
71:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
44:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
6578:
6568:
6492:Mepitiostane
6440:Epitiostanol
6309:Ormeloxifene
6234:Lasofoxifene
6144:Camizestrant
6139:Broparestrol
6129:Bazedoxifene
6051:rotundifuran
6000:alkylphenols
5950:β-zearalenol
5946:α-zearalenol
5932:stigmasterol
5924:β-sitosterol
5920:Phytosterols
5888:triclocarban
5884:methoxychlor
5837:
5819:Lavender oil
5813:tectorigenin
5745:formononetin
5619:
5594:
5465:
5457:
5257:
5241:Quinestradol
5231:Promestriene
5206:Noretynodrel
5070:Estromustine
5023:Estramustine
4958:
4865:testosterone
4602:
4455:
4440:
4400:Progestogens
4303:testosterone
4263:
4248:
4242:Testolactone
4233:
4212:
4197:
4171:Ormeloxifene
4166:Mepitiostane
4161:Lasofoxifene
4156:Epitiostanol
4136:Broparestrol
4131:Bazedoxifene
4019:bicalutamide
3885:
3874:Quinestradol
3869:Promestriene
3663:noretynodrel
3644:metandienone
3632:testosterone
3614:
3135:
3131:
3104:(16): 61–5.
3101:
3095:
3062:
3058:
3023:(6): 650–4.
3020:
3016:
3010:
3002:
2987:
2980:
2960:
2953:
2933:
2926:
2906:
2899:
2891:
2885:. Retrieved
2865:
2858:
2838:
2831:
2811:
2772:
2766:
2746:
2716:
2709:
2689:
2682:
2662:
2641:. Retrieved
2621:
2607:(5): 452–6.
2604:
2600:
2594:
2582:. Retrieved
2562:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2493:
2486:
2461:
2457:
2415:
2411:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2348:. Retrieved
2328:
2285:
2277:
2265:. Retrieved
2245:
2213:
2206:
2186:
2156:
2126:
2119:
2085:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1929:
1926:Primary Care
1925:
1919:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1870:(2): 123–7.
1867:
1863:
1857:
1837:
1830:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1555:
1540:
1533:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1457:
1454:The Prostate
1453:
1417:
1413:
1379:
1375:
1346:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1273:(1): 20–23.
1270:
1266:
1217:
1213:
1174:
1135:
1131:
1055:
1038:antiestrogen
1030:
1019:prophylactic
1015:gynecomastia
1003:osteoporosis
979:
951:
939:
926:progesterone
923:
896:
882:relative to
851:
835:testosterone
772:
759:
747:
729:Pharmacology
716:
692:distribution
674:, decreased
664:feminization
656:gynecomastia
652:tolerability
624:prolactinoma
588:galactorrhea
537:
528:Side effects
510:Progesterone
495:
491:stilbestrols
489:, and other
473:
403:
383:
367:stilbestrols
357:
317:feminization
283:tall stature
276:osteoporosis
222:
219:Medical uses
198:bioidentical
169:
153:
149:
148:
136:Legal status
130:Nonsteroidal
40:
29:
6837:Zearalenone
6789:Antagonists
6765:Resveratrol
6730:Nonylphenol
6725:Niacinamide
6641:Bisphenol A
6631:Aldosterone
6460:Glyceollins
6408:Antagonists
6399:Zuclomifene
6394:Zindoxifene
6304:NNC 45-1506
6299:NNC 45-0781
6294:NNC 45-0320
6289:NNC 45-0095
6284:Nitromifene
6264:Miproxifene
6214:Fispemifene
6189:Enclomifene
6184:Droloxifene
6164:CN-55945-27
6109:Afimoxifene
6099:Acefluranol
5990:rhaponticin
5986:resveratrol
5982:Stilbenoids
5954:zearalenone
5942:zearalanone
5928:campesterol
5860:alternariol
5793:pinocembrin
5737:epicatechin
5709:biochanin A
5649:Chalconoids
5543:Terfluranol
5518:Quadrosilan
5390:Elacestrant
5291:Allenestrol
5166:Lynestrenol
5090:Estropipate
5060:Estrofurate
4911:Clomestrone
4891:Atrimustine
4841:Abiraterone
4795:alfatradiol
4489:from market
4386:antagonists
4373:leuprorelin
4352:haloperidol
4348:risperidone
4340:domperidone
4332:antagonists
4315:oxandrolone
4267:Anastrozole
4206:Fulvestrant
4201:Elacestrant
4151:Enclomifene
4094:antagonists
4039:leuprorelin
3982:Quadrosilan
3758:Climacteron
3677:Clomestrone
3618:Alfatradiol
2568:"Estradiol"
2412:Climacteric
2290:. pp.
1905:: 593–604.
1503:(1): 4–14.
1382:(2): 81–9.
1022:irradiation
1007:hot flashes
982:orchiectomy
880:blood clots
784:(ERs), the
702:size), and
686:changes in
676:muscle mass
642:and rarely
596:infertility
379:teratogenic
375:miscarriage
315:to achieve
166:progestogen
142:In Wikidata
6892:Categories
6780:Tectoridin
6760:Raloxifene
6735:Oleuropein
6582:Trilostane
6527:Prochloraz
6487:MDL-101906
6482:ICI-164384
6369:Trioxifene
6364:Toremifene
6334:Raloxifene
6319:Panomifene
6314:Ospemifene
6279:Nafoxidine
6169:Cyclofenil
6124:Arzoxifene
6104:Acolbifene
6036:phthalates
6004:bisphenols
5976:miroestrol
5880:methiocarb
5868:endosulfan
5856:Pesticides
5828:enterodiol
5809:tectoridin
5789:penduletin
5785:naringenin
5769:kaempferol
5685:Flavonoids
5679:psoralidin
5675:coumestrol
5671:Coumestans
5635:dianethole
5588:WAY-214156
5578:WAY-200070
5573:WAY-169916
5568:WAY-166818
5538:SKF-82,958
5503:Phenestrol
5483:Methestrol
5468:-Hexestrol
5460:-Butestrol
5341:Dienestrol
5321:Carbestrol
5306:Bifluranol
5301:Benzestrol
5246:Quinestrol
5196:Nilestriol
5038:Estrazinol
4971:Epimestrol
4961:-Estradiol
4943:Cyclotriol
4881:nandrolone
4856:Almestrone
4691:7-Oxo-DHEA
4603:Steroidal:
4575:modulators
4449:Gestrinone
4390:cetrorelix
4272:Exemestane
4257:Formestane
4216:Trilostane
4191:Toremifene
4181:Raloxifene
4176:Ospemifene
4146:Cyclofenil
4121:Acolbifene
3904:Dienestrol
3894:Bifluranol
3889:Benzestrol
3879:Quinestrol
3847:Nilestriol
3702:Epimestrol
3697:Epiestriol
3655:progestins
3615:Steroidal:
2887:2018-07-17
2350:2017-07-30
1634:(Review).
1090:References
988:but worse
971:osteopenia
955:progestins
884:endogenous
868:metabolism
790:endogenous
700:testicular
640:amenorrhea
636:gallstones
604:thrombosis
592:amenorrhea
532:See also:
520:and short
487:bifluranol
483:fosfestrol
464:, and its
415:(Premarin)
299:acromegaly
297:levels in
272:Osteopenia
254:progestins
230:-positive
210:parenteral
115:, others))
42:Drug class
6903:Estrogens
6775:Tamoxifen
6755:Quercetin
6695:Genistein
6675:Estradiol
6659:o',p'-DDE
6562:ZK-191703
6557:ZK-164015
6517:Phenytoin
6415:(R,R)-THC
6354:Tamoxifen
6329:Promensil
6254:LY-117018
6229:Idoxifene
6224:ICI-55548
6209:Femarelle
6194:Endoxifen
6154:Clomifene
5910:diosgenin
5906:digitalis
5902:digitoxin
5892:triclosan
5872:fenarimol
5805:quercetin
5781:myricetin
5777:mirificin
5765:glycitein
5757:genistein
5753:glabridin
5713:calycosin
5701:baicalein
5657:phloretin
5613:ZK-283197
5473:Mestilbol
5435:Hexestrol
5410:Fenestrel
5385:Efavirenz
5316:Butestrol
5271:2,8-DHHHC
5266:(S,S)-THC
5261:(R,R)-THC
5216:Pentolame
5211:Orestrate
5186:Moxestrol
5176:Mestranol
5141:Etynodiol
5001:Estradiol
4976:Equilenin
4938:Cyclodiol
4896:Bolandiol
4499:Phase III
4487:Withdrawn
4377:goserelin
4360:sulpiride
4336:prolactin
4295:Androgens
4277:Letrozole
4252:Fadrozole
4186:Tamoxifen
4141:Clomifene
3948:Hexestrol
3842:Moxestrol
3832:Mestranol
3717:Estradiol
3624:androgens
3592:Estrogens
3580:Estrogens
3205:Estradiol
2458:Maturitas
2105:cite book
2053:: 71–77.
1710:Endocrine
1564:cite book
1328:0015-0282
1287:0932-8610
1242:260169203
1138:: 11–23.
1132:Maturitas
1041:tamoxifen
986:mortality
942:pregnancy
888:estradiol
853:Synthetic
843:estradiol
822:from the
809:secretion
801:estrogens
797:estradiol
793:estrogens
774:Estrogens
754:talk page
719:cellulite
672:body hair
610:), other
462:mestranol
419:Estradiol
371:pregnancy
352:psychosis
321:androgens
303:gigantism
202:synthetic
178:pregnancy
162:estrogens
126:Steroidal
6853:See also
6655:p,p'-DDT
6646:Daidzein
6636:Atrazine
6609:Agonists
6537:RU-58668
6532:RU-39411
6379:U-11555A
6374:TZE-5323
6119:Anordrin
6114:Anordiol
6047:agnuside
6024:parabens
5864:dieldrin
5836:nyasol (
5801:puerarin
5797:prunetin
5761:genistin
5749:glabrene
5721:daidzein
5717:catechin
5705:baicalin
5697:apigenin
5627:anethole
5415:FERb 033
5251:Tibolone
5236:RU-16117
5221:Prodiame
5156:Hippulin
5151:Hexolame
4996:Estetrol
4906:Butolame
4596:Agonists
4511:See also
4394:elagolix
4369:agonists
4329:receptor
4126:Anordrin
4028:agonists
3712:Estetrol
3671:tibolone
3653:Certain
3622:Certain
3608:agonists
3513:Estetrol
3164:27833901
3079:17019433
3037:14644018
2881:Archived
2634:Archived
2613:12750241
2575:Archived
2554:19690310
2478:15063479
2440:24616324
2432:16112947
2394:32650111
2344:Archived
2261:Archived
2067:28461243
2032:23193276
2024:14521476
1989:24450591
1981:16344831
1946:11856655
1911:13853204
1822:15994752
1781:26979177
1773:25220381
1738:10136018
1730:27704479
1695:28274950
1654:32532666
1613:12630813
1605:16096877
1525:34563641
1517:24256023
1482:21510744
1434:17239273
1396:15046698
1154:27889048
1068:See also
1052:Research
1046:toxicity
839:castrate
831:androgen
795:such as
778:agonists
688:fat mass
684:feminine
680:strength
600:thrombus
568:headache
564:vomiting
538:General
354:in women
344:in women
334:in women
278:in women
234:in women
174:hormones
80:ATC code
70:Synonyms
6825:Unknown
6801:Estriol
6705:GPER-L2
6700:GPER-L1
6384:U-11634
6259:Menerba
6249:LN-2299
6244:LN-1643
6219:GW-7604
6174:D-15413
6006:(e.g.,
5998:(e.g.,
5984:(e.g.,
5968:Steroid
5940:(e.g.,
5922:(e.g.,
5900:(e.g.,
5858:(e.g.,
5850:cadmium
5848:(e.g.,
5826:(e.g.,
5824:Lignans
5725:daidzin
5689:7,8-DHF
5687:(incl.
5673:(e.g.,
5651:(e.g.,
5533:SERBA-2
5528:SC-4289
5523:SC-3296
5430:GTx-758
5326:D-15414
5276:β-LGND1
5226:Prolame
5075:Estrone
5043:Estriol
4981:Equilin
4863:(e.g.,
4776:16α-LE2
4444:Danazol
4402:(e.g.,
4388:(e.g.,
4371:(e.g.,
4301:(e.g.,
4096:(incl.
4047:(e.g.,
4030:(e.g.,
4017:(e.g.,
3997:Zeranol
3793:Estrone
3776:(e.g.,
3769:Estriol
3724:(e.g.,
3657:(e.g.,
3630:(e.g.,
3508:Estriol
3503:Estrone
3496:Related
3155:5080290
3138:: 228.
3110:7999471
3087:6847203
2545:3460383
2386:3242384
2267:14 June
1884:9610425
1474:2664738
1234:7835827
973:due to
959:potency
948:History
872:potency
865:hepatic
828:gonadal
811:of the
780:of the
614:(e.g.,
606:(e.g.,
580:melasma
425:(e.g.,
194:natural
111:(e.g.,
6720:Niacin
6715:Kepone
6572:ERX-11
6542:SS1020
6450:ERB-88
6445:ERA-90
6349:SS1010
6274:MRL-37
5639:dianol
5608:ERB-79
5603:ERA-45
5598:ERB-26
5331:DCW234
5286:AC-186
4953:DHEA-S
4885:esters
4869:esters
4721:8β-VE2
4482:WHO-EM
4434:Others
3284:Esters
3212:Topics
3162:
3152:
3108:
3085:
3077:
3035:
2995:
2968:
2941:
2914:
2873:
2846:
2819:
2787:
2754:
2724:
2697:
2670:
2643:5 July
2611:
2584:5 July
2552:
2542:
2501:
2476:
2438:
2430:
2392:
2384:
2336:
2306:
2294:–272.
2253:
2221:
2194:
2164:
2134:
2093:
2065:
2030:
2022:
1987:
1979:
1944:
1909:
1882:
1845:
1820:
1779:
1771:
1736:
1728:
1693:
1652:
1611:
1603:
1548:
1523:
1515:
1480:
1472:
1432:
1394:
1354:
1326:
1285:
1240:
1232:
1182:
1152:
1062:tumors
845:or an
708:libido
696:penile
634:, and
620:stroke
560:nausea
552:nipple
504:, and
457:, its
386:uterus
249:in men
213:routes
188:, and
6796:CCL18
6670:Equol
6552:ZB716
6522:PHTPP
6389:Y-134
6066:SERMs
6061:Mixed
5741:equol
5623:Anise
5452:M2613
4108:SERDs
4099:SERMs
3083:S2CID
2637:(PDF)
2630:(PDF)
2578:(PDF)
2571:(PDF)
2436:S2CID
2390:S2CID
2028:S2CID
1985:S2CID
1777:S2CID
1734:S2CID
1609:S2CID
1521:S2CID
1478:S2CID
1238:S2CID
576:edema
466:ester
459:ether
291:IGF-1
6816:MIBE
6811:G-36
6806:G-15
6740:PCBs
6597:GPER
6507:MIBE
6040:PCBs
6032:PHBA
6028:PBBs
5876:HPTE
5733:EGCG
5631:anol
5466:meso
5458:meso
4948:DHEA
4883:and
4867:and
4384:GnRH
4367:GnRH
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