1037:. As a result, antiestrogen therapy became the first-line treatment for breast cancer and almost completely replaced HDE. However, in the 1990s, HDE was revisited for breast cancer and was found to be effective in the treatment of women with acquired resistance to antiestrogen therapy. Since then, research on HDE for breast cancer has continued, and safer, bioidentical forms of estrogen like estradiol and estradiol valerate have also been studied and found to be effective. A major review was published in 2017 summarizing the literature to date.
918:
75,000 pg/mL measurable in some women. Levels of progesterone are 10 to 50 ng/mL in the first trimester and rise to 50 to 280 ng/mL in the third trimester, with a mean of around 150 ng/mL at term. Although only a small fraction of estradiol and progesterone are unbound in circulation, the amounts of free and thus biologically active estradiol and progesterone increase to similarly large extents as total levels during pregnancy. As such, pregnancy is a markedly
1546:"pseudopregnancy" and "progestin-only" regimens dominated the medical management of endometriosis.69 During the 1980s, danazol became the primary hormonal agent used in the treatment of endometriosis. In the 1990s the GnRH agonists have become the most frequently used drugs for the treatment of endometriosis. These advances have significantly expanded the hormonal armamentarium of the gynecologist when treating endometriosis.
40:
728:
1045:
Pseudopregnancy has been suggested for use in decreasing the risk of breast cancer in women, though this has not been assessed in clinical studies. Natural pregnancy before the age of 20 has been associated with a 50% lifetime reduction in the risk of breast cancer. Pseudopregnancy has been found to
941:
HDE has been used since the discovery and introduction of estrogens in the 1930s. It was first found to be effective in the treatment of prostate cancer in 1941 and in the treatment of breast cancer in 1944. HDE was the first medical therapy for prostate cancer and breast cancer. Pseudopregnancy was
917:
in normal human pregnancy are very high. Estradiol levels are 1,000 to 5,000 pg/mL during the first trimester, 5,000 to 15,000 pg/mL during the second trimester, and 10,000 to 40,000 pg/mL during the third trimester, with a mean of 25,000 pg/mL at term and levels as high as
385:. The majority of women with an intact uterus will develop endometrial hyperplasia within a few years of estrogen treatment even with mere replacement dosages of estrogen if a progestogen is not taken concomitantly. The addition of a progestogen to estrogen abolishes the increase in risk.
1545:
Hormonal therapy. During the past 40 years, the medical management of endometriosis has become significantly more sophisticated. In the early 1950s the high-dose estrogen regimen of
Karnaky was the only available hormonal treatment for endometriosis. In the 1960s and 1970s, Kistner's
985:
side effects. As a result of this study, HDE for prostate cancer fell out of favor. However, in recent times there has been a resurgence in interest of HDE for prostate cancer with safer, bioidentical and parenteral forms of estrogen that don't share the same risks, including
897:
found that mean steady-state estradiol levels in the 6 mg/day group were about 300 pg/mL and in the 30 mg/day group were about 2,400 pg/mL. An example pseudopregnancy regimen in women which has been used in clinical studies is
954:, at which time it was used to treat hypoplasia of the uterus and breasts and endometriosis. In modern times, pseudopregnancy is rarely used. However, studies in the mid-1990s were conducted and found it to be rapidly effective for increasing
883:. Unlike synthetic estrogens, bioidentical estrogens are efficiently inactivated in the liver even at high dosages or high circulating levels, as in pregnancy, although changes in hepatic protein production can still occur.
1253:
Ulrich U, Pfeifer T, Buck G, Keckstein J, Lauritzen C (1995). "High-dose estrogen-progestogen injections in gonadal dysgenesis, ovarian hypoplasia, and androgen insensitivity syndrome: Impact on bone density".
1032:
was found to be effective for the treatment of breast cancer and was introduced for medical use. Comparative studies found that the two therapies showed equivalent effectiveness, but that tamoxifen had reduced
1020:
Following continued clinical research after the discovery of the effectiveness of HDE for breast cancer in 1944, HDE, most commonly with diethylstilbestrol and to a lesser extent ethinylestradiol, became the
1201:
Ulrich U, Pfeifer T, Lauritzen C (September 1994). "Rapid increase in lumbar spine bone density in osteopenic women by high-dose intramuscular estrogen-progestogen injections. A preliminary report".
990:
and transdermal estradiol. Modern HDE for prostate cancer has a variety of advantages and benefits over conventional androgen deprivation therapy with castration, including fewer side effects like
2992:
Oral estradiol doses are often double to quadruple that needed for postmenopausal women (i.e., 1-2mg) and higher doses may be needed for individuals with testes present (up to 4 or 8mg/day).
1441:
von
Schoultz B, Carlström K, Collste L, Eriksson A, Henriksson P, Pousette A, Stege R (1989). "Estrogen therapy and liver function--metabolic effects of oral and parenteral administration".
4551:
3559:
68:
2588:
Troisi R, Potischman N, Roberts JM, Harger G, Markovic N, Cole B, et al. (May 2003). "Correlation of serum hormone concentrations in maternal and umbilical cord samples".
1484:
Turo R, Smolski M, Esler R, Kujawa ML, Bromage SJ, Oakley N, et al. (February 2014). "Diethylstilboestrol for the treatment of prostate cancer: past, present and future".
1785:"High dose estrogen treatment increases bone mineral density in male-to-female transsexuals receiving gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in the absence of testosterone"
2099:
1558:
4604:
2332:
1401:
Lycette JL, Bland LB, Garzotto M, Beer TM (December 2006). "Parenteral estrogens for prostate cancer: can a new route of administration overcome old toxicities?".
2509:"Lower-dose vs high-dose oral estradiol therapy of hormone receptor-positive, aromatase inhibitor-resistant advanced breast cancer: a phase 2 randomized study"
1851:
Hartmann BW, Laml T, Kirchengast S, Albrecht AE, Huber JC (April 1998). "Hormonal breast augmentation: prognostic relevance of insulin-like growth factor-I".
297:
2072:
Alfred E. Chang, Patricia A Ganz, Daniel F. Hayes, Timothy
Kinsella, Harvey I. Pass, Joan H. Schiller, Richard M. Stone, Victor Strecher (8 December 2007).
838:
is used for HDE in men, levels of estradiol of at least approximately 200 pg/mL are necessary to suppress testosterone levels into the castrate range.
4714:
910:. It has been found to result in estradiol levels of about 3,100 pg/mL at 3 months of therapy and 2,500 pg/mL at 6 months of therapy.
4544:
4513:
4095:
969:
Oral HDE for prostate cancer with diethylstilbestrol was used widely in men with prostate cancer until the mid-1960s, when it was compared directly to
6860:
3552:
1740:
Smith KP, Madison CM, Milne NM (December 2014). "Gonadal suppressive and cross-sex hormone therapy for gender dysphoria in adolescents and adults".
3247:
3046:
Ockrim J, Lalani EN, Abel P (October 2006). "Therapy
Insight: parenteral estrogen treatment for prostate cancer--a new dawn for an old therapy".
2353:
Stege R, Carlström K, Collste L, Eriksson A, Henriksson P, Pousette A (1988). "Single drug polyestradiol phosphate therapy in prostatic cancer".
6896:
6053:
4086:
891:
6855:
4537:
4503:
4470:
3300:
2985:
2958:
2931:
2904:
2863:
2836:
2809:
2777:
2744:
2714:
2687:
2660:
2491:
2326:
2296:
2243:
2211:
2184:
2154:
2124:
2083:
1835:
1538:
1344:
1172:
4824:
6850:
4508:
3545:
639:, but the risk of adverse endometrial changes is minimized or offset with pseudopregnancy regimens due to the progestogen component. The
6584:
4809:
4804:
3184:
2622:
2249:
2563:
3425:
3252:
926:
state. Levels of estradiol and progesterone are both up to 100-fold higher during pregnancy than during normal menstrual cycling.
6008:
742:
437:
330:
5259:
4020:
2869:
161:. It is called this because the estrogen and progestogen levels achieved are in the range of the very high levels of these
3222:
3217:
1697:
Duarte FH, Jallad RS, Bronstein MD (November 2016). "Estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators in acromegaly".
6845:
6609:
5159:
4719:
4694:
4404:
4037:
3791:
3521:
3315:
2034:
Al Jishi T, Sergi C (August 2017). "Current perspective of diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure in mothers and offspring".
1067:
907:
808:
486:
278:
235:
227:
186:
1053:
in rodents similar to those of natural pregnancy, implicating high levels of estrogen and progesterone in this effect.
6901:
6865:
5107:
4518:
4487:
4408:
3390:
3295:
3237:
3117:"Potential Mechanisms underlying the Protective Effect of Pregnancy against Breast Cancer: A Focus on the IGF Pathway"
1062:
490:
2399:
Kuhl H (August 2005). "Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration".
6886:
5112:
3808:
3410:
3285:
3262:
3242:
864:
560:
457:
97:
6500:
6167:
6077:
5299:
4619:
4614:
3620:
498:
249:
in women. Although initially used alone, progestins were added in the 1960s and 1970s. In addition, the estrogen
6728:
6490:
6403:
6028:
5721:
5254:
5249:
5149:
3815:
3395:
3365:
3310:
242:
6732:
4774:
6072:
6016:
5926:
5551:
5541:
5476:
5428:
5346:
5068:
5036:
5004:
4994:
4873:
4857:
4814:
4789:
4729:
4724:
4475:
4299:
4295:
3980:
3958:
3941:
3909:
3786:
3762:
3742:
3738:
3710:
3636:
3624:
3475:
3385:
3177:
1002:, and considerable cost savings. The main drawback of modern HDE for prostate cancer is a high incidence of
987:
899:
672:
632:
427:
378:
201:
169:. HDE and pseudopregnancy have been used in medicine for a number of hormone-dependent indications, such as
109:
1025:
for the treatment of breast cancer in postmenopausal women from the early 1960s onwards. In the 1970s, the
5984:
5536:
5016:
4941:
4936:
4889:
4744:
3975:
3752:
3705:
3465:
3455:
3360:
3345:
3290:
3212:
1948:
Gentile S (December 2005). "The role of estrogen therapy in postpartum psychiatric disorders: an update".
947:
876:
860:
652:
596:
522:
433:
407:
305:
6257:
6082:
6020:
5546:
5090:
5053:
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4909:
4392:
3776:
3770:
3700:
3670:
3580:
3568:
3501:
3380:
3232:
2881:
High-dose estrogen therapy was the first medical treatment for metastatic prostate and breast carcinoma.
830:
range. This is most of the basis of their use in prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. When
789:
762:
604:
510:
348:
336:
326:
150:
6647:
4819:
4794:
4769:
4754:
4689:
4629:
4624:
1615:
Ottolina J, Schimberni M, Makieva S, Bartiromo L, Fazia T, Bernardinelli L, et al. (August 2020).
1013:
of the breasts can be used to prevent it and has minimal side effects, mostly consisting of temporary
5677:
5334:
5073:
4979:
4921:
4759:
4699:
4634:
4609:
4400:
3897:
3845:
3781:
3757:
3730:
3695:
3680:
3516:
3511:
3496:
3491:
3450:
3430:
3350:
3340:
3335:
955:
700:
616:
600:
419:
401:
340:
6413:
6738:
6653:
6464:
6456:
5717:
5501:
5358:
5324:
5134:
4834:
4749:
4452:
4396:
4320:
4214:
4046:
3726:
3722:
3655:
3440:
3415:
3405:
3355:
3330:
3325:
3320:
2176:
Estrogens and
Antiestrogens II: Pharmacology and Clinical Application of Estrogens and Antiestrogen
887:
804:
711:
676:
620:
544:
494:
194:
6039:
643:
profile of HDE is worse in men compared to women. Side effects of HDE specific to men may include
6891:
6820:
6799:
6794:
6604:
6485:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6152:
6067:
5681:
5341:
4999:
4916:
4861:
4704:
4664:
4654:
4594:
4563:
3904:
3850:
3734:
3718:
3675:
3628:
3460:
3435:
3420:
3370:
3305:
3257:
3170:
3071:
2424:
2378:
2093:
2016:
1973:
1765:
1722:
1597:
1552:
1509:
1466:
1226:
1014:
1006:
of about 40 to 77%, although it is generally only mildly or modestly discomforting. In addition,
923:
903:
849:
841:
692:
648:
636:
572:
467:
423:
415:
394:
382:
351:
320:
250:
190:
44:
6758:
6678:
6475:
6408:
5777:
5561:
4684:
6550:
6545:
6317:
6242:
2734:
2280:
1913:
Cronje WH, Studd JW (March 2002). "Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder".
1824:
Gunther Göretzlehner, Christian
Lauritzen, Thomas Römer, Winfried Rossmanith (1 January 2012).
1334:
6525:
6520:
6418:
6367:
6362:
6192:
5641:
4799:
4649:
4644:
4571:
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4412:
4225:
4075:
3766:
3714:
3589:
3445:
3400:
3375:
3280:
3148:
3094:
3063:
3021:
2981:
2954:
2948:
2927:
2900:
2894:
2859:
2832:
2805:
2773:
2740:
2710:
2683:
2677:
2656:
2597:
2538:
2487:
2462:
2416:
2370:
2322:
2316:
2292:
2239:
2207:
2201:
2180:
2174:
2150:
2144:
2120:
2079:
2073:
2051:
2008:
1965:
1930:
1895:
1868:
1831:
1825:
1806:
1757:
1714:
1679:
1638:
1589:
1534:
1501:
1458:
1418:
1380:
1340:
1312:
1271:
1218:
1168:
1138:
774:
770:
656:
314:
301:
216:
212:
HDE and/or pseudopregnancy have been used in clinical medicine for the following indications:
85:
80:
6693:
6688:
6372:
6207:
6162:
5511:
5264:
2975:
2799:
2704:
2650:
2615:
2481:
2233:
2114:
1783:
Mueller A, Dittrich R, Binder H, Kuehnel W, Maltaris T, Hoffmann I, Beckmann MW (July 2005).
1162:
6668:
6530:
6438:
6433:
6423:
6337:
6262:
6137:
5274:
5102:
4849:
4779:
4734:
4674:
4669:
4659:
4639:
4599:
4287:
4275:
3887:
3803:
3616:
3506:
3138:
3128:
3055:
3013:
2826:
2765:
2528:
2520:
2454:
2408:
2362:
2284:
2272:
2113:
Rodolfo
Paoletti, P.G. Crosignani, P. Kenemans, N.K. Wenger, Ann S. Jackson (11 July 2007).
2043:
2000:
1957:
1922:
1860:
1796:
1749:
1706:
1669:
1628:
1581:
1493:
1450:
1410:
1372:
1302:
1263:
1210:
1128:
1072:
1022:
978:
951:
845:
793:
684:
680:
502:
443:
257:
as it increases the risk of endometriosis in the treated women and in their female children.
254:
182:
6377:
463:
As well as the following nonsteroidal estrogens (which are now little or not at all used):
6227:
5960:
5834:
5466:
5413:
5368:
5169:
4371:
4307:
3995:
3948:
3825:
2556:
999:
963:
919:
880:
835:
812:
668:
506:
411:
231:
174:
146:
5938:
5934:
5912:
2507:
Ellis MJ, Gao F, Dehdashti F, Jeffe DB, Marcom PK, Carey LA, et al. (August 2009).
741:
Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
6698:
6460:
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5761:
5481:
5453:
5445:
5284:
5189:
5179:
5124:
5119:
5021:
4839:
4739:
4481:
4344:
4332:
3965:
3647:
3470:
3272:
3143:
3116:
2533:
2508:
1572:
Veurink M, Koster M, Berg LT (June 2005). "The history of DES, lessons to be learned".
982:
974:
528:
1926:
1658:"Management of Endocrine Disease: Diagnostic and therapeutic approach of tall stature"
1307:
1290:
1267:
6880:
6312:
6147:
6122:
5902:
5820:
5653:
5631:
5486:
5363:
5095:
4946:
4904:
3931:
2366:
2273:
2271:
Shiffman MA (2012). "Cellulite: Etiology, Classification, Pathology, and
Treatment".
1230:
1047:
894:
246:
220:
178:
170:
73:
2458:
2428:
2382:
2116:
Women's Health and
Menopause: Risk Reduction Strategies — Improved Quality of Health
2020:
1977:
1769:
1726:
1601:
1513:
1470:
1363:
Oh WK (September 2002). "The evolving role of estrogen therapy in prostate cancer".
1133:
1116:
6480:
6452:
6428:
6297:
6222:
6132:
6127:
6117:
5920:
5886:
5876:
5872:
5807:
5801:
5733:
5229:
5219:
5194:
5058:
5011:
4865:
4853:
4354:
4291:
4230:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4124:
4119:
4066:
4033:
4013:
4007:
4003:
3862:
3857:
3651:
3632:
3572:
3075:
2047:
1026:
1010:
1003:
998:, and impairment in cognitive, emotional, and sexual domains, potentially superior
991:
914:
823:
801:
644:
640:
612:
576:
271:
264:
118:
1291:"The Treatment of Endometriosis by Inducing Pseudopregnancy with Ovarian Hormones"
39:
2921:
2853:
2769:
2288:
1528:
1497:
366:, but subsequent research found that diethylstilbestrol was both ineffective and
6825:
6753:
6718:
6713:
6673:
6643:
6629:
6619:
6614:
6443:
6387:
6382:
6277:
6272:
6252:
6202:
6177:
6172:
6097:
6087:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5988:
5978:
5974:
5942:
5930:
5916:
5908:
5848:
5781:
5725:
5697:
5531:
5506:
5378:
5279:
5154:
5078:
5048:
4899:
4879:
4829:
4783:
4679:
4388:
4361:
4340:
4336:
4328:
4313:
4303:
4255:
4194:
4189:
4139:
4027:
3970:
3796:
3746:
3665:
3606:
3526:
1617:"Early-life factors, in-utero exposures and endometriosis risk: a meta-analysis"
1007:
970:
664:
584:
536:
532:
479:
363:
355:
154:
4529:
3017:
2004:
1633:
1616:
6768:
6748:
6723:
6570:
6515:
6470:
6448:
6357:
6352:
6322:
6307:
6302:
6267:
6157:
6112:
6092:
5970:
5964:
5868:
5856:
5816:
5797:
5773:
5757:
5667:
5663:
5637:
5623:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5556:
5526:
5496:
5491:
5471:
5408:
5329:
5309:
5294:
5289:
5269:
5234:
5184:
5085:
5026:
4959:
4954:
4931:
4869:
4844:
4764:
4437:
4378:
4260:
4245:
4204:
4179:
4169:
4164:
4134:
4109:
3953:
3919:
3892:
3882:
3877:
3867:
3840:
3835:
3690:
3685:
3537:
2412:
1961:
1864:
1710:
1585:
959:
872:
868:
856:
827:
778:
628:
592:
580:
475:
471:
287:
260:
198:
30:
1316:
1275:
6763:
6743:
6683:
6663:
6505:
6342:
6217:
6212:
6197:
6182:
6142:
6024:
5992:
5950:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5880:
5860:
5844:
5793:
5769:
5765:
5753:
5745:
5741:
5701:
5689:
5673:
5659:
5649:
5645:
5601:
5461:
5435:
5423:
5398:
5388:
5373:
5353:
5304:
5204:
5199:
5174:
5164:
5129:
4989:
4964:
4926:
4884:
4365:
4348:
4324:
4265:
4240:
4174:
4129:
3936:
3924:
3914:
3830:
3820:
3643:
3207:
3193:
3133:
1454:
1029:
995:
943:
930:
831:
797:
785:
707:
660:
624:
450:
367:
359:
291:
166:
114:
4709:
3152:
3067:
3025:
2601:
2542:
2524:
2466:
2420:
2055:
2012:
1969:
1934:
1899:
1810:
1761:
1718:
1683:
1642:
1593:
1505:
1422:
1414:
1384:
1376:
1214:
1142:
727:
377:
as unopposed estrogen, particularly at high dosages, increases the risk of
3098:
2374:
1872:
1462:
1222:
130:
6634:
6624:
6327:
6187:
6107:
6102:
6035:
5852:
5789:
5785:
5749:
5737:
5709:
5705:
5693:
5685:
5615:
5403:
5393:
5239:
5224:
5209:
5144:
5139:
4984:
4894:
4447:
4382:
4283:
4114:
3659:
3612:
3227:
2825:
Philipp Y. Maximov, Russell E. McDaniel, V. Craig Jordan (23 July 2013).
1034:
929:
Pseudopregnancy simulates the hormonal profile of the first trimester of
819:
781:
688:
588:
556:
552:
309:
3004:
Sayed Y, Taxel P (December 2003). "The use of estrogen therapy in men".
2146:
Drug
Benefits and Risks: International Textbook of Clinical Pharmacology
1801:
1784:
1674:
1657:
1115:
Coelingh Bennink HJ, Verhoeven C, Dutman AE, Thijssen J (January 2017).
966:. HDE has also commonly been used in transgender women since the 1960s.
6789:
6535:
6347:
6247:
6237:
6232:
6012:
5956:
5946:
5838:
5713:
5521:
5516:
5418:
5383:
5314:
5214:
5063:
5031:
4969:
4432:
3985:
3059:
766:
568:
162:
58:
3089:
Love RR (1994). "Prevention of breast cancer in premenopausal women".
2143:
Christoffel Jos van Boxtel, Budiono Santoso, I. Ralph Edwards (2008).
1753:
6708:
6703:
6560:
5824:
5812:
5627:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5319:
4974:
2703:
Gérard Chaouat, Olivier Sandra and Nathalie Lédée (8 November 2013).
696:
608:
548:
540:
485:
Progestogens that have been used in pseudopregnancy regimens include
374:
1991:
Sharma V (October 2003). "Pharmacotherapy of postpartum psychosis".
93:
89:
1117:"The use of high-dose estrogens for the treatment of breast cancer"
6784:
6658:
6540:
6510:
5729:
5611:
5440:
4096:
1050:
853:
816:
564:
454:
447:
373:
HDE should be combined with a progestogen in women with an intact
2977:
Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine: Gender in the Genomic Era
2445:
Coelingh Bennink HJ (April 2004). "Are all estrogens the same?".
863:
in the liver. As a result, they have disproportionate effects on
587:, and others. More uncommon but serious side effects may include
6804:
6495:
5864:
5619:
101:
4533:
3541:
3166:
2315:
Waun Ki Hong, American Association for Cancer Research (2010).
6639:
6054:
4087:
721:
501:
has been little-used for such purposes likely due to its poor
63:
Pseudopregnancy (when used in combination with a progestogen)
3162:
6585:
2899:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 221–222.
2855:
Cancer Chemotherapy and Biotherapy: Principles and Practice
2200:
Roy G. Farquharson, Mary D. Stephenson (2 February 2017).
1339:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1059–1060.
153:
are given. When given in combination with a high dose of
2179:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 540–.
2173:
Michael Oettel, Ekkehard Schillinger (6 December 2012).
2168:
2166:
2078:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 928–.
3466:
Estramustine phosphate (estradiol normustine phosphate)
2804:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 56–.
2760:
Horský J, Presl J (1981). "Sterility and Infertility".
2119:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 67–.
1527:
Berkowitz RS, Barbieri RL, Kistner RW, Ryan KJ (1995).
1336:
Principles and Practice of Endocrinology and Metabolism
4955:
Epiestriol (16β-epiestriol, 16β-hydroxy-17β-estradiol)
4372:
4355:
4021:
4014:
2831:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 4–.
859:
and for this reason have dramatically increased local
1164:
Reconstructive and Reproductive Surgery in Gynecology
942:
developed in the 1950s following the introduction of
317:
or as a means of hormonal breast enhancement in women
4038:
3959:
Methestrol dipropionate (promethestrol dipropionate)
3091:
Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs
2793:
2791:
2789:
2728:
2726:
2645:
2643:
2138:
2136:
279:
47:, an estrogen which has been used as a means of HDE.
6813:
6777:
6597:
6583:
6396:
6049:
4584:
4570:
4422:
4274:
4213:
4074:
4065:
3994:
3588:
3579:
3484:
3271:
3200:
2310:
2308:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
124:
108:
79:
67:
57:
52:
23:
4101:Tooltip selective estrogen receptor downregulators
1656:Albuquerque EV, Scalco RC, Jorge AA (June 2017).
2590:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
2227:
2225:
2223:
2067:
2065:
1161:Victor Gomel, Andrew Brill (27 September 2010).
1156:
1154:
1152:
973:and was associated with improved cancer-related
3925:Mestilbol (diethylstilbestrol monomethyl ether)
3110:
3108:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
2828:Tamoxifen: Pioneering Medicine in Breast Cancer
2440:
2438:
2394:
2392:
1110:
1108:
706:The use of HDE in men has been associated with
6059:Tooltip Selective estrogen receptor modulators
5414:Furostilbestrol (diethylstilbestrol difuroate)
4775:16β,17α-Epiestriol (16β-hydroxy-17α-estradiol)
4092:Tooltip selective estrogen receptor modulators
2798:Donald Tindall, James Mohler (20 April 2009).
2655:. Academic Press. 18 June 2002. pp. 54–.
1396:
1394:
1358:
1356:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
4605:3-Methyl-19-methyleneandrosta-3,5-dien-17β-ol
4545:
3915:Dimestrol (diethylstilbestrol dimethyl ether)
3553:
3178:
2736:Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction
2652:Hormones, Brain and Behavior, Five-Volume Set
2206:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 259–.
1530:Kistner's Gynecology: Principles and Practice
1436:
1434:
1432:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
890:estradiol to treat postmenopausal women with
815:, and in men are able to completely suppress
523:Estradiol (medication) § Adverse effects
8:
4715:10β,17β-Dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one (DHED)
2858:. Lippincott-Raven Publishers. p. 186.
2709:. Bentham Science Publishers. pp. 10–.
2098:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1827:Praktische Hormontherapie in der Gynäkologie
1557:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1328:
1326:
6590:Tooltip G protein-coupled estrogen receptor
5409:Fosfestrol (diethylstilbestrol diphosphate)
4047:
3920:Fosfestrol (diethylstilbestrol diphosphate)
2893:Eric J. Thomas, J. Rock (6 December 2012).
6594:
5552:Triphenylmethylethylene (triphenylpropene)
4876:, many others; via estrogenic metabolites)
4800:17α-Epiestriol (16α-hydroxy-17α-estradiol)
4581:
4552:
4538:
4530:
4071:
3585:
3560:
3546:
3538:
3185:
3171:
3163:
2733:Plant TM, Zeleznik AJ (15 November 2014).
886:A study that used high- to very-high-dose
4572:
4076:
3841:Prasterone (dehydroepiandrosterone; DHEA)
3590:
3142:
3132:
2532:
2235:Hormones and Vitamins in Cancer Treatment
1800:
1673:
1632:
1306:
1132:
3797:Estropipate (piperazine estrone sulfate)
3527:Estropipate (piperazine estrone sulfate)
2950:Current Concepts in Transgender Identity
981:, mainly due to previously unrecognized
875:and bioidentical forms of estrogen like
739:about why it works in ER+ breast cancer.
3248:Estradiol-containing birth control pill
2852:Bruce Chabner, Dan Louis Longo (1996).
2739:. Academic Press. pp. 2289, 2386.
2486:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 79–.
1084:
2091:
1550:
20:
3301:Estradiol benzoate cyclooctenyl ether
2355:American Journal of Clinical Oncology
7:
4043:Tooltip follicle-stimulating hormone
2569:from the original on 4 February 2024
2252:from the original on 10 January 2023
2075:Oncology: An Evidence-Based Approach
1830:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 385–.
284:Tooltip insulin-like growth factor 1
2679:Principles of Clinical Pharmacology
2232:Aurel Lupulescu (24 October 1990).
1256:Adolescent and Pediatric Gynecology
436:(an estradiol ester that is also a
4448:Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
3048:Nature Clinical Practice. Oncology
2980:. Elsevier Science. pp. 96–.
2896:Modern Approaches to Endometriosis
2801:Androgen Action in Prostate Cancer
2762:Ovarian Function and its Disorders
2628:from the original on 15 April 2024
474:(diethylstilbestrol diphosphate),
193:estrogens have been used and both
14:
5951:taleranol (teranol, β-zearalanol)
4866:metandienone (methandrostenolone)
4514:Progestogens and antiprogestogens
3426:Estradiol propoxyphenylpropionate
3253:Combined injectable birth control
2682:. Academic Press. pp. 399–.
2480:Donna Shoupe (10 February 2011).
1993:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
1789:European Journal of Endocrinology
1662:European Journal of Endocrinology
6861:Progesterone receptor modulators
6615:Afimoxifene (4-hydroxytamoxifen)
5497:Prinaberel (ERB-041, WAY-202041)
3910:Diethylstilbestrol esters/ethers
3905:Diethylstilbestrol (stilbestrol)
2367:10.1097/00000421-198801102-00024
1888:Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde
867:and a greatly increased risk of
844:and nonsteroidal estrogens like
726:
440:; used for prostate cancer only)
358:were previously used to support
38:
6558:Coregulator-binding modulators:
4825:17β-Methyl-17α-dihydroequilenin
3006:Current Opinion in Pharmacology
2872:from the original on 2024-05-12
2459:10.1016/j.maturitas.2003.11.009
2335:from the original on 2024-07-03
1621:Reproductive Biomedicine Online
1486:Scandinavian Journal of Urology
1134:10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.10.010
710:, which has been attributed to
438:cytostatic antineoplastic agent
397:have been used in HDE therapy:
331:premenstrual dysphoric disorder
5389:Erteberel (SERBA-1, LY-500307)
4453:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
3639:) (via estrogenic metabolites)
2318:Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine 8
2048:10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.04.009
1203:Hormone and Metabolic Research
1:
6897:Hormonal antineoplastic drugs
6846:Receptor/signaling modulators
4810:17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol
4805:17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol
3223:Pharmacokinetics of estradiol
3218:Pharmacodynamics of estradiol
1927:10.1016/s0095-4543(03)00070-8
1403:Clinical Genitourinary Cancer
1308:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)33602-0
1268:10.1016/S0932-8610(12)80156-3
1046:produce decreases in risk of
157:, it has been referred to as
6856:Androgen receptor modulators
5160:Lynestrenol phenylpropionate
4504:Estrogen receptor modulators
4405:hydroxyprogesterone caproate
3316:Estradiol cyclooctyl acetate
2953:. Routledge. pp. 293–.
2947:Dallas Denny (13 May 2013).
2770:10.1007/978-94-009-8195-9_12
2706:Immunology of Pregnancy 2013
2289:10.1007/978-3-642-20113-4_25
2149:. IOS Press. pp. 458–.
1574:Pharmacy World & Science
1498:10.3109/21681805.2013.861508
1068:Estrogen deprivation therapy
908:hydroxyprogesterone caproate
809:follicle-stimulating hormone
487:hydroxyprogesterone caproate
236:benign prostatic hyperplasia
228:androgen deprivation therapy
6851:Estrogens and antiestrogens
6501:Oxabicycloheptene sulfonate
6188:Etacstil (GW-5638, DPC-974)
5364:Doisynoestrol (fenocycline)
5108:Ethinylestradiol 3-benzoate
4620:3β,5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel
4615:3α,5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel
4509:Androgens and antiandrogens
4445:Androstenedione immunogens:
4409:medroxyprogesterone acetate
4052:Tooltip luteinizing hormone
3932:Doisynoestrol (fenocycline)
3391:Estradiol hexahydrobenzoate
3296:Estradiol benzoate butyrate
3213:Estradiol (as a medication)
2676:Arthur J. Atkinson (2012).
2321:. PMPH-USA. pp. 753–.
2238:. CRC Press. pp. 40–.
1853:Gynecological Endocrinology
1167:. CRC Press. pp. 90–.
1063:Hormone replacement therapy
788:. When used in high doses,
491:medroxyprogesterone acetate
6918:
6568:Noncompetitive inhibitors:
6193:Ethamoxytriphetol (MER-25)
5354:Dimestrol (dianisylhexene)
5113:Ethinylestradiol sulfonate
4430:Mixed mechanism of action:
4202:Noncompetitive inhibitors:
3954:Methestrol (promethestrol)
3809:Ethinylestradiol sulfonate
3411:Estradiol phenylpropionate
3286:Estradiol acetylsalicylate
3263:Hydroxylation of estradiol
3243:Feminizing hormone therapy
3238:Menopausal hormone therapy
3233:Estrogen (as a medication)
3018:10.1016/j.coph.2003.07.004
2923:The Transsexual Phenomenon
2005:10.1517/14656566.4.10.1651
1886:Kaiser R (July 1959). "".
1634:10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.04.005
1333:Kenneth L. Becker (2001).
892:estrogen receptor-positive
865:hepatic protein production
659:in general (e.g., reduced
627:. In women, HDE may cause
537:breast pain and tenderness
520:
458:ethinylestradiol sulfonate
139:High-dose estrogen therapy
24:High-dose estrogen therapy
6838:
6610:7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone
6168:Desmethylchlorotrianisene
5347:Diethylstilbestrol esters
5300:Bisdehydrodoisynolic acid
4720:11β-Chloromethylestradiol
4695:7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone
4577:Tooltip Estrogen receptor
4465:
4187:Exclusively antagonistic:
4081:Tooltip Estrogen receptor
3595:Tooltip Estrogen receptor
2974:Legato MJ (15 May 2017).
2413:10.1080/13697130500148875
1962:10.1017/s1092852900010518
1865:10.3109/09513599809024960
1711:10.1007/s12020-016-1118-z
1586:10.1007/s11096-005-3663-z
129:
37:
28:
6674:Fulvestrant (ICI-182780)
6491:Methylpiperidinopyrazole
6444:Fulvestrant (ICI-182780)
5927:Resorcylic acid lactones
5150:Hydroxyestrone diacetate
5086:Etamestrol (eptamestrol)
3816:Hydroxyestrone diacetate
3743:estradiol ester mixtures
3396:Estradiol monopropionate
3366:Estradiol diundecylenate
3311:Estradiol butyrylacetate
3208:Estradiol (as a hormone)
1365:Clinical Prostate Cancer
900:intramuscular injections
274:in tall adolescent girls
5985:Synthetic xenoestrogens
5542:Triphenylchloroethylene
5477:Methestrol dipropionate
5005:Polyestradiol phosphate
3981:Triphenylchloroethylene
3739:polyestradiol phosphate
3476:Polyestradiol phosphate
3386:Estradiol hemisuccinate
3228:Estrogen (as a hormone)
3134:10.3389/fonc.2016.00228
2920:Harry Benjamin (1966).
2036:Reproductive Toxicology
1455:10.1002/pros.2990140410
1295:Fertility and Sterility
988:polyestradiol phosphate
913:Levels of estrogen and
633:endometrial hyperplasia
428:polyestradiol phosphate
379:endometrial hyperplasia
362:and reduce the risk of
149:in which high doses of
16:Type of hormone therapy
6078:4'-Hydroxynorendoxifen
6073:2-Phenylbenzothiophene
5947:zeranol (α-zearalanol)
5650:phlorizin (phloridzin)
5537:Triphenylbromoethylene
5436:ICI-85966 (Stilbostat)
5017:Estramustine phosphate
4890:Bolandiol dipropionate
3976:Triphenylbromoethylene
3753:Estramustine phosphate
3456:Estradiol undecylenate
3361:Estradiol diundecylate
3346:Estradiol dipropionate
3291:Estradiol anthranilate
2525:10.1001/jama.2009.1204
1533:. Mosby. p. 263.
1415:10.3816/CGC.2006.n.037
1377:10.3816/cgc.2002.n.009
1215:10.1055/s-2007-1001723
822:production and reduce
796:, strongly inhibiting
737:is missing information
597:venous thromboembolism
434:Estramustine phosphate
6258:Miproxifene phosphate
6083:27-Hydroxycholesterol
5547:Triphenyliodoethylene
5091:Ethinylandrostenediol
5054:Estrogenic substances
5042:Polyestriol phosphate
4910:Cloxestradiol acetate
4393:chlormadinone acetate
3777:Estrogenic substances
3771:polyestriol phosphate
3671:Cloxestradiol acetate
3381:Estradiol glucuronide
3121:Frontiers in Oncology
906:and 250 mg/week
605:myocardial infarction
601:cardiovascular events
511:elimination half-life
349:nonsteroidal estrogen
337:Postpartum depression
327:Premenstrual syndrome
181:, among others. Both
5572:WAY-204688 (SIM-688)
5384:ERB-196 (WAY-202196)
5335:Dienestrol diacetate
5074:Estrone methyl ether
4980:Esterified estrogens
4922:Conjugated estrogens
4815:17β-Dihydroequilenin
4790:17α-Dihydroequilenin
4730:15α-Hydroxyestradiol
4725:11β-Methoxyestradiol
4700:8,9-Dehydroestradiol
4401:gestonorone caproate
4215:Aromatase inhibitors
3898:Dienestrol diacetate
3846:Prasterone enanthate
3731:estradiol undecylate
3696:Esterified estrogens
3681:Conjugated estrogens
3517:Esterified estrogens
3512:Conjugated estrogens
3451:Estradiol undecylate
3431:Estradiol salicylate
3351:Estradiol distearate
3341:Estradiol dienantate
3336:Estradiol dibutyrate
2764:. pp. 333–345.
956:bone mineral density
701:erectile dysfunction
617:cholestatic jaundice
420:estradiol undecylate
402:Conjugated estrogens
241:In combination with
6739:Propylpyrazoletriol
6654:Diarylpropionitrile
5502:Propylpyrazoletriol
5359:Dimethylstilbestrol
5325:Diarylpropionitrile
5135:Etynodiol diacetate
4835:Abiraterone acetate
4745:16α-Fluoroestradiol
4397:cyproterone acetate
4296:testosterone esters
3727:estradiol enanthate
3723:estradiol cypionate
3656:etynodiol diacetate
3625:testosterone esters
3441:Estradiol sulfamate
3416:Estradiol phosphate
3406:Estradiol palmitate
3356:Estradiol disulfate
3331:Estradiol diacetate
3326:Estradiol decanoate
3321:Estradiol cypionate
2361:(Suppl 2): S101-3.
1802:10.1530/eje.1.01943
1675:10.1530/EJE-16-1054
1289:Kistner RW (1959).
902:of 40 mg/week
805:luteinizing hormone
712:androgen deficiency
621:gallbladder disease
531:of HDE may include
495:cyproterone acetate
395:steroidal estrogens
6902:Medical treatments
6821:Diethylstilbestrol
6605:2-Methoxyestradiol
6536:TAS-108 (SR-16234)
6486:Methylepitiostanol
6424:EM-800 (SCH-57050)
6348:TAS-108 (SR-16234)
6068:2-Phenylbenzofuran
5682:8-prenylnaringenin
5342:Diethylstilbestrol
5000:Lipoidal estradiol
4975:ERA-63 (ORG-37663)
4917:Conjugated estriol
4862:methyltestosterone
4820:17β-Dihydroequilin
4795:17α-Dihydroequilin
4770:16β-Hydroxyestrone
4755:16α-Hydroxyestrone
4705:8,9-Dehydroestrone
4690:7α-Methylestradiol
4665:4-Methoxyestradiol
4655:4-Hydroxyestradiol
4630:3β-Hydroxytibolone
4625:3α-Hydroxytibolone
4595:2-Hydroxyestradiol
4492:Never to phase III
4327:releasers) (e.g.,
4238:Second-generation:
3851:Prasterone sulfate
3735:estradiol valerate
3719:estradiol benzoate
3676:Conjugated estriol
3629:methyltestosterone
3461:Estradiol valerate
3436:Estradiol stearate
3421:Estradiol pivalate
3371:Estradiol enantate
3306:Estradiol benzoate
3258:High-dose estrogen
3060:10.1038/ncponc0602
2275:Aesthetic Medicine
1015:skin discoloration
924:hyperprogestogenic
904:estradiol valerate
850:diethylstilbestrol
771:estrogen receptors
693:sexual dysfunction
649:breast development
637:endometrial cancer
573:hyperprolactinemia
533:breast enlargement
468:Diethylstilbestrol
424:estradiol valerate
416:estradiol benzoate
383:endometrial cancer
352:diethylstilbestrol
321:Uterine hypoplasia
296:As a component of
251:diethylstilbestrol
165:that occur during
86:Estrogen receptors
45:Estradiol valerate
6887:Antigonadotropins
6874:
6873:
6866:List of estrogens
6834:
6833:
6579:
6578:
6419:Cytestrol acetate
5642:isoliquiritigenin
5584:Unknown/unsorted:
5270:β-LGND2 (GTx-878)
4850:Anabolic steroids
4760:16α-Iodoestradiol
4650:4-Fluoroestradiol
4645:4-Androstenedione
4635:3β-Androstanediol
4610:3α-Androstanediol
4561:Estrogen receptor
4527:
4526:
4519:List of estrogens
4461:
4460:
4413:megestrol acetate
4300:nandrolone esters
4288:anabolic steroids
4276:Antigonadotropins
4253:Third-generation:
4226:Aminoglutethimide
4223:First-generation:
4061:
4060:
3767:estriol succinate
3715:estradiol acetate
3637:nandrolone esters
3617:anabolic steroids
3535:
3534:
3446:Estradiol sulfate
3401:Estradiol mustard
3376:Estradiol furoate
3281:Estradiol acetate
2987:978-0-12-803542-9
2960:978-1-134-82110-5
2933:978-0-446-82426-2
2906:978-94-011-3864-2
2865:978-0-397-51418-2
2838:978-3-0348-0664-0
2811:978-0-387-69179-4
2779:978-94-009-8197-3
2746:978-0-12-397769-4
2716:978-1-60805-733-7
2689:978-0-12-385471-1
2662:978-0-08-053415-2
2493:978-1-4443-4263-5
2407:(Suppl 1): 3–63.
2328:978-1-60795-014-1
2298:978-3-642-20112-7
2245:978-0-8493-5973-6
2213:978-1-107-08201-4
2186:978-3-642-60107-1
2156:978-1-58603-880-9
2126:978-0-585-37973-9
2085:978-0-387-31056-5
1837:978-3-11-024568-4
1754:10.1002/phar.1487
1540:978-0-8151-7479-0
1346:978-0-7817-1750-2
1174:978-1-84184-757-3
852:are resistant to
794:antigonadotropins
775:biological target
760:
759:
657:demasculinization
545:hyperpigmentation
354:as well as other
315:Breast hypoplasia
302:transgender women
253:is an example of
217:Estrogen receptor
136:
135:
81:Biological target
53:Class identifiers
6909:
6733:2,2',5'-PCB-4-OH
6669:Ethinylestradiol
6595:
6591:
6587:
6328:Rimostil (P-081)
6138:Chlorotrianisene
6060:
6056:
5835:Metalloestrogens
5614:-related (e.g.,
5429:Hexestrol esters
5103:Ethinylestradiol
4995:Estradiol esters
4750:16α-Hydroxy-DHEA
4735:16-Ketoestradiol
4675:5-Androstenediol
4670:4-Methoxyestrone
4660:4-Hydroxyestrone
4640:4-Androstenediol
4600:2-Hydroxyestrone
4582:
4578:
4574:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4531:
4374:
4357:
4102:
4098:
4093:
4089:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4040:
4023:
4016:
3996:Progonadotropins
3942:Hexestrol esters
3888:Chlorotrianisene
3804:Ethinylestradiol
3711:Estradiol esters
3596:
3592:
3586:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3539:
3507:Ethinylestradiol
3187:
3180:
3173:
3164:
3157:
3156:
3146:
3136:
3115:Katz TA (2016).
3112:
3103:
3102:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3043:
3030:
3029:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2926:. Julian Press.
2917:
2911:
2910:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2877:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2795:
2784:
2783:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2730:
2721:
2720:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2647:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2620:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2568:
2561:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2278:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2229:
2218:
2217:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2140:
2131:
2130:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2097:
2089:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2031:
2025:
2024:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1804:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1677:
1668:(6): R339–R353.
1653:
1647:
1646:
1636:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1548:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1438:
1427:
1426:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1330:
1321:
1320:
1310:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1250:
1235:
1234:
1198:
1179:
1178:
1158:
1147:
1146:
1136:
1112:
1073:Hyperestrogenism
1023:standard of care
979:overall survival
952:pharmacokinetics
881:estradiol esters
846:ethinylestradiol
826:levels into the
755:
752:
746:
730:
722:
543:enlargement and
505:(e.g., low oral
503:pharmacokinetics
497:, among others.
444:Ethinylestradiol
412:estradiol esters
285:
281:
255:medical reversal
42:
21:
6917:
6916:
6912:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6906:
6877:
6876:
6875:
6870:
6830:
6809:
6773:
6589:
6575:
6409:7β-Hydroxy-DHEA
6392:
6228:Levormeloxifene
6058:
6051:
6045:
5961:deoxymiroestrol
5829:-hinokiresinol)
5467:Methallenestril
5369:Doisynolic acid
5170:Methylestradiol
4685:7α-Hydroxy-DHEA
4576:
4566:
4558:
4528:
4523:
4497:
4482:Clinical trials
4457:
4418:
4317:
4308:fluoxymesterone
4270:
4209:
4100:
4091:
4084:
4080:
4057:
4051:
4042:
3990:
3949:Methallenestril
3826:Methylestradiol
3792:Estrone sulfate
3594:
3575:
3566:
3536:
3531:
3522:Estrone sulfate
3480:
3267:
3196:
3191:
3161:
3160:
3114:
3113:
3106:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3045:
3044:
3033:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2988:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2875:
2873:
2866:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2797:
2796:
2787:
2780:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2732:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2649:
2648:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2444:
2443:
2436:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2338:
2336:
2329:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2253:
2246:
2231:
2230:
2221:
2214:
2203:Early Pregnancy
2199:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2172:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2090:
2086:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2033:
2032:
2028:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1748:(12): 1282–97.
1742:Pharmacotherapy
1739:
1738:
1734:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1549:
1541:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1440:
1439:
1430:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1252:
1251:
1238:
1200:
1199:
1182:
1175:
1160:
1159:
1150:
1114:
1113:
1086:
1081:
1059:
1043:
1000:quality of life
964:hypoestrogenism
939:
920:hyperestrogenic
836:estradiol ester
813:pituitary gland
756:
750:
747:
740:
731:
720:
695:(e.g., reduced
561:fluid retention
529:adverse effects
525:
519:
507:bioavailability
470:(stilbestrol),
391:
389:Available forms
298:hormone therapy
283:
277:Suppression of
232:prostate cancer
210:
175:prostate cancer
159:pseudopregnancy
147:hormone therapy
145:) is a type of
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6915:
6913:
6905:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6879:
6878:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6839:
6836:
6835:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6828:
6823:
6817:
6815:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6781:
6779:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6699:Hydroxytyrosol
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6601:
6599:
6592:
6581:
6580:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6573:
6564:
6563:
6554:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6414:Chloroindazole
6411:
6406:
6400:
6398:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6333:Spironolactone
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6064:
6062:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6034:Others (e.g.,
6032:
5982:
5968:
5954:
5924:
5906:
5884:
5842:
5832:
5810:
5805:
5762:liquiritigenin
5671:
5657:
5635:
5609:Xenoestrogens:
5605:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5482:Paroxypropione
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5451:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5394:Estrobin (DBE)
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5285:Allenolic acid
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5190:Norethisterone
5187:
5182:
5180:Mytatrienediol
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5125:Ethylestradiol
5122:
5120:Ethinylestriol
5117:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5088:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5069:Estrone esters
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5037:Estriol esters
5029:
5024:
5022:Estrapronicate
5019:
5014:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4847:
4842:
4840:Alestramustine
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4740:16-Ketoestrone
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4588:
4586:
4579:
4568:
4567:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4534:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4479:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4386:
4369:
4352:
4345:chlorpromazine
4333:metoclopramide
4315:
4311:
4280:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4219:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4106:
4104:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4031:
4011:
4000:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3966:Paroxypropione
3963:
3962:
3961:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3934:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3907:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3787:Estrone esters
3784:
3779:
3774:
3763:Estriol esters
3760:
3755:
3750:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3648:norethisterone
3640:
3609:
3600:
3598:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3542:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3471:Estrogen ester
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3277:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3167:
3159:
3158:
3104:
3081:
3054:(10): 552–63.
3031:
2996:
2986:
2966:
2959:
2939:
2932:
2912:
2905:
2885:
2864:
2844:
2837:
2817:
2810:
2785:
2778:
2752:
2745:
2722:
2715:
2695:
2688:
2668:
2661:
2639:
2616:"Progesterone"
2607:
2580:
2548:
2499:
2492:
2472:
2434:
2388:
2345:
2327:
2304:
2297:
2263:
2244:
2219:
2212:
2192:
2185:
2162:
2155:
2132:
2125:
2105:
2084:
2061:
2026:
1999:(10): 1651–8.
1983:
1956:(12): 944–52.
1940:
1921:(1): 1–12, v.
1905:
1878:
1843:
1836:
1816:
1775:
1732:
1705:(2): 306–314.
1689:
1648:
1627:(2): 279–289.
1607:
1564:
1539:
1519:
1476:
1428:
1409:(3): 198–205.
1390:
1352:
1345:
1322:
1301:(6): 539–556.
1281:
1236:
1180:
1173:
1148:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1058:
1055:
1042:
1039:
983:cardiovascular
958:in women with
946:with improved
938:
935:
758:
757:
751:September 2021
734:
732:
725:
719:
716:
683:, and reduced
518:
515:
483:
482:
461:
460:
441:
431:
405:
393:The following
390:
387:
345:
344:
334:
324:
318:
312:
294:
275:
270:Prevention of
268:
258:
239:
226:As a means of
224:
209:
206:
189:estrogens and
134:
133:
127:
126:
122:
121:
112:
110:Chemical class
106:
105:
83:
77:
76:
71:
65:
64:
61:
55:
54:
50:
49:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6914:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6837:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6812:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6776:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6734:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6596:
6593:
6588:
6582:
6572:
6569:
6566:
6565:
6562:
6559:
6556:
6555:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6395:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6313:Pipendoxifene
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6148:Clomifenoxide
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6123:Brilanestrant
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6057:
6048:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5983:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5969:
5966:
5962:
5959:-like (e.g.,
5958:
5955:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5925:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5907:
5904:
5903:guggulsterone
5900:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5887:Phytosteroids
5885:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5840:
5836:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5822:
5821:enterolactone
5818:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5658:
5655:
5654:wedelolactone
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5636:
5633:
5632:photoanethole
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5487:Pentafluranol
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5247:Nonsteroidal:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5097:
5096:Ethandrostate
5094:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4905:Cloxestradiol
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4781:
4780:17α-Estradiol
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4575:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4555:
4550:
4548:
4543:
4541:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4099:
4090:
4079:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4067:Antiestrogens
4064:
4050:
4041:
4035:
4034:Gonadotropins
4032:
4029:
4025:
4024:(gonadorelin)
4018:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4004:Antiandrogens
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:Nonsteroidal:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3573:antiestrogens
3570:
3563:
3558:
3556:
3551:
3549:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3188:
3183:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2970:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2943:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2848:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2821:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2699:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2624:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2581:
2565:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2519:(7): 774–80.
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2483:Contraception
2476:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2453:(4): 269–75.
2452:
2448:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2346:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2267:
2264:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2087:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1950:CNS Spectrums
1944:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1890:(in German).
1889:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1795:(1): 107–13.
1794:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1580:(3): 139–43.
1579:
1575:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1547:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1449:(4): 389–95.
1448:
1444:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1209:(9): 428–31.
1208:
1204:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:mammary gland
1040:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
984:
980:
976:
972:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
936:
934:
932:
927:
925:
921:
916:
911:
909:
905:
901:
896:
895:breast cancer
893:
889:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
818:
814:
810:
806:
803:
802:gonadotropins
799:
795:
792:are powerful
791:
787:
783:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
754:
744:
738:
735:This section
733:
729:
724:
723:
717:
715:
713:
709:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
583:, reversible
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
524:
516:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
481:
477:
473:
469:
466:
465:
464:
459:
456:
452:
449:
445:
442:
439:
435:
432:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
406:
403:
400:
399:
398:
396:
388:
386:
384:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
350:
342:
338:
335:
332:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
311:
308:and suppress
307:
303:
299:
295:
293:
289:
282:
276:
273:
269:
266:
262:
259:
256:
252:
248:
247:endometriosis
244:
240:
237:
233:
229:
225:
222:
221:breast cancer
218:
215:
214:
213:
207:
205:
204:may be used.
203:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
179:endometriosis
176:
172:
171:breast cancer
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
132:
128:
123:
120:
116:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
84:
82:
78:
75:
72:
70:
66:
62:
60:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
33:
32:
27:
22:
19:
6567:
6557:
6481:Mepitiostane
6429:Epitiostanol
6298:Ormeloxifene
6223:Lasofoxifene
6133:Camizestrant
6128:Broparestrol
6118:Bazedoxifene
6040:rotundifuran
5989:alkylphenols
5939:β-zearalenol
5935:α-zearalenol
5921:stigmasterol
5913:β-sitosterol
5909:Phytosterols
5877:triclocarban
5873:methoxychlor
5826:
5808:Lavender oil
5802:tectorigenin
5734:formononetin
5608:
5583:
5454:
5446:
5246:
5230:Quinestradol
5220:Promestriene
5195:Noretynodrel
5059:Estromustine
5012:Estramustine
4947:
4854:testosterone
4591:
4444:
4429:
4389:Progestogens
4292:testosterone
4252:
4237:
4231:Testolactone
4222:
4201:
4186:
4160:Ormeloxifene
4155:Mepitiostane
4150:Lasofoxifene
4145:Epitiostanol
4125:Broparestrol
4120:Bazedoxifene
4008:bicalutamide
3874:
3863:Quinestradol
3858:Promestriene
3652:noretynodrel
3633:metandienone
3621:testosterone
3603:
3124:
3120:
3093:(16): 61–5.
3090:
3084:
3051:
3047:
3012:(6): 650–4.
3009:
3005:
2999:
2991:
2976:
2969:
2949:
2942:
2922:
2915:
2895:
2888:
2880:
2874:. Retrieved
2854:
2847:
2827:
2820:
2800:
2761:
2755:
2735:
2705:
2698:
2678:
2671:
2651:
2630:. Retrieved
2610:
2596:(5): 452–6.
2593:
2589:
2583:
2571:. Retrieved
2551:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2482:
2475:
2450:
2446:
2404:
2400:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2337:. Retrieved
2317:
2274:
2266:
2254:. Retrieved
2234:
2202:
2195:
2175:
2145:
2115:
2108:
2074:
2039:
2035:
2029:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1918:
1915:Primary Care
1914:
1908:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1859:(2): 123–7.
1856:
1852:
1846:
1826:
1819:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1544:
1529:
1522:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1446:
1443:The Prostate
1442:
1406:
1402:
1368:
1364:
1335:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1262:(1): 20–23.
1259:
1255:
1206:
1202:
1163:
1124:
1120:
1044:
1027:antiestrogen
1019:
1008:prophylactic
1004:gynecomastia
992:osteoporosis
968:
940:
928:
915:progesterone
912:
885:
871:relative to
840:
824:testosterone
761:
748:
736:
718:Pharmacology
705:
681:distribution
663:, decreased
653:feminization
645:gynecomastia
641:tolerability
613:prolactinoma
577:galactorrhea
526:
517:Side effects
499:Progesterone
484:
480:stilbestrols
478:, and other
462:
392:
372:
356:stilbestrols
346:
306:feminization
272:tall stature
265:osteoporosis
211:
208:Medical uses
187:bioidentical
158:
142:
138:
137:
125:Legal status
119:Nonsteroidal
29:
18:
6826:Zearalenone
6778:Antagonists
6754:Resveratrol
6719:Nonylphenol
6714:Niacinamide
6630:Bisphenol A
6620:Aldosterone
6449:Glyceollins
6397:Antagonists
6388:Zuclomifene
6383:Zindoxifene
6293:NNC 45-1506
6288:NNC 45-0781
6283:NNC 45-0320
6278:NNC 45-0095
6273:Nitromifene
6253:Miproxifene
6203:Fispemifene
6178:Enclomifene
6173:Droloxifene
6153:CN-55945-27
6098:Afimoxifene
6088:Acefluranol
5979:rhaponticin
5975:resveratrol
5971:Stilbenoids
5943:zearalenone
5931:zearalanone
5917:campesterol
5849:alternariol
5782:pinocembrin
5726:epicatechin
5698:biochanin A
5638:Chalconoids
5532:Terfluranol
5507:Quadrosilan
5379:Elacestrant
5280:Allenestrol
5155:Lynestrenol
5079:Estropipate
5049:Estrofurate
4900:Clomestrone
4880:Atrimustine
4830:Abiraterone
4784:alfatradiol
4478:from market
4375:antagonists
4362:leuprorelin
4341:haloperidol
4337:risperidone
4329:domperidone
4321:antagonists
4304:oxandrolone
4256:Anastrozole
4195:Fulvestrant
4190:Elacestrant
4140:Enclomifene
4083:antagonists
4028:leuprorelin
3971:Quadrosilan
3747:Climacteron
3666:Clomestrone
3607:Alfatradiol
2557:"Estradiol"
2401:Climacteric
2279:. pp.
1894:: 593–604.
1492:(1): 4–14.
1371:(2): 81–9.
1011:irradiation
996:hot flashes
971:orchiectomy
869:blood clots
773:(ERs), the
691:size), and
675:changes in
665:muscle mass
631:and rarely
585:infertility
368:teratogenic
364:miscarriage
304:to achieve
155:progestogen
131:In Wikidata
6881:Categories
6769:Tectoridin
6749:Raloxifene
6724:Oleuropein
6571:Trilostane
6516:Prochloraz
6476:MDL-101906
6471:ICI-164384
6358:Trioxifene
6353:Toremifene
6323:Raloxifene
6308:Panomifene
6303:Ospemifene
6268:Nafoxidine
6158:Cyclofenil
6113:Arzoxifene
6093:Acolbifene
6025:phthalates
5993:bisphenols
5965:miroestrol
5869:methiocarb
5857:endosulfan
5845:Pesticides
5817:enterodiol
5798:tectoridin
5778:penduletin
5774:naringenin
5758:kaempferol
5674:Flavonoids
5668:psoralidin
5664:coumestrol
5660:Coumestans
5624:dianethole
5577:WAY-214156
5567:WAY-200070
5562:WAY-169916
5557:WAY-166818
5527:SKF-82,958
5492:Phenestrol
5472:Methestrol
5457:-Hexestrol
5449:-Butestrol
5330:Dienestrol
5310:Carbestrol
5295:Bifluranol
5290:Benzestrol
5235:Quinestrol
5185:Nilestriol
5027:Estrazinol
4960:Epimestrol
4950:-Estradiol
4932:Cyclotriol
4870:nandrolone
4845:Almestrone
4680:7-Oxo-DHEA
4592:Steroidal:
4564:modulators
4438:Gestrinone
4379:cetrorelix
4261:Exemestane
4246:Formestane
4205:Trilostane
4180:Toremifene
4170:Raloxifene
4165:Ospemifene
4135:Cyclofenil
4110:Acolbifene
3893:Dienestrol
3883:Bifluranol
3878:Benzestrol
3868:Quinestrol
3836:Nilestriol
3691:Epimestrol
3686:Epiestriol
3644:progestins
3604:Steroidal:
2876:2018-07-17
2339:2017-07-30
1623:(Review).
1079:References
977:but worse
960:osteopenia
944:progestins
873:endogenous
857:metabolism
779:endogenous
689:testicular
629:amenorrhea
625:gallstones
593:thrombosis
581:amenorrhea
521:See also:
509:and short
476:bifluranol
472:fosfestrol
453:, and its
404:(Premarin)
288:acromegaly
286:levels in
261:Osteopenia
243:progestins
219:-positive
199:parenteral
104:, others))
31:Drug class
6892:Estrogens
6764:Tamoxifen
6744:Quercetin
6684:Genistein
6664:Estradiol
6648:o',p'-DDE
6551:ZK-191703
6546:ZK-164015
6506:Phenytoin
6404:(R,R)-THC
6343:Tamoxifen
6318:Promensil
6243:LY-117018
6218:Idoxifene
6213:ICI-55548
6198:Femarelle
6183:Endoxifen
6143:Clomifene
5899:diosgenin
5895:digitalis
5891:digitoxin
5881:triclosan
5861:fenarimol
5794:quercetin
5770:myricetin
5766:mirificin
5754:glycitein
5746:genistein
5742:glabridin
5702:calycosin
5690:baicalein
5646:phloretin
5602:ZK-283197
5462:Mestilbol
5424:Hexestrol
5399:Fenestrel
5374:Efavirenz
5305:Butestrol
5260:2,8-DHHHC
5255:(S,S)-THC
5250:(R,R)-THC
5205:Pentolame
5200:Orestrate
5175:Moxestrol
5165:Mestranol
5130:Etynodiol
4990:Estradiol
4965:Equilenin
4927:Cyclodiol
4885:Bolandiol
4488:Phase III
4476:Withdrawn
4366:goserelin
4349:sulpiride
4325:prolactin
4284:Androgens
4266:Letrozole
4241:Fadrozole
4175:Tamoxifen
4130:Clomifene
3937:Hexestrol
3831:Moxestrol
3821:Mestranol
3706:Estradiol
3613:androgens
3581:Estrogens
3569:Estrogens
3194:Estradiol
2447:Maturitas
2094:cite book
2042:: 71–77.
1699:Endocrine
1553:cite book
1317:0015-0282
1276:0932-8610
1231:260169203
1127:: 11–23.
1121:Maturitas
1030:tamoxifen
975:mortality
931:pregnancy
877:estradiol
842:Synthetic
832:estradiol
811:from the
798:secretion
790:estrogens
786:estradiol
782:estrogens
763:Estrogens
743:talk page
708:cellulite
661:body hair
599:), other
451:mestranol
408:Estradiol
360:pregnancy
341:psychosis
310:androgens
292:gigantism
191:synthetic
167:pregnancy
151:estrogens
115:Steroidal
6842:See also
6644:p,p'-DDT
6635:Daidzein
6625:Atrazine
6598:Agonists
6526:RU-58668
6521:RU-39411
6368:U-11555A
6363:TZE-5323
6108:Anordrin
6103:Anordiol
6036:agnuside
6013:parabens
5853:dieldrin
5825:nyasol (
5790:puerarin
5786:prunetin
5750:genistin
5738:glabrene
5710:daidzein
5706:catechin
5694:baicalin
5686:apigenin
5616:anethole
5404:FERb 033
5240:Tibolone
5225:RU-16117
5210:Prodiame
5145:Hippulin
5140:Hexolame
4985:Estetrol
4895:Butolame
4585:Agonists
4500:See also
4383:elagolix
4358:agonists
4318:receptor
4115:Anordrin
4017:agonists
3701:Estetrol
3660:tibolone
3642:Certain
3611:Certain
3597:agonists
3502:Estetrol
3153:27833901
3068:17019433
3026:14644018
2870:Archived
2623:Archived
2602:12750241
2564:Archived
2543:19690310
2467:15063479
2429:24616324
2421:16112947
2383:32650111
2333:Archived
2250:Archived
2056:28461243
2021:23193276
2013:14521476
1978:24450591
1970:16344831
1935:11856655
1900:13853204
1811:15994752
1770:26979177
1762:25220381
1727:10136018
1719:27704479
1684:28274950
1643:32532666
1602:12630813
1594:16096877
1514:34563641
1506:24256023
1471:21510744
1423:17239273
1385:15046698
1143:27889048
1057:See also
1041:Research
1035:toxicity
828:castrate
820:androgen
784:such as
767:agonists
677:fat mass
673:feminine
669:strength
589:thrombus
557:headache
553:vomiting
527:General
343:in women
333:in women
323:in women
267:in women
223:in women
163:hormones
69:ATC code
59:Synonyms
6814:Unknown
6790:Estriol
6694:GPER-L2
6689:GPER-L1
6373:U-11634
6248:Menerba
6238:LN-2299
6233:LN-1643
6208:GW-7604
6163:D-15413
5995:(e.g.,
5987:(e.g.,
5973:(e.g.,
5957:Steroid
5929:(e.g.,
5911:(e.g.,
5889:(e.g.,
5847:(e.g.,
5839:cadmium
5837:(e.g.,
5815:(e.g.,
5813:Lignans
5714:daidzin
5678:7,8-DHF
5676:(incl.
5662:(e.g.,
5640:(e.g.,
5522:SERBA-2
5517:SC-4289
5512:SC-3296
5419:GTx-758
5315:D-15414
5265:β-LGND1
5215:Prolame
5064:Estrone
5032:Estriol
4970:Equilin
4852:(e.g.,
4765:16α-LE2
4433:Danazol
4391:(e.g.,
4377:(e.g.,
4360:(e.g.,
4290:(e.g.,
4085:(incl.
4036:(e.g.,
4019:(e.g.,
4006:(e.g.,
3986:Zeranol
3782:Estrone
3765:(e.g.,
3758:Estriol
3713:(e.g.,
3646:(e.g.,
3619:(e.g.,
3497:Estriol
3492:Estrone
3485:Related
3144:5080290
3127:: 228.
3099:7999471
3076:6847203
2534:3460383
2375:3242384
2256:14 June
1873:9610425
1463:2664738
1223:7835827
962:due to
948:potency
937:History
861:potency
854:hepatic
817:gonadal
800:of the
769:of the
603:(e.g.,
595:(e.g.,
569:melasma
414:(e.g.,
183:natural
100:(e.g.,
6709:Niacin
6704:Kepone
6561:ERX-11
6531:SS1020
6439:ERB-88
6434:ERA-90
6338:SS1010
6263:MRL-37
5628:dianol
5597:ERB-79
5592:ERA-45
5587:ERB-26
5320:DCW234
5275:AC-186
4942:DHEA-S
4874:esters
4858:esters
4710:8β-VE2
4471:WHO-EM
4423:Others
3273:Esters
3201:Topics
3151:
3141:
3097:
3074:
3066:
3024:
2984:
2957:
2930:
2903:
2862:
2835:
2808:
2776:
2743:
2713:
2686:
2659:
2632:5 July
2600:
2573:5 July
2541:
2531:
2490:
2465:
2427:
2419:
2381:
2373:
2325:
2295:
2283:–272.
2242:
2210:
2183:
2153:
2123:
2082:
2054:
2019:
2011:
1976:
1968:
1933:
1898:
1871:
1834:
1809:
1768:
1760:
1725:
1717:
1682:
1641:
1600:
1592:
1537:
1512:
1504:
1469:
1461:
1421:
1383:
1343:
1315:
1274:
1229:
1221:
1171:
1141:
1051:tumors
834:or an
697:libido
685:penile
623:, and
609:stroke
549:nausea
541:nipple
493:, and
446:, its
375:uterus
238:in men
202:routes
177:, and
6785:CCL18
6659:Equol
6541:ZB716
6511:PHTPP
6378:Y-134
6055:SERMs
6050:Mixed
5730:equol
5612:Anise
5441:M2613
4097:SERDs
4088:SERMs
3072:S2CID
2626:(PDF)
2619:(PDF)
2567:(PDF)
2560:(PDF)
2425:S2CID
2379:S2CID
2017:S2CID
1974:S2CID
1766:S2CID
1723:S2CID
1598:S2CID
1510:S2CID
1467:S2CID
1227:S2CID
565:edema
455:ester
448:ether
280:IGF-1
6805:MIBE
6800:G-36
6795:G-15
6729:PCBs
6586:GPER
6496:MIBE
6029:PCBs
6021:PHBA
6017:PBBs
5865:HPTE
5722:EGCG
5620:anol
5455:meso
5447:meso
4937:DHEA
4872:and
4856:and
4373:GnRH
4356:GnRH
4022:GnRH
4015:GnRH
3571:and
3149:PMID
3095:PMID
3064:PMID
3022:PMID
2982:ISBN
2955:ISBN
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