Knowledge (XXG)

British Western Pacific Territories

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British subjects only, and to maintain law and order among British subjects in the Pacific islands where there were no recognised governments. The High Commissioner appointed resident commissioners to manage specific island territories. Following a commission of inquiry, a revised Order in Council was issued in 1893, which gave the resident commissioners wider autonomy over the islands under their control.
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were taken off with their own governor. On 2 January 1976 after nearly all had been given separate statehood, the office of High Commissioner and the entity of the Pacific Territories were abolished. A remnant of the High Commission, however, was the right of appeal from the courts of many island
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was given authority over persons and acts in the islands south of the equator. The Governor, as High Commissioner and Consul-General, was given the authority: to conduct diplomatic relations with local representatives of the foreign powers, to regulate the labour trade where it was conducted by
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The composition of the territories of the BWPT varied over time. As the islands were spread over the South Pacific, administration of the territories was problematic. The most durable members were
2975: 619:'s increased activities. The British colonial authorities emphasised that their role was to procure labour for phosphate mining on Ocean Island, and to maintain law and order among the workers. 3892: 1380: 3852: 3877: 1834: 3897: 419: 227: 3827: 3872: 3216: 3867: 2548: 450:(from 1893 to 1976). Between 1942 and 1945, the high commission was suspended. While most islands were under British military administration, the Solomon Islands and 84: 3822: 426:
and to otherwise give the colonial entity authority over British subjects in the Western Pacific beyond the jurisdiction of British and colonial Australian laws.
3842: 1104: 3705: 3209: 2707: 3862: 3762: 3135: 3118: 2996: 3857: 3837: 2587: 3847: 3832: 2277: 2271: 473:, with the Chief Justice of Fiji continuing as Chief Judicial Commissioner for another decade, until 1962, when the two offices were separated. Under the 3887: 1373: 597: 455: 200: 2333: 1121: 400: 372: 181: 422:. The Order in Council created the colonial entity – the British Western Pacific Territories – and granted the authority to manage the engagement of 3252: 3882: 3142:
Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the
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and relocated to the Solomon Islands. The court consisted of a Chief Justice (as the office of Chief Judicial Commissioner was renamed) and two
50: 2181: 367:) was a colonial entity created in 1877 for the administration of a series of Pacific islands in Oceania under a single representative of the 2542: 1366: 615:). Ocean Island had been hastily added to the protectorate in 1900 to take advantage of the improved shipping connections resulting from the 525:, which persisted into the late 1970s. With the independence of Kiribati in 1979, all islands formerly a part of the territories (except the 2880: 3739: 2490: 1716: 735:(Savage Island), also known as "Rock of Polynesia" (1900 to 1901); presently a self-governing state in free association with New Zealand. 532:
In 2002 the archived records of this High Commission were transferred to New Zealand, and are now held in the Special Collections of the
3812: 3717: 3712: 1602: 1487: 411: 2538: 566: 3247: 2700: 1893: 1300: 1272: 1189: 1161: 1041: 971: 478: 771: 399:(53 & 54 Vict. c. 37), provided for jurisdiction over British subjects in the Pacific. In 1877 the position of Western Pacific 3802: 3729: 3724: 2573: 2560: 600:
of the Ellice Islands in 1892 and as the first resident commissioner of the Gilbert Islands in 1893. He was succeeded in 1895 by
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Most of the island groups had gained either independence or internal self-government by 1971. On 1 January 1972, the
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The Phosphateers: A history of the British Phosphate Commissioners and the Christmas Island Phosphate Commission
3797: 3656: 2963: 2671: 2618: 2526: 2484: 2448: 2402: 2017: 1666: 1608: 1849:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003. 3782: 3519: 3180: 3012: 2887: 2855: 2836: 2502: 2454: 2396: 2105: 2049: 1425: 863: 601: 585: 549: 522: 477:, gazetted on 15 August 1961 and effective from 9 April 1962, the High Commissioner's Court was renamed the 461:
In 1952, Fiji was separated from the High Commission. Following this, the High Commissioner's post moved to
2651: 2632: 2508: 2472: 2244: 2232: 2131: 2011: 1999: 1887: 1842: 1830: 1461: 922: 907: 593: 533: 351: 165: 705:(1893 to 1901) – 15 small islands, now a self-governing parliamentary democracy in free association with 608:, which was chosen because its lagoon has an opening large enough for ships to comfortably pass through. 3817: 3688: 3417: 3190: 2796: 1951: 1728: 1710: 1519: 1450: 917: 415: 17: 1016: 956: 3700: 3380: 3139:; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena. 3101: 2919: 2832: 2766: 2744: 2645: 2605: 2514: 2478: 2416: 2341: 2093: 2029: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1060: 423: 272: 3485: 2580: 2383: 2290: 2238: 2125: 2113: 2081: 1993: 1784: 1696: 1319: 902: 589: 561: 246: 161: 3186: 1348: 2826: 2808: 2748: 2639: 2365: 2327: 2303: 2284: 2175: 1722: 1648: 1614: 1513: 1493: 1419: 641: 3562: 3547: 3524: 2772: 2390: 2355: 2087: 1975: 1923: 1917: 1901: 1740: 1734: 1684: 1654: 1584: 1327: 1296: 1268: 1185: 1157: 1037: 967: 912: 557: 214: 73: 3598: 3552: 3514: 3460: 3402: 3317: 3292: 3143: 3076: 3068: 3060: 2988: 2899: 2867: 2754: 2554: 2466: 2251: 1777: 1770: 1672: 1557: 1502: 1027: 758: 526: 430: 407: 3683: 3412: 3327: 3262: 3096: 2873: 2802: 2593: 2532: 2371: 2055: 1957: 1660: 1108: 1024:
The Naturalist and his "Beautiful Islands": Charles Morris Woodford in the Western Pacific
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The Naturalist and his "Beautiful Islands": Charles Morris Woodford in the Western Pacific
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The Lives and Times of Resident Traders in Tuvalu: An Exercise in History from Below
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Achieving effective legal representation in small Pacific island Commonwealth States
3734: 3651: 3646: 3621: 3469: 3052: 2760: 2321: 2315: 2296: 2061: 1796: 1703: 1642: 1636: 881: 719: 702: 634: 490: 482: 626:, with order maintained through the elders of each island and local magistrates. 83: 3661: 3572: 3407: 3307: 3169: 2665: 2566: 2377: 1981: 1881: 1596: 1590: 1353:
Fragments of Empire. A History of the Western Pacific High Commission. 1877–1914
706: 637:, was significant problem for the Western Pacific High Commission. Ships of the 611:
In 1908, the headquarters of the BWPT was moved to Ocean Island (today known as
576:: Government Steamer Gilbert & Ellice Islands Protectorates (30 April 1909) 2442: 2423: 2166: 1945: 1564: 1481: 774:(1900 to 1952) – a native kingdom and protected state, independent since 1970. 638: 260: 117: 3501: 3491: 3387: 3277: 3088: 1941: 1690: 1474: 630: 486: 1331: 1231:
Teo, Noatia P. (1983). "Chapter 17, Colonial Rule". In Larcy, Hugh (ed.).
3287: 3016: 2931: 2210: 2162: 1911: 1838: 1824: 1820: 1790: 1578: 1235:. University of the South Pacific/Government of Tuvalu. pp. 127–139. 1032: 665: 506: 748:(to 1976) – eight nearly uninhabited atolls, presently part of Kiribati. 722:(to 1976) – eight nearly uninhabited atolls, presently part of Kiribati. 3580: 3450: 3375: 3342: 3236: 2925: 2258: 2218: 1811: 1568: 1527: 889: 788: 622:
The Western Pacific High Commission imposed the King’s Tax, payable in
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was approved by the United Nations; it achieved independence in 1968.
669: 612: 605: 529:) had either gained independence or been attached to other entities. 510: 498: 1150:
Cinderellas of the Empire: Towards a History of Kiribati and Tuvalu
3358: 3332: 3322: 3312: 3302: 2436: 2158: 1630: 811:(Pleasant Island) 1914 to 1921 (After World War I, Nauru became a 808: 623: 565: 3626: 3474: 3282: 1987: 732: 470: 443: 376: 136: 3205: 3040: 2952: 2689: 2198: 1870: 1545: 1438: 1362: 1326:. Sydney, Australia: Angus and Robertson, limited. p. 29. 815:
territory, administered by Australia; in 1947, a corresponding
469:. The High Commissioner's Court, however, continued to meet in 465:
in the Solomon Islands, and the High Commissioner was also the
383:, most of these colonial possessions were relatively minor. 81: 957:"Chapter 5 Liberalism, Imperialism and colonial expansion" 540:
Administration of the British Western Pacific Territories
1143: 1141: 1139: 761:(1898 to 1952) – a current British overseas territory. 438:
Composition of the British Western Pacific Territories
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Former British colonies and protectorates in Oceania
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Chief Judicial Commissioner for the Western Pacific
347: 321: 296: 284: 266: 254: 240: 226: 208: 194: 180: 172: 148: 132: 124: 34: 1260: 995:Solomon Islands Historical Encyclopaedia 1893–1978 866:(1893 to 1976) – now independent as the nation of 1074:"G. and E. Colony – A Headache In Administration" 985: 983: 832:(Banaba) (1900 to 1976) - now a part of Kiribati. 664:(1892 to 1976) – now independent separately, as 1291:Maslyn Williams & Barrie Macdonald (1985). 629:The regulation of the coercive labour trade in 3893:States and territories disestablished in 1976 3706:Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue 3217: 2701: 1374: 1314: 1312: 1184:. Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Press. 8: 3878:1976 disestablishments in the British Empire 3136:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 3119:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 2997:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 644:were responsible for limiting blackbirding. 395:(38 & 39 Vict. c. 51), then later, the 3898:States and territories established in 1877 3497: 3267: 3224: 3210: 3202: 3037: 2949: 2723: 2708: 2694: 2686: 2195: 1867: 1542: 1435: 1381: 1367: 1359: 1295:. Melbourne University Press. p. 11. 580:At first, the BWPT were administered by a 116: 31: 3873:1877 establishments in the British Empire 1286: 1284: 1031: 787:(1877 to 1926, officially to 1948) – now 475:Western Pacific (Courts) Order in Council 373:High Commissioner for the Western Pacific 3853:Solomon Islands–United Kingdom relations 3253:List of Oceanian countries by population 2180:Legitimacy of territorial establishment 1015:Lawrence, David Russell (October 2014). 955:Lawrence, David Russell (October 2014). 692:(1939 to 1976) – now a part of Kiribati. 18:High Commissioner of the Western Pacific 934: 791:, a dependent territory of New Zealand. 3165:Historical flags of the British Empire 3149:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985 950: 948: 946: 944: 942: 940: 938: 929:Sources, references and external links 584:who resided in Fiji (and later in the 3828:Cook Islands–United Kingdom relations 393:Pacific Islanders Protection Act 1875 320: 295: 291: 265: 253: 239: 235: 225: 207: 193: 189: 179: 7: 3868:New Zealand–United Kingdom relations 3740:United States Minor Outlying Islands 1175: 1173: 3763:British Western Pacific Territories 3718:Australian Indian Ocean Territories 3713:States and territories of Australia 2976:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 1819:. British Cameroons is now part of 1324:Ocean Island and Nauru; Their Story 412:Privy Council of the United Kingdom 361:British Western Pacific Territories 36:British Western Pacific Territories 3248:List of Oceanian countries by area 1835:unilaterally declared independence 1530:1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802 25: 3888:1976 disestablishments in Oceania 3823:Kiribati–United Kingdom relations 3042:Antarctica and the South Atlantic 3021:Occupied by Argentina during the 1249:, (1987) 10(2) Pacific Studies 73 1206:"G. and E. Colony's Headquarters" 852:(1877 to 1952) – now independent. 479:High Court of the Western Pacific 3843:United Kingdom–Vanuatu relations 3730:Commonwealth (U.S. insular area) 3725:Territories of the United States 3449: 3185: 3176: 3175: 2588:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1180:Macdonald, Barrie Keith (1985). 1148:Macdonald, Barrie Keith (2001). 884:(1906 to 1976), an Anglo-French 874: 856: 843: 823: 802: 778: 765: 752: 739: 726: 713: 696: 683: 654: 300:Western Pacific Order in Council 49: 3863:Tuvalu–United Kingdom relations 1156:Press, (first published 1982). 1063:, London, Stevens, 1966. P. 897 1026:. ANU Press. pp. 198–206. 467:Governor of the Solomon Islands 176:Constitutional monarchy, colony 3883:1877 establishments in Oceania 3858:Tonga–United Kingdom relations 3838:Nauru–United Kingdom relations 3084:Australian Antarctic Territory 1940:since 1965 (before as part of 1937:British Indian Ocean Territory 1823:, while Tanganyika is part of 1454:since 1960 (before as part of 1154:Australian National University 1078:XX(12) Pacific Islands Monthly 1: 3848:Niue–United Kingdom relations 3833:Fiji–United Kingdom relations 1210:XX(8) Pacific Islands Monthly 1057:Commonwealth and Colonial Law 604:, who established himself on 414:. Article 12 established the 397:Foreign Jurisdiction Act 1890 3679:British Overseas Territories 1395:British Overseas Territories 690:Canton and Enderbury Islands 672:(in Polynesia) respectively. 446:(from 1877 to 1952) and the 3510:Ashmore and Cartier Islands 3111:British Antarctic Territory 2821:Western Pacific Territories 1098:Justice Gordon Ward (2005) 228:Chief Judicial Commissioner 3914: 3813:Gilbert and Ellice Islands 3694:Overseas country of France 2849:Gilbert and Ellice Islands 2266:British Arctic Territories 1259:Docker, Edward W. (1970). 1122:"Western Pacific Archives" 662:Gilbert and Ellice Islands 554:History of Solomon Islands 546:Gilbert and Ellice Islands 543: 518:Gilbert and Ellice Islands 503:Gilbert and Ellice Islands 201:Sir Arthur Hamilton-Gordon 3674: 3447: 3243: 3233:Countries and territories 3160: 3129: 3089:Commonwealth of Australia 3047: 3036: 3007: 2959: 2948: 2914: 2721: 2685: 2491:Newfoundland and Labrador 2205: 2194: 2172:League of Nations mandate 2153: 1877: 1866: 1847:Lancaster House Agreement 1817:League of Nations mandate 1806: 1552: 1541: 1445: 1434: 1401: 813:League of Nations Mandate 617:Pacific Phosphate Company 343: 292: 280: 236: 222: 190: 115: 64: 46: 41: 3657:Northern Mariana Islands 2619:Turks and Caicos Islands 1926:(protectorate) 1907–1949 1498:(integrated into the UK) 1124:. University of Auckland 3803:British Solomon Islands 3520:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 2902:1919–1942 and 1945–1968 2727:18th and 19th centuries 2543:Queen Charlotte Islands 2503:North-Western Territory 2475:1665–1674 and 1702–1776 2078:1781–1784 and 1795–1819 1743:1923–1965 and 1979–1980 1426:Commonwealth of Nations 1267:. Angus and Robertson. 864:British Solomon Islands 602:William Telfer Campbell 586:British Solomon Islands 550:British Solomon Islands 308:; 147 years ago 288:19th and 20th centuries 3369:Juan Fernández Islands 2652:West Indies Federation 1841:) and continued as an 1424:Current member of the 923:West Indies Federation 908:Commonwealth Caribbean 594:Charles Richard Swayne 577: 534:University of Auckland 523:Fijian Court of Appeal 403:was formalised by the 352:British pound sterling 330:; 48 years ago 166:Austronesian languages 110: 3689:Overseas collectivity 2574:Saint Kitts and Nevis 1845:state until the 1979 1451:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 1107:31 March 2011 at the 918:Pacific Islands Forum 888:– now independent as 633:, which was known as 598:resident commissioner 569: 544:Further information: 416:Chief Justice of Fiji 215:Sir Donald Luddington 149:Common languages 109: 3778:History of Polynesia 3773:History of Melanesia 3701:Realm of New Zealand 3102:Realm of New Zealand 3100:(transferred to the 3087:(transferred to the 2920:Realm of New Zealand 2521:Prince Edward Island 2399:1671–1816, 1833–1960 1061:Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1033:10.22459/NBI.10.2014 668:(in Micronesia) and 497:), and the other in 424:indentured labourers 152:English (official), 3788:History of Kiribati 3133:Since 2009 part of 3025:of April–June 1982. 2612:Trinidad and Tobago 2226:Antigua and Barbuda 2126:Straits Settlements 903:British West Indies 590:John Bates Thurston 562:History of Kiribati 456:Japanese occupation 328:2 January 1976 323:• Dissolution 306:13 August 1877 273:Sir Jocelyn Bodilly 2285:Cape Breton Island 2176:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty 2018:Unfederated States 1833:Southern Rhodesia 1420:Commonwealth realm 642:Australian Station 578: 111: 3750: 3749: 3670: 3669: 3563:Wallis and Futuna 3548:Clipperton Island 3525:Coral Sea Islands 3461:Associated states 3445: 3444: 3381:Galápagos Islands 3199: 3198: 3156: 3155: 3032: 3031: 2964:Providence Island 2944: 2943: 2909: 2908: 2777:Western Australia 2745:Van Diemen's Land 2681: 2680: 2658:Associated States 2356:Columbia District 2190: 2189: 2044:Manila and Cavite 1862: 1861: 1741:Southern Rhodesia 1735:South-West Africa 1685:Northern Rhodesia 1597:Cape of Good Hope 1537: 1536: 1414:Current territory 1233:Tuvalu: A History 991:"Judicial System" 913:Pacific Community 582:high commissioner 558:History of Tuvalu 401:High Commissioner 357: 356: 268:• 1965–1975 256:• 1938–1942 242:• 1877–1882 210:• 1973–1976 196:• 1877–1880 182:High Commissioner 107: 74:God Save the King 16:(Redirected from 3905: 3808:History of Tonga 3793:History of Nauru 3599:Pitcairn Islands 3553:French Polynesia 3515:Christmas Island 3498: 3453: 3318:Papua New Guinea 3293:Marshall Islands 3268: 3263:Sovereign states 3226: 3219: 3212: 3203: 3189: 3179: 3178: 3144:Antarctic Treaty 3105: 3092: 3077:Falkland Islands 3069:Tristan da Cunha 3061:Ascension Island 3038: 2989:Falkland Islands 2950: 2918:Now part of the 2790:Pitcairn Islands 2755:Auckland Islands 2724: 2710: 2703: 2696: 2687: 2672:Windward Islands 2626:Vancouver Island 2403:MassachusettsBay 2272:British Columbia 2196: 2012:Federated States 1868: 1778:Tristan da Cunha 1747:Southern Nigeria 1679:Northern Nigeria 1558:Ascension Island 1543: 1499: 1436: 1410:Former territory 1407: 1383: 1376: 1369: 1360: 1336: 1335: 1320:Ellis, Albert F. 1316: 1307: 1306: 1293:The Phosphateers 1288: 1279: 1278: 1266: 1263:The Blackbirders 1256: 1250: 1243: 1237: 1236: 1228: 1222: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1202: 1196: 1195: 1177: 1168: 1167: 1145: 1134: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1118: 1112: 1096: 1090: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1070: 1064: 1054: 1048: 1047: 1035: 1021: 1012: 1006: 1005: 1003: 1001: 987: 978: 977: 961: 952: 880: 878: 877: 862: 860: 859: 848: 847: 846: 828: 827: 826: 807: 806: 805: 783: 782: 781: 770: 769: 768: 759:Pitcairn Islands 757: 756: 755: 744: 743: 742: 731: 730: 729: 718: 717: 716: 701: 700: 699: 688: 687: 686: 660: 658: 657: 527:Pitcairn Islands 431:Governor of Fiji 408:Order in Council 339: 338: 336: 331: 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3649: 3644: 3642:Johnston Atoll 3639: 3634: 3632:Howland Island 3629: 3624: 3619: 3617:American Samoa 3613: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3601: 3595: 3593: 3591:United Kingdom 3587: 3586: 3584: 3583: 3577: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3544: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3532: 3530:Norfolk Island 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3506: 3504: 3495: 3484: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3477: 3472: 3466: 3464: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3439: 3438: 3437: 3432: 3422: 3421: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3398:Highland Papua 3395: 3385: 3384: 3383: 3373: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3274: 3272: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3255: 3250: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3231: 3229: 3228: 3221: 3214: 3206: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3193: 3183: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3150: 3147: 3140: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3123: 3115: 3107: 3094: 3081: 3073: 3065: 3057: 3048: 3045: 3044: 3041: 3034: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3026: 3019: 3008: 3005: 3004: 3002: 3001: 2993: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2970:Willoughbyland 2967: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2953: 2946: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2938: 2928: 2922: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2884: 2877: 2871: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2859: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2786: 2780: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2742: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2728: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2712: 2705: 2698: 2690: 2683: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2661: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2633:Virgin Islands 2629: 2623: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2600:South Carolina 2597: 2591: 2584: 2577: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2497:North Carolina 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2431:Mosquito Coast 2428: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2412: 2400: 2394: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2360:Oregon Country 2353: 2349:Cayman Islands 2345: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2307: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2269: 2263: 2255: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2229: 2222: 2215: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2199: 2192: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2185: 2184: 2178: 2169: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2147: 2141: 2138:Trucial States 2135: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2027: 2021: 2015: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1885: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1864: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1857: 1856: 1850: 1831:Self-governing 1828: 1814: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1708: 1700: 1694: 1688: 1682: 1676: 1670: 1664: 1658: 1652: 1646: 1640: 1634: 1624: 1618: 1612: 1606: 1603:Central Africa 1600: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1572: 1562: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1532: 1531: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1517: 1508: 1507: 1506: 1491: 1488:Ionian Islands 1485: 1479: 1471: 1465: 1459: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1432: 1431: 1429: 1428: 1422: 1416: 1411: 1408: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1391:British Empire 1388: 1386: 1385: 1378: 1371: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1346: 1344:WorldStatesmen 1338: 1337: 1308: 1301: 1280: 1273: 1251: 1238: 1223: 1197: 1190: 1169: 1162: 1135: 1113: 1091: 1065: 1049: 1042: 1007: 979: 972: 933: 932: 930: 927: 926: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 898: 895: 894: 893: 871: 853: 838: 835: 834: 833: 820: 817:UN Trusteeship 797: 794: 793: 792: 775: 762: 749: 736: 723: 710: 693: 678: 675: 674: 673: 649: 646: 541: 538: 439: 436: 388: 385: 355: 354: 349: 345: 344: 341: 340: 325: 322: 319: 318: 303: 297: 294: 293: 290: 289: 286: 285:Historical era 282: 281: 278: 277: 270: 267: 264: 263: 261:Sir Harry Luke 258: 255: 252: 251: 244: 241: 238: 237: 234: 233: 230: 224: 223: 220: 219: 212: 209: 206: 205: 198: 195: 192: 191: 188: 187: 184: 178: 177: 174: 170: 169: 150: 146: 145: 134: 130: 129: 126: 122: 121: 113: 112: 62: 61: 56: 48: 47: 44: 43: 39: 38: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3910: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3726: 3723: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3704: 3703: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3673: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3637:Jarvis Island 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3609:United States 3606: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3558:New Caledonia 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3487: 3482: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3436: 3435:Palmyra Atoll 3433: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3426: 3425:United States 3423: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3393:Central Papua 3391: 3390: 3389: 3386: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3377: 3374: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3364:Easter Island 3362: 3361: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3245: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3227: 3222: 3220: 3215: 3213: 3208: 3207: 3204: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3182: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3159: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3132: 3131: 3128: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3049: 3046: 3039: 3035: 3024: 3023:Falklands War 3020: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3009: 3006: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2958: 2954:South America 2951: 2947: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2916: 2913: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2882: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2843:Union Islands 2841: 2838: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2733: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2720: 2711: 2706: 2704: 2699: 2697: 2692: 2691: 2688: 2684: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2555:Rupert's Land 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2515:Paulet affair 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2461:New Hampshire 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2449:New Brunswick 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2227: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2200:North America 2197: 2193: 2183: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2152: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2120:South Vietnam 2118: 2115: 2112: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1876: 1869: 1865: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1544: 1540: 1529: 1526: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1509: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1437: 1433: 1427: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1302:0-522-84302-6 1298: 1294: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1274:9780207120381 1270: 1265: 1264: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1242: 1239: 1234: 1227: 1224: 1211: 1207: 1201: 1198: 1193: 1191:9780522843026 1187: 1183: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1163:982-02-0335-X 1159: 1155: 1152:. Canberra: ( 1151: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1123: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1095: 1092: 1080:. 1 July 1950 1079: 1075: 1069: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1050: 1045: 1043:9781925022032 1039: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1018: 1011: 1008: 996: 992: 986: 984: 980: 975: 973:9781925022032 969: 966:. ANU Press. 965: 958: 951: 949: 947: 945: 943: 941: 939: 935: 928: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 900: 896: 891: 887: 883: 872: 869: 865: 854: 851: 841: 840: 836: 831: 821: 818: 814: 810: 800: 799: 796:In Micronesia 795: 790: 786: 785:Union Islands 776: 773: 763: 760: 750: 747: 737: 734: 724: 721: 711: 708: 704: 694: 691: 681: 680: 676: 671: 667: 663: 652: 651: 648:Island groups 647: 645: 643: 640: 636: 632: 627: 625: 620: 618: 614: 609: 607: 603: 599: 596:as the first 595: 591: 588:). Then, Sir 587: 583: 575: 574: 568: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 539: 537: 535: 530: 528: 524: 519: 514: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 483:puisne judges 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 459: 457: 453: 449: 445: 437: 435: 432: 427: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 406: 402: 398: 394: 386: 384: 382: 378: 375:. Except for 374: 371:, styled the 370: 369:British Crown 366: 362: 353: 350: 346: 342: 326: 304: 301: 287: 283: 279: 274: 271: 262: 259: 248: 245: 231: 229: 221: 216: 213: 202: 199: 185: 183: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 138: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 114: 76: 75: 67: 63: 59: 52: 45: 40: 33: 30: 19: 3818:New Hebrides 3735:Insular area 3652:Midway Atoll 3647:Kingman Reef 3622:Baker Island 3486:Dependencies 3470:Cook Islands 3134: 3117: 3109: 3075: 3067: 3059: 3053:Saint Helena 3051: 2995: 2987: 2837:Cook Islands 2820: 2788: 2761:New Hebrides 2730:20th century 2646:West Florida 2631: 2617: 2549:Rhode Island 2527:Pennsylvania 2485:Newfoundland 2422: 2347: 2297:East Florida 2268:16th c.–1880 2257: 2209: 2106:Crown Colony 2094:Pulo Condore 2068:Crown Colony 2062:North Borneo 1935: 1894:Protectorate 1843:unrecognised 1837:in 1965 (as 1776: 1729:South Africa 1717:Sierra Leone 1704:Saint Helena 1702: 1697:Orange River 1575:Bechuanaland 1556: 1514:Protectorate 1473: 1449: 1413: 1393:and Current 1352: 1349:Deryck Scarr 1323: 1292: 1262: 1254: 1246: 1245:Doug Munro, 1241: 1232: 1226: 1216:30 September 1214:. Retrieved 1212:. March 1950 1209: 1200: 1181: 1149: 1126:. Retrieved 1116: 1100: 1094: 1084:30 September 1082:. Retrieved 1077: 1068: 1056: 1052: 1023: 1010: 998:. Retrieved 994: 963: 882:New Hebrides 837:In Melanesia 830:Ocean Island 720:Line Islands 703:Cook Islands 677:In Polynesia 635:Blackbirding 628: 621: 610: 579: 572: 531: 515: 491:New Hebrides 460: 441: 428: 410:1877 by the 390: 364: 360: 358: 164:and various 72: 65: 29: 3662:Wake Island 3573:New Zealand 3492:territories 3408:South Papua 3308:New Zealand 3170:Anglosphere 2888:New Zealand 2797:New Zealand 2666:West Jersey 2581:Saint Lucia 2567:Saint Kitts 2561:Saint Croix 2541:1763–1791* 2509:Nova Scotia 2455:New England 2411:, 1691–1776 2378:East Jersey 2366:Connecticut 2245:Bay Islands 2132:Transjordan 2050:Mesopotamia 1888:Afghanistan 1882:Aden Colony 1667:Niger Coast 1633:) 1874–1957 1609:East Africa 1591:Cape Colony 1581:) 1884–1966 1571:) 1868–1966 886:condominium 707:New Zealand 454:came under 3757:Categories 3418:West Papua 3298:Micronesia 3122:since 1908 3114:since 1908 3080:since 1833 3072:since 1816 3064:since 1815 3056:since 1658 3013:department 3000:since 1908 2992:since 1833 2793:since 1838 2773:Swan River 2767:Queensland 2654:1958–1962 2636:since 1666 2622:since 1799 2473:New Jersey 2443:New Albion 2427:since 1632 2424:Montserrat 2405:1629–1691 2352:since 1670 2274:1858–1866 2262:since 1619 2214:since 1650 2167:Bangladesh 2102:1841–1946 2064:1882–1963 2030:Federation 2008:1819–1826 1946:Seychelles 1890:1839–1842 1781:since 1816 1765:Tanganyika 1723:Somaliland 1711:Seychelles 1707:since 1658 1627:Gold Coast 1621:The Gambia 1565:Basutoland 1561:since 1815 1503:Free State 1496:1542–1800 1482:Heligoland 1478:since 1713 1128:2 February 639:Royal Navy 592:appointed 335:1976-01-02 313:1877-08-13 173:Government 168:regionally 162:Gilbertese 3502:Australia 3388:Indonesia 3278:Australia 3106:1841–1947 3093:1841–1933 2984:1831–1966 2978:1670–1688 2972:1651–1667 2966:1631–1641 2896:1914–1962 2890:1907–1947 2883:1901–1942 2881:Australia 2876:1900–1974 2870:1900–1970 2858:1893–1978 2851:1892–1979 2845:1889–1948 2839:1888–1901 2833:Rarotonga 2829:1884–1902 2823:1877–1976 2817:1874–1970 2811:1851–1901 2805:1846–1847 2799:1841–1907 2785:1836–1901 2779:1829–1901 2769:1824–1901 2763:1824–1980 2757:1807–1863 2751:1803–1901 2741:1788–1901 2674:1833–1960 2668:1674–1702 2660:1967–1983 2648:1763–1783 2642:1607–1776 2628:1849–1866 2614:1889–1962 2608:1862–1863 2602:1712–1776 2596:1635–1644 2590:1627–1979 2583:1605–1979 2576:1882–1983 2569:1623–1983 2563:1625–1650 2557:1670–1870 2551:1636–1776 2545:1853–1863 2535:1620–1691 2529:1681–1776 2523:1763–1873 2511:1713–1867 2505:1859–1870 2499:1712–1776 2493:1583–1907 2487:1907–1949 2481:1664–1776 2469:1637–1662 2467:New Haven 2463:1680–1776 2457:1686–1689 2451:1784–1867 2439:1628–1983 2433:1655–1860 2419:1632–1776 2393:1655–1962 2386:1733–1776 2380:1674–1702 2374:1701–1776 2368:1636–1776 2362:1818–1846 2344:1663–1712 2336:1867–1931 2330:1841–1867 2324:1791–1841 2318:1791–1841 2306:1762–1974 2299:1763–1783 2293:1763–1978 2287:1754–1820 2278:1866–1871 2254:1871–1981 2247:1643–1860 2241:1624–1966 2235:1670–1973 2228:1860–1981 2221:1632–1860 2146:1898–1930 2140:1892–1971 2134:1921–1946 2128:1826–1946 2122:1945–1946 2116:1946–1963 2114:Singapore 2108:1946–1963 2096:1702–1705 2090:1786–1946 2084:1923–1948 2082:Palestine 2070:1946–1963 2058:1891–1971 2052:1920–1932 2046:1762–1764 2040:1796–1965 2032:1948–1957 2026:1946–1948 2020:1885–1946 2014:1895–1946 2002:1848–1946 1996:1918–1961 1990:1811–1816 1984:1858–1947 1978:1841–1997 1976:Hong Kong 1972:1878–1960 1966:1795–1948 1960:1888–1984 1954:1824–1948 1942:Mauritius 1932:1874–1963 1920:1757–1947 1914:1812–1824 1904:1685–1824 1902:Bencoolen 1896:1879–1919 1884:1839–1967 1799:1887–1897 1793:1890–1963 1787:1890–1962 1773:1900–1910 1771:Transvaal 1767:1922–1961 1761:1899–1956 1755:1893–1968 1753:Swaziland 1749:1900–1914 1737:1915–1931 1731:1910–1931 1725:1884–1960 1719:1792–1961 1713:1903–1976 1699:1900–1910 1693:1891–1964 1691:Nyasaland 1687:1924–1964 1681:1900–1914 1675:1914–1960 1669:1884–1900 1663:1856–1910 1657:1810–1968 1655:Mauritius 1651:1807–1808 1645:1862–1906 1639:1920–1963 1623:1816–1965 1617:1882–1922 1611:1895–1920 1605:1891–1907 1599:1806–1910 1593:1795–1803 1587:1919–1961 1585:Cameroons 1522:1813–1964 1516:1800–1813 1505:1921–1931 1490:1809–1864 1484:1807–1890 1475:Gibraltar 1470:1878–1960 1464:1794–1796 1418:*Current 1000:20 August 631:Melanesia 536:Library. 487:Port Vila 144:1952–1976 139:1877–1952 42:1877–1976 3288:Kiribati 3181:Category 3017:Colombia 2932:Kiribati 2809:Victoria 2749:Tasmania 2640:Virginia 2606:Stickeen 2594:Saybrook 2533:Plymouth 2479:New York 2417:Maryland 2409:Province 2372:Delaware 2342:Carolina 2334:Dominion 2328:Province 2291:Dominica 2239:Barbados 2211:Anguilla 2182:disputed 2163:Pakistan 2038:Maldives 1912:Billiton 1839:Rhodesia 1825:Tanzania 1821:Cameroon 1797:Zululand 1791:Zanzibar 1579:Botswana 1322:(1935). 1105:Archived 897:See also 666:Kiribati 507:Kiribati 379:and the 348:Currency 3581:Tokelau 3376:Ecuador 3352:In part 3343:Vanuatu 3237:Oceania 3172:culture 2926:Vanuatu 2716:Oceania 2391:Jamaica 2384:Georgia 2304:Grenada 2259:Bermuda 2233:Bahamas 2219:Antigua 2100:Sarawak 1812:Namibia 1673:Nigeria 1649:Madeira 1569:Lesotho 1528:Minorca 1494:Ireland 1462:Corsica 1389:Former 1332:3444055 890:Vanuatu 789:Tokelau 573:Tokelau 495:Vanuatu 463:Honiara 418:as the 387:History 333: ( 311: ( 298:•  142:Honiara 133:Capital 66:Anthem: 3540:France 3490:other 3430:Hawaii 3338:Tuvalu 3271:Entire 3191:Portal 3011:Now a 2982:Guiana 2936:Tuvalu 2539:Quebec 2311:Canada 2252:Belize 2144:Weihai 2088:Penang 2076:Padang 2006:Malaya 2000:Labuan 1994:Kuwait 1970:Cyprus 1964:Ceylon 1958:Brunei 1930:Borneo 1924:Bhutan 1918:Bengal 1854:Zambia 1785:Uganda 1547:Africa 1520:Colony 1510:Malta 1468:Cyprus 1456:Cyprus 1440:Europe 1406:Legend 1330:  1299:  1271:  1188:  1160:  1040:  970:  879:  861:  670:Tuvalu 659:  613:Banaba 606:Tarawa 560:, and 511:Tuvalu 499:Tarawa 232:  186:  158:Tongan 154:Fijian 125:Status 77:  68:  3403:Papua 3359:Chile 3333:Tonga 3323:Samoa 3313:Palau 3303:Nauru 2934:and * 2900:Nauru 2894:Samoa 2868:Tonga 2827:Papua 2437:Nevis 2322:Upper 2316:Lower 2159:India 2024:Union 1982:India 1952:Burma 1908:Banka 1759:Sudan 1661:Natal 1643:Lagos 1637:Kenya 1631:Ghana 1615:Egypt 1020:(PDF) 960:(PDF) 809:Nauru 772:Tonga 624:copra 505:(now 493:(now 250:(1st) 204:(1st) 3627:Guam 3475:Niue 3283:Fiji 2930:Now 2924:Now 2874:Niue 2815:Fiji 2517:1843 2445:1579 2165:and 2157:Now 1988:Java 1944:and 1910:and 1872:Asia 1852:Now 1810:Now 1328:OCLC 1297:ISBN 1269:ISBN 1218:2021 1186:ISBN 1158:ISBN 1130:2016 1086:2021 1038:ISBN 1002:2015 968:ISBN 850:Fiji 733:Niue 509:and 471:Suva 444:Fiji 429:The 391:The 377:Fiji 365:BWPT 359:The 137:Suva 58:Flag 3488:and 3235:of 3015:of 1059:by 1028:doi 571:SS 513:). 3759:: 2161:, 1351:, 1311:^ 1283:^ 1208:. 1172:^ 1138:^ 1076:. 1036:. 1022:. 993:. 982:^ 962:. 937:^ 556:, 552:, 548:, 501:, 489:, 458:. 160:, 156:, 3225:e 3218:t 3211:v 3146:. 3104:) 3091:) 2886:* 2879:* 2854:* 2835:/ 2775:/ 2747:/ 2709:e 2702:t 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Index

High Commissioner of the Western Pacific
Flag of British Western Pacific Territories
Flag
God Save the King

Suva
Honiara
Fijian
Tongan
Gilbertese
Austronesian languages
High Commissioner
Sir Arthur Hamilton-Gordon
Sir Donald Luddington
Chief Judicial Commissioner
Sir John Gorrie
Sir Harry Luke
Sir Jocelyn Bodilly
Western Pacific Order in Council
British pound sterling
British Crown
High Commissioner for the Western Pacific
Fiji
Solomon Islands
Pacific Islanders Protection Act 1875
Foreign Jurisdiction Act 1890
High Commissioner
Western Pacific
Order in Council
Privy Council of the United Kingdom

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