412:(47 percent) than girls (40 percent) attended school at this point. The World Bank estimated the primary-school enrollment rate at 60 percent in 2004, with a 49-percent completion rate; comparable figures for 2000 were 51 percent enrollment and 39 percent completion. Secondary enrollment in 2004 was 33 percent compared with 26 percent in 2000. However, data from a 2006 household health survey in North and South Sudan showed that only 53.7 percent of children were attending primary school. Unfortunately, many students came to school or not as their situations allowed, and perhaps half or more were unable to complete the education program mandated by the national government. For the period 1998-2001, the UN reported that 80 percent of eligible children in what was then the North attended elementary school.
416:
in their temporary communities. A second program was designed to address the problem of education among nomadic groups, at least 80 of which still existed in Sudan. Many resided in North
Kordofan State, where most primary schools, supported with UN funds, went only through fourth grade. In 2009 Sudanese education officials began a shift from mobile schools to stationary schools, including boarding schools, for the estimated 500,000 nomadic children of primary age in the North. They hoped to increase enrollment from 32 percent to 70 percent by 2011, improve the relevance of the curriculum, and provide more trained teachers. A third initiative, also launched in 2009, aimed at increasing the enrollment of girls in primary schools in the North by more than 1 million by 2011.
102:
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development of schools in the south was entirely in the hands of the missionaries. Although the government made clear a wish that the schools should focus on social and educational work rather than conversion, the distinction was in practice meaningless. In 1922 the government began to give some financial assistance to the missionary schools, and substantially increased it from 1926. The objective was to train southerners to be suitable for government employment as clerks, teachers, minor officials etc., and government inspectors were appointed to assist with the task. The first government school opened in 1940. Education was in local languages at primary level, and in
English at higher level.
30:
403:
especially at older institutions, along with the qualifications of the student body. The impact of
Arabization and Islamization of the universities’ curricula produced a preoccupation among students with the passing of examinations rather than with the development of skills of analysis and critical thinking. The economic surge resulting from petroleum exports gave hope that these trends might be reversed. In addition, after the signing of the CPA in 2005, there was some improvement in the relationship between the government and the faculty and students in the universities.
313:, a secondary school, and then became affiliated with the University of London in 1937, offering bachelor’s degrees. In 1956, at independence, it became a fully independent degree-granting institution. The University of Khartoum, with four campuses, remained the country’s flagship university, but even it was not immune to the pressures of politics and war. About 70 faculty who opposed al-Bashir’s Islamist reforms were dismissed in the early 1990s, and in January 1997, the university closed temporarily to allow students to join the armed forces.
321:
learning were in the North. Colleges in Sudan were specialized degree-granting entities; institutes granted diplomas and certificates for periods of study shorter than those commonly demanded at universities and colleges. These postsecondary institutions and universities had provided Sudan with a substantial number of well-educated persons in some fields but left it short of technical personnel and specialists in sciences relevant to the country’s largely rural character. By 1980 two new universities had opened, one at Wad Madani (
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118:
110:
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302:; teaching in English there recommenced as stipulated in the peace agreement of 2005. Admission was open to students with the highest scores on the Sudan School Certificate examination, which was administered at the conclusion of secondary school. Males usually had to serve in the military before they could enter the university. These requirements, along with the country’s overall poverty, constrained university enrollment.
435:, documented evidence of chaining, beatings, torture and sexual abuse. Al-Hamdani published his findings as a documentary film in October 2020. By December 2020, the film had led to a major public reaction in Sudan, with legislative changes and governmental promises of prosecutions. However a follow-up report by Al-Hamdani in December 2020 found the government had been slow to respond and there had been little real change.
428:, or religious schools, usually run by sheik in which children are taught to memorise the Qur'an. The schools provide free meals, drink and accommodation and often poor families send their children there rather than to public schools. A two-year investigation made by Fateh al-Rahman al-Hamdani during 2018–2019 into 23 khalwa schools, with the support of
317:
schools as a result of the “socialist” experiment in the 1970s, combined with the disappearance of
English as the language of instruction in secondary and university systems after 1990, continued to reduce the quality of incoming students. These developments at the nation’s premier university were replicated throughout the higher education establishment.
399:. Academics, professionals, and businessmen founded it in 1982 to meet the ever-growing demand for higher education and practical training. Support came mainly from private donations and foreign foundations as well as from the government. Its curriculum, taught in English and oriented to job training pertinent to the needs of Sudan, proved popular.
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programs, such as those that educated women to teach in rural areas. The newly wealthy elites considered Ahfad as the first choice for their daughters, and its graduates often went on to advanced studies abroad. Stipends were also available to women students of modest means, a step toward improving access by females to education at all levels.
224:
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57:, to return to 6+3+3 in the 2020/2021 academic year. The primary language at all levels is Arabic. Starting in the 2020/2021 academic year, English is to be taught starting at kindergarten. Schools are concentrated in urban areas; many in the South and West were damaged or destroyed by years of civil war. In 2001 the
298:(public institutions only). In 2007–8, more than 50,000 students graduated from public universities. The Ministry of Higher Education reported that in 2009–10, about 513,000 students were attending public and private universities. Before 2005, instruction was solely in Arabic with few exceptions, among which was the
221:
137:
education for the masses. With this in mind, in 1900 the colonial authorities started to create a school system, geared to provide
Sudanese officials for the lower grades of the administration, and decided to appoint as many Sudanese as possible to posts not requiring education. They made efforts to reopen as many
415:
Other initiatives aimed specifically at expanding educational opportunity were part of Sudan's planning. First, the government started to respond to the education needs that stemmed from internal displacement. With the help of international organizations, displaced students began to receive education
207:. The optional course of study would permit the student to select certain specializations according to individual aptitudes and inclinations. In addition, membership in the Popular Defense Forces, a paramilitary body allied to the National Islamic Front, became a requirement for university admission.
232:
By 2006 there were 27 public universities, 5 private universities, 9 public technical colleges, and 46 private colleges. The IAU World Higher
Education Database 2006 indicates that the number of students rose from 6,080 in 1989 to 38,623 in 1999/2000, an increase of 535%. Total tertiary enrollment
141:
as possible, by giving subsidies to teachers. Instructional workshops were set up at
Kassala, Omdurman, and at the Gordon College. But higher class Sudanese refused to send their children to these workshops. So four government primary schools were created. By 1914 the policy was working, and the
480:
This slow development of girls’ education was the product of tradition. Parents of
Sudanese girls tended to look upon girls’ schools with suspicion, if not fear, that they would corrupt the morals of their daughters. Moreover, preference was given to sons, who, if educated, could advance themselves
297:
Sudan in 2005 was home to 27 public universities and at least 46 private universities and colleges, the vast majority of them in the North. These institutions enrolled 447,000 students, 69,000 of whom completed their studies. Comparable figures for 1997–98 were 152,000 students and 26,000 graduates
164:
In the 1930s and 1940s there was an expansion in secondary schools in the northern Sudan. In 1938 the decision was taken to provide post-secondary schooling, leading towards the establishment of a university. In 1944 these schools were amalgamated to form a university, offering degrees equivalent
411:
As of 2011, the government provided free primary education for children aged six to 14, at least in theory. School closings resulted from civil conflict. Still, some encouraging trends emerged. In 1996, for example, only 44 percent of the age-relevant population attended school in Sudan. More boys
210:
Within a year the government ordered that Arabic should be used as the language of instruction, replacing
English. It also dismissed around seventy faculty members of the University of Khartoum, who were opposed to the new policy. It also ordered that the number of university students should be
278:
Second: elementary school. First grade pupils enter at the age of 6-7. During the al-Bashir presidency, this consisted 8 years of schooling, which is to be changed to 6 years starting in the 2020/2021 academic year. Under the system finishing in the 2019/2020 school year, by the eighth grade, a
136:
The policy of the condominium was to gradually
Sudanize the administration in the Sudan, replacing the Lebanese and Egyptians who had previously held official posts. Lord Cromer in 1903 defined the policy clearly, and also insisted that education policy should concentrate on a basic elementary
402:
The expansion of higher education in the 1990s was not accompanied by an increase in funding; hence, the share of funds allocated to each institution was less than what was needed for full operation. Consequently, buildings, laboratories, libraries, and other facilities deteriorated seriously,
320:
Higher education was primarily the domain of Northern Sudanese after independence, particularly those living in the capital region. In the mid-1970s, there were four universities, 11 colleges, and 23 institutes in Sudan. The universities were in the capital area, and all institutions of higher
316:
Most observers agreed that by the early 2000s, this once-elite institution in Africa had become a mere shadow of its former self. Successive purges of the faculty following the 1964, 1969, and 1989 “revolutions” had deprived the campus of some of its best talent. Lowered standards in secondary
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in Omdurman. Originally founded in 1907 as a primary school for girls, in the early 2000s it was the oldest and largest private university in Sudan, having evolved into the premier women’s university with an enrollment approaching 5,000 in 2006. It offered a mixture of academic and practical
202:
A Muslim curriculum was devised and imposed on all schools, colleges and universities. It consisted of two parts, the first obligatory for all students and the second optional. All the essential elements of the obligatory course would be drawn from the Quran and the recognized books of the
75:
The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI) finds that Sudan is fulfilling only 42.3% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to education based on the country's level of income. HRMI breaks down the right to education by looking at the rights to both primary education and secondary
168:
Between 1898 and 1930, the condominium government policy in the South was simply to maintain a basic military control of the area, which otherwise remained undeveloped. The Christian missionary societies were allowed to establish schools in the south, but not in the north. Up to 1922, the
61:
estimated that primary enrolment was 46 percent of eligible pupils and 21 percent of secondary students. Enrolment varies widely, falling below 20 percent in some provinces. Sudan has 36 government universities and 19 private universities, in which instruction is primarily in Arabic.
48:
is free and/or compulsory for children aged 6 to 13 years. Primary education up to the 2019/2020 academic year consists of eight years, followed by three years of secondary education. The primary/secondary educational ladder of 6+3+3 years was switched in 1965 and during the
93:, decided to open five schools in different towns in northern Sudan. These taught Islamic studies, arithmetic, and the Arabic and Turkish languages. The teachers in the schools were Egyptians. The schools were all destroyed during the Mahdist period between 1881-1898.
285:
Third (to 2019/2020 inclusive): upper second school and high school. At this level the school methods add some main academic subjects such as chemistry, biology, physics, geography, etc... there are three grades in this level. The students ages are about 14-15 to 17-18.
333:(also referred to as Khartoum Polytechnic). Some of its affiliates were outside the capital area, for example, the College of Mechanical Engineering at Atbarah, northeast of Khartoum, and Al-Gezira College of Agriculture and Natural Resources at Abu Naamah in Al-Awsat.
391:, founded in 1921, existed primarily to train Muslim religious judges and scholars. The Al-Gezira College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, set in Sudan’s most fertile agricultural region, focused on protecting and utilizing Sudan’s environmental resources.
488:
Female education claimed approximately one-third of all available educational resources by 1970, when there were 1,086 primary schools, 268 intermediate schools, and 52 vocational schools for girls. Among notable successes with female education was
464:
in Khartoum. By 1920 the government had provided five elementary schools for girls. Expansion was slow, however, and female education remained restricted to the elementary level until 1940, when the first intermediate school for girls, the
459:
studies were taught. Such basic schools did not prepare girls for the secular learning mainstream, from which they were virtually excluded. In 1902 the Coptic community in Khartoum opened a private school for girls which later became the
921:
220:
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education. While taking into consideration Sudan's income level, the nation is achieving 47.0% of what should be possible based on its resources (income) for primary education but only 37.6% for secondary education.
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in the Moslem north. These taught little more than the memorization of the Koran, and even these were disrupted by the disorders before 120 B.C. There were no educational facilities at all in the South.
214:
These changes were very unwelcome in the South and contributed to turn the insurgency in the south into a real civil war. In consequence educational facilities in the South have largely disappeared.
473:, with about 265 students, was the only girls’ secondary school operated by the government. By 1960 there were only two upper-secondary schools for girls and no vocational schools except for the
676:
65:
Education at the secondary and university levels is seriously hampered by the requirement that most males perform military service before completing their education. During the
1998:
1855:
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students from these schools were filling the lower ranks of the administration, including the sons of the three Kalifahs and various Mahdist Amirs. For higher education, the
257:, the percentage of the national budget allocated to education was planned to increase by a factor of nearly seven, from the al-Bashir era of 3 percent in 2018 to 20 percent.
542:
616:
172:
In 1947 there were 70,457 students at government schools and 14,369 students and non-government schools in the north. There were 19.195 students at schools in the south.
1875:
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1895:
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in society to the pride and profit of the family, something girls could not do. Their value was enhanced not at school but at home in preparation for marriage and the
1105:
1299:
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Prior to the establishment of the Anglo-Egyptian condominium in 1898, the only educational facilities remaining in the Sudan were the village Koran schools, or
336:
The 1990s saw a major expansion of higher education in regions outside the traditional Northern hub. A number of new universities were established, among them
1988:
1753:
1522:
330:
1362:
2530:
2264:
1094:
Though published in 2015, this work covers events in the whole of Sudan (including present-day South Sudan) until the 2011 secession of South Sudan.
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in 2000 was 204,114 students, of which 47% were female. The World Bank estimated in 2018 that more than 40% of children aged 5–13 had no education.
101:
922:"World Bank Project to Boost Reforms and Quality Education in Sudan Approved with $ 61.5 Million Grant from the Global Partnership for Education"
1993:
1968:
1718:
1382:
1910:
1087:
805:
250:
66:
54:
69:, the percentage of the national budget spent on education is planned to increase from the al-Bashir 2018 value of 3 percent to 20 percent.
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1840:
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that accompanied the ceremony. Finally, the lack of schools discouraged even those who desired elementary education for their daughters.
1607:
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2254:
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1825:
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1267:. Vol. 2. London: Ithaca Press. Babikr's own account of his work in Women's education can be found in vol. 2, pp. 109–70.
1905:
1880:
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1835:
1820:
1810:
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356:(at Kosti). In a parallel development, a number of provincial colleges were upgraded to university status, including those at
180:
The school system was in good shape at independence, and the new government continued to create new schools and universities.
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1397:
466:
1188:
Durham University Library Special Collections Catalogue, Reference code: GB-0033- SAD, 1902-1991, Retrieved 18 October 2020
384:, originally founded in 1955. In August 2006, however, ground was broken in Khartoum for a new campus of Cairo University.
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772:
345:
29:
570:
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2338:
1140:
722:"Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries"
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353:
147:
2194:
1633:
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First: kindergarten and day-care. It begins in the age of 3-4, consists of 1-2 grades, (depending on the parents).
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2209:
1870:
1711:
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329:. By 1990 some institutes had been upgraded to colleges, and many had become part of an autonomous body called the
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2003:
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643:
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2015:
1973:
1800:
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2153:
2023:
1953:
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310:
143:
443:
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1978:
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Girls’ education was traditionally of the most rudimentary kind, frequently provided in Muslim areas by a
395:
in Omdurman was the premier women’s education institution in Sudan. Of particular interest is the case of
337:
306:
236:
34:
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2214:
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1948:
1704:
1637:
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1407:
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349:
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109:
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1322:
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with just 11 students, nursing not being regarded by many Sudanese as a suitable vocation for women.
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289:
Fourth (from 2020/2021): Starting in the 2020/2021 academic year, this is scheduled to last 3 years.
1943:
117:
2515:
2228:
2199:
1582:
1577:
1517:
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1432:
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1308:
1079:
640:
357:
254:
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Third: middle school. Starting in the 2020/2021 academic year, this is scheduled to last 3 years.
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2413:
2343:
2204:
2148:
1958:
1926:
1507:
1462:
1447:
1427:
1417:
1392:
1332:
377:
365:
326:
299:
196:
90:
2493:
2428:
2423:
2374:
2369:
2224:
2167:
1963:
1567:
1477:
1367:
1083:
801:
1245:
2559:
2465:
2433:
2357:
2295:
2278:
2184:
2135:
2105:
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1938:
1763:
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1736:
797:
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381:
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University was created when the Sudanese government took over the former Khartoum branch of
154:
1185:
882:"Sudan Almanac 1949" Public Relations Office, Sudan Government, Khartoum, Pp. 102 & 103
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2488:
2408:
2320:
2060:
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1983:
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student is 13–14 years old and ready to take the certificate exams and enter high school.
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and Islamic teachers and administrators, who were the strongest supporters of the regime.
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at Rufa`a in the Blue Nile province. Eventually this, too, received a government subsidy.
17:
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2540:
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2520:
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2325:
2312:
2120:
2090:
2080:
2065:
192:
50:
785:
2600:
2503:
2130:
2100:
2075:
1860:
1778:
1773:
1220:
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649:
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537:
72:
The literacy rate in 2018 was 60.7% of total population, male: 65.4%, female: 56.1%.
2115:
2110:
2085:
2050:
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183:
In 1989 there were five public universities and two private universities in Sudan.
158:
636:
1260:
El Mahdi, Mandour. (1965). A Short History of the Sudan. Oxford University Press.
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2125:
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822:
The Sudan under Wingate: administration in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1899-1916
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Progression through the Sudanese educational system is structured as follows.
261:
58:
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that is scheduled to complete the institutional transitions of the 2018–2019
1135:
1106:"Revealed: chaining, beatings and torture inside Sudan's Islamic schools"
698:"Africa :: Sudan — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"
430:
195:
government decided to Islamize the schools, backed by the leaders of the
895:, International studies in higher education, Taylor and Francis: 2011,
1277:
721:
204:
127:
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However, this all concerned education for boys. It was in 1907 that
771:
Joshua A. Fishman &c, Post-imperial English, De Gruyter, 1996,
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38:
28:
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1219:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
648:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
571:"Education in Sudan: A Long History but Deeply Troubled Reality"
1700:
1281:
868:
Class and power in the Sudan: the dynamics of Sudanese politics
852:
Class and power in the Sudan: the dynamics of Sudanese politics
146:
was founded by the British in Khartoum in 1920 and the Islamic
387:
Various institutions were designed for specific training. The
748:
743:
741:
527:
525:
523:
521:
519:
661:
659:
89:
In the 1850s, the Turks, who were ruling Sudan through the
667:"Large spending on army: Economists criticise 2018 budget"
469:, opened. By 1955 there were 10 such schools. In 1956 the
211:
doubled, and that many new universities should be opened.
447:
Female student dormitory, University of Khartoum, 2009
264:
granted $ 61.5 million to improve education in Sudan,
1246:
Mongabay.com article on education since independence
2464:
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2277:
2166:
2041:
2014:
1925:
1735:
1621:
1596:
1315:
1163:"Going undercover in the schools that chain boys"
1131:"Going undercover in the schools that chain boys"
228:Graduation ceremony at Garden City college, 2013
790:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History
533:"Sudan to significantly raise education budget"
53:presidency to 8+3 and is scheduled, during the
41:established by the British colonial authorities
1272:A study of neo-Mahdism in the Sudan, 1899-1956
1263:Bedri, Y. (Translator) & P. Hogg. (1980).
1199:Unity High School for Girls Khartoum 1928-1949
607:"Major overhaul in Sudan education curriculum"
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1161:Al-Hamdani, Fateh Al-Rahman (2020-12-07).
1129:al-Hamdani, Fateh al-Rahman (2020-12-07).
1104:Al-Hamdani, Fateh al-Rahman (2020-10-19).
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956:
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950:
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1876:Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile
786:"Education in Colonial Sudan, 1900–1957"
331:Khartoum Institute of Technical Colleges
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515:
798:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.12
251:2019 Sudanese transition to democracy
67:2019 Sudanese transition to democracy
55:2019 Sudanese transition to democracy
7:
1886:Second Transitional Military Council
565:
563:
561:
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424:In 2020 there were more than 30,000
85:Egyptian rule and the Mahdist period
1841:First Transitional Military Council
471:Omdurman Secondary School for Girls
467:Omdurman Girls' Intermediate School
1074:(5th ed.). Washington, D.C.:
157:began on the initiative of Sheikh
25:
1896:2019–2021 transition to democracy
1891:Transitional Sovereignty Council
1608:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1378:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1214:
1052:
784:Seri-Hersch, Iris (2017-02-28).
455:, or religious school, in which
113:Gordon College in Khartoum, 1936
1143:from the original on 2020-12-08
679:from the original on 2019-11-27
619:from the original on 2019-11-27
545:from the original on 2019-11-27
389:Islamic University of Omdurman
309:, opened in 1902. It began as
305:Sudan’s first university, the
1:
1197:Wheeler, Jack, Editor (1949)
749:"Sudan - HRMI Rights Tracker"
504:List of universities in Sudan
148:Omdurman Scientific Institute
80:History of education in Sudan
165:to a United Kingdom degree.
1265:The Memoirs of Babikr Bedri
1186:Unity High School, Khartoum
1070:. In Berry, LaVerle (ed.).
1063:Bechtold, Peter K. (2015).
2623:
1754:Pre-independence governors
726:humanrightsmeasurement.org
491:Ahfad University for Women
393:Ahfad University for Women
121:Sisters' School (Khartoum)
97:The condominium, 1898–1956
2553:
2365:
2286:
2175:
1934:
1784:Anglo-Egyptian occupation
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1232:Federal Research Division
1201:Retrieved 20 October 2020
1076:Federal Research Division
644:Federal Research Division
397:Omdurman Ahlia University
105:Anatomy class around 1900
18:Higher education in Sudan
2589:Class and power in Sudan
1363:Central African Republic
1254:. Google books preview
475:Nurses' Training College
240:Open University of Sudan
1826:National Reconciliation
839:The Sudan under Wingate
407:Educational opportunity
311:Gordon Memorial College
144:Gordon Memorial College
1866:United Nations Mission
1270:Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim,
1252:Short history of Sudan
1250:Mohammed H. Fadlalla,
1072:Sudan: a country study
909:The engaged university
893:The Engaged University
891:David Watson, &c,
448:
307:University of Khartoum
241:
229:
191:In September 1990 the
176:Independence and after
122:
114:
106:
42:
35:University of Khartoum
2240:Native administration
1846:Coalitions/Bashir Era
1759:Pre and early history
1523:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1383:Republic of the Congo
637:Sudan country profile
446:
239:
227:
187:The Bashir government
150:was founded in 1912.
120:
112:
104:
32:
1082:. pp. 120–131.
323:University of Gezira
33:Faculty of Science,
1999:Non-marine molluscs
1598:States with limited
1309:Education in Africa
1080:Library of Congress
641:Library of Congress
325:) and the other in
268:Levels of education
255:Sudanese Revolution
155:education for girls
2607:Education in Sudan
2339:Telecommunications
1774:Turkish occupation
449:
300:University of Juba
242:
230:
197:Muslim Brotherhood
123:
115:
107:
46:Education in Sudan
43:
2577:
2576:
2549:
2548:
2352:
2351:
2315:(former currency)
2273:
2272:
2210:Foreign relations
2162:
2161:
2144:
2143:
2037:
2036:
2016:Natural disasters
1921:
1920:
1906:October 2021 coup
1871:Nomadic conflicts
1796:Independent Sudan
1694:
1693:
1625:other territories
1398:Equatorial Guinea
1089:978-0-8444-0750-0
820:Gabriel Warburg,
807:978-0-19-027773-4
753:rightstracker.org
646:(December 2004).
462:Unity High School
344:(at Al-Damazin),
245:Hamdok government
225:
16:(Redirected from
2614:
2592:
2585:
2562:
2363:
2329:
2316:
2284:
2173:
2039:
2012:
1932:
1831:Second Civil War
1742:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1698:
1686:
1685:(United Kingdom)
1681:Tristan da Cunha
1677:Ascension Island
1669:
1656:
1647:
1623:Dependencies and
1316:Sovereign states
1302:
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1288:
1279:
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586:
585:
583:
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554:
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529:
439:Female education
382:Cairo University
354:Al-Imam Al-Mahdi
293:Higher education
226:
91:Khedive of Egypt
21:
2622:
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2617:
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2545:
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2265:State Governors
2158:
2140:
2033:
2010:
1917:
1801:First Civil War
1731:
1725:
1695:
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1227:Country Studies
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907:Watson &c,
906:
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99:
87:
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23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2620:
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2609:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2591:, p.314, n.92.
2579:
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2453:
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2449:Public toilets
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2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
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2380:Child marriage
2377:
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2354:
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2293:
2287:
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2275:
2274:
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2268:
2267:
2262:
2260:Vice President
2257:
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2250:Prime Minister
2247:
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2237:
2232:
2229:September Laws
2222:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
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2187:
2182:
2176:
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2164:
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2160:
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2156:
2151:
2145:
2142:
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2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2121:South Kordofan
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2091:North Kordofan
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2066:Central Darfur
2063:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2024:Climate change
2020:
2018:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
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1918:
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1911:2023 Civil war
1908:
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1878:
1873:
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1821:Communist coup
1818:
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1204:
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1190:
1178:
1153:
1121:
1096:
1088:
938:
913:
911:, 2011, p.142.
900:
884:
875:
859:
843:
830:
813:
806:
776:
764:
737:
713:
689:
675:. 2018-12-26.
655:
629:
615:. 2019-11-26.
587:
555:
541:. 2019-11-11.
514:
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346:Bahr al-Ghazal
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51:Omar al-Bashir
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2619:
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2602:
2590:
2587:Tim Niblock,
2584:
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2537:
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2147:
2146:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2131:West Kordofan
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
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2102:
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2019:
2017:
2013:
2005:
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1901:Peace process
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1887:
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1861:War in Darfur
1859:
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1444:
1441:
1439:
1438:Guinea-Bissau
1436:
1434:
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1426:
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1243:
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1229:
1228:
1222:
1221:public domain
1213:
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1111:
1107:
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1073:
1066:
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1059:public domain
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910:
904:
901:
898:
894:
888:
885:
879:
876:
873:
870:, 1898-1985,
869:
866:Tim Niblock,
863:
860:
857:
854:, 1898-1985,
853:
850:Tim Niblock,
847:
844:
840:
834:
831:
827:
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672:Radio Dabanga
668:
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650:public domain
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612:Radio Dabanga
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538:Radio Dabanga
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2479:Architecture
2391:
2387:Demographics
2301:Central Bank
2215:Human rights
2190:Constitution
2116:South Darfur
2086:North Darfur
1769:Islamization
1673:Saint Helena
1644:
1557:
1548:South Africa
1538:Sierra Leone
1343:Burkina Faso
1271:
1264:
1251:
1226:
1209:Attribution:
1208:
1207:
1193:
1181:
1170:. Retrieved
1166:
1156:
1145:. Retrieved
1134:
1124:
1113:. Retrieved
1110:The Guardian
1109:
1099:
1071:
930:. Retrieved
928:. 2020-11-18
925:
916:
908:
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892:
887:
878:
867:
862:
851:
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838:
833:
821:
816:
789:
779:
767:
756:. Retrieved
752:
729:. Retrieved
725:
716:
705:. Retrieved
701:
692:
681:. Retrieved
670:
647:
632:
621:. Retrieved
610:
579:. Retrieved
577:. 2020-10-06
574:
547:. Retrieved
536:
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159:Babikr Bedri
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88:
74:
71:
64:
45:
44:
26:
2536:Photography
2531:Decorations
2291:Agriculture
2219:LGBT rights
2180:Ambassadors
2126:West Darfur
2071:East Darfur
1989:Butterflies
1816:Nimeiry Era
1600:recognition
1553:South Sudan
1443:Ivory Coast
1065:"Education"
702:www.cia.gov
249:During the
2516:Literature
2402:minorities
2328:(currency)
2245:Parliament
2200:Corruption
2136:White Nile
2106:River Nile
2056:Al Qadarif
1655:(Portugal)
1613:Somaliland
1533:Seychelles
1498:Mozambique
1483:Mauritania
1468:Madagascar
1423:The Gambia
1358:Cape Verde
1172:2020-12-12
1147:2020-12-08
1115:2020-10-19
932:2020-12-12
926:World Bank
828:-88, p.30.
758:2022-03-28
731:2022-03-28
707:2020-10-19
683:2019-11-27
623:2019-11-26
581:2020-12-12
549:2019-11-26
510:References
378:Al-Neelain
376:. In 1993
374:Al-Gedaref
366:Port Sudan
350:Upper Nile
340:, Darfur,
262:World Bank
59:World Bank
2439:Squatting
2414:Languages
2392:Education
2344:Transport
2308:Companies
2255:President
2205:Elections
2149:Districts
2061:Blue Nile
1959:Volcanoes
1949:Mountains
1927:Geography
1881:2019 coup
1851:1989 coup
1836:1985 coup
1811:1969 coup
1806:1958 coup
1488:Mauritius
837:Warburg,
342:Blue Nile
2601:Category
2569:Category
2494:Clothing
2429:Religion
2424:Refugees
2375:Polygamy
2370:Marriage
2334:Taxation
2235:Military
2225:Islamism
2168:Politics
2096:Northern
2081:Khartoum
2004:Reptiles
1964:Wildlife
1779:Mahdiyya
1764:Medieval
1749:Timeline
1679: /
1675: /
1668:(France)
1662: /
1640: /
1636: /
1588:Zimbabwe
1563:Tanzania
1413:Ethiopia
1408:Eswatini
1388:Djibouti
1353:Cameroon
1338:Botswana
1167:BBC News
1141:Archived
1136:BBC News
677:Archived
617:Archived
543:Archived
498:See also
431:BBC News
338:Kordofan
2560:Outline
2509:History
2466:Culture
2444:Toilets
2434:Slavery
2358:Society
2296:Banking
2279:Economy
2185:Cabinet
2101:Red Sea
2076:Kassala
1974:Mammals
1939:Geology
1789:History
1737:History
1664:RĂ©union
1660:Mayotte
1651:Madeira
1646:(Spain)
1642:Melilla
1573:Tunisia
1543:Somalia
1528:Senegal
1513:Nigeria
1503:Namibia
1493:Morocco
1458:Liberia
1453:Lesotho
1403:Eritrea
1373:Comoros
1348:Burundi
1323:Algeria
1240:Sources
841:, p.91.
457:Quranic
426:khalwas
420:Khalwas
370:Kassala
362:Dongola
139:kuttabs
128:kuttabs
2499:Emblem
2489:Cinema
2474:Anthem
2409:Health
2326:Pound
2321:Energy
2313:Dinar
2154:Cities
2111:Sennar
2051:Gezira
2043:States
2029:Floods
1984:Horses
1954:Rivers
1683:
1666:
1653:
1583:Zambia
1578:Uganda
1518:Rwanda
1473:Malawi
1433:Guinea
1328:Angola
1223:.
1086:
1061::
804:
575:Fanack
453:khalwa
433:Arabic
372:, and
352:, and
205:hadith
193:Bashir
2541:Sport
2526:Music
2521:Media
2456:Women
2195:Coups
1994:Moths
1979:Birds
1969:Fauna
1944:Lakes
1856:RCCNS
1728:Sudan
1638:Ceuta
1558:Sudan
1508:Niger
1463:Libya
1448:Kenya
1428:Ghana
1418:Gabon
1393:Egypt
1333:Benin
1068:(PDF)
897:p.142
872:p.151
856:p.126
773:p.340
483:dowry
358:Nyala
39:Sudan
2504:Flag
2419:LGBT
1568:Togo
1478:Mali
1368:Chad
1256:here
1084:ISBN
826:p.87
802:ISBN
327:Juba
2484:Art
794:doi
2603::
1230:.
1165:.
1139:.
1133:.
1108:.
1078:,
941:^
924:.
824:,
800:.
792:.
788:.
751:.
740:^
724:.
700:.
669:.
658:^
639:.
609:.
590:^
573:.
558:^
535:.
518:^
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364:,
360:,
348:,
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1118:.
1092:.
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796::
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710:.
686:.
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626:.
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552:.
130:,
20:)
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