Education in Romania - Knowledge (XXG)

2202:(drs.), specific for the Dutch research universities (called WO), have been granted based upon Romanian license diplomas (four/five years as nominal study length). In this respect it is a prejudice that one had to do a Romanian university depth study in order to get Dutch titles like drs. and mr. In the post-Bologna Dutch educational system, the title mr. has been replaced by and it is equal in value with the degree LLM, and the title drs. has been replaced by and it is equal in value with the degrees MA or MSc. According to the Dutch law (WHW art. 7.23, paragraph 3), Dienst Uitvoering Onderwijs, a service of the Dutch Department of Education, service which was formerly called Informatie Beheer Groep, gives the permission to bear a recognized Dutch title to holders of foreign diplomas who graduated from recognized educational institutions, with the condition that a similar faculty and curriculum exists in the Netherlands and that there are no substantial differences between the two educational paths (referring both to the higher education and to the education which usually precedes it in the country of origin). 2121:

projects. Tempus also provides Individual Mobility Grants (IMGs) to faculties to help them improve their activities. In addition, non-governmental organisations, business companies, industries and public authorities can receive financial help from Tempus. CEEPUS, Central European Exchange Program for University Studies, was founded in 1994 by countries from the EU and EU candidates. The program provides grants for students, graduates and university teachers participating in intensive courses, networking, and excursions. Project eLearn is being developed by European countries to accelerate and share their strategies in e-learning. Monet is a project which aims to facilitate the introduction of European integration studies in universities. The term "European integration studies" is taken to mean the construction of the European Community and its related institutional, legal, political, economic and social developments. The project targets disciplines in which community developments are an increasingly important part of the subject studied, i.e.,

1858:), teaching assistants and psychologists, free speech therapy and academic programs for gifted students. By contrast, rural schools are usually tiny, with some, in villages, providing only 4 years education (the rest being offered at a nearby larger village) having only one teacher for all students (generally under 10 students in total) – a situation almost identical to the one existing at the turn of the 20th century. Transportation to and from school is almost never provided – and in extreme cases, in remote villages, students as young as six must walk up to 10 km to school if there is no bus or train. Only starting in 2003 was a very limited rural transportation service introduced (the yellow school minibus with a little bell – microbuzul școlar galben cu clopoțel). Public transport for all students is in theory free, but, because of a very awkward system, students end up paying half the price for a season ticket. Pre-university students also benefit from free tickets for all commuter trains operated by 1066: 1085:(Capacity Exam) and can be taken only once, in June. The subjects are Romanian Language and Literature and Mathematics (and additionally the language of the school for ethnic minority schools or classes and for bi-lingual schools). Many high schools provide classes with intensive study of a foreign language, such as English, French, German or Spanish; a two-part examination (Grammar/Vocabulary and Speaking) is required for them. The passing mark is 5 for each of the exams. The finishing grade (also known as the admission grade) is computed, taking into account for 20% an average of all the Yearly General Averages starting with year 5 and for the rest of 80% the mark obtained at the National Test (1-10, 10 being the highest, not rounded, precision 0.01). The exam marks were public, with results lists being placed both in schools and on the 465:

2011, which was again replaced by a new law in 2023. This law came into force after years of political debate regarding not only the number of years in compulsory education, but also how they should be structured. The original form of the law, which would have moved the 9th grade to middle school, was never implemented. With the adding of the preparatory school year as part of compulsory primary education in 2012, compulsory education consisted of 5 years of primary school, 4 of middle school/gymnasium and 2 of high school/vocation school. There were 2 more optional high school years. In 2020, the last year of kindergarten, as well as the last two years of high school were added to compulsory education, bringing compulsory education to a total of 14 years.

679:) are given throughout the year, in a system of year-long assessment, on tests, schoolwork, homework or projects. The average for a subject (that will go in the mark register) is calculated by the teacher taking into account the progress of the student and by using a 1–4 value for each qualifier (for example, if a student has FB, FB, B, B in Mathematics, then the mark will be (4 + 4 + 3 + 3) : 4 = 3.5, therefore B – taking into account that the performance of the student has lowered over time a B, B, FB, FB will also be 3.5 but will be marked as FB because the performance has improved over time). There is no average calculated for the whole year, but only per subject per semester. 1916:

schools (preparatory grade to fourth grade) have a uniform. In recent years, school uniforms have become more common for middle schools, and even some high schools have introduced them. School uniforms are more common in urban areas. School uniforms are not without controversy. Critics argue that some parents cannot afford them, that some schools send children at home or lower their grades if they do not comply (this practice has been ruled illegal), or that there are illicit agreements between school administration and clothes producers. The 2018 regulations state explicitly that children cannot be punished or denied access to education for not wearing a uniform.

1931: 474: 1882:) being used to promote the best students. These contests are highly popular, as they bring many advantages to the students taking part in them (like the ability to legally skip school for a longer period of time without punishment, easier evaluation at all other subjects, a different, better treatment from teachers, free trips and holidays, better preparation for the final exams – as these are structured like an exam) with whole classes taking part in the lower phase of such contests. Some olympiads may grant the student the ability to skip the National Test. 583:

parents choose a school earlier, the future student is automatically enrolled in the school nearest to his or her residence. Some schools that have a good reputation are flooded with demands from parents even two or three years in advance. A negative consequence of this is that in many schools classes are held in two shifts lasting from as early as 7 a.m. to as late as 8 p.m. Education is free in public schools (including some books), but not entirely (some textbooks, notebooks, writing instruments, consumables and uniforms may be required to be purchased).

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education was 7 years, but this was not enforced. Originally, the communist regime lowered compulsory education to 4 years, but with a strong enforcement. Next they increased it gradually to 7, 8 and ultimately 10 years. After the 1989 revolution, compulsory education was lowered again to 8 years. The new government cited as reasons the poor quality of education, high strain on the state budget, and inflation of diplomas. In 2003, compulsory education was raised again to 10 years, through Law nr. 268/2003, modifying Article 6 of Law nr. 84/1995.

1817:), the student is allowed to retake only the exams he failed, until he manages to graduate but no more than 5 times. A September session is held especially for those failing in the June/July session or for those unable to attend the exam in the summer. In case a student is not content with the mark received, one may contest it in 24 hours after finding his or her score. If passed, unlike the case with most high school completion exams, he or she may not retake it (although this matters less in Romania than in the United States or Germany). 1941: 1542: 1951: 1106:. A national computer system does the repartition, by taking into account students in the order of their preferences and their "admission grade". Thus, somebody with a 9.85 average (this is a top 5% mark) will certainly enter the high school he or she desires, while somebody with 5.50 has almost no chance to attend a top-ranked high school. However, based on this system, the last admission averages for some prestigious high schools are over 9.50 or 9.60. 1055: 2252: 2380: 1636:) — A foreign language (Oral Examination) — The candidate is allowed to choose from English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and Russian. The choice must be done upon registration for the exam (usually in May) and cannot be changed. The candidate draws one subject with two questions (reading comprehension and speaking) at random, and has 15 minutes thinking time to construct his answers and 10 minutes to answer. 2153: 2078: 1457: 1118:

a University without any problem. However, because of the subjects taught, the quality of education and the requirements for admission in universities, artificial barriers may appear: for example, a graduate of a Humane and Social Studies Department will find it very hard to apply for a Mathematics Department at a University because the admission exam for that university department requires knowledge of

2064:), that is entry based on the grades at Baccalaureate and/or the grades of the relevant subject(s) from high school; essays, interviews and other performance assessments. Some universities may have special places for students that ranked highly in high school olympiads. The process of academic selection is usually more rigorous at state universities than at private universities. 1496: 1797:) is marked from 1 to 10 with 10 being the best, using two decimals for written exams (e.g. 9.44 or 9.14 is a valid mark) and an integer for an oral exam. Each exam is corrected and graded by two separate correctors (no computers are involved, as this is not a standardized test) agreeing on the mark based on a nationwide guideline. The total mark for the Bacalaureat is the 4903: 1290:— A type of high school (usually offering academic programmes in the field of technical or services education). Some are regarded as being the worst alternative to allow access to a highschool diploma and access to university, while others are very well regarded as they give highly useful and well-regarded diplomas and provide a rather high-quality. 1866:

Normally, a class lasts 50 minutes, followed by a 10-minute break (and sometimes one 20-minute break). From November until March, some schools reduce classes to 45 minutes and breaks to 5 minutes, for fear that 6:30 or 7:30 in the evening is a too late and a too dangerous hour to leave school during the dark. School days are Monday to Friday.

2020:(ECTS). Since multiple-major programs are not available at Romanian universities, a student wishing to specialize in several areas of study is allowed to simultaneously attend several universities as a full-time student. Accreditation and diploma certification is in the hands of the National Center for Diploma Certification and Equivalency, 2117:

deepen the cooperation on higher education, strengthening the whole fabric of relations existing between the peoples of Europe, bringing out common cultural values. The program allows fruitful exchanges of views to take place and facilitates multinational activities in the scientific, cultural, artistic, economic and social spheres.

1428:) — a two-year school providing a low qualification such as salesman or welder or builder. In case the student wants to continue to high school he or she must attend a special year between the 2nd year in the School of Crafts and Trades, and the 11th year in high school. These types of schools were abolished in 2010. 1296:: a type of 3-years high school focused on vocational training and apprenticeship; after graduating from this school it is possible for the student to transfer to a technological high school and graduate with a Baccalaureate diploma. Very few students attend such schools, and parents are often skeptical about them. 4129:, Ministry of National Education, Institute For Sciences of Education, Bucharest, 1999. (Authors: Florentina Anghel, Magdalena Balica, Mircea Badescu, Irina Boca, Romulus Brâncoveanu, Diana Ghinea, Rodica Hritac, Mihaela Jigau, Andrei Novak, Cornelia Novak, and Viorica Pop. Coordinator: Cezar Bîrzea.) 2315:

corresponding to age 14–15) because children must change schools to go to high school, and many villages do not have high schools, and therefore parents must make arrangements for their children to commute to the nearest locality or for the child to move there. Commuting is difficult, and as a result

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and therefore access to University studies. Unlike the Swedish or French systems, the choice of high school curriculum does not limit the choices for university. For example, a graduate of a Mathematics-Computer Programming (Real) Department of a National College may apply to a Language Department of

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Classes are reshaped at the end of the 4th grade, often based on academic performances. Many schools have special classes (such as intensive English classes or Informatics classes, providing one or two more courses in these subjects). Selection for such classes is done based on local tests. Assessing

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Education in Romania is compulsory for 15 years (from the second year of the kindergarten to the twelfth grade). With the exception of kindergarten (preschool) and tertiary education (university), the private sector has a very low presence in the Romanian education system. Education became compulsory

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Both urban and rural schools may organize clubs, but this is left to teachers. Dance clubs, school sports, traditions and story telling, drama, music, applied physics or chemistry and even math clubs are popular, depending on the teachers organizing. However, participation in these clubs will not be

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The Erasmus Mundus program is a cooperation program intended to support high-quality European master courses. These courses are purposed to engage postgraduate studies at European universities. It targets another characteristic, educational mobility, through projects that try to establish consortia

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The Ministry of Education established the National Authority for Scientific Research (Autoritatea Națională pentru Cercetare Științifică). This agency emerged from specific requirements designed to promote the development of a knowledge-based society. As in the other Eastern European countries, the

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In 2016, 531,586 students were enrolled in Romanian's 97 universities, in all three cycles, of which 464,642 were in public institutions. 76.3% of the students were enrolled in the first cycle (bachelor level), 20.1% in the second cycle (master level) and 3.6% in the third cycle (doctoral studies).

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In Romania, higher education is provided by universities, institutes, study academies, schools of higher education, and other similar establishments, collectively referred to as higher education institutions (HEIs) or universities. HEIs can be state-owned or private; they are non-profit, apolitical

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The Baccalaureate is a requirement when enrolling in a university, because, technically, without passing it, the student is not a high school graduate. However, the importance of the actual admission score varies between universities, with its relevance being minimal for universities that require a

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will give a qualification in the fields of services, such as an economic, tourist, commerce, administrative operator, or a waiter, chef. Offering a quite balanced program, similar to the real studies in the theoretical program, but a bit lighter, and giving a valuable qualification, this program is

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will give a qualification in a non-technical field, such as kindergarten educator, assistant architect, or pedagogue. A lot of subjects are based on humanities, with specifics based on qualification (such as Teaching) and almost no math, physics or chemistry. Art, music, and design high schools are

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For grades fifth to twelfth, a 1 to 10 grading system is used with 10 being the best, 1 being the worst and 5 being the minimum passing grade. The system of continuous assessment is also used, with individual marks for each test, oral examination, project, homework or classwork being entered in the

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includes primary school (the preparatory school year and the next 4 grades of primary school) and then four more grades (grades 5–8 of gymnasium). Most elementary schools are public; the Ministry of Education's statistics show less than 2% of elementary school students attend private school. Unless

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The relative number of available places in kindergartens is small, many having waiting lists or requiring admission and formalities to be done at least six months in advance. The lack of available places is especially obvious in state-run kindergartens, that charge no tuition fees, especially given

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As of April 2013, there were about 7,200 opened schools in Romania, a sharp drop from nearly 30,000 units in 1996. This is mainly because many schools were brought together in order to form bigger schools and eliminate paperwork. In the same year, 3.2 million students and preschoolers were enrolled

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managed to write a perfect paper (42 points) for gold medal more times than anybody else in the history of the competition, doing it all three times he participated in the IMO (1995, 1996, 1997). Romania has achieved the highest team score in the competition, after China and Russia, and right after

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Secondary education is underfunded in Romania. Parents typically contribute about 100 LEI per student per year as "class fund" (Romanian: "fondul clasei") which is used to buy chalk, etc. (Other estimates are 40 to 450 LEI.) These contributions, amounting to about 70 million euros per year for the

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Tempus is a program for cooperation in Higher Education started between EU member states and partner countries. There are four subprograms (Tempus I, Tempus II, Tempus II-bis and Tempus III between 2000 and 2006). Tempus III is actually a pledge for cooperation in higher education which states to

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is quite rich in big cities, including public kindergartens as well as various types of private kindergartens, this is not the case in rural areas. Many villages have improvised facilities, with very poor conditions, and suffer from a lack of teachers. Life in a city school is very different from

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Except for the languages exams, the subjects are provided in any language desired by the candidate (demands can be made "on the spot" for a number of languages — Hungarian, German and Romanian subjects are available in all high schools nationwide, with other languages in areas where the respective

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movement began when, around the University of Bucharest, these students proclaimed a ‘communist free zone’, installed tents around the area and protested for over 40 days demanding that communist statesmen be dismissed from public functions. Additionally, they demanded the autonomy of mass-media.

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The main goal of the country has been to adapt to the European Higher Education System. Especially notable has been the effort for having their academic diplomas recognised by other European countries and for developing international programs such as: Tempus, CEEPUS, Socrates/Erasmus, Copernicus,

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in the text" or "Comment the following passage in ten lines or less"). Half an hour before the start of the exam, the Minister Of Education draws the correct variant on TV, with sealed envelopes containing 20 or 25 exam papers being delivered to the exam rooms and opened in front of the students.

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comprises 2 or 3 oral examinations and 4 or 5 written examinations, usually spanning the course of one and a half weeks in late June and September. It is a highly centralized, national exam. Usually the exam papers are taken to a centralized marking facility, sometimes even in another city, under

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will give a qualification in a technical field such as electrician, industrial machine operator, train driver, and mechanic, etc. A lot of subjects are technically based (e.g. Calibration of Technical Measurement Machines, Locomotive Mechanics), with some math, physics and chemistry and almost no

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Manualul este distribuit elevilor în mod gratuit, atât în format tipărit, cât și în format digital, și este transmisibil timp de patru ani școlari, începând din anul școlar <insert years here>. (translation: The textbook is freely distributed to students, both in printed format and digital

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However, Romanian students’ movements were a model for other neighboring countries. For instance, Bulgarian students made an alliance with union syndicates and protested through marathon demonstrations and strikes. The difference in that case was that their union syndicates were strong allies of

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and most of its tertiary level programmes is made of three cycles: a three-year bachelor's degree, followed by a two-year master's degree, and a three-year doctoral's degree. However, some programmes take longer to complete, for example those in engineering fields (four-year programmes), or some

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Most of the rules and regulations of elementary school apply to high schools, too. Uniforms are a local issue, according with each school's policies. Few high schools have uniforms, and in case they do, these are only used on special occasions (such as festivities, conferences, sporting contests

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During the 1990–2003 period, there was very little concern for education in Romania, and the generation who studied in this period is quite poorly trained, with illiteracy being higher than the previous generation, especially among the Roma population in rural areas. A new law come into force in

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Throughout the 20th century, compulsory education has oscillated between 4 years, 7 years, again 4 years, 7 years, 8 years, 10 years, and again 8 years. In the 21st century, it was raised to 10 years, then to 11 years, and then to 14 years. When the communists came into power in 1947, compulsory

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process is left to the Universities, and there is no integrated admission scheme. As such, the admission requirements vary between universities and different fields of study. The admission process may include an "admission exam" in one or several high-school subjects that correspond best to the

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Optional subjects are either imposed by schools on the students or, at best, students are allowed to choose a package of two or three subjects at group level (not individual level). Usually optional subjects provide additional hours of the hardest subjects, through "extensions" and "development

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branch can also provide an intensive course in programming which also ends with a diploma. These are not, however, available at every highschool (different schools decide their own programs) and the majority of students make their highschool choice based on what classes they want to take. Every

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Most public kindergartens in urban areas offer parents three types of programs, in order to better suit the parents' schedules – a short schedule (typically 8 a.m. to 1 p.m., with one snack or meal), a medium schedule (typically 8 a.m. to 3 p.m., with one snack and one meal) and a long schedule

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The Netherlands has accepted starting with May 1, 2008 the articles II.2, IX.2 and XI.5 of the Lisbon Convention on the Recognition of Qualifications concerning Higher Education in the European Region. Usually, Romanian university diplomas (more precisely, licenses got after four/five years of

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More specifically, the Tempus program pursues the establishment of consortia. Consortia implements Joint European Projects with a clear set of objectives, financed partially by this program, for the maximum duration of three years. The development is considered in small steps, successful small

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are not compulsory in Romania. However, each school is allowed to set its own dress code, which may include a uniform. Such decisions must be taken together with the parents. Usually, the younger the students are, the more likely they are to be required to wear a uniform. As such, most primary

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Most schools follow the tradition of school shifts (originally done for lack of space, but now tradition). Thus, school starts for some groups (usually years I to IV and VIII) at 7:30 or 8:00 and ends at 12:00–14:30, while other groups (years V–VII) start at 11:00–13:30 and end at 17:00–19:30.

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monthly, depending on the town/city where the institution is located and on the services offered, whereas for public kindergarten there is no tuition fee (some may, however, charge for meals and/or transportation). The private sector is quite expensive, catering to upper and upper-middle-class

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The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI) finds that Romania is fulfilling only 65.1% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to education based on the country's level of income. HRMI breaks down the right to education by looking at the rights to both primary education and secondary

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The professors have been trying to adapt curricula to that of their counterparts from North America or Western Europe. After 1990, Romania has started many projects supervised by countries from the European Union and also in collaboration with the US, obtaining some projects and bursaries.

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Unlike the elementary school, there are no clear guidelines for marking. That means that typically grade averages are not comparable betweens schools or even between different teachers in the same school. The communication between students and teachers is minimal. Usually students have no

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university study, before the application of the Bologna process), are granted in the Netherlands either the title baccalaureus (bc.) or ingenieur (ing.), which are specific to Dutch higher professional education (called HBO). But there are instances wherein titles like meester (mr.) and

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The "preparatory school year" became compulsory in 2012, and is a requirement in order to enter the first grade. According to Article 31 of the Law 198/2023, the preparatory class is part of the primary school and is compulsory. Primary school classes are taught by a single teacher

687:) (these individual marks are known as "note"). There must be at least as many marks for a subject as the number of weekly classes for that subject plus three. At the end of the school year, an average is computed for each subject using the arithmetical average of all marks. 989:

There are up to 15 compulsory subjects (usually 8–13) and up to 5 optional subjects (usually 1 or 2). However, unlike in the United Kingdom or France, these optional subjects are chosen by the school and imposed on the student – they are known as School Decided Curriculum

1140:) — the most prestigious high schools in Romania, most are each part of at least one international program such as Cervantes, SOCRATES, Eurolikes etc. All are "theoretical" (see below). Some of them are over 100 years old, and have a very strong tradition in education: 1128:

High school studies are four years in length, all four years compulsory since 2020. There are no exams between the 10th and the 11 years. There is also a lower frequency program taking 5 years for those wishing to attend high school after abandoning at an earlier age.

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bachelor's and master's degree are combined into a unique six-year programme (medicine, and architecture). Master's programs are a prerequisite for admission to PhD programs. Vocational education is handled by post-secondary schools with programmes lasting two years.

718:) for the most subjects. Additional teachers are assigned only for a few specialized subjects (modern languages, sport, etc.). At the end of primary school, curriculum is diversified. For instance, a 4th grade student (10–11 years of age) may have on a weekly basis: 1437:

classes". Some high schools may offer unique classes (e.g. History of Film ) In addition, there are also a large number of specializations. A student can be, for example, enrolled in a National College, study a real program, specializing in mathematics-informatics.

3328: 1894:) – this being a Romanian school tradition. However, field trips or research trips are not common (one or two every year), and are usually visits to museums or trips to natural habitats of various animals or plants, to gather information for a school project. 2035:

Romanian universities have historically been classified among the best in Eastern Europe and have attracted international students, especially in the fields of medicine and technology. Foreign students accounted for 27,510 (5.1% of enrollment, as of 2016).

1729:) — Subject at the choice of the candidate from the domains considered as the main part of the Academic Program followed in high school (Written Examination) — This gives the student more choice depending on the academic program completed. For example, a 4021: 2362:

Since the fall of communism, the trend to study abroad has come back. The numbers of youth studying abroad has been constantly increasing, with about 50.000 youth studying at universities in foreign countries. This contributes to emigration and to the

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parents (or legal guardians) of students (or students over 18) who want to study religion must submit an application for this class. Before 2014, all students were enrolled automatically, unless their parents opted-out, with pressure to attend being

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students. Also, their movement was less radical but more powerful and realistic. In this case, they succeeded to dismiss some communist leaders. In Ukraine, the social movements from the end of 2004 against electoral frauds had the same structure.

550:(typically 8 a.m. to 5–6 p.m., with three snacks and one meal, and almost always including after lunch sleeping periods). In rural areas, most kindergartens only have a short schedule. Rural kindergartens also suffer from underfunding and neglect. 56:), which is mandatory in order to enter primary school. Schooling is compulsory until the twelfth grade (which corresponds with the age of eighteen or nineteen). The school educational cycle ends in the twelfth grade, when students graduate the 3971: 1626:) — The language of study in a school where the teaching is done in a language other than Romanian (usually the language of an ethnic group) — organized exactly like Exam A/1. C/1 is taken only by those taught in another language than Romanian. 2043:, in stark contrast from the pre-university segment. Each university is free to decide everything from their management to the organization of classes. Furthermore, many universities devolve this autonomy further down, to each department. 1431:

Apprentice School — a two-year school, almost integrally based on apprenticeship with a company, that usually also hires the graduates. Once highly popular, they were phased out by 2009. There is no access to high school from this type of

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exist in Romania for students who do not have a sufficiently high grade to enter academic high school, because secondary education is compulsory. Between 2003 and 2010, the main type of such education were Schools of Crafts and Trades

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The private sector has a very large role in providing kindergarten and day care services, having a large proportion in the market share for preschool education. Typical tuition fees for private kindergarten range between 400 and 1,600

647:. Each group has its own designation, usually the grade followed by a letter of the alphabet (for example, VII A means that the student is in the 7th grade in the 'A' class). Primary schools commonly give them names, usually animals. 1417:

very sought after (being second only to the real program). Some economic high schools, such as Colegiul Economic Virgil Madgearu (Bucharest), are more academically focused; while others focus more on the vocational specializations.

3557: 3397: 571:), where both parents typically work, seeing an increase in demand, have begun investing in expanding existing kindergartens, building new ones or offering stipends for private kindergartens as to cover part of the tuition fees. 3535: 2821: 1237:. They are considered extremely strict and legally they have the same regime as army units, being considered military installations with all students being members of the army and abiding army rules and regulations, including 2234:. Students had been a very active social category participating in the social protests in the years 1956, 1968, 1987, and 1989. After 1990, they formed a very radical offensive campaign aimed against communist politicians. 1869:

Public schools do not usually serve lunch and thus lack a cafeteria, although in recent years after-school programs that may include lunch have been introduced. There are also private after-school programs in urban areas.

3257:"Ministerul Educatiei se razgandeste - Ora de Religie devine optionala pentru elevi din martie. Sorin Cimpeanu: Parintii care vor ora de Religie pentru copiii lor depun cerere pana pe 6 martie, pentru anul scolar in curs" 1885:

Additionally, many Physical Education teachers organize intramural competitions and one or two day trips to the mountains. Other teachers usually also organize such trips and even whole holidays during the summer –

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Based on this classification, the Ministry of Education has published a detailed ranking of Romanian universities. Some of the most prominent Romanian universities are also the oldest modern Romanian universities:

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In order to enroll in a high school, the student must choose a list of high schools he or she desires to attend (there is no automatic enrolment this time), based on his mark and options by filling in a nationwide

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education. While taking into consideration Romania's income level, the nation is achieving 48.5% of what should be possible based on its resources (income) for primary education and 81.6% for secondary education.

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There are five types of high schools in Romania allowing access to university, based on the type of education offered and their academic performance. All of these allow for a high school diploma, access to the

3945: 3208:"Religia nu mai este obligatorie in scoala. Biserica Ortodoxa primeste o lovitura de la Curtea Constitutionala: Parintii care vor sa isi inscrie copiii la materia Religie trebuie sa depuna o cerere - Esential" 3207: 2617: 448:, it was influenced by the Soviet education system (especially in the 1950s), and it included political propaganda, as well as hours of compulsory physical work by school children (usually in agriculture). 2595: 2316:

many children abandon school (despite the fact that education is compulsory until twelfth grade). In one study, a third of rural school children said they planned to drop out of school after eighth grade.

1395:, will give a qualification in agriculture, sylviculture, protection of the environment, food industry. Like the technical programs, it is focused more on training for a job, and is lighter on academics. 4022:"50.000 de tineri studiaza la facultati straine si numarul creste constant. Care sunt cauzele exodului de creiere si care sunt sursele de finantare pentru studentii care pleaca din Romania - Esential" 507:) is for children aged 6–7, and since it became compulsory in 2012, it usually takes place at school. The preparatory school year is a requirement in order to enter the first grade, being part of the 675:– Failed. Students who get an N/I must take an exam in the summer with a special assembly of teachers, and if the situation is not improved, the student will repeat the whole year. The "qualifiers" ( 3946:"Religia nu mai este obligatorie in scoala. Biserica Ortodoxa primeste o lovitura de la Curtea Constitutionala: Parintii care vor sa isi inscrie copiii la materia Religie trebuie sa depuna o cerere" 3427: 1669:) — The language of study in a school where the teaching is done in a language other than Romanian (usually the language of an ethnic group) — written examination — organized exactly like Exam A/2. 981:

In addition, schools may add 1 or 2 classes at their free choice. This possibility gave rise to Intensive English Classes or Informatics Groups, accessible only by special exams in the 5th grade.

3558:"Avertisment UNICEF: 1 din 5 tineri de liceu nu merge la scoala. Copiii de la sate au un risc cu aproape 40% mai mare sa abandoneze scoala sau sa ramana repetenti, fata cei de la oras - Esential" 3061: 1659:

According to law, each student must receive an exam paper, writing the subjects on the board being no longer allowed. Exam C was 2 hours long in 2005, 2004 and 2003 and 3 hours long since 2002.

1218:) — An average high school, providing one or more of the available academic programs. They are very common and vary greatly in quality and results. They usually (but not always) offer both the 3502: 1089:

until 2020, when the student's names were replaced with examination codes. After the 8th grade, students go to secondary education; since 2020, all four years are compulsory. Various types of

4172: 2577: 2785: 690:

The last step is adding all the yearly averages per subject (rounded to the nearest integer) and dividing that amount by the total number of subjects. This forms the yearly grade average (

1406:

grouped here. High schools belonging to religious cults are also included. Usually, admission in these high schools is done by a special exam besides the National Tests in music or art.

3527: 3405: 2211: 2832: 3634: 3871: 1181: 643:) can have up to about 30 students (25 is considered optimum), and there can be as few as one class per grade or as many as twenty classes per grade. Usually, each group has its own 511:

stage, according to Law 198/2023. During the transition period after the new law was enacted transfers of teachers occurred in order to fill in the educational needs of this year.

1813:

and Neversea Festival). In July 2018, 132 candidates out of a total 123,619 scored a perfect 10 (0.11%) while 86.162 (69.70%) students passed the Bacalaureat. In case of failure (

1598:

for marking). The exam supervisors (always high school teachers or university professors) cannot teach in, or otherwise be related to, the high school they are sent to supervise.

1065: 586:

School starts in the beginning of September and ends in the middle or end of June the following year. It is divided into five periods called modules, each followed by a holiday:

3371: 3329:"Proiectul de lege invatamantul profesional-dual, in dezbatere publica: Operatorii economici care incheie contract de parteneriat cu scolile vor beneficia de facilitati fiscale" 3915: 1363:

which has more hours reserved for classes such as History, Sociology, and Psychology. Training in Mathematics is provided for all 4 years of High School (2 hours per week).

514:

Kindergarten services differ from one kindergarten to another, and from public (state) to private ones, and may include initiation in foreign languages (typically English,

3893: 3078: 3996: 2330:

The teaching of religion in schools is a controversial issue in Romania, and it is a political topic regularly debated in the public space. Various politicians (notably

2230:

After 1990, universities were the first kind of institution to start the reforms for democratization of education. They achieved autonomy, an impossible goal during the

1323: 2017: 1707:

program in high school will receive a Mathematics 1 subject — the hardest math subjects, including algebra, simple calculus, trigonometry and geometry, while a former

1189: 429:, when four years of primary school became free and compulsory for all children, regardless of social class and sex. Despite this, the law was not enforced, and mass 2272:

In 2015 the Romanian adult literacy rate was 98.8%. In 2004, the combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary schools was 75% (52nd worldwide)

4295: 2609: 1122:, a subject not taught in Humanities and Social Studies. But there is no formal limitation: if that student manages to understand calculus, they are free to apply. 3463: 2139:

for integrated courses of at least three universities in at least three different European countries which lead to a double, multiple or joint recognised diploma.

3103: 3025: 2591: 1197: 1157: 4939: 1153: 3972:"De ce fac elevii români Religia și nu Istoria Religiilor. Precizările halucinante ale Ministerului Educației: Nu pot asimila noțiuni de doctrină religioasă" 2857: 2047:

Romanian higher education system has witnessed major transformations after 1990, in order to adapt its national educational framework to the European Union.

1369:

Both Science and Humanities can provide bilingual programs (extended hours in a second language) which reward the students with a translator's diploma. The

705:). If the yearly average per subject is below 5 for three subjects or more, the student is no longer entitled to the special exam and must repeat the year. 1905:

decision-making powers in the running of their high school, and school councils are rare. All administrative decisions are taken by one of the principals (

1616:

subject, also at random. The candidate has 15 minutes "thinking time" and 10 minutes to answer the questions in front of three persons. The exam is public.

3803: 2803: 2468:

Ingenieur (ing.) is different from ingenieur (ir.): ing. is a HBO title (similar to the degree BEng), while ir. is a WO title (similar to the degree MSc).

1646:) — Romanian Language and Literature (Written Examination) — Usually an essay upon a literature theme (such as "Show the features of the modern twentieth 1897:

As stated above, most high schools are in urban areas; because of this many rural school children, who must commute to school, end up abandoning school.

1829:

In Romania, there are major differences between rural and urban areas with regard to educational opportunities. These begin early on: while the offer of

1546: 2894: 1679:) — Compulsory subject depending on the academic program followed in high school (Written Examination) — This translates to math for those finishing a 3277: 3053: 2187: 898: 4211: 4169: 1964: 1098:), but these have been abolished. The structure of vocational education is under constant reform, in an attempt to be connected to the work market. 538:

services. Many kindergartens (especially the private ones) provide children with transportation to and from kindergarten. Groups typically have 1–2

3601: 3172:

format, and is transmissible for four school years, starting from school year <insert years here>.) (appears on the first page of every book)

2755: 2730: 2573: 4856: 4117: 1703:

program. However, the difficulty of the exam varies between the academic program followed in high school (e.g. a candidate that was enrolled in a

835:

the students' performance is also different between primary and gymnasium cycles. Starting with the 5th grade, students have a different teacher (

1963:

in nature and focused on the public interest. Romania has a central government office that authorizes and approves educational institutions. The

534:, etc. All kindergartens provide at least one meal or one snack, some having their own kitchens and their own cooks, others opting for dedicated 1874:

mentioned on any diploma or certificate, nor is it required. Contests between schools exist, as well as nationwide academic contests (known as

1234: 4330: 3477: 4184: 4126: 3278:"14 ani de școală obligatoriu începând din toamnă! Reguli pentru înscrierea la clasa pregătitoare ‣ BitTV.Info - PASCANI, TG. FRUMOS, HARLAU" 1164:(1864), Mihai Eminescu National College, Iași (1865), Mihai Viteazul National College, Bucharest (1865), Vasile Alecsandri National College, 89: 4108: 3638: 5067: 4563: 4507: 2425: 1349:("social studies" or "philology ") — emphasises languages, geography, history and other non-sciences. It is also divided in two sections: 1044: 4997: 4495: 4443: 4352: 3833: 3363: 1711:

student will receive a Mathematics 2 subject — a simpler subject, featuring only algebra and simple calculus). Unlike in western exams,

80: 3398:"Metodologia de acordare a titlului de Colegiu national/Colegiu unitatilor de invatamant preuniversitar, din 20.05.2013 - Lege5 Online" 3121: 2547: 2307:

severely affected - about 16% of children aged 7–10 and 25% of children aged 11–14 from rural areas do not attend school, according to

4522: 1809:), a monetary award from the government and in the last few years free entrance at two of the biggest music festivals in the country ( 1177: 3722: 2219: 4932: 4628: 4603: 3923: 2692: 3146: 4593: 4412: 4280: 2056: 1786:

language is spoken, while for other languages the request must be filed alongside the registration form, two months in advance).

2346:, with pressure to attend being high. There are also debates on whether religion should be taught in a confessional way or in a 5306: 5204: 5017: 2420: 2335: 2292: 1925: 1125:

High school enrollment is conditioned on passing the National Test and participating in the National Computerized Repartition.

791: 35: 1930: 1801:

average of the six or eight marks obtained (0.01 precision). To pass, a student must obtain an average score of at least 6.00

1013:

4 years in the second foreign language (usually English, French, German, very seldom Spanish, Italian, Russian or Portuguese);

5265: 5042: 4588: 4367: 2325: 2280: 1989: 1944: 1356:

which focuses on Literature and Latin classes. Training in Mathematics is provided for 9th and 10th grade (2 hours per week).

65: 3445: 2804:"Peste trei milioane de elevi încep astăzi școala. Un sfert dintre unitățile de învățământ nu sunt pregătite să-i primească" 850:

An 8th grade schedule may contain up to 30–32 hours weekly, or 6 hours daily, thus making it quite intensive, for instance:

4051: 5327: 4648: 4382: 4320: 4142: 3660: 2338:

ruled that parents (or legal guardians) of students (or students over 18 years) who want to study religion must submit an

2231: 1970:

There are 56 accredited public institutions, and 41 private ones (as of 2016). Universities are divided into three tiers:

3233: 2162: 1466: 5280: 5232: 5129: 5124: 4925: 4458: 4397: 4253: 4204: 3755: 2525: 2276: 2222:, AGIR) to AGIR members who graduated a faculty recognized by FEANI and had at least two years of engineering activity. 473: 2786:"Câte biserici și câte școli sunt în România: După Revoluție, s-au construit cinci biserici pentru fiecare școală nouă" 697:

If the yearly average per subject is below 5 for a maximum of two subjects, then the student must take a special exam (

4756: 4672: 4578: 4258: 4150: 3584:"Scandalul uniformelor scolare continua. Scolile nu au dreptul de a-i trimite acasa pe elevii care nu poarta uniforma" 2632:"Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries" 1558: 1141: 1073:

At the end of the 8th grade (usually corresponding to age 14 or 15) a nationwide test is taken by all students called

1058: 701:) at the failed subject in August, in front of a school board. If he fails this exam, he must repeat the entire year ( 3689: 1745:( the student can choose between the biology taught in the first 2 years of high school or the last 2 years ) and, a 1322:— this is the most demanding of all the academic programs, and the most sought-after by the students who want to get 3857: 3620: 3303: 3079:"Ministrul Educației: Grupa mare la grădiniță devine obligatorie. Altminteri nu mai poți fi înscris la pregătitoare" 1004:

up to 8 years of religion (usually Eastern Orthodox; some other religions or denominations also accepted, optional);

5089: 4724: 4598: 4558: 4485: 4402: 4387: 4285: 3916:"Elevii din mediul rural vor să renunțe la școală după clasa a opta | Stiriletvr.ro - Site-ul de stiri al TVR" 2284: 2001: 1955: 1805:

at least 5.00 at each of the individual exams. A student scoring a perfect 10 will be awarded with special honors (

1612:) — Romanian Language and Literature (Oral Examination) — The candidate draws a literature subject at random and a 434: 4076: 3503:"Copiii dintr-un sat dambovitean merg la gradinita intr-un container. Parintii se tem ca micutii se vor imbolnavi" 2868: 2706:""Plăcerile" școlii în comunism. Cum era viața cu manuale unice, uniformă obligatorie și muncă patriotică pe câmp" 4761: 4517: 4407: 1522: 1192:

Bucharest, Emil Racoviță National College Iași, Carol I National College Craiova, Barbu Știrbei National College

1078: 5237: 2919: 2028:, the Romanian Agency for Quality Assurance in Higher Education, both coordinated by the Ministry of Education. 1940: 1859: 5242: 5189: 4749: 4643: 4623: 4618: 4568: 4392: 3811: 4159: 3528:"Îngrijorător! Elevii de liceu din mediul rural abandonează școală pentru că nu pot suporta costurile navetei" 1254: 843:), besides teaching his or hers usual subject. Additional counseling may be provided by a special counselor ( 5159: 5119: 5099: 5079: 4982: 4719: 4689: 4468: 4448: 4315: 4197: 2288: 1995: 1934: 31: 30:

is based on a free-tuition, egalitarian system. Access to free education is guaranteed by Article 32 in the

5290: 5222: 1977:

Universities focusing on education and scientific research, and universities focusing on education and art;

1834:

life in a rural school. Urban schools are much larger, and usually have over 100 or 200 students per year,

5270: 5094: 4704: 4548: 4473: 4305: 2944: 2279:, in 2012, four Romanian universities were included in the Top 700 universities of the world (601+ band): 1517: 1446: 57: 2354:) should choose themselves whether to study religion, or whether their parents should make the decision. 1505: 563:

the relatively high tuition fees of private venues. Local councils, especially in larger cities (such as

5275: 5174: 5169: 5144: 5002: 4836: 4789: 4714: 4699: 4502: 4490: 4463: 4417: 2763: 2342:

application for this class. Before 2014, all students were enrolled automatically, unless their parents

1967:

is the national institution to which all higher education institutions look for guidance and report to.

38:. Each step has its own form of organization and is subject to different laws and directives. Since the 5260: 3428:"Se dă startul admiterii în învățământul profesional-dual: avantaje, condiții și calendarul examenului" 1650:

novel with examples on a studied work") and a text with 9 questions based on the text (such as "Find a

5199: 5109: 5062: 5057: 5047: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5007: 4992: 4987: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4709: 4658: 4638: 4512: 4480: 4453: 4340: 4290: 3000: 2435: 1550: 49: 1541: 1420:

The following high-schools forms (no longer existent today) did not allow entrance to universities:

1374:

student has a fair chance of entering a higher level of education regardless of the chosen profile.

5285: 5227: 5194: 5184: 5164: 5154: 5139: 5134: 5114: 5084: 5052: 5037: 5012: 4948: 4846: 4831: 4821: 4739: 4734: 4633: 4583: 4573: 4431: 4362: 4325: 4265: 2858:"ÎNVĂȚĂMÂNTUL OBLIGATORIU DE 10 ANI : Condiții de implementare, rezultate și măsuri corective" 2440: 2350:

way. Another issue is whether children aged 14–17 (who have a limited form of legal capacity under

2347: 2267: 1950: 1830: 1281: 1277: 866: 734: 606: 485: 441: 426: 39: 3054:"14 ani de școală obligatoriu începând din toamnă! Reguli pentru înscrierea la clasa pregătitoare" 2507: 5179: 5104: 5074: 4882: 4875: 4776: 4766: 4653: 4536: 4357: 4300: 4245: 4235: 4224: 4105: 3997:"PROIECT: Elevii care au împlinit vârsta de 14 ani să decidă singuri în privința orei de religie" 2304: 1090: 1069:Școala Superioară Comercială "Nicolae Kretzulescu", a high school specialized in economic studies 267: 3886:"Salvați Copiii: Peste 16% dintre copiii din mediul rural, între 7 și 10 ani, nu merg la școală" 1250: 1749:

may choose Physics, Mechanical Instruments and Machines, Technical Instruments and Measures or

4799: 4729: 4553: 4180: 2688: 2308: 2215: 1258: 1054: 862: 730: 579: 508: 445: 84: 3840: 3104:"Clasa pregătitoare, obligatorie din septembrie. Ce vor învăța copiii și cum vor fi evaluați" 3026:"Clasa pregătitoare, obligatorie din septembrie. Ce vor învăța copiii și cum vor fi evaluați" 1340:

which extends knowledge in Biology, Chemistry and Physics (up to 3 or 4 hours per week each).

1193: 904:

2-3 (4 if you are in an intensive class) classes of a main foreign language, usually English;

4891: 4851: 4841: 4804: 4784: 4684: 4377: 4372: 3872:"Cele mai bune universități din lume. Patru universități românești sunt printre primele 700" 2551: 1333:

which provides more classes of Math and Computer programming (up to 7-8 hours per week each)

1226:(languages, social studies) sections; or they may be specialized (i.e. arts, music, sports). 839:) for each subject. Furthermore, each class has a teacher designated to be class principal ( 523: 68:. In addition to the formal system of education, to which was recently added the equivalent 61: 2974: 17: 4826: 4816: 4310: 4176: 4154: 4112: 3730: 2592:"Romanian students win four medals, two gold, at the European Girls Mathematical Olympiad" 2430: 2303:

The rural population experiences significant hardship, and many rural children have their

2251: 2009: 1810: 1798: 1326:

related degrees. It is divided in two sections, both offering classes suited accordingly:

1103: 755: 519: 515: 1582: 1204: 88:

the United States and Hungary. Romania also ranks 6th in the all-time medal count at the

3621:"Care sunt cele mai importante centre universitare din România după numărul de studenți" 2262:, and darker colors indicate a higher rate of illiteracy. The national average is 1.22%. 2169:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

2091:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1777:. The same rules apply as in the case of Exam D, with one exception — students choosing 1473:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

488:

for children (usually between ages 3–6) and typically last for 3 forms – "small group" (

4896: 2895:"Legea nr. 268/2003 pentru modificarea și completarea Legii învățământului nr. 84/1995" 1912: 1169: 925: 531: 433:

persisted well into the 20th century: in the 1930s, 43% of adults were illiterate. The

175: 69: 4906: 2379: 5321: 4809: 4163: 2312: 1242: 1781:(Services Program) may use an account sheet describing the function of each account. 4794: 4610: 3182: 2351: 2331: 555: 109: 45: 4170:

The genesis and evolution of the higher education in Romania - in statistical data

1200: 1185: 1019:

2 years of science (if we don't include Environmental Knowledge which is 2 years);

4275: 2610:"Romanian students win 32 medals at SEEMOUS International Mathematical Olympiad" 2364: 2199: 1887: 1835: 1712: 1161: 932: 894: 762: 605:

Another winter holiday (ski holiday), one week sometime in February; depends on

4147: 3241: 2574:"Romania's brains rank first in Europe, 10th in the world after Math Olympiad" 2255: 1770: 1766: 1716: 1246: 960: 430: 3759: 2533: 2477:

Informally called "Master"; informally since it is a pre-Bologna arrangement.

1954:

Tholdalagy-Korda Palace, the headquarters of technical administration of the

4744: 3464:"Rezultatele Finale Bac 2018, dupa contestatii, au fost publicate pe Edu.ro" 1762: 1758: 1738: 1554: 1145: 918: 880: 748: 644: 564: 478: 4106:"THE ROMANIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM, THE NATIONAL REPORT, Bucharest, March 2001" 1595: 1591: 1165: 3697: 3147:"Romania's Village Kindergartens Struggle to Survive - Transitions Online" 1010:

6 years in the first foreign language (usually French, English or German);

500:) for children aged 5–6, with this last form becoming compulsory in 2020. 2613: 2311:. The situation becomes even worse after eighth grade (the last grade of 2259: 2040: 1879: 1839: 1655: 1651: 1305:

Each type of high-school is free to offer one or more academic programs (

1119: 1086: 946: 786: 535: 73: 2113:

Monet, and eLearn. With the US, Fulbright programs have been developed.

4220: 2459:

Similar to the degree Bachelor of..., other than BA, BSc, LLB and BEng.

2343: 1787: 1750: 1742: 1734: 1692: 1647: 1173: 1149: 911: 887: 873: 777: 768:

1–3 classes of a foreign language (usually French, English, or German);

741: 655:

For the first four years a system similar to E-S-N-U is used, known as

539: 527: 4917: 3723:"Groningen : 1 September 2008 : Kenmerk KS/D&L/22553/07" 2631: 1741:( the student can choose between organic and inorganic chemistry) and 4125:

World Education Forum "Education for All" country report on Romania:

4122: 3781: 2339: 2025: 1774: 1262: 953: 949:(optional; same situation like in primary school regarding teachers); 772: 615: 346: 3690:"Groningen : 5 December 2007 : Kenmerk KS/D&L/4406/07" 1001:

8 years of mathematics, Romanian, music, art and physical education;

42:, the Romanian educational system has gone through several reforms. 4189: 997:

For the duration of the elementary school, each student must take:

4270: 2250: 1949: 1939: 1929: 1855: 1540: 1208: 1064: 1053: 967: 939: 825:

These subjects commonly have teachers other than the main teacher.

807: 800: 628:

Additionally, each school decides when to organise the programmes

568: 2756:"Unitatile scolare pe niveluri de educatie, judete si localitati" 1284:

and good results. An admission average of 8.00 is usually enough.

1241:

at 10 o'clock. The Military Colleges are Colegiul Militar Liceal

907:

2 classes of a second foreign language, usually French or German;

4137: 3122:"La clasele pregătitoare nu vor preda cadre didactice debutante" 1847: 1843: 1389:

Natural resources and the protection of the environment programs

1114: 855: 847:– counselor on educational issues) or by a school psychologist. 723: 4921: 4193: 4133:

edu.ro - The Romanian Ministry of Education, Research and Youth

3635:"List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 165" 52:

usually starts at age 4, with the second year of kindergarten (

2374: 2146: 2071: 2060:

training offered by the university; a "competition of files" (

1851: 1489: 1450: 624:

Summer holiday, mid June to early September (around 3 months).

546:) and 10–15 children (typically more in state kindergartens). 2659: 1719:

or any other assistance is forbidden. Exam D is 3 hours long.

1160:, Bucharest (1860), “Ion Luca Caragiale” National College in 2731:"EXCLUSIV Cum arată Abecedarul care nu a mai ajuns la elevi" 437:

started in 1948 largely eradicated illiteracy in the 1950s.

2258:

rate by county (2011). Lighter colors indicate a very high

2021: 1980:

Universities with an advanced research and education focus.

1909:). Usually, each high school has at least two principals. 599:

Winter holiday, mid December to early January (two weeks).

3602:"2018 pentru elevi: Fără telefoane, dar și fără uniforme" 994:) and are usually extensions to the compulsory subjects. 4077:"De-a v-ați ascunselea cu fondul clasei • GAZETA de SUD" 3183:"Structură an școlar 2022 - 2023 | Ministerul Educației" 2212:

European Federation of National Engineering Associations

593:

Fall holiday, late October to early November (one week).

3478:"Două grădinițe în sate diferite, o singură educatoare" 2391: 1901:

etc.). Many high schools have their own magazines etc.

1581:). Despite the similarity in name with the French word 2945:"Legea educației naționale nr. 1/2011 actualizat 2017" 2334:) or NGOs have been vocal on this issue. In 2014, the 452:

in the educational system, 500,000 more than in 2012.

4143:

Equal Access to Quality Education for Roma in Romania

1590:

police guard (for example in 2001 all the exams from

1061:, one of the most prestigious high schools in Romania 813:

1 class of an optional subject (without calificative)

425:

in Romania in the 19th century, in 1864, under ruler

79:

Romania ranks 6th in the all-time medal count at the

4132: 1276:) — A high school with an academic program based on 5299: 5251: 5213: 4955: 4775: 4671: 4535: 4430: 4339: 4244: 1990:

University of Iași (Alexandru Ioan Cuza University)

1945:

University of Iași (Alexandru Ioan Cuza University)

1503:It has been suggested that this article should be 671:– Satisfactory, actually meaning (barely) passing, 3804:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" 2576:(in Romanian). romania-insider.com. 16 July 2012. 1176:(1882), Stefan cel Mare National College Suceava, 1132:The Romanian secondary education system includes: 2165:may be compromised due to out-of-date information 1469:may be compromised due to out-of-date information 1233:) — there are 3 high schools administered by the 4138:Romanian Academic Forum (Forumul Academic Roman) 2654: 2652: 2018:European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System 1565:High school students graduating from a College, 1190:Tudor Vianu National College of Computer Science 879:2 (1 in the 5th, 6th and 7th grades) classes of 872:2 (1 in the 5th, 6th and 7th grades) classes of 2220:General Association of the Engineers in Romania 2143:International validation of studies and degrees 3782:"Asociatia Generala a Inginerilor din Romania" 3391: 3389: 621:Module 5, Late April or early May to mid June. 477:Kindergarten No. 73 on Splaiul Independenței, 440:The education system of Romania resembles the 4933: 4205: 3758:. Feani.org. 7 September 2005. Archived from 3304:"Școlile de artă și meserii sunt desființate" 2975:"LEGE (A) 198 04/07/2023 - Portal Legislativ" 1393:Profil resurse naturale si protectia mediului 776:(a subject teaching everything from personal 34:. Education is regulated and enforced by the 8: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 2134:History of the European Construction Process 2002:University of Cluj (Babeș-Bolyai University) 1188:(1896). Other, newer, national colleges are 790:(optional; following a 2014 decision of the 92:with 107 total medals, dating back to 1989. 83:with 316 total medals, dating back to 1959. 3874:(in Romanian). Adevarul. 11 September 2012. 3098: 3096: 1573:must take the National Baccalaureate Exam ( 1172:(1872), Frații Buzești National College in 886:2 (1 in the 5th and 8th grades) classes of 780:to the Constitution and manners in society) 496:), for children aged 4–5, and "big group" ( 4940: 4926: 4918: 4677: 4541: 4436: 4345: 4212: 4198: 4190: 3615: 3613: 3611: 1842:labs, clubs based on different interests ( 1547:American International School of Bucharest 1203:, National College of Computer Science in 590:Module 1, early September to late October. 4052:"De ce ar trebui legalizat fondul clasei" 3272: 3270: 2218:(Eur. Ing.) through its Romanian member ( 2188:Validation of foreign studies and degrees 1222:(math-informatics, natural sciences) and 694:). This is neither weighted nor rounded. 596:Module 2, early November to mid December. 492:) for children aged 3–4, "middle group" ( 4148:Ranking of Romanian Universities (2007). 3073: 3071: 3048: 3046: 1329:Intensive Mathematics and Informatics — 618:holiday, one to two weeks around Easter. 472: 103: 3860:. topuniversities.com. 7 December 2012. 3297: 3295: 3089:from the original on 28 September 2020. 2499: 2452: 1824: 1268:Economic College or Technical College ( 1168:(1867), Roman-Voda National College in 1154:Andrei Șaguna National College (Brașov) 2411:whole country, are currently illegal. 1207:, National College Gheorghe Vrănceanu 4050:Stoica, Mihaela (30 September 2013). 4045: 4043: 3637:. Conventions.coe.int. Archived from 3374:from the original on 22 November 2013 3064:from the original on 12 October 2020. 2999:OFIȚERU, Andreea (27 February 2013). 2969: 2967: 2965: 2829:Cercetare-memorialulrevolutiei1989.ro 2594:. business-review.eu. 16 April 2014. 2486:I.e. recognized in their own country. 90:International Olympiad in Informatics 7: 4902: 3255:Pantazi, Raluca (17 February 2015). 2822:"Anul 1948 și învățământul românesc" 2426:List of secondary schools in Romania 1045:List of secondary schools in Romania 602:Module 3, early January to February. 4160:Do Romanian schools produce idiots? 4118:"Romania National Report, Education 3834:"UNO Human Development Report 2006" 3446:"Ce avantaje are învățământul dual" 2920:"Harta analfabetismului în România" 1974:Universities focusing on education; 612:Module 4, February to April or May. 81:International Mathematical Olympiad 48:is optional under the age of five. 2620:from the original on 8 April 2015. 2598:from the original on 9 April 2015. 2580:from the original on 18 July 2012. 2016:The entire system is based on the 1825:Students' life in Romanian schools 1747:technical student/railway mechanic 1585:, there are few similarities. The 1182:Mircea cel Bătrân National College 1178:Costache Negruzzi National College 992:Curriculum la Decizia Școlii – CDȘ 861:4 (5 in the 5th grade) classes of 25: 3538:from the original on 16 June 2016 3534:(in Romanian). 26 February 2014. 3364:"The Romanian Educational System" 2508:"Art. 32 – Dreptul la învățătură" 1007:5 years of geography and history; 845:consilier pe probleme de educație 816:The schedule is 22–30 hours long. 4901: 3892:. 5 October 2016. Archived from 2378: 2299:The situation of rural education 2151: 2076: 1575:Examenul Național de Bacalaureat 1494: 1455: 985:Curriculum in elementary schools 921:(not in the 5th and 6th grades); 673:Nesatisfăcător/Insuficient (N/I) 40:downfall of the communist regime 2660:"Romania - HRMI Rights Tracker" 2421:List of universities in Romania 2336:Constitutional Court of Romania 1926:List of universities in Romania 1410:Services and Economics programs 1198:Mihai Eminescu National College 1158:Gheorghe Lazăr National College 973:1 class of counseling with the 792:Constitutional Court of Romania 503:The "preparatory school year" ( 3858:"QS World University Rankings" 3001:"Clasa a IX-a rămâne la liceu" 2326:Religious education in Romania 2281:Alexandru Ioan Cuza University 2131:European Political Integration 1965:Romanian Ministry of Education 66:European Higher Education Area 36:Ministry of National Education 1: 2275:According to the prestigious 2128:European Economic Integration 1807:Absolvent cu Merite Deosebite 1424:School of Crafts and Trades ( 1371:Math and Computer programming 1294:Învățământul profesional-dual 3670:(in Dutch). 13 December 2016 3085:(in Romanian). 10 May 2020. 3060:(in Romanian). 4 July 2020. 2293:West University of Timișoara 2277:QS World University Rankings 1577:— colloquially known as the 1257:and Colegiul Militar Liceal 1235:Ministry of National Defense 1148:(1818), National College in 72:, there is also a system of 4179:, Editura Economică, 2018, 3280:. Bittv.info. 25 March 2022 3234:"Legea Educatiei Nationale" 1559:International Baccalaureate 1142:Saint Sava National College 1059:Saint Sava National College 1016:4 years of civic education; 435:Romanian literacy campaigns 76:, semi-legal and informal. 18:Higher education in Romania 5344: 4496:Chief of the General Staff 4127:Romania: Education for All 2636:humanrightsmeasurement.org 2323: 2265: 2185: 1923: 1444: 1249:, Colegiul Militar Liceal 1042: 1034:4 years of IT (optionally) 669:Satisfăcător/Suficient (S) 4869: 4680: 4544: 4439: 4348: 4231: 2214:(FEANI) grants the title 2085:This section needs to be 1426:Școală de Arte și Meserii 1301:Curriculum in high school 1214:Theoretical High School ( 1031:1 year of Latin language; 343: 264: 172: 106: 4523:Unification with Moldova 4444:Administrative divisions 4153:22 February 2009 at the 4111:6 September 2016 at the 1821:separate entrance exam. 1737:, Computer Programming, 1733:student may choose from 1096:Școli de Arte și Meserii 1050:Admission to high school 3588:www.portalinvatamant.ro 3302:VERGU, Melania MANDAS. 2289:University of Bucharest 2285:Babeș-Bolyai University 2039:Universities have full 1996:University of Bucharest 1956:Babeș-Bolyai University 1935:University of Bucharest 1755:human studies/languages 1601:The 6 exams are : 961:Technological Education 914:(not in the 5th grade); 858:(algebra and geometry); 442:French education system 32:Constitution of Romania 4998:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4629:Science and technology 2263: 2068:International programs 1959: 1947: 1937: 1790:can also be provided. 1562: 1518:Romanian Baccalaureate 1447:Romanian Baccalaureate 1441:The Baccalaureate exam 1070: 1062: 481: 4413:Territorial evolution 4296:United Principalities 2254: 2236:The University Square 1953: 1943: 1933: 1544: 1509:into articles titled 1255:Câmpulung Moldovenesc 1068: 1057: 1028:2 years of chemistry; 632:(Different Week) and 476: 5328:Education in Romania 4949:Education in Europe 4857:World Heritage Sites 2838:on 30 September 2020 2810:. 16 September 2013. 2512:Constituția României 2436:Vocational education 2008:Romania follows the 1753:Maintenance while a 1691:program or Romanian 1551:international school 1512:Education in Romania 1336:Natural Sciences — 1083:Examen de Capacitate 928:(only in 7th grade); 484:Kindergartens offer 456:Compulsory education 64:is aligned onto the 50:Compulsory schooling 28:Education in Romania 5214:States with limited 4266:Prehistoric Romania 4083:. 23 September 2013 3926:on 22 December 2019 3896:on 13 February 2017 3846:on 2 February 2007. 3762:on 14 February 2013 3564:. 11 September 2014 3244:on 28 January 2016. 2924:Analizeeconomice.ro 2874:on 22 December 2014 2685:România Interbelică 2554:on 20 February 2008 2536:on 8 February 2016. 2441:Education in Europe 2348:history of religion 2320:Religious education 2268:Literacy in Romania 1860:Căile Ferate Române 1831:preschool education 1399:Vocational programs 1338:Științe ale naturii 1313:Theoretical program 1282:technical education 1075:Evaluarea Națională 1025:3 years of physics; 1022:4 years of biology; 651:Grading conventions 522:), introduction in 486:preschool education 427:Alexandru Ioan Cuza 4649:Telecommunications 4564:Foreign investment 4383:Historical regions 4175:9 May 2020 at the 4028:. 22 December 1989 3952:. 12 November 2014 3641:on 28 January 2012 3408:on 19 October 2017 3214:. 12 November 2014 3110:. 22 January 2012. 2979:legislatie.just.ro 2766:on 18 October 2016 2390:. You can help by 2305:right to education 2264: 2247:General assessment 2226:Social involvement 2193:In the Netherlands 1960: 1948: 1938: 1614:text comprehension 1563: 1378:Technical programs 1229:Military College ( 1136:National College ( 1091:vocational schools 1071: 1063: 968:Physical Education 808:Physical Education 505:clasa pregătitoare 482: 204:Clasa pregătitoare 5315: 5314: 4915: 4914: 4865: 4864: 4667: 4666: 4531: 4530: 4508:Political parties 4459:Foreign relations 4426: 4425: 4321:Communist Romania 4281:Early Middle Ages 4185:978-973-709-884-9 3368:Fulbright Romania 3335:. 19 October 2016 3153:. 13 January 2010 2893:Systems, Indaco. 2664:rightstracker.org 2616:. 11 March 2014. 2548:"IMO team record" 2408: 2407: 2309:Save the Children 2216:European Engineer 2184: 2183: 2106: 2105: 2062:concurs de dosare 1838:and well-stocked 1557:which offers the 1539: 1538: 1488: 1487: 1403:Profil vocațional 1359:Social Studies — 1259:Dimitrie Cantemir 940:Musical Education 933:Plastic Education 863:Romanian Language 826: 763:Plastic Education 731:Romanian Language 580:Elementary school 575:Elementary school 509:primary education 422: 421: 85:Ciprian Manolescu 16:(Redirected from 5335: 5252:Dependencies and 4956:Sovereign states 4942: 4935: 4928: 4919: 4905: 4904: 4885: 4878: 4757:Social structure 4678: 4614: 4579:Great Depression 4542: 4437: 4346: 4291:Early Modern Era 4214: 4207: 4200: 4191: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4047: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3922:. Archived from 3912: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3839:. Archived from 3838: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3810:. Archived from 3800: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3736:on 25 March 2016 3735: 3729:. Archived from 3719: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3703:on 25 March 2016 3702: 3696:. Archived from 3686: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3665: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3617: 3606: 3605: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3404:. Archived from 3396:Indaco Systems. 3393: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3360: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3299: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3274: 3265: 3264: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3240:. 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Archived from 2522: 2516: 2515: 2504: 2487: 2484: 2478: 2475: 2469: 2466: 2460: 2457: 2403: 2400: 2382: 2375: 2367:of the country. 2232:socialist regime 2179: 2176: 2170: 2163:factual accuracy 2155: 2154: 2147: 2101: 2098: 2092: 2080: 2079: 2072: 1958:, in Cluj-Napoca 1920:Higher education 1779:Basic Accounting 1757:may choose from 1534: 1531: 1498: 1497: 1490: 1483: 1480: 1474: 1467:factual accuracy 1459: 1458: 1451: 1288:Liceu Tehnologic 1270:Colegiu Economic 1138:Colegiu Național 1081:) also known as 820: 796: 781: 756:Natural Sciences 661:Foarte bine (FB) 630:Săptămâna altfel 524:computer studies 353:Secondary School 104: 62:Higher education 21: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5295: 5253: 5247: 5233:Northern Cyprus 5215: 5209: 5130:North Macedonia 4951: 4946: 4916: 4911: 4888: 4881: 4874: 4861: 4771: 4725:Public holidays 4663: 4624:Property bubble 4612: 4527: 4486:Law enforcement 4422: 4403:Protected areas 4335: 4311:Greater Romania 4240: 4227: 4218: 4177:Wayback Machine 4155:Wayback Machine 4113:Wayback Machine 4102: 4097: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4060: 4058: 4049: 4048: 4041: 4031: 4029: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4005: 4003: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3980: 3978: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3929: 3927: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3899: 3897: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3856: 3855: 3851: 3843: 3836: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3814:on 13 June 2007 3802: 3801: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3756:"Eur Ing Title" 3754: 3753: 3749: 3739: 3737: 3733: 3727:Members.home.nl 3721: 3720: 3716: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3694:Members.home.nl 3688: 3687: 3683: 3673: 3671: 3663: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3644: 3642: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3619: 3618: 3609: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3567: 3565: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3541: 3539: 3532:BotosaniNews.ro 3526: 3525: 3521: 3511: 3509: 3507:Stirileprotv.ro 3501: 3500: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3434:. 14 June 2018. 3426: 3425: 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2472: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2431:Bologna process 2417: 2404: 2398: 2395: 2388:needs expansion 2373: 2360: 2358:Studying abroad 2328: 2322: 2301: 2270: 2249: 2228: 2208: 2195: 2190: 2180: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2160:This section's 2156: 2152: 2145: 2102: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2081: 2077: 2070: 2053: 1928: 1922: 1913:School uniforms 1827: 1811:Untold Festival 1799:arithmetic mean 1535: 1529: 1526: 1499: 1495: 1484: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1464:This section's 1460: 1456: 1449: 1443: 1414:Profil economic 1361:Științe sociale 1303: 1251:Ștefan cel Mare 1231:Colegiu Militar 1180:, Iași (1895), 1052: 1047: 1041: 987: 954:Civic Education 832: 824: 801:Music Education 789: 775: 773:Civic Education 761:1-2 classes of 754:1–2 classes of 729:4–5 classes of 711: 653: 634:Săptămâna Verde 577: 471: 458: 102: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5341: 5339: 5331: 5330: 5320: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5307:European Union 5303: 5301: 5300:Other entities 5297: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5257: 5255: 5254:other entities 5249: 5248: 5246: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5219: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5207: 5205:United Kingdom 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5018:Czech Republic 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4945: 4944: 4937: 4930: 4922: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4909: 4899: 4894: 4887: 4886: 4879: 4871: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4813: 4812: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4781: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4764: 4762:Urban planning 4759: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4644:Stock Exchange 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4608: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4545: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4518:Prime Minister 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4499: 4498: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4477: 4476: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4262: 4261: 4250: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4238: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4219: 4217: 4216: 4209: 4202: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4167: 4157: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4120: 4115: 4101: 4100:External links 4098: 4095: 4094: 4068: 4039: 4013: 3988: 3963: 3937: 3907: 3877: 3863: 3849: 3825: 3795: 3773: 3747: 3714: 3681: 3652: 3626: 3607: 3593: 3575: 3549: 3519: 3494: 3469: 3466:. 9 July 2018. 3455: 3437: 3419: 3385: 3346: 3320: 3291: 3266: 3247: 3225: 3199: 3174: 3164: 3138: 3113: 3092: 3067: 3042: 3017: 2991: 2961: 2936: 2911: 2885: 2849: 2813: 2795: 2777: 2747: 2722: 2697: 2683:Matei Cazacu, 2676: 2648: 2623: 2601: 2583: 2565: 2539: 2517: 2498: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2479: 2470: 2461: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2416: 2413: 2406: 2405: 2385: 2383: 2372: 2369: 2359: 2356: 2324:Main article: 2321: 2318: 2300: 2297: 2248: 2245: 2227: 2224: 2207: 2204: 2194: 2191: 2182: 2181: 2159: 2157: 2150: 2144: 2141: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2104: 2103: 2084: 2082: 2075: 2069: 2066: 2052: 2049: 2010:Bologna scheme 2006: 2005: 1999: 1993: 1982: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1921: 1918: 1826: 1823: 1783: 1782: 1720: 1697:humane studies 1670: 1660: 1637: 1627: 1617: 1537: 1536: 1502: 1500: 1493: 1486: 1485: 1463: 1461: 1454: 1445:Main article: 1442: 1439: 1434: 1433: 1429: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1357: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1334: 1309:). These are: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1297: 1291: 1285: 1274:Colegiu Tehnic 1266: 1227: 1216:Liceu Teoretic 1212: 1077:(The National 1051: 1048: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1002: 986: 983: 979: 978: 971: 964: 957: 950: 943: 936: 929: 926:Latin Language 922: 915: 908: 905: 902: 891: 884: 877: 870: 859: 831: 828: 818: 817: 814: 811: 804: 797: 783: 769: 766: 765:(visual arts); 759: 752: 745: 738: 727: 710: 709:Primary school 707: 692:media generală 652: 649: 636:(Green Week). 626: 625: 622: 619: 613: 610: 603: 600: 597: 594: 591: 576: 573: 494:grupa mijlocie 470: 467: 457: 454: 420: 419: 416: 411: 407: 406: 403: 398: 394: 393: 390: 385: 381: 380: 377: 372: 368: 367: 364: 361: 357: 356: 341: 340: 337: 332: 328: 327: 324: 319: 315: 314: 311: 306: 302: 301: 298: 293: 289: 288: 285: 282: 278: 277: 262: 261: 258: 253: 249: 248: 245: 240: 236: 235: 232: 227: 223: 222: 219: 214: 210: 209: 206: 201: 197: 196: 193: 190: 186: 185: 182:Primary School 176:Primary school 170: 169: 166: 161: 157: 156: 153: 151:Grupa mijlocie 148: 144: 143: 140: 135: 131: 130: 127: 124: 120: 119: 101: 98: 70:private system 54:grupa mijlocie 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5340: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5266:Faroe Islands 5264: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5238:South Ossetia 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5090:Liechtenstein 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 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2333: 2327: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2313:middle school 2310: 2306: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2192: 2189: 2178: 2166: 2164: 2158: 2149: 2148: 2142: 2140: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2125:Community Law 2124: 2123: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2100: 2088: 2083: 2074: 2073: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2058: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2011: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1957: 1952: 1946: 1942: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1910: 1908: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1822: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1789: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1661: 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During the 443: 438: 436: 432: 428: 417: 415: 412: 409: 408: 404: 402: 399: 396: 395: 391: 389: 386: 383: 382: 378: 376: 373: 370: 369: 365: 362: 359: 358: 354: 350: 349: 348: 342: 338: 336: 333: 330: 329: 325: 323: 320: 317: 316: 312: 310: 307: 304: 303: 299: 297: 294: 291: 290: 286: 283: 280: 279: 275: 274:Middle school 271: 270: 269: 263: 259: 257: 254: 251: 250: 246: 244: 241: 238: 237: 233: 231: 228: 225: 224: 220: 218: 215: 212: 211: 207: 205: 202: 199: 198: 194: 191: 188: 187: 183: 179: 178: 177: 171: 167: 165: 162: 159: 158: 154: 152: 149: 146: 145: 141: 139: 136: 133: 132: 128: 125: 122: 121: 117: 113: 112: 111: 105: 99: 97: 93: 91: 86: 82: 77: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 58:baccalaureate 55: 51: 47: 43: 41: 37: 33: 29: 19: 5243:Transnistria 5149: 4790:Architecture 4720:Prostitution 4694: 4690:Demographics 4594:construction 4469:Human rights 4449:Constitution 4316:World War II 4085:. Retrieved 4080: 4071: 4059:. Retrieved 4055: 4030:. Retrieved 4025: 4016: 4004:. 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