Education in Russia - Knowledge (XXG)

699: 1195: 584: 6352: 1134: 676: 1206:, while retaining their historical narrow specialisation. More recently, a number of these new private 'universities' have been renamed back to 'institutes' to reflect their narrower specialization. In these institutes, the student's specialisation within a chosen department was fixed upon admission, and moving between different streams within the same department was difficult. Study programmes were (and still are) rigidly fixed for the whole term of study; the students have little choice in planning their academic progress. Mobility between institutions with compatible study programmes was allowed infrequently, usually due to family relocation from town to town. 854:, depending on the nature and extent of the disability and the availability of local specialized institutions, attend either such institutions or special classes within regular schools. As of 2007, there were 80 schools for the blind and children with poor eyesight; their school term is extended to 12 years and classes are limited to 9–12 pupils per teacher. Education for the deaf is provided by 99 specialized kindergartens and 207 secondary boarding schools; children who were born deaf are admitted to specialized kindergartens as early as possible, ideally from 18 months of age; they are schooled separately from children who lost hearing 962: 687:

to proceed to technical schools were doing so, as a rule, after the 8th year. The switch from a ten to eleven-year term was motivated by continuously increasing load in middle and senior years. In the 1960s, it resulted in a "conversion" of the fourth year from elementary to middle school. The decrease in elementary schooling led to greater disparity between children entering middle school; to compensate for the "missing" fourth year, elementary schooling was extended with a "zero year" for six-year-olds. This move remains a subject of controversy.

984: 6513: 5378: 1448:: it is the activity, carrying out outside educational programs, which aims to dissemination of a knowledge and an experience, to formation of a skills, a values, and a competence, in order to intellectual, spiritual and moral, creative, physical, and (or) professional development of individual, and to meet educational needs of individual. The manner, conditions and implementation modalities of outreach activity and also the procedure for the control of such activity regulated by 822:, resisted the change, arguing that their schools cannot survive without charging the applicants with their own entrance hurdles. Nevertheless, the legislators enacted USE in February 2007. In 2008, it was mandatory for the students and optional for the universities; it is fully mandatory since 2009. A few higher education establishments are still allowed to introduce their own entrance tests in addition to USE scoring; such tests must be publicized in advance. 652:

rural areas. Of all the 59,260 schools in Russia, 36,248 provide the full eleven-year programme, 10,833 offer nine-year "basic" (elementary and middle) education, and 10,198 only offer elementary education. Their number is disproportionately large compared to their share of students due to lesser class sizes in rural schools. In areas where school capacity is insufficient to teach all students on a normal, morning-to-afternoon, schedule, authorities resort to

1180:, are concentrated primarily in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. Institutes whose graduates are in wide demand throughout Russia, such as medical and teachers' institutes, are spread more evenly across the country. Institutes in geographically specific fields will tend to be situated in areas serving their specialties. Mining and metallurgy institutes are located in ore-rich territories, and maritime and fishing institutes are located in seaport communities. 537:

from the ten to eleven-year standard, the kindergarten programmes shifted from training basic social skills, or physical abilities, to preparation for entering the school level. After the collapse of the Soviet Union the number decreased to 46,000; kindergarten buildings were sold as real estate, irreversibly rebuilt and converted for office use. At the same time, a minority share of successful state-owned kindergartens, regarded as a

807:, was supposed to replace entrance exams to state universities. Thus, the reformers reasoned, the USE would empower talented graduates from remote locations to compete for admissions at the universities of their choice, at the same time eliminating admission-related bribery, then estimated at 1 billion US dollars annually. In 2003, 858 university and college workers were indicted for bribery; the admission "fee" in 9171: 719:, and slightly lower than in most states of the United States, although official hours are frequently appended with additional class work. Students are graded on a 5-step scale, ranging in practice from 2 ("unacceptable") to 5 ("excellent"); 1 is a rarely used sign of extreme failure. Teachers regularly subdivide these grades (i.e. 4+, 5−) in daily use, but term and year results are graded strictly 2, 3, 4 or 5. 698: 444: 9181: 773:), regardless of issuing institution, conform to the same national standard and are considered, at least in law, to be fully equivalent. The state prescribes a minimum (and nearly exhaustive) set of study subjects that must appear in each certificate. In practice, extension of study terms to three years slightly disadvantages vocational schools' male students who intend to continue: they reach 691:

teachers are women. Their number decreased from 349,000 in 1999 to 317,000 in 2005. Starting from the fifth year, each academic subject is taught by a dedicated subject teacher (80.4% women in 2004, an increase from 75.4% in 1991). Pupil-to-teacher ratio (11:1) is on par with developed European countries. Teachers' average monthly salaries in 2008 range from 6,200 roubles (200 US dollars) in

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23 out of 37 in mathematics and a primary grade of 43 out of 80 in French. The primary grades are then converted into final or "test grades" by means of a sophisticated statistical calculation, which takes into account the distribution of primary grades among the examinees. This system has been criticized for its lack of transparency.

750:. They provide students with a vocational skill qualification and a high school certificate equivalent to 11-year education in a normal school; the programme, due to its work training component, extends over 3 years. In 2007–08 there were 2,800 such institutions with 2,280,000 students. Russian vocational schools, like the 495: 686:

Children are accepted to the first year at the age of 6 or 7, depending on the individual development of each child. Until 1990, starting age was set at seven years and schooling lasted ten years for students who were planning to proceed to higher education in Universities. Students who were planning

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The Soviet system provided for nearly universal primary (nursery, age 1 to 3) and kindergarten (age 3 to 7) service in urban areas, relieving working mothers from daytime childcare needs. By the 1980s, there were 88,000 preschool institutions; as the secondary-education study load increased and moved

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regulates only a brief preschool preparation program for 5–6-year-old children. In 2004 the government attempted to charge the full cost of kindergartens to the parents; widespread public opposition caused a reversal of policy. Currently, local authorities can legally charge the parents not more than

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path from admission to diploma takes 2–4 years. The dissertation paper should contain a solution of an existing scientific problem, or a practical proposal with significant economical or military potential. The title is often perceived as equivalent to Western Ph.D., although this may vary depending

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The first nationwide USE session covering all regions of Russia was held in the summer of 2008. 25.3% students failed the literature test, 23.5% failed mathematics; the highest grades were recorded in French, English and social studies. Twenty thousand students filed objections against their grades;

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Awarding USE grades involves two stages. In this system, a "primary grade" is the sum of points for completed tasks, with each of the tasks having a maximum number of points allocated to it. The maximum total primary grade varies by subject, so that one might obtain, for instance, a primary grade of

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Traditionally, the universities and institutes conducted their own admissions tests regardless of the applicants' school record. There was no uniform measure of graduates' abilities; marks issued by high schools were perceived as incompatible due to grading variances between schools and regions. In

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The number of state-owned institutions was rising steadily from 514 in 1990 to 655 in 2002 and remains nearly constant since 2002. The number of private institutions, first reported as 193 in 1995, continues to rise. The trend for consolidation began in 2006 when state universities and colleges of

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The eleven-year school term is split into elementary (years 1–4), middle (years 5–9), and senior (years 10–11) classes. The absolute majority of children attend full programme schools providing eleven-year education; schools limited to elementary or elementary and middle classes typically exist in

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have the highest number of disabled students (170 each, 2007). Bauman University focuses on education for the deaf; the Herzen Pedagogical Institute enroll different groups of physical disability. However, independent studies assert that the universities fail to integrate people with disabilities

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officials are fairly considerate towards the potential recruits on that matter and usually allow graduates enough time to choose the university and sign-up for admission or enroll there on a paid basis despite the fact that the spring recruiting period has not yet ended by the time most students

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The school year extends from September 1 to the end of May and is divided into four terms. Study programme in schools is fixed; unlike in some Western countries, schoolchildren or their parents have no choice of study subjects. Class load per student (638 hours a year for nine-year-olds, 893 for

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rated Russia's higher education as the third-best in the world, measuring the percentage of high-school graduates who go on to attend college, the annual science and engineering graduates as a percentage of all college graduates, and science and engineering graduates as a percentage of the labor

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training was previously free to all students, the new MSc/MA stage is not. The shift forces students to pay for what was free to the previous class; the cost is unavoidable because the BSc/BA degree alone is considered useless. Defenders of the Bologna Process argue that the final years of the

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are schooled through this channel. Children are admitted to specialised kindergartens at three or four years of age and streamed into narrow specialty groups; the specialisation continues throughout their school term and may extend to thirteen years. The system, however, is not ready to accept

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There were 59,260 general education schools in 2007–2008 school year, an increase from 58,503 in the previous year. However, prior to 2005–2006, the number of schools was steadily decreasing from 65,899 in 2000–2001. The 2007–2008 number includes 4,965 advanced learning schools specializing in

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Children of elementary classes are normally separated from other classes within their own floor of a school building. They are taught, ideally, by a single teacher through all four elementary years (except for physical training and, if available, foreign languages); 98.5% of elementary school

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The data base of the Russian Scientific Electronic Library: The numbers of citations of scientists of the Russian Federation under the heading "Education. Pedagogy "(just under this section in the database of the Russian citation index - 11,000 Russian scientists in the field of educational

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The move has been criticised for its merely formal approach: instead of reshaping their curriculum, universities would simply insert a BSc/BA accreditation in the middle of their standard five or six-year programmes. The job market is generally unaware of the change and critics predict that

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within regular schools. The system is intended to prepare these children for normal school at the earliest possible age, closing (compensating) the gap between them and normal students. It is a relatively new development that began in the 1970s and gained national approval in the 1990s.

1153:. Specialist diplomas were perceived equal to Western MSc/MA qualification. A specialist graduate needed no further academic qualification to pursue a professional career, with the exception of some (but not all) branches of medical professions that required a post-graduate 549:, coupled with historical demographic peak, resulted in an increase in birth rate, first recorded in 2005. Large cities encountered shortage of kindergarten vacancies earlier, in 2002. Moscow's kindergarten waiting list included 15,000 children; in the much smaller city of 1323:). Both are a certificate of scientific, rather than academic, achievement, and must be backed up by original/novel scientific work, evidenced by publications in peer-reviewed journals and a dissertation defended in front of senior academic board. The titles are issued by 858:

acquiring basic speech skills. Vocational schools for the working deaf people who have not completed secondary education exist in five cities only. Another wide network of specialist institutions takes care of children with mobility disorders. 60–70% of all children with

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typically takes 10 years of dedicated research activity; one in four candidates reaches this stage. The system implies that the applicants must work in their research field full-time; however, the degrees in social sciences are routinely awarded to active politicians.

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to quality schooling, flourished throughout the 1990s. Privately owned kindergartens, although in high demand, did not gain a significant share due to administrative pressure; share of children enrolled in private kindergartens dropped from 7% in 1999 to 1% in 2005.

1362:. The dissertation paper should summarize the author's research resulting in theoretical statements that are qualified as a new discovery, or solution of an existing problem, or a practical proposal with significant economical or military potential. The road from 1013:

As of the 2007–2008 academic year, Russia had 8.1 million students enrolled in all forms of tertiary education (including military and police institutions and postgraduate studies). Foreign students accounted for 5.2% of enrollment, half of whom were from other

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model, Russian higher education was traditionally not divided into undergraduate (bachelor's) and graduate (master's) levels. Instead, tertiary education was undertaken in a single stage, typically five or six years in duration, which resulted in a

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institutions conducting the advance training career commissioned officer programmes. Passing the course of an academy does not result in an explicitly named degree and enables the graduate to proceed to a certain level of command (equivalent of

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Student mobility among universities has been traditionally discouraged and thus kept at very low level; there are no signs that formal acceptance of the Bologna Process will help students seeking better education. Finally, while the five-year

780:

Although all male pupils are eligible to postpone their conscription to receive higher education, they must be at least signed-up for the admission tests into the university the moment they get the conscription notice from the army. Most

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programmes for decades and switched to Bologna process designations well in advance of the 2007 law, but an absolute majority of their students complete all six years of MSc/MA curriculum, regarding BSc/BA stage as useless in real life.

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drop out of school with the approval of his/her parent and local authorities, and without their consent upon reaching age of 18. Expulsion from school for multiple violations disrupting school life is possible starting at the age of 15.

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Males of conscription age that chose not to continue their education at any stage usually get notice from the army within half a year after their education ends, because of the periodic nature of recruitment periods in Russian army.

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According to scientists, science popularizers, educationalists, lawyers, this law, in fact, establishes the prior censorship of virtually every ways to share knowledge and conviction, contrary to the articles 19 and 29 of the

502: 500: 497: 496: 883:. Fully segregated undergraduate education is provided by two colleges: the Institute of Arts for the Disabled (enrollment of 158 students in 2007) and the Social Humanitarian Institute (enrollment of 250 students), both in 501: 1519:

lessons, which cover various topics from the Russian government's perspective, such as national identity, patriotism, traditional values and world events. The Associated Press reported that some parents were shocked by the

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rated Russia's education as the 8th-best in Europe and the 13th-best in the world; Russia's educational attainment was rated as the 21st-highest in the world, and the students' cognitive skills as the 9th-highest.

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can be achieved within university environment (when the university is engaged in active research in the chosen field), specialised research facilities or within research and development units in industry. Typical

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of the Ministry of Education. A degree is always awarded in one of 23 predetermined fields of science, even if the underlying achievement belongs to different fields. Thus it is possible to defend two degrees of

583: 1396:; the rules prescribe minimum residency term, authoring established study textbooks in their chosen field, and mentoring successful postgraduate trainees; special, less formal rules apply to professors of arts. 1254:

stand-alone BSc/BA diplomas will not be recognised as "real" university education in the foreseeable future, rendering the degree unnecessary and undesirable without further specialisation. Institutions like

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estimate, 54% of Russia's adults (25- to 64-year-olds) have attained tertiary education, giving Russia the second-highest attainment of tertiary education among 35 OECD member countries. 47.7% have completed

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that are tasked with locating empty slots for the children; parents sign their children on the waiting list as soon as they are born. The degree of the problem varies between districts, e.g. Moscow's

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claims to have short queue. Independent authors assert that bribes or "donations" for admission to kindergartens compete in amount with university admissions while authorities refute the accusation.

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tertiary (university level) education is free with reservations: a substantial number of students enroll on full pay. Male and female students have equal shares in all stages of education, except in

1222:

model. (Russia co-signed the Bologna Declaration in 2003.) In October 2007 Russia enacted a law that replaces the traditional five-year model of education with a two-tiered approach: a four-year

803:(USE) programme. The set of standardised tests for high school graduates, issued uniformly throughout the country and rated independent of the student's schoolmasters, akin to the North American 1444:

On 1 June 2021, the Federal Law of 5 April 2021 №85-FZ "On Amendments to the Federal Law 'About education in Russian Federation'" entered into force. This law establishes the concept of the

6868: 6823: 6552: 5314: 1452:. Outreach activity can be carried out by public and local authorities and natural and juridical persons concluded a contracts with educational institutions in the order determined by 4952: 6759: 5276: 1007: 167: 133: 478: 128:. Regional authorities regulate education within their jurisdictions within the prevailing framework of federal laws. Russia's expenditure on education has grown from 2.7% of the 8030: 4727: 572:

The number of Russian children enrolled in preschool institutions reached 7.44 million in 2020, marking a decrease from the previous year. The birth rate saw a decrease from 2020

5179: 904:

An estimated 20% of children leaving kindergarten fail to adjust to elementary school requirements and are in need of special schooling. Children with delayed development who

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Children with stronger forms of intellectual disability are, as of 2008, mostly excluded from the education system. Some are trained within severe disability groups of the

7340: 952: 887:. Other institutions provide semi-segregated training (specialized groups within a normal college environment) or declare full disability access of their regular classes. 276: 266: 256: 246: 1191:. In the 1990s many technical institutes and new private schools created their own departments of law; as of 2008, law departments trained around 750 thousands students. 1133: 6891: 125: 39: 223:

The Human Rights Measurement Initiative finds that Russia is fulfilling 86.8% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to education, based on its level of income.

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countries. 6.2 million students were enrolled in 658 state-owned and 450 private civilian university-level institutions licensed by the Ministry of Education; total

936:) boarding schools that extend from 8–9 to 18–21 years of age. Their task is to adapt the person to living in a modern society, rather than to subsequent education. 722:

Some secondary schools conduct, in addition to the standard programme, an in-depth study of some subjects (schools focused on mathematics, foreign languages, arts,

498: 8339: 8412: 675: 6846: 5439: 5254: 7128: 4977:

is a legally authorized representative working under the Aegis of the Ministry of Education and Science and the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation

723: 8812: 7220: 6792: 5168: 5069: 7180: 1255: 522: 6939: 6659: 1086:: "This amount, around a thousand universities and two thousands spinoffs, does not exist anywhere else in the world; it may be over the top even for 6739: 734:

Upon completion of a nine-year program the student has a choice of either completing the remaining two years at normal school, or of a transfer to a

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Nine-year secondary education in Russia is compulsory since September 1, 2007. Until 2007, it was limited to nine years with grades 10-11 optional;

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foreign languages, mathematics etc.; 2,347 advanced general-purpose schools, and 1,884 schools for all categories of disabled children; it does

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programme were formal and useless: academic schedules were relaxed and undemanding, allowing students to work elsewhere. Cutting the five-year

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Financial and visa difficulties have historically made it difficult to obtain higher education abroad for young adults in the post-Soviet era.

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lasted 10 years, but at the end of 1990, an 11-year course officially came into operation. Education in state-owned secondary schools is free;

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There are 42 specialized vocational training (non-degree) colleges for disabled people; most notable are the School of Music for the Blind in

9060: 8242: 7858: 7521: 7200: 4925: 4889: 1177: 1107: 7157: 4949: 8540: 8192: 7904: 5026: 1515: 1259: 1173: 7079: 6769: 1532:. Some Russian students and their parents have been investigated by the police, or threatened with expulsion, for refusing to attend the 9105: 8470: 8135: 6224:

Vandegrift, Darcie (24 July 2015). "'We don't have any limits': Russian young adult life narratives through a social generations lens".

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age before graduation or immediately after it, and normally must serve in the army before applying to undergraduate-level institutions.

6184: 872:. All graduates of physical disability schools are entitled to the same level of secondary education certificates as normal graduates. 7637: 7256: 1015: 9136: 5288: 620:

report, 96% of the adult population has completed lower secondary schooling and most of them also have an upper secondary education.

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Postgraduate diploma structure so far retains its unique Soviet pattern established in 1934. The system makes a distinction between

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graduate. All those people may legally be commanded to present themselves to the recruitment centers the next day after graduation.

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Compared with other OECD countries, Russia has close to average class sizes and some of the shortest instruction hours per year.

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is lower, 1.41 million; the difference is attributed to senior classes of technicums that exceed secondary education standard.

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Admissions Officers' and Credential Evaluators'. EAIE - European Association for International Education Professional Section

4717: 1358:, the next stage, implies achieving significant scientific output. This title is often equated to the German or Scandinavian 1055: 121: 35: 5513: 5396: 5191: 6379: 6282: 8013: 7728: 7552: 7512: 7266: 7190: 7185: 7089: 6892:"'It's Not Scary To Die For The Motherland': As War On Ukraine Rages, Russian Children Targeted For 'Patriotic' Education" 6660:""Это форма предварительной цензуры": как поправки о просветительской деятельности отразятся на науке, бизнесе и обществе" 6487: 5659: 4737: 1324: 988: 961: 546: 9205: 9100: 9005: 8753: 8705: 8602: 8597: 8398: 8299: 8279: 8182: 7833: 7783: 7647: 7492: 7457: 7140: 1510: 1400: 1214:

Russia is in the process of migrating from its traditional tertiary education model, incompatible with existing Western

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report, more than half of the Russian adult population has attained a tertiary education, which is twice as high as the

892: 49: 8197: 7934: 7806: 7713: 7667: 7657: 7622: 7502: 7377: 7362: 7016: 6982: 5329:"Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries" 1506: 1465: 1457: 1047: 1035: 739: 606: 194: 155: 6516:[On Amendments to the Federal Law "About education in Russian Federation"] (Federal Law 85-FZ) (in Russian). 1509:, the Russian government increased their efforts to introduce "patriotic education" into schools. Education Minister 4968: 9141: 8798: 8562: 8257: 8090: 7872: 7853: 7753: 7743: 7738: 7330: 7210: 6854: 6127: 5867: 5563: 5451: 4742: 4732: 1188: 1103: 624: 9055: 9020: 8975: 8309: 8289: 8262: 8018: 7778: 7537: 7416: 7345: 7225: 5227: 4813:"Participation in formal technical and vocational training and education worldwide. An initial statistical study" 800: 573: 9110: 8710: 1114:-eligible, degree-granting institutions: 2,774 BA/BSc degree institutions and 1,721 AA/ASc degree institutions. 201:

In 2015 the OECD ranked Russian students' mathematics and science skills as the 34th-best in the world, between

8945: 8940: 8835: 8827: 8715: 8662: 7823: 7662: 7632: 7497: 7411: 7320: 7283: 6800: 5077: 956: 865: 746:

and medical (nurse level) schools; in the 2000s, many such institutions, if operational, have been renamed as

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could enforce higher compulsory standard through local legislation within the eleven–year federal programme.

9065: 9040: 8955: 8935: 8885: 8855: 8845: 8632: 8592: 8572: 8552: 8455: 8329: 8304: 8140: 7989: 7949: 7652: 7597: 7482: 7350: 3739: 1184: 1059: 969: 815: 558: 419: 9095: 8763: 8695: 4755: 1284:

programme to a four-year BSc/BA will not decrease the actual academic content of most of these programmes.

983: 9151: 9030: 9025: 8905: 8743: 8567: 8267: 8125: 8095: 8050: 8001: 7996: 7929: 7813: 7773: 7733: 7567: 7477: 7472: 7293: 7205: 7072: 6975: 1480: 1039: 774: 383: 187:(24.7%) are recorded among women aged 35 to 39 years (compared to 19.5% for men of the same age bracket). 129: 4831: 4812: 9045: 9000: 8980: 8970: 8870: 8748: 8647: 8642: 8617: 8475: 8294: 8035: 8008: 7969: 7909: 7708: 7677: 7587: 7335: 7271: 5000: 4722: 1429: 1164:

Historically, civilian tertiary education was divided between a minority of traditional wide curriculum

1068: 851: 782: 8733: 5914: 4962: 4913:, Vol. 47, No. 1, March, 2012, ISSN 0141-8211, Guest Editors, W. John Morgan and Grigori A. Kliucharev. 1352:

on the field of study, and may not be seen as such outside of Russia but as a more significant degree.

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Legal education in Russia exists both within universities and as standalone law institutes such as the

6702:"Запретительный порядок: как правительство собирается исполнять закон о просветительской деятельности" 5397:"Data tables of 2002 census: Shares of children aged 3-9 attending school and pre-school institutions" 1090:... consequences are clear: devaluation of education standard". Even supporters of the reduction like 9070: 8985: 8965: 8850: 8840: 8672: 8622: 8582: 8535: 8530: 8520: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8480: 8465: 8460: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8324: 8232: 8227: 7979: 7914: 7672: 7607: 7602: 7592: 7562: 7557: 7517: 7024: 6937:Количество школ с обучением на языках народов и народностей России(на начало 1997/1998 учебного года) 6924: 6912: 5030: 5004: 3039: 1767: 1492: 1483:. According to the authors, the law aims to shield Russian citizens against anti-Russian propaganda. 1453: 1449: 1404: 1223: 1154: 735: 423: 399: 391: 340: 308: 7308: 4793: 9125: 9115: 9050: 8950: 8930: 8920: 8880: 8865: 8860: 8758: 8700: 8667: 8657: 8637: 8612: 8607: 8587: 8557: 8525: 8510: 8485: 8421: 8319: 8075: 8025: 7848: 7682: 7627: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7527: 7487: 7452: 7394: 7239: 7101: 6925:

4.18. Число общеобразовательных учреждений, в которых родной (нерусский) язык изучается как предмет

4190: 2914: 1469: 996: 917: 538: 354: 344: 328: 320: 316: 272: 172: 9180: 6638: 6532: 6435: 418:

Furthermore, there is also an additional professional education. It is available for graduates of

283:

Furthermore, there is also an additional general education (school-based study groups and clubs).

9156: 9075: 9035: 9010: 8990: 8925: 8900: 8890: 8875: 8652: 8577: 8547: 8247: 8222: 8212: 8202: 8187: 8172: 8130: 8060: 8045: 7984: 7964: 7954: 7924: 7899: 7884: 7828: 7768: 7758: 7617: 7440: 7426: 7421: 7367: 7303: 7113: 6824:"Russian students are returning to school, where they face new lessons to boost their patriotism" 6680: 6619: 6241: 6105: 4559: 3985: 3656: 2997: 2628: 2341: 1433: 819: 184: 148: 6309: 4873: 4865: 4818:. UNESCO International center for technical and vocational education and training (UNEVOC). 2006 1296:, evidencing personal postgraduate achievement in scientific research, and related but separate 1235: 920:

that preclude co-education with normal children in the foreseeable future but do not qualify as

510:

According to the 2002 census, 68% of children (78% urban and 47% rural) aged 5 were enrolled in

411: 371: 6310:"Mutual Recognition of Qualifications: The Russian Federation and the Other European Countries" 751: 613:. Private schools accounted for 0.3% of elementary school enrollment in 2005 and 0.5% in 2005. 8995: 8960: 8915: 8910: 8365: 8117: 8085: 8080: 8065: 8040: 7889: 7838: 7788: 7718: 7696: 7541: 7325: 7261: 7251: 7215: 7118: 7084: 7062: 7007: 6611: 4921: 4885: 4869: 4861: 4794:"Education counts: Benchmarking process in 19 WEI countries. World economic indicators - 2007" 4518: 3451: 3205: 2505: 2464: 2054: 1849: 1128: 1078:, Minister of Education, is campaigning for a reduction in number of institutions to weed out 407: 350: 298: 252: 180: 6913:

4.17. Число общеобразовательных учреждений с обучением на языках народов и народностей России

6210: 5633: 8314: 8252: 8207: 8150: 8055: 7974: 7939: 7748: 7399: 7298: 7106: 6764: 6744: 6603: 6598: 6233: 6188: 5581: 4709: 4313: 4272: 4231: 4149: 4026: 3903: 3862: 3780: 2833: 2300: 1931: 1445: 1408: 1239: 1227: 1095: 929: 834: 766: 533:

In 2019, pre-school (or Kindergarten) begins at the age of two months old to six years old.

487: 427: 403: 334: 6553:"В РАН призвали отозвать законопроект о контроле властей за просветительской деятельностью" 5807:"Uravnenie uchitelya. Srednaya zarplata shkolnykh pedagogov vyrosla do 21 tysyachi rubley ( 4774: 1536:

lessons. Putin hosted an inaugural lesson with selected students in the Russian exclave of

8374: 8334: 8237: 8177: 8167: 8155: 8100: 7919: 7313: 7288: 7067: 6943: 6283:"Guidelines for the recognition of Russian qualifications in the other European countries" 4956: 4477: 4108: 4067: 3944: 3615: 3492: 3287: 3246: 3081: 2873: 2710: 2669: 2423: 2382: 2259: 2136: 2095: 1972: 1726: 1425: 1219: 1215: 1142: 1083: 1075: 486:

Training the profession of a doctor, dancer and painter in Kidburg, the city of children.

387: 375: 17: 4983:

legal representative working under the letters of authorization from Russian universities

4882:

Education of disabled people in the context of UNESCO EFA programme: experience of Russia

1505:

made another effort to introduce "patriotic lessons" for Russian students. Following the

726:, etc.). These schools are considered more prestigious than the usual secondary schools. 1460:

and numerous cultural and educational societies opposed the bill, it was adopted by the

1399:

Military postgraduate education radically falls out of the standard scheme. It includes

1129:

Specialist degree § The Specialist degree in the Commonwealth of Independent States

565:

of its kindergartens (residents have to compete for kindergarten slots elsewhere) while

457:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

8272: 8145: 7406: 7372: 7096: 7049: 6161:В России так неоправданно много вузов, что их бы хватило на весь Китай, уверен Медведев 5806: 5618:

EDUCATION TRENDS IN PERSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE WORLD EDUCATION INDICATORS 2005 Edition

5525: 4600: 4395: 3821: 3697: 3533: 3410: 3328: 3164: 2955: 2751: 1808: 1644: 1603: 1502: 1472: 869: 860: 636: 366: 213: 5783: 506:

Training the profession of an architect, fireman and floral designer in Kidburg, 2018.

220:

In 2014 Russia ranked as the 6th most popular destination for international students.

9199: 9174: 8379: 8284: 7793: 7532: 7123: 6623: 6593: 6375: 6245: 4695: 4436: 4354: 3574: 2587: 1685: 1308: 1187:(Russian: Академический правовой университет, АПУ) founded under the auspices of the 1091: 1027: 837:

is also held after nine years of education, two years before the Unified State Exam.

640: 588: 324: 312: 262: 176: 159: 53: 5713: 1157:

stage. Military college education lasted four years and was ranked as equivalent to

521:

Kindergartens, unlike schools, are regulated by regional and local authorities. The

365:

specialties; the duration of study is from 5 to 6 years depending on the particular

8160: 7145: 7135: 5381:[About education in Russian Federation] (Federal Law 273-FZ) (in Russian). 5309: 4938: 3369: 2792: 2546: 1529: 1359: 1079: 992: 511: 140: 6465: 6412: 6237: 6158: 5842: 5809:Уравнение учителя. Средняя зарплата школьных педагогов выросла до 21 тысячи рублей 1432:

and be appointed to teaching and scientific positions in military educational and

553:(population 488,000) it reached 12,000. The city of Moscow instituted specialised 6573:"Российские просветители выступили против закона о просветительской деятельности" 5662:(in Russian). Moscow city administration, department of education. Archived from 5400: 5195: 5052: 631:

enacted compulsory eleven–year education in 2005, similar legislation existed in

9184: 7355: 7162: 7039: 6514:О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об образовании в Российской Федерации" 6338: 6286: 1537: 1316: 1099: 1051: 1043: 680: 362: 6607: 6491: 6259: 5663: 5566:(in Russian). Ministry of Education and Science. 6 October 2008. Archived from 5238: 7384: 7044: 7034: 6725: 6517: 5937: 5382: 4904:

Politics, Modernisation and Educational Reform in Russia: From Past to Present

4685: 1521: 1461: 1165: 880: 632: 566: 302: 294: 120:, the state provides most education services regulating education through the 5269: 1528:

lessons, with some comparing them to the "patriotic education" of the former

1082:

and substandard colleges; in April 2008 his stance was approved by president

908:

return to normal schools and study along with normal children are trained at

414:; the duration of study is from 2 to 4 years depending on academic discipline 7029: 6956: 6685: 6643: 6557: 6537: 6356: 5126:"Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP) - Russian Federation" 4971:, webdossier by Education Worldwide, a portal of the German Education Server 1421: 743: 610: 527: 242: 232: 6615: 1106:

without colleges for training local school teachers. For a comparison, the

943:

boarding schools and orphanages, others are aided only through counseling.

231:

According to the law, the educational system of Russia includes 2 types of

6681:"Какие претензии у ученых к новому закону о просветительской деятельности" 5479: 4909:'Russian Higher Education and the Post-Soviet Transition', Special Issue, 4703: 530:

veterans, and other protected social groups are entitled to free service.

6577: 3123: 1111: 1094:

admit that the move will strengthen consolidation of academia in Moscow,

1031: 716: 692: 358: 290: 6131: 5871: 5868:"Statistics (in Russian): number of vocational schools by type and year" 5567: 5217:

Indicator D2. What is the student-teacher ratio and how big are classes?

518:

kind of pre-school programme increased from 67% in 1999 to 84% in 2005.

7389: 6793:"Putin's war propaganda becomes 'patriotic' lessons in Russian schools" 6679:

Bobenko, Mayya; Anisimova, Natalia; Poryvaeva, Lyubov (16 March 2021).

6594:"Russian academics decry law change that threatens scientific outreach" 5593: 2218: 2013: 1380: 1149: 1019: 206: 8390: 6334: 5328: 1388:

are issued to active university staff who already achieved degrees of

6998: 6740:"Russia Bans Unauthorized 'Foreign Influence' Educational Activities" 6706: 6664: 5620: 4965:- Overview of the technical and vocational Russian educational system 2177: 1890: 1003: 977: 973: 884: 759: 628: 617: 202: 163: 117: 8790: 6353:"25.10.2007 В РФ вводится двухуровневая система высшего образования" 4832:"Teachers and educational quality: Monitoring global needs for 2015" 4756:"Children out of school. Measuring exclusion from primary education" 1424:

commander and above). Adjunctura is a military analogue of civilian

1198:

Students of the Moscow State University of Technology and Management

46:

Minister for Education and Minister for Science and Higher Education

6959: 4918:

Civil Society, Social Change, and a New Popular Education in Russia

6967: 1415:). Unlike their Western namesakes, Russian military academies are 1193: 1132: 1087: 982: 960: 876: 808: 755: 708: 697: 674: 550: 493: 473: 7507:

Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine

6869:"Russian TV Airs Wartime 'Patriotism' Lessons for Schoolchildren" 6721: 5776:"V Mordovii pozdravlyaut uchiteley s professionalnym prazdnikom ( 4856:'Communism, Post-Communism, and Moral Education', Special Issue, 1300:, evidencing personal achievement in university-level education. 6096:

Participation in formal technical and vocational training, p. 91

5904:

Participation in formal technical and vocational training, p. 79

5895:

Participation in formal technical and vocational training, p. 10

712: 526:

20% of costs. Twins, children of university students, refugees,

8794: 8394: 6971: 6875:. Amsterdam: Alexander Gubsky. 17 February 2023. Archived from 6260:"EuroEducation.Net – The European Education Directory – Russia" 4939:

The ministry of education and science of the Russian Federation

4916:

Morgan, W. John, Trofimova, Irina, and Kliucharev, Grigori A.,

1172:(including art schools). Many of these institutes, such as the 765:

All certificates of secondary education (Maturity Certificate,

672:

schools in 2007–2008, compared to 19,201 and 235 in 2000–2001.

166:

at 99.7% (99.7% for men, 99.6% for women). According to a 2016

6187:(in Russian). Radio of Russia, August 28, 2008. Archived from 5963: 5125: 4980: 1428:, which allow commissioned officers to get academic degree of 1137:

Graduates of the Moscow University's Higher School of Business

804: 437: 395: 6488:"Адъюнктура : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации" 6281:

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.

5778:В Мордовии поздравляют учителей с профессиональным праздником 5564:"Statistics (in Russian): number of schools by type and year" 5353: 5192:"Data tables of 2002 census: Breakdown by level of education" 830:

one third of objections were settled in the student's favor.

5150:

Education for all by 2015, p. 82 and underlying data tables

6768:. Amsterdam: Alexander Gubsky. 22 May 2020. Archived from 6722:"Каким будет новый закон о просветительской деятельности?" 6128:"Statistics (in Russian): tertiary professional education" 6898:. Prague: Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from 6760:"Putin Adds Patriotism, War History to School Curriculum" 6464:(in Russian). Ministry of Education. 2002. Archived from 6411:(in Russian). Ministry of Education. 2002. Archived from 5440:"Demograficheskaya sityatsiya i ocheredi v detskie sady ( 1202:

In the 1990s the institutes typically renamed themselves

6335:"18.09.2003 Россия присоединилась к Болонской конвенции" 4884:. Saint Petersburg: Herzen University publishing house. 1557:

The number of schools teaching the language as a subject

6890:

Kotlyar, Yevgenia; Coalson, Robert (2 September 2022).

5843:"Number of Instructional Days/Hours in the School Year" 4974: 1072:

status in 2007 without further organisational changes.

758:

classification, thus the enrollment number reported by

575:, after growing in the late 2000s and the early 2010s. 6639:"Путин подписал закон о просветительской деятельности" 6533:"Закон о просветительской деятельности вступил в силу" 5070:"CIA - the World Factbook -- Field Listing - Literacy" 4920:, Routledge, London and New York, 2019, xiv and 188p. 4728:

Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records

738:. Historically, those were divided into low-prestige 5841:

Melodye Bush, Molly Ryan and Stephanie Rose (2011).

319:; the duration of study is 3 years (on the basis of 9124: 9084: 8826: 8772: 8724: 8686: 8428: 8116: 7871: 7695: 7439: 7238: 7173: 7015: 7006: 6130:(in Russian). Ministry of Education. Archived from 5870:(in Russian). Ministry of Education. Archived from 5442:Демографическая статистика и очереди в детские сады 5180:"Education at a glance in 2016: Russian Federation" 1556: 1553: 1493:

Propaganda in Russia § Propaganda in education

106: 98: 93: 85: 77: 72: 64: 59: 45: 34: 5936:Kartashova, Larisa; et al. (18 August 2004). 5702:Federal law of Russia "On education", article 19.7 5693:Federal law of Russia "On education", article 19.4 5684:Federal law of Russia "On education", article 19.6 5660:"Moscow City law on secondary education in Moscow" 5169:"Country Comparison to the World of Literacy Rate" 953:List of institutions of higher education in Russia 301:; the duration of study depends on the particular 6847:"Mandatory patriotism classes in Russian schools" 6830:. New York City: Associated Press. Archived from 5944:(in Russian). Rossiyskaya gazeta, August 18, 2004 5813:(in Russian). Rossiyskaya gazeta, 6 February 2008 286:Professional education has the following levels: 139:Before 1990 the course of school training in the 4950:World Data on Education:Russia, UNESCO-IBE(2012) 4837:. Montreal: UNESCO Institute of Statistics. 2006 4799:. Montreal: UNESCO Institute of Statistics. 2007 4761:. Montreal: UNESCO Institute of Statistics. 2005 175:(the full 11-year course); 26.5% have completed 5289:These Are the World's Most Innovative Economies 5064: 5062: 4963:TVET in Russian Federation, UNESCO-UNEVOC(2012) 1554:Number of schools with instruction in language 702:A schoolboy is preparing to present his project 6436:"The Russian Parliament's Intellectual Giants" 5255:Index - Which countries have the best schools? 695:to 21,000 roubles (700 US dollars) in Moscow. 132:in 2005 to 4.7% in 2018 but remains below the 8806: 8406: 6983: 6799:. Washington, D.C.: Fred Ryan. Archived from 5305:"Top 20 countries for international students" 5100:"Education at a Glance 2021: OECD Indicators" 4775:"Education for all by 2015: Will we make it?" 1262:have practiced a two-tier breakdown of their 1168:and a larger number of narrow specialisation 664:) share the same facility. There were 13,100 8: 6165:(in Russian). Inferfax, April 24, 2008. 2008 6159:"V Rossii tak neopravdanno mnogo vuzov ... ( 5782:(in Russian). Saransk online. Archived from 799:2003 the Ministry of Education launched the 238:General education has the following levels: 29: 6185:"Interview with Yevgeny Yasin (in Russian)" 406:) – it is available for persons who have a 374:– it is available for persons who have any 8813: 8799: 8791: 8413: 8399: 8391: 7877: 7701: 7445: 7244: 7012: 6990: 6976: 6968: 6380:"Bolonsky prozess: katastrofa ili panacea( 5421:Education for all by 2015, pp. 39, 268-269 5354:"Russian Federation - HRMI Rights Tracker" 4959:- Overview of the Russian education system 1547: 1034:and other southern towns were merged into 514:. According to UNESCO data, enrollment in 6386:(in Russian). Vedomosti, October 20, 2007 6382:Болонский процесс: Катастрофа или панацея 5613: 5611: 1332:independently, but not simultaneously; a 1218:, to a degree structure in line with the 1102:and devastate the provinces, leaving the 545:The improvement of the economy after the 305:, as a rule, not exceeding several months 183:(at least 4 years). The highest rates of 6592:Schiermeier, Quirin (12 February 2021). 6153: 6151: 6149: 5756:Teachers and educational quality, p. 153 5738:Teachers and educational quality, p. 143 5634:"Federal law of 21 July 2007 No. 194-FZ" 5270:Asia tops biggest global school rankings 889:Bauman Moscow State Technical University 879:and the Medical School for the Blind in 736:specialized professional training school 656:schools, where two streams of students ( 582: 126:Ministry of Science and Higher Education 40:Ministry of Science and Higher Education 7643:Collective Security Treaty Organization 6845:Satanovskiy, Sergey (9 November 2022). 6658:Borisova, Alexandra (28 January 2021). 6409:"Rules for awarding scientific degrees" 5891: 5889: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5427: 4992: 4876:(online). Guest Editor, W. John Morgan. 4780:. UNESCO, Oxford University Press. 2007 1559: 6853:. Bonn: Deutsche Welle. Archived from 6700:Pikhovkin, Alexander (27 April 2021). 6462:"Rules for awarding scientific titles" 6403: 6401: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6211:"Digest of Education Statistics, 2010" 5558: 5556: 5554: 5552: 1303:There are two successive postgraduate 922:moderate, heavy, or severe retardation 28: 7201:Judicial system of the Russian Empire 6822:Litvinova, Dasha (1 September 2023). 5747:Education for all by 2015, p. 332-333 5507: 5505: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5379:Об образовании в Российской Федерации 5053:"Счетная палата Российской Федерации" 4880:Andreeva, L. V.; et al. (2007). 1178:Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography 947:Tertiary (university level) education 896:into their academic and social life. 811:allegedly reached 30,000 US dollars. 707:thirteen-year-olds) is lower than in 643:. A student of 15 to 18 years of age 154:A 2015 estimate by the United States 7: 8340:Unified Sports Classification System 5848:. Education Commission of the States 5245:Pearson/Economist Intelligence Unit. 1174:Moscow Engineering Physics Institute 1038:, based in Rostov-on-Don; a similar 327:; in this case the program includes 279:) – the duration of study is 2 years 269:) – the duration of study is 5 years 259:) – the duration of study is 4 years 5480:"Kak ustroit rebenka v detsky sad ( 5478:Masyukevich, Olga (13 April 2007). 7638:Commonwealth of Independent States 6637:Bondarenko, Maria (5 April 2021). 6531:Gordeev, Vladislav (1 June 2021). 5482:Как устроить ребенка в детский сад 4981:Education in Russia for foreigners 864:children who also display evident 378:; the duration of study is 2 years 353:– it is available on the basis of 347:; the duration of study is 4 years 343:– it is available on the basis of 311:– it is available on the basis of 297:– it is available on the basis of 25: 6960:Ватаным Татарстан №216 18.12.2013 6791:Ilyushina, Mary (20 March 2022). 6117:Education for all by 2015, p. 341 5938:"Priyomnaya komissiya - $ 30.00( 5605:Education for all by 2015, p. 284 5546:Education for all by 2015, p. 269 5438:Aronstam, Marina (8 March 2008). 5159:Education for all by 2015, p. 316 1064:Saint Petersburg State University 868:; they have no other option than 523:Ministry of Education and Science 9179: 9170: 9169: 5964:"Что такое ЕГЭ, ОГЭ, ГВЭ и ГИА?" 5317:from the original on 8 May 2022. 4860:Vol. 34, No. 4, December, 2005, 4702: 4688: 1544:Education in languages of Russia 1513:is one of the architects of the 1501:reported that Russian President 1434:scientific research institutions 1234:) degree followed by a two-year 754:schools in the USA, fall out of 442: 394:, assistantship in the field of 60:National education budget (2014) 6896:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 6442:. Der Spiegel, 21 November 2007 4858:The Journal of Moral Education, 1022:reached 625 thousands in 2005. 9137:British Indian Ocean Territory 6581:(in Russian). 19 January 2021. 6561:(in Russian). 13 January 2021. 4718:List of universities in Russia 1430:candidate of military sciences 1056:Far Eastern Federal University 323:) or 4 years (on the basis of 1: 7548:Political abuse of psychiatry 6238:10.1080/13676261.2015.1059930 5940:Приемная комиссия - $ 30.000 4945:sciences). Date: May, 5, 2013 4911:European Journal of Education 4738:Education in the Soviet Union 1325:Higher Attestation Commission 989:Petrozavodsk State University 561:(population 78,000) has lost 8193:Traditions and superstitions 6490:(in Russian). Archived from 6106:Rosstat education statistics 5915:"TVET in Russian Federation" 5714:"Vspomnim zabytoye staroye ( 5524:(in Russian). Archived from 5450:(in Russian). Archived from 5399:(in Russian). Archived from 5194:(in Russian). Archived from 1210:Move towards Bologna Process 1141:Unlike the United States or 893:Chelyabinsk State University 434:Preschool and primary school 235:: general and professional. 7859:Water supply and sanitation 5831:Education counts..., p. 140 5765:Education counts..., p. 136 5514:"Strane nyzhen detsky sad ( 1507:Russian invasion of Ukraine 1458:Russian Academy of Sciences 1336:in one field may also be a 1050:; the third one emerged in 1048:Siberian Federal University 1036:Southern Federal University 607:vocational technical school 355:secondary general education 345:secondary general education 329:secondary general education 321:secondary general education 317:secondary general education 273:Secondary general education 195:Economist Intelligence Unit 156:Central Intelligence Agency 151:where women lead with 57%. 9222: 6608:10.1038/d41586-021-00385-5 5720:(in Russian). 1 sentyabrya 5333:humanrightsmeasurement.org 5228:Education at a Glance 2013 5027:"Statens budget i siffror" 5001:"Utbildningsdepartementet" 4743:Education in Bashkortostan 4733:List of Russian scientists 1490: 1189:Institute of State and Law 1126: 1104:federal subjects of Russia 950: 841:Education for the disabled 814:University heads, notably 794:Unified state examinations 730:Vocational training option 625:federal subjects of Russia 275:(level 3 according to the 265:(level 2 according to the 255:(level 1 according to the 245:(level 0 according to the 18:Higher education in Russia 9165: 8359: 7880: 7704: 7448: 7247: 6108:Retrieved on July 2, 2009 5623:Retrieved on July 2, 2009 5585: 1550: 1412: 1243: 1231: 933: 801:Unified state examination 770: 724:military-related subjects 451:This article needs to be 299:primary general education 253:Primary general education 8886:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 7633:Prime Minister of Russia 6226:Journal of Youth Studies 5805:Nesterova, Olga (2008). 5516:Стране нужен детский сад 5512:Kucher, Natalya (2007). 5239:Top 20 Education Systems 4975:Russian Education Centre 4955:27 November 2020 at the 1401:military academy courses 957:Academic ranks in Russia 866:developmental disability 555:kindergarten commissions 179:(9 years) and 8.1% have 9147:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 8071:Social entrepreneurship 7960:Forced public apologies 7895:Anti-American sentiment 6434:Klussmann, Uwe (2007). 5716:Вспомним забытое старое 1540:, on 1 September 2022. 1534:Important Conversations 1526:Important Conversations 1516:Important Conversations 1185:Academic Law University 1060:Moscow State University 970:Moscow State University 816:Moscow State University 559:Fili-Davydkovo District 325:basic general education 313:basic general education 263:Basic general education 212:In 2016 the US company 8471:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7819:Social security system 7802:Science and technology 7468:Classified information 7294:Central Russian Upland 5522:Parlamentskaya Gazeta7 1481:Constitution of Russia 1340:in a different field. 1199: 1138: 999: 980: 703: 683: 592: 587:The 1st of September, 507: 491: 384:Postgraduate education 8280:Russian tsars regalia 7613:Intelligence agencies 7336:Great Russian Regions 7080:Expansion (1500-1800) 6902:on 30 September 2022. 5917:. UNESCO-UNEVOC. 2012 4902:Johnson, David, ed., 4723:Open access in Russia 1491:Further information: 1487:Government propaganda 1197: 1136: 1110:has a total of 4,495 986: 964: 852:physical disabilities 783:military commissariat 701: 679:Elementary school in 678: 586: 505: 485: 392:residency in medicine 357:and only for certain 122:Ministry of Education 68:499.5 billion rouble 36:Ministry of Education 9061:United Arab Emirates 8422:Education in Europe 8347:World Heritage sites 7724:Droughts and famines 7277:Environmental issues 7025:Proto-Indo-Europeans 6857:on 10 November 2022. 6834:on 2 September 2023. 6341:. 18 September 2003. 5666:on 23 September 2008 5580:Those identified as 5130:World Bank Open Data 5031:Government of Sweden 5005:Government of Sweden 1454:Government of Russia 1450:Government of Russia 1313:Candidate of science 1288:Post-graduate levels 1002:According to a 2005 924:require specialized 916:Persistent but mild 910:compensatory classes 742:and better-regarded 616:According to a 2005 309:Vocational education 193:In 2014 the Pearson/ 181:elementary education 9206:Education in Russia 9088:limited recognition 8687:States with limited 8198:Forms of addressing 7807:Academy of Sciences 7764:Financial districts 7628:President of Russia 7553:Political divisions 7513:Freedom of assembly 7395:West Siberian Plain 7141:Great Patriotic War 7102:February Revolution 6797:The Washington Post 6289:on 20 December 2019 6024:Andreeva, p. 42, 46 5570:on 1 November 2008. 5403:on 16 December 2007 5385:. 29 December 2012. 5294:Bloomberg Business. 5198:on 18 December 2007 4969:Education in Russia 1470:President of Russia 997:Republic of Karelia 918:mental disabilities 846:Physical disability 243:Preschool education 227:Levels of education 173:secondary education 31: 30:Education in Russia 8248:Russian given name 7834:Telecommunications 7784:Petroleum industry 7648:State of emergency 7493:Far-right politics 7458:Capital punishment 7304:Meshchera Lowlands 7158:Russian Federation 7114:October Revolution 6942:2011-08-06 at the 6468:on 24 October 2008 6415:on 24 October 2008 6359:. 25 October 2007. 6033:Andreeva, p. 61–62 5997:Andreeva, p. 27–29 5638:Rossiyskaya Gazeta 5488:Rossiyskaya Gazeta 1468:and signed by the 1466:Federation Council 1464:, approved by the 1294:scientific degrees 1200: 1139: 1069:federal university 1000: 981: 820:Viktor Sadovnichiy 704: 684: 593: 508: 492: 185:tertiary education 149:tertiary education 9193: 9192: 9130:other territories 8821:Education in Asia 8788: 8787: 8388: 8387: 8355: 8354: 7935:Domestic violence 7867: 7866: 7789:Russian oligarchs 7714:Aircraft industry 7691: 7690: 7668:Mass surveillance 7658:Search and rescue 7623:Political parties 7503:Foreign relations 7435: 7434: 7234: 7233: 7226:Historical cities 7085:Tsardom of Russia 6879:on 14 March 2023. 6087:Andreeva, p.37–38 6042:Andreeva, p.63–64 5358:rightstracker.org 5132:. 24 October 2022 4926:978-0-415-70913-2 4891:978-5-8064-1149-6 4679: 4678: 1446:outreach activity 1321:Doctor of Science 1121:Traditional model 900:Mental disability 771:аттестат зрелости 596:General framework 503: 483: 472: 471: 408:specialist degree 351:Specialist degree 341:Bachelor's degree 136:average of 4.9%. 114: 113: 78:Primary languages 16:(Redirected from 9213: 9183: 9173: 9172: 9142:Christmas Island 8828:Sovereign states 8815: 8808: 8801: 8792: 8725:Dependencies and 8429:Sovereign states 8415: 8408: 8401: 8392: 8368: 8315:Russian language 8258:National symbols 7878: 7797: 7754:Fishing industry 7744:Economic regions 7739:Defence industry 7702: 7446: 7400:Russian Far East 7299:Northwest Russia 7257:Cities and towns 7245: 7107:Russian Republic 7013: 6992: 6985: 6978: 6969: 6963: 6953: 6947: 6934: 6928: 6922: 6916: 6910: 6904: 6903: 6887: 6881: 6880: 6873:The Moscow Times 6865: 6859: 6858: 6842: 6836: 6835: 6819: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6803:on 27 March 2022 6788: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6765:The Moscow Times 6756: 6750: 6749: 6745:The Moscow Times 6736: 6730: 6729: 6728:. 16 March 2021. 6718: 6712: 6711: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6589: 6583: 6582: 6569: 6563: 6562: 6549: 6543: 6542: 6528: 6522: 6521: 6510: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6484: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6431: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6405: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6372: 6361: 6360: 6349: 6343: 6342: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6308:Kouptsov, Oleg. 6305: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6285:. 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EuroEducation 6258: 6257: 6253: 6223: 6222: 6218: 6209: 6208: 6204: 6194: 6192: 6191:on 19 July 2011 6183: 6182: 6178: 6168: 6166: 6157: 6156: 6147: 6137: 6135: 6126: 6125: 6121: 6116: 6112: 6104: 6100: 6095: 6091: 6086: 6082: 6078:Andreeva, p. 35 6077: 6073: 6069:Andreeva, p. 37 6068: 6064: 6059: 6055: 6050: 6046: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6028: 6023: 6019: 6015:Andreeva, p. 43 6014: 6010: 6006:Andreeva, p. 30 6005: 6001: 5996: 5992: 5988:Andreeva, p. 16 5987: 5983: 5973: 5971: 5968:Курсы ЕГЭ и ОГЭ 5962: 5961: 5957: 5947: 5945: 5935: 5934: 5930: 5920: 5918: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5903: 5899: 5894: 5887: 5877: 5875: 5866: 5865: 5861: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5840: 5839: 5835: 5830: 5826: 5816: 5814: 5804: 5803: 5799: 5789: 5787: 5774: 5773: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5755: 5751: 5746: 5742: 5737: 5733: 5723: 5721: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5701: 5697: 5692: 5688: 5683: 5679: 5669: 5667: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5643: 5641: 5632: 5631: 5627: 5616: 5609: 5604: 5600: 5579: 5575: 5562: 5561: 5550: 5545: 5541: 5531: 5529: 5511: 5510: 5503: 5493: 5491: 5477: 5476: 5467: 5457: 5455: 5437: 5436: 5425: 5420: 5416: 5406: 5404: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5362: 5360: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5337: 5335: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5287: 5283: 5268: 5264: 5253: 5249: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5211: 5201: 5199: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5163: 5158: 5154: 5149: 5145: 5135: 5133: 5124: 5123: 5119: 5109: 5107: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5083: 5081: 5080:on 13 June 2007 5068: 5067: 5060: 5051: 5050: 5046: 5036: 5034: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5010: 5008: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4957:Wayback Machine 4935: 4898:Russian version 4892: 4879: 4853: 4851:Further reading 4840: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4802: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4751: 4708: 4701: 4694: 4689: 4687: 4684: 1546: 1511:Sergey Kravtsov 1495: 1489: 1456:. Although the 1442: 1426:graduate school 1298:academic titles 1290: 1220:Bologna Process 1212: 1143:Bologna process 1131: 1123: 1084:Dmitry Medvedev 1076:Andrei Fursenko 959: 949: 902: 848: 843: 796: 732: 598: 581: 494: 474: 468: 462: 459: 456: 447: 443: 436: 412:master's degree 388:graduate school 376:academic degree 372:Master's degree 229: 73:General details 50:Sergey Kravtsov 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9219: 9217: 9209: 9208: 9198: 9197: 9191: 9190: 9188: 9187: 9177: 9166: 9163: 9162: 9160: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9133: 9131: 9122: 9121: 9119: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9092: 9090: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8832: 8830: 8824: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8817: 8810: 8803: 8795: 8786: 8785: 8783: 8782: 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7403: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7382: 7381: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7360: 7359: 7358: 7348: 7343: 7341:Highest points 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7317: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7286: 7284:Extreme points 7281: 7280: 7279: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7248: 7242: 7236: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7177: 7175: 7171: 7170: 7168: 7167: 7166: 7165: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7133: 7132: 7131: 7126: 7116: 7111: 7110: 7109: 7099: 7097:Russian Empire 7094: 7093: 7092: 7082: 7077: 7076: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7021: 7019: 7010: 7004: 7003: 7001: articles 6997: 6995: 6994: 6987: 6980: 6972: 6965: 6964: 6948: 6929: 6917: 6905: 6882: 6860: 6837: 6814: 6783: 6772:on 24 May 2020 6751: 6748:. 1 June 2021. 6731: 6724:(in Russian). 6713: 6692: 6671: 6650: 6629: 6584: 6564: 6544: 6523: 6505: 6479: 6453: 6440:Spiegel Online 6426: 6397: 6362: 6344: 6326: 6300: 6273: 6251: 6232:(2): 221–236. 6216: 6202: 6176: 6145: 6134:on 31 May 2008 6119: 6110: 6098: 6089: 6080: 6071: 6062: 6060:Andreeva, p.36 6053: 6051:Andreeva, p.34 6044: 6035: 6026: 6017: 6008: 5999: 5990: 5981: 5955: 5928: 5906: 5897: 5885: 5874:on 4 June 2008 5859: 5833: 5824: 5797: 5767: 5758: 5749: 5740: 5731: 5712:Nina Gutkina. 5704: 5695: 5686: 5677: 5651: 5625: 5607: 5598: 5573: 5548: 5539: 5501: 5465: 5448:Russky Journal 5423: 5414: 5388: 5370: 5345: 5320: 5296: 5281: 5262: 5247: 5231: 5220: 5209: 5183: 5172: 5161: 5152: 5143: 5117: 5106:. 17 June 2021 5091: 5058: 5044: 5029:(in Swedish). 5018: 5003:(in Swedish). 4991: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4960: 4947: 4941: 4934: 4933:External links 4931: 4930: 4929: 4914: 4907: 4900: 4890: 4877: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4828: 4809: 4790: 4771: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4699: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4606: 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3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2993: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1598:2002 (census) 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1545: 1542: 1503:Vladimir Putin 1488: 1485: 1473:Vladimir Putin 1441: 1438: 1289: 1286: 1211: 1208: 1122: 1119: 1042:was formed in 948: 945: 901: 898: 870:home schooling 861:cerebral palsy 850:Children with 847: 844: 842: 839: 795: 792: 731: 728: 597: 594: 580: 577: 470: 469: 450: 448: 441: 435: 432: 416: 415: 381: 380: 379: 369: 367:academic major 348: 332: 306: 281: 280: 270: 260: 250: 228: 225: 112: 111: 108: 104: 103: 100: 96: 95: 91: 90: 87: 83: 82: 79: 75: 74: 70: 69: 66: 62: 61: 57: 56: 47: 43: 42: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9218: 9207: 9204: 9203: 9201: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9176: 9168: 9167: 9164: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9134: 9132: 9127: 9123: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9111:South Ossetia 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9093: 9091: 9089: 9083: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8833: 8831: 8829: 8825: 8816: 8811: 8809: 8804: 8802: 8797: 8796: 8793: 8781: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8771: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8739:Faroe Islands 8737: 8735: 8732: 8731: 8729: 8723: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8711:South Ossetia 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8693: 8691: 8685: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8563:Liechtenstein 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8416: 8411: 8409: 8404: 8402: 8397: 8396: 8393: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8367: 8363: 8362: 8358: 8348: 8345: 8341: 8338: 8337: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8330:Seven Wonders 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8295:Playing cards 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8162: 8159: 8158: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8115: 8107: 8104: 8103: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8011: 8010: 8007: 8003: 8000: 7999: 7998: 7995: 7991: 7990:Mental health 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7977: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7950:Ethnic groups 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7882: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7870: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7808: 7805: 7804: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7706: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7694: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7653:Civil defense 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7598:Media freedom 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7543: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7523: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7508: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7483:Criminal code 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7463:Civil Service 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7438: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7386: 7383: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7365: 7364: 7361: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7237: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7172: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7159: 7156: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7137: 7134: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7124:Russian state 7122: 7121: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7108: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7091: 7088: 7087: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7018: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7005: 7000: 6993: 6988: 6986: 6981: 6979: 6974: 6973: 6970: 6961: 6958: 6952: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6938: 6933: 6930: 6926: 6921: 6918: 6914: 6909: 6906: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6886: 6883: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6864: 6861: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6841: 6838: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6818: 6815: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6787: 6784: 6771: 6767: 6766: 6761: 6755: 6752: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6735: 6732: 6727: 6723: 6717: 6714: 6710:(in Russian). 6709: 6708: 6703: 6696: 6693: 6689:(in Russian). 6688: 6687: 6682: 6675: 6672: 6668:(in Russian). 6667: 6666: 6661: 6654: 6651: 6647:(in Russian). 6646: 6645: 6640: 6633: 6630: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6600: 6595: 6588: 6585: 6580: 6579: 6574: 6568: 6565: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6548: 6545: 6541:(in Russian). 6540: 6539: 6534: 6527: 6524: 6519: 6515: 6509: 6506: 6493: 6489: 6483: 6480: 6467: 6463: 6457: 6454: 6441: 6437: 6430: 6427: 6414: 6410: 6404: 6402: 6398: 6385: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6363: 6358: 6354: 6348: 6345: 6340: 6336: 6330: 6327: 6315: 6311: 6304: 6301: 6288: 6284: 6277: 6274: 6261: 6255: 6252: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6220: 6217: 6212: 6206: 6203: 6190: 6186: 6180: 6177: 6164: 6162: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6133: 6129: 6123: 6120: 6114: 6111: 6107: 6102: 6099: 6093: 6090: 6084: 6081: 6075: 6072: 6066: 6063: 6057: 6054: 6048: 6045: 6039: 6036: 6030: 6027: 6021: 6018: 6012: 6009: 6003: 6000: 5994: 5991: 5985: 5982: 5969: 5965: 5959: 5956: 5943: 5941: 5932: 5929: 5916: 5910: 5907: 5901: 5898: 5892: 5890: 5886: 5873: 5869: 5863: 5860: 5844: 5837: 5834: 5828: 5825: 5812: 5810: 5801: 5798: 5785: 5781: 5779: 5771: 5768: 5762: 5759: 5753: 5750: 5744: 5741: 5735: 5732: 5719: 5717: 5708: 5705: 5699: 5696: 5690: 5687: 5681: 5678: 5665: 5661: 5655: 5652: 5639: 5635: 5629: 5626: 5622: 5619: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5602: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5583: 5577: 5574: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5540: 5528:on 4 May 2013 5527: 5523: 5519: 5517: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5489: 5485: 5483: 5474: 5472: 5470: 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