Highland dance - Knowledge

1485:. The cakewalk is originally a dance performed by black slaves in the southern US imitating, in exaggerated style, the stately courtship ballroom dancing of slave owners. It was unique in competitive Highland dance as it is the only dance always performed as a duo and is the only dance that originated outside the British Isles. Also unique was the inclusion of fanciful and often outrageous costumes upon which some of the judging of artistry was based. While costume contests do occasionally take place regarding the outfits worn for the other dances, the outfits for those dances are so carefully prescribed (differences are restricted primarily to choice of tartan, colour of jackets or sashes, and choices such as lace sleeves and velvet vests instead of velvet jackets) that costume does not play a significant role in the dance competition or vary much across dancers. In contrast, while the cakewalk could be danced in traditional Scottish attire, dancers involved in the cakewalk often attempted to come up with the most creative duo costume they could, such as 874: 1254:

placing the feet by a peculiar step in the intervals between crossed blades, as in the Ghillie Callum, has long been linked with dances before a decisive battle or as a victory dance. Legend has it that on the eve of battle the highland chief would call out the clan's best dancers, who would dance the sword dance. If the dancers successfully avoided touching either blade, then it was considered an omen that the next day's battle would be in the clan's favour. A more practical explanation behind the meaning of this dance can be found in the training halls of older styles of fencing, where students of the sword developed their footwork by following geometric patterns of crosses, squares and triangles marked out on the floor.

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the feet, jumping and careful stepping supposedly to drive evil spirits away. The dancer is confined to one spot and snaps his fingers (which was reduced in recent times to merely holding the hands with the thumb touching the second joint of the middle finger, and the other three fingers extended in the air). Leaving aside the obvious difficulty of dancing around a sharpened spike on a shield, a much more plausible theory is that the Highland Fling is none other than a Foursome Reel with the progressive bits left out - at social gatherings, dancers would 'compete' by showing off the fancy solo steps they could perform, long before formal competitions at highland games had been invented.

1329:(1031–1093), but this claim is certain to have been fabricated to provide false credentials for the antiquity of the dance which is unlikely to have been invented before 1800. According to one tradition, the crossed swords were supposedly placed on the ground before a battle while a soldier danced around the blades. If his feet knocked against the swords, he would be wounded in battle and if he kicked them, then he would die. This may derive from the folklore often surrounding warrior culture, but the style of the dance was changed by the Maclennan brothers of Fairburn. 1121: 102: 1784: 1497:. The cakewalk was generally only danced at very large-scale competitions such as national or provincial championships, and was generally restricted to the top level of competitive dancers known as "premier" (formerly "open"). The cakewalk was generally performed to 'Whistling Rufus', written in 1899 by Kerry Mills. The inclusion of the cakewalk in competitive Highland Dance is credited to dancer, judge, and examiner James L. McKenzie who introduced the dance to Scotland from the United States. 1090:

championships run by non-RSOBHD organisations, all dancers are welcome, however if they choose to participate they may receive a ban from the RSOBHD. Similarly, dancers not registered with the RSOBHD are forbidden to dance at RSOBHD sanctioned competitions by the RSOBHD. Each year the RSOBHD selects the championship steps to be performed by dancers at championships around the world. An official RSOBHD Highland Dance technique book for dancers and teachers has been published.

1914:, which consists of a velvet bodice joined to a knee-length tartan skirt (which differs from a kilt in being pleated all the way around, without a flat front); it is worn over a white blouse and white underskirts, and a matching tartan plaid is usually pinned at the right shoulder and hangs down the back. Depending on the rules-making body, skin-coloured tights or white socks may be permitted instead of coloured ones that match the tartan. 1423:, which illustrate the history of dancing and other aspects of Scottish culture and history. Some of the national dances were taught by dancing masters in the 19th century and show a balletic influence, while others derive from earlier traditions and were adapted to later tastes. The Earl of Errol, for example, is based on an 18th-century percussive hard-shoe footwork, although today's Highland dancers perform it in soft 1981: 768: 132: 1392: 1792: 1026:

bells upon their legs, shearing rapiers in their hands and all other abulzements, danced our sword dance with many difficult knots and allapallajesse, five being under and five above upon their shoulders, three of them dancing through their feet and about them, drinking wine and breaking glasses. Which (God be praised) was acted and done without hurt or skaith to any.

1995: 38: 1357:, where the congregation awaited the late minister. During the delay they whistled a highland tune and began to improvise a dance. A more gruesome version of the story is that the dance derives from a rough game of football that the inhabitants of Tulloch played with the severed head of an enemy; the Gaelic words to the tune bear this out. 1215:

any mistakes, poor execution, etc., results in subtraction of points at the judges discretion. The dancers are then ranked from most to fewest points, and medals and points are given based on the number of dancers in the class although it is not uncommon, especially at the higher levels, for not every dancer to get placed in every dance.

1443:, or a washerwoman chasing taunting boys (or children in general) away who have dirtied her washing - the showing of the woman's fist symbolises her wanting to beat up the children, the leprechauns, or the husband. If it is danced by a man or boy, it is the story of Paddy's leather breeches, in which a careless washerwoman has shrunk 1145:

ladies: May Falconer, Motherwell (1948), Margaret Samson, Stirling (1949 and 1950). This feminisation of folk arts is a common pattern in the process of their 'gentrification', especially after they no longer serve a functional role in a male-centred, warrior culture. Males are still well represented at the world championships.

1136:, the Highland dances were at first danced only by men. Women would take part in social dances, and girls did learn solo dances as part of their general dance classes. In fact, dancing masters would often encourage their most promising students (male or female) to perform solo dances at their end-of-term 'assemblies'. 1244:

Steps of each dance are now laid out in national and international syllabus such as the text books of the RSOBHD, United Kingdom Alliance Ltd (UKA), Scottish Dancing Teacher Association (SDTA), and British Association of Teachers of Dancing (BATD). Each dance comprises a number of steps, which may be

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In the late 19th century a young woman named Jenny Douglas (the name of Lorna Mitchell is also suggested) decided to enter a Highland dance competition. As this was not expressly forbidden, she was allowed to enter. Since then the number of females participating in the sport has increased until today

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The RSOBHD is made up of representatives from many different Highland Dancing bodies and associations from around the world. The Board comprises delegates from the examining bodies (professional teaching associations), affiliated organisations in Australia (Australian Board of Highland Dancing Inc.),

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Many non-practitioners think the two Celtic forms are synonymous. While some dance studios teach both, they are two distinct styles, not just in the attire. In comparison to Scottish Highland dance, Irish dancers rarely use their arms which are held beside their bodies (rather than raised above the

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Another story surrounding the Fling claims that it is meant to imitate a stag; the story goes that a boy who saw a stag was asked to describe it by his father. He lacked the words, so danced instead; the position of the hands resembles the head and antlers of a stag. This urban legend hides the fact

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is that it was a dance of triumph at the end of a battle. Another (no less romantic) theory is that it was performed before battles (like the sword dance), on top of the dancer's shield. The shield would have a spike in the middle, around which the dancer would do the dance that involves flicking of

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have become more common in the recent years as general female dancewear (especially in North America), though this again varies by association or other rules-making body. The hair (if not very short already) is usually bound into a bun. Early-20th-century photographs also show that there was once a

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The various governing bodies of Highland dancing establish parameters for the dances themselves and scoring systems to grade the dancers and determine their class and progress from one class to another. The scoring system for these competitions begins with each dancer starting with 100 points. For

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Artistic interpretation covers that essential element of all dance and artistry in general which cannot be quantified or reduced to any set of rules or specific points, but which does concern the ability of the dancer or performer to convey a sense of feeling, understanding, and appreciation of the

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as we now know them. Highland dancing was an integral part of the Games from the very start of their modern revival, but the selection of dances performed at Games was intentionally narrowed down, mostly for the convenience of judges. Therefore, while the tradition of Highland games seemed at first

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At the head of this procession were the skilled musicians with many sorts of pipe music including the music of bagpipes, and behind them others splendidly performing a war-dance with intricate weaving in and out. Bringing up the rear was a figure regarding whom it was difficult to decide whether it

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Some Highland dances do derive from traditional social dances. An example is the Highland reel, also known as the foursome reel or strathspey, in which groups of four dancers alternate between solo steps facing one another and a figure-of-eight style with intertwining progressive movement. Even so,

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The Highlander developed "as a necessary preparation for the management of the broad-sword ... used in certain dances to exhibit their dexterity"; this included dancing over two uncovered swords which are laid across each other on the floor, some while a dancer moves nimbly around them. Dextrously

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Most dancing prior to the 1900s was not organised at a national or international level. Judges of competitions were local persons, without specific standards for attire or the steps to the danced. Local Caledonian societies trained young dancers in the way of each society. Slowly consistency of

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They are named: Aberdonian lassie, Blue Bonnets, Over the Water to Charlie, Tulloch gorm (or gorum), flowers of Edinburgh, Scotch measure (twa'some), and first of August. Many other dances from the Hebrides have been partially or fully lost. More relaxed than the other dances, they have also been

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The notion of how dances were to be executed changed dramatically over the years. For instance, doing an early-20th-century-style sword dance in a competition today would get a dancer disqualified nearly immediately. There used to be terrible confusion as to what would be allowed (or prescribed)

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since they began organising the competition in 1948. The first international competitor to win the Adult World Championship was Flora Stuart Grubb of Australia (1960) with Hugh Bigney being the first American to win the title in 1973. Indeed, the first three Adult World Championships were won by

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his Majesty's chair being set upon the wall next to the Water of Tay whereupon was a floating stage of timber clad about with birks, upon the which for his Majesty's welcome and entry thirteen of our brethren of this calling of Glovers with green caps, silver strings, red ribbons, white shoes and

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Females wear a tartan kilt (without a sporran) with a velvet jacket, worn with a lace insert, or a similar but sleeveless velvet vest worn over a white blouse. The jacket or vest may be black or coloured, with a gold or silver braid and buttons down the front. Matching hose are also worn. Aboyne

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James L. McKenzie (1905–1992) was well-respected as a dancing teacher, and one of the founders of the RSOBHD. This dance is annually performed in Canada in recognition of his efforts. The RSOBHD text book contained staged photographs of McKenzie demonstrating the various movements. In later

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Like other dance traditions, what is called "Highland dancing" is a hybrid form that has been constantly changing according to contemporary aesthetics and interpretations of the past. While some elements may be centuries old, other elements are much more modern. The vast majority of dances now

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The following is an indication of what is commonly observed. Attire has also changed over the decades. Ruffles around the neck and wrist-cuffs were once quite common. Early 20th-century photographs of dancers show a wide variety of dresses and skirts were once in use. Today, long-sleeved

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for 'I will strike your head') indicate some form of weapon play to music; "breaking the head" was the winning blow in cudgelling matches throughout Britain, "for the moment that blood runs an inch anywhere above the eyebrow, the old gamester to whom it belongs is beaten, and has to stop".

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The RSOBHD board sanctions Highland dancing championships although does not actually organise any of them. There are non-RSOBHD sanctioned championships run by non-RSOBHD aligned organisations at which registered RSOBHD dancers are forbidden to take part by the RSOBHD. At competitions and

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was a man or an apparition. It seemed to glide like a ghost rather than walk on feet. When it looked as if he was disappearing from everyone's sight, the whole frenzied procession halted, the song died away, the music faded, and the dancing contingent froze suddenly and unexpectedly.

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Canada (ScotDance Canada), South Africa (Official Board of Highland Dancing (South Africa)), New Zealand (Scot Dance New Zealand), and the United States (Federation of United States Teachers and Adjudicators) which represent the many Highland dance organisations in those countries.

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glance to have fostered and preserved Highland dancing, many older dances got lost because nobody considered them worthwhile to practice, as they were not required for competition. The nature of these displays and competitions also affected the style of the dancing itself.

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Each dancing association (RSOBHD, SOHDA, VSU, etc.) sets its own standard of dress, and various Highland games or other event may have its own rules. Items such as lipstick, earrings, tattoos, and the wearing of jewellery may be prohibited depending on the organisation.

1010:. The dance, 'a natural feature of the festivities', was used as part of a plot to assassinate the King, where the conspirators were able to bare their weapons without arising suspicion. Fortunately for the King, at the decisive moment the agreed signal was never given. 1077:

was approved by 16 November 2019. The RSOBHD standardised dance steps for competition purposes, established rules for competitions and attire, and certifies competitions and instructors. The RSOBHD World Highland Dance Championship has been held annually at the

1439:(the dancer, in a red and green costume, is an interpretation of an Irish person, gesturing angrily and frowning). If the Irish jig is danced by a woman or girl, it is about either the distressed wife scolding her husband, a woman being tormented by 1470:, and has quite a lot of detail involved that portrays the character (e.g. the dancer does not touch his palms, assumed to be dirty, on his uniform). Performed in a British sailor's uniform, its name derives from the accompanying instrument, the 1265:

exercise in which the man standing on a shield had to defend himself and stay upright while others tried to pull it out from under him. Many of the Highland dances now lost to us were once performed with traditional weapons that included the

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by civilian males, went into effect. The act was repealed in 1782 and in the early 19th century, there was something of a romanticisation of Highland culture (or such as it was imagined to be). This revival, later boosted greatly by

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jackets may give way to short-sleeved jackets depending on the climate. A dancer's skill level or sex may also determine the attire (under RSOBHD rules, premier-level dancers have more prescribed items than pre-premier dancers).

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on the other hand is one of the largest dancing and piping events on the North American calendar. Many of Australia's competitions are held indoors as a solo activity, while Canadian and Scottish competitions are associated with

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numbered or worded. A RSOBHD four-step Highland fling may have the 1st step, 7th, 5th alternative, and finish with the 8th step; or by the step name: shedding, double shake and rock, second back-stepping, and last shedding.

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shoulders), legs and feet are frequently crossed (not turned out at 45°), and frequent use of the hard-soled step shoes (compared to ghillies or "pumps"). There is a greater use of choreography than traditional movements.

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period. Ritualistic and combative dances that imitated epic deeds and martial skills were a familiar feature in Scottish tradition and folklore. The earliest reference to these dances in Scotland is mentioned in the

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is worn over a square-necked white vest with bell-bottom trousers. A navy or light blue collar (with three stripes) and a sailor's regulation cap are also worn. There used to be horizontal creases in the trousers.

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Many if not most Highland gatherings worldwide recognise the Royal Scottish Official Board of Highland Dancing (RSOBHD), formed in 1950, as the world governing body of Highland dancing. The 'Royal' title from the

891:, from which it evolved, but while some forms of step dancing are purely percussive in nature, Highland dancing involves not only a combination of steps but also some integral upper body, arm, and hand movements. 1316:('battle-dance'). They are mentioned in a number of sources, usually military, and may have been performed in a variety of different forms, practiced by two performers in a duelling form, or as a solo routine. 2097:

Bigney was the first American to win the adult section of World Championship in 1973, but from 1967, there had been some junior world championships from the United States too. (Ref: J Am Ethnic History,

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The ability of the dancer including the jumping height and the confidence. While these may affect the final placings per dance they are not a particularly large contributing factor to most results.

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and Highland reel, the reel of Tulloch, and the Highland fling. Since then, various other (pre-existing) dances have been added to the competition repertoire. For example, two character dances,

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since 1934. Today this RSOBHD World Championship is sanctioned by the RSOBHD at three levels: Juvenile, Junior and Adult. Only SOBHD-registered dancers may compete at this RSOBHD championship.

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Dancers now undergo written examinations and practical assessments to become a teacher, and then further training and testing to become a dancer examiner, then competition judge or adjudicator.

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The Royal Scottish Official Board of Highland Dancing which is the world governing body of highland dance, has a set dress code for all competitors dancing in sanctioned competitions.

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R. McNiven 'Bobby' Cuthbertson (1906–1979) was born in Glasgow and instrumental in the formation of SOHDA. A hornpipe tune is named in his honour and regularly used in that dance. (

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Females may wear a white dress with a tartan plaid (shoulder shawl) with a brooch, pinned to the right shoulder and waist. Alternatively, they may wear the increasingly popular

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The sailor's hornpipe was adapted from an English dance, and is now performed more frequently in Scotland, while the Irish Jig is a humorous caricature of, and tribute to,

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The Office Bearers are delighted to announce that Her Majesty the Queen has given her approval to the Royal title "The Royal Scottish Official Board of Highland Dancing".

1474:. It is performed to tunes such as "Crossing the Minch" (Pipe Major Donald MacLeod) "Jackie Tar" (Traditional), and many other both contemporary and traditional tunes. 3335: 918:

in competitions, the Highland reel dancers are judged individually. All but three Highland dances are danced solo and those three dances are variations of each other.

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Females may wear one of several combinations of red, green and white blouses, dresses, skirts and cummerbunds. Dancers also wear white underskirts and a white apron.

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Highland dancing is a competitive and technical dance form requiring technique, stamina, and strength, and is recognised as a sport by the Sport Council of Scotland.

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of black or coloured velvet or cloth. If this jacket is in the Prince Charlie style, then it is to be accompanied by a shirt and bow tie with a waistcoat (vest),

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Technique has to do with the correct execution of the steps in coordination with the movements of the rest of the body, including head, arm and hand movements.

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and are now danced by Highland dancers. It is unknown when these dances originated, or who created them, but dance master Ewen MacLachlan taught them in the

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Character dances (Specifically the Sailor's Hornpipe, and Irish Jig; although The Cakewalk used to be part of this category, it is no longer commonly danced)

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editions these were changed to line drawings based on the photographs. The eighth edition (2015) changed to line-drawings of a female dancer in kilt.

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The following list is by no means exhaustive. Those marked with an asterisk ('*') are regularly observed at RSOBHD competitions.

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of 1745. However, the dance is considerably younger, with most of the steps performed today dating from the late 19th century.

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Perhaps one of the most unusual elements of character dance in modern Highland dance competitions was the inclusion of the

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Scottish Highland dances are generally divided into several types. Categories are more for convenience than strict style:

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competition is almost inconspicuous on the roadside, and is beside piping events and some heavy game events. Canada's

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Most judges today evaluate a dancer on three major criteria: timing, technique and interpretation/overall deportment.

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The British central government's policy of cultural suppression against Highland culture culminated in 1747 when the

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Highland dances are now supplemented at Highland games and dance competitions by what are known as national dances.

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where, until the RSOBHD came up with a standard that has become acceptable to the majority of competitive dancers.

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Such organisations provide a wide syllabus of Highland and national dances and steps within their teaching.

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in excess of 95% of all dancers are female. There have been numerous female World Champions crowned at the

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means 'old trousers' in Gaelic and is romantically associated with the repeal of the proscription of the

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Highland dancing competitions may be held solely or as part of larger events. The small annual Scottish

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Other organisations that qualify Highland dancers, teachers, and judges and hold competitions include:

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In Highland dancing, the dancers dance on the balls of the feet. Highland dancing is a form of solo

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in Royal Navy doing work aboard ship: hauling rope, sliding on the rollicking deck, and getting his

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is worn over the front of the kilts will depend upon the association or other rules-making body. A

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As far as competitions were concerned, until the early 20th century the usual dances seen were the

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in 1617, and again for Charles I in 1633, by the Incorporation of Skinners and Glovers of Perth,

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toeandheel.com worldwide highland dancing information resource by Deryck & Gareth Mitchelson

1325:(anglicised as "Gillie Callum" and meaning 'Servant of Calum') has been claimed to date back to 3015: 2564: 2431: 1959: 1811: 1555: 1452: 1395:

Scottish national dancing at the 2005 Skagit Valley Highland Games. The dancer is wearing the

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in the 19th and 20th centuries, in the context of competitions at public events such as the

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at Edinburgh in May 1590, and a mixture of sword dance and acrobatics was performed before

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Modern Highland dancing emerged in the 19th and 20th centuries. It was "created from the

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wider array of dress or skirt styles (sometimes fairly long), as well as use of the

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Step dancing and clog dancing also used to regularly be part of some competitions.

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Highland Dancing: The textbook of the Scottish Official Board of Highland Dancing

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Males wear the same dress for national dances as Highland dances, however tartan

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which was compiled in Scotland by Walter Bower in the 1440s. The passage regards

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National dances (which include the Scottish Lilt and Flora McDonald's Fancy)

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Timing concerns the ability of the dancer to follow the rhythm of the music.

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in the prehistoric period. Forms of sword dancing are also attested in the

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Irish jig shoes are black, green or red and, though they closely resemble

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In another version of Scottish sword dancing, the Highlander danced on a

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steps was achieved, and dancing-specific organisations were established.

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Highland dances (Highland Fling, Sword Dance, Seann Triubhas, and Reel)

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used for dance-wear items, as described below, are today most often a

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are worn by both sexes. These are quite distinct from harder-soled

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Frederick Hill's Book of Quadrilles & Country Dances etc. etc

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Extracts from the Records of the Burgh of Edinburgh: 1589 to 1603

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folk dance repertoire, but formalised with the conventions of

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folk dance repertoire, but formalised with the conventions of

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Highland Dancers compete at the Cowal Highland Gathering 2008

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Official Board Of Highland Dancing (South Africa) (OBHD (SA)

2391:"Under the Kilt: Variations on the Scottish-American Ground" 2228:"What is the difference between Highland and Irish dancing?" 1455:

at her in anger and showing his fist, intending to hit her.

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that Highlanders used to snap their fingers as they danced.

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gained popularity in music hall and vaudeville productions.

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Men wear a traditional Scottish bonnet (cap) in either the

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with a nearby hall available in case of inclement weather.

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In 1573, Scottish mercenaries are said to have performed a

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the Scottish Official Highland Dancing Association (SOHDA)

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Royal Scottish Official Board of Highland Dancing (RSOBHD)

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the New Zealand Academy of Highland and National Dancing

94:"Highland reel" redirects here. For the racehorse, see 2819:

Federation of United States Teachers and Adjudicators

2260:(2008). "Anna of Denmark's Coronation and Entry". In 2073: 1862: 1587: 1361: 1344: 1320: 1311: 1305: 1287: 1169: 1047:'s enthusiasm for it, included the beginnings of the 826:) is a style of competitive dancing developed in the 2809:

New Zealand Academy of Highland and National Dancing

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Scottish Official Highland Dance Association (SOHDA)

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Scottish Official Board of Highland Dancing (RSOBHD)

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Sword dances and Highland dances were included at a

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Scottish Official Board of Highland Dancing (SOBHD)

2818: 943:at the 2005 Bellingham (Washington) Highland Games 2784:British Association of Teachers of Dancing (BATD) 2536:. Calder School of Highland Dance. Archived from 2204:. BC Highland Dancing Association. Archived from 2192: 2190: 1403:At competitions, the national dances include the 981:and his second marriage to the French noblewoman 846:music, and dancers wear specialised shoes called 27:Competitive style of national dancing of Scotland 2511:. Scottish Official Highland Dancing Association 1926:for this dance, in either navy blue or white. A 2750:Royal Scottish Official Board of Highland Dance 2166:. Am Faclair Beag - Scottish Gaelic Dictionary. 1023: 991: 2465: 2463: 1853:(of a kilt-matching colour scheme, in tartan, 3329: 2879: 2528: 2526: 2430:(8th ed.). Lindsay Publications. 2015 . 1380:performed were composed in the 20th century. 894:Highland dancing should not be confused with 792: 8: 2198:"A Brief History of Scottish Highland Dance" 2174: 2172: 962:were performed by warriors in many parts of 1822:that features white as a prominent colour. 1606:Strathspey, Highland reel, and half Tulloch 853:Highland dance should not be confused with 3336: 3322: 3314: 3083: 2886: 2872: 2864: 1845:and, optionally, sleeve ruffles. A tartan 799: 785: 108: 2799:Australian Board of Highland Dancing Inc. 2604: 2602: 1108:the Victorian Scottish Union (Australia). 939:A young Highland dancer demonstrates her 82:Learn how and when to remove this message 2859:- The original Highland dancing magazine 1867:and sometimes more generally. Whether a 1790: 1782: 880:Scottish highland dance, piper, drummers 100: 2789:Scottish Dance Teachers Alliance (SDTA) 2301:The New Statistical Account of Scotland 2181:A Handbook of the Scottish Gaelic World 2156: 2090: 1505:The Hebridean dances originated in the 498: 491: 484: 411: 400: 274: 120: 2376:The Scottish Highland Games in America 1861:can be worn instead of a kilt for the 1261:shield; this has similarities with an 1946:Males wear a Paddy hat, red or green 1655:Wilt thou go to the barracks, Johnny? 869:Basic description of Highland dancing 7: 2851:New Zealand Highland Dancing History 2834:The Hidden History of Highland Dance 2353:Australian Board of Highland Dancing 1618:National and (soft-shoe) step dances 2144:Refers to Charlie Mill (1940–2004). 1943:, are hard-soled shoes with heels. 1372:by the government after the failed 753:Scottish inventions and discoveries 2611:"Introduction to Highland Dancing" 2472:"Hidden History of Highland Dance" 2395:Journal of American Ethnic History 2378:. Pelican Publishing. p. 151. 2322:. 16 November 2019. Archived from 1787:Girls dressed for Highland dancing 25: 2794:United Kingdom Alliance Ltd (UKA) 2587:. Calder School of Highland Dance 2264:; MacDonald, Alasdair A. (eds.). 2183:. Four Courts Press. p. 282. 1857:, or dicing) are worn; or tartan 1993: 1979: 878:Royal Military College of Canada 766: 130: 62:has been specified. Please help 36: 3111:Duple / Quadruple-time 1917: 1116:Highland games and competitions 1038:, which forbade the wearing of 3526:which exist in various meters. 2234:. 3 April 2012. Archived from 1702:Lady Louisa MacDonald of Sleat 1624:Blue bonnets over the border * 1600:Strathspey and Highland reel * 1545:Pas de Basques and high cuts * 1289:Buailidh mi thu anns a' cheann 1: 2374:DONALDSON, Emily Ann (1999). 1603:Strathspey and half Tulloch * 1513:during the mid-19th century. 1015:reception for Anne of Denmark 2124:The Traditional Tune Archive 1419:'s Fancy, Village Maid, and 218:Colonisation of the Americas 2663:"Competition Dance History" 2640:SDTA Alliance News Magazine 1966:, is carried for twirling. 1880: 1645:Scotch measure (twa some) * 1075:Queen of the United Kingdom 3654: 2509:"Highland Dancing History" 2389:BERTHOFF, Rowland (1982). 2349:"Flora Carter (nee Grubb)" 2266:Sixteenth-Century Scotland 922:Scottish and Irish dancing 834:. It was created from the 93: 2693:Scottish Dance Traditions 2065:Specific highland dances 1922:Both sexes wear the same 1903:may be worn instead of a 1795:Laddie dancing in tartan 1723:Over the water to Charlie 1720:Over the isles to America 1660:Tribute to J. L. McKenzie 1036:Act of Proscription 1746) 1002:before the Swedish King, 3395:Traditional square dance 3297:Donegal fiddle tradition 2824:Victorian Scottish Union 2559:Hill, Frederick (1841). 2470:Newton, Michael (2012). 2179:Newton, Michael (2000). 1918:Sailor's hornpipe attire 1154:Glengarry Highland Games 1142:Cowal Highland Gathering 1124:Highland dancers at the 1080:Cowal Highland Gathering 896:Scottish country dancing 3628:Scottish Highland dance 3582:Irish traditional music 3385:Scottish highland dance 3293:Irish traditional music 1731:Tribute to Charlie Mill 1327:Malcolm III of Scotland 1006:, at a banquet held in 958:It seems that forms of 527:Scottish highland dance 3421:Great Highland bagpipe 3345:Cape Breton folk music 3026:Great Highland bagpipe 2334:– via Facebook. 2074: 2051:Scottish country dance 2034:Ghillies (dance shoes) 1863: 1799: 1788: 1672:The bonnie briest knot 1588: 1487:Frankenstein's monster 1415:, the Scotch Measure, 1400: 1362: 1345: 1321: 1312: 1306: 1288: 1170: 1129: 1028: 996: 944: 881: 855:Scottish country dance 823: 532:Scottish country dance 106: 3390:Scottish sword dances 2268:. Brill. p. 290. 2056:Scottish sword dances 1895:National dance attire 1820:dance or dress tartan 1794: 1786: 1779:Highland dance attire 1717:Mrs MacLeod of Raasay 1628:Earl of Erroll (reel) 1451:and he is waving his 1394: 1332:One theory about the 1182:The sailor's hornpipe 1123: 989:on 14 October 1285. 938: 876: 537:Scottish sword dances 346:Burning of the Clavie 253:Industrial Revolution 104: 3303:Cape Breton fiddling 3101:Highland Schottische 2919:Gaelic psalm singing 2636:"December 2020 news" 2238:on 21 September 2021 2019:Four Scottish Dances 1692:Flowers of Edinburgh 1578:Lochaber broadswords 1126:Ceres Highland Games 1094:Other dancing bodies 1000:Scottish sword dance 941:Scottish sword dance 691:World Heritage Sites 391:Units of measurement 193:Wars of Independence 64:improve this article 52:to meet Knowledge's 3638:Society of Scotland 3633:Scottish folk music 3597:Folk music of Wales 3592:Scottish folk music 3046:Scottish smallpipes 2895:Scottish folk music 2839:28 May 2014 at the 2326:on 26 February 2022 2120:"Bobby Cuthbertson" 1688:The first of August 1517:more influenced by 1346:Ruidhle Thulaichean 773:Scotland portal 248:Highland Clearances 223:Glorious Revolution 188:Davidian Revolution 123:Culture of Scotland 3587:English folk music 3451:2/2 and 4/4 dances 3295:(particularly the 3288:English folk music 2743:"SOBHD Dress Code" 2661:Robertson, Colin. 2540:on 18 January 2013 1962:, a kind of Irish 1829:or less often the 1800: 1789: 1699:The king of Sweden 1669:Bobby Cuthbertson 1642:(Hielan' laddie) * 1573:Argyll broadswords 1489:and his bride, or 1437:Irish step dancing 1401: 1130: 945: 882: 828:Scottish Highlands 824:dannsa Gàidhealach 243:Lowland Clearances 228:1707 Acts of Union 107: 3618:Competitive dance 3605: 3604: 3311: 3310: 3222: 3221: 2615:Electric Scotland 2585:"National Dances" 2455:The Scottish Gaël 1954:, brown or khaki 1812:Irish dance shoes 1754:Sailor's hornpipe 1663:Aberdonian lassie 1558:'s Highland fling 1556:Marquis of Huntly 1483:persons of colour 1374:Jacobite Uprising 848:ghillies or pumps 809: 808: 173:Early Middle Ages 92: 91: 84: 54:quality standards 45:This article may 16:(Redirected from 3645: 3561:Pentatonic scale 3338: 3331: 3324: 3315: 3084: 3079: 2888: 2881: 2874: 2865: 2804:ScotDance Canada 2761: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2747: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2722:ScotDance Canada 2715: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2699:on 26 April 2012 2695:. 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Retrieved 2123: 2113: 2103: 2093: 2061:Step dancing 2029:Aboyne dress 2009:Clog dancing 1968: 1945: 1938: 1921: 1912:Aboyne dress 1909: 1898: 1890: 1877: 1824: 1801: 1768: 1764: 1736: 1735: 1617: 1616: 1612:Tulloch gorm 1568:Sword salute 1532: 1531: 1528: 1519:step-dancing 1515: 1504: 1495:Minnie Mouse 1476: 1457: 1434: 1402: 1399:for females. 1397:Aboyne dress 1382: 1378: 1359: 1343: 1339: 1331: 1319:The tune of 1318: 1299: 1268:Lochaber axe 1256: 1252: 1243: 1240: 1226: 1217: 1213: 1195: 1163: 1147: 1138: 1131: 1111: 1097: 1088: 1084: 1071: 1063: 1059: 1029: 1024: 1012: 997: 992: 972: 957: 946: 925: 916: 900:social dance 893: 889:step dancing 886: 883: 863:clog dancing 852: 815: 811: 810: 743:Celtic cross 728:Lion Rampant 718:Coat of arms 656:Rugby sevens 651:Horse racing 562:Puirt à beul 441:Burns supper 351:Burns supper 208:Early modern 78: 69: 46: 29: 3551:Ionian mode 3546:Dorian mode 3404:Instruments 3378:Folk dances 3272:Scotch snap 3149:Triple-time 3061:Tin whistle 3031:Low whistle 2979:Instruments 2943:Folk dances 2727:14 December 2703:16 December 2689:"Hebridean" 2620:16 December 2479:Celtic Life 2457:p. 440 2242:10 December 2212:16 December 2202:Of Interest 2129:14 December 2046:Irish dance 1881:(see below) 1802:Soft-soled 1727:The Thistle 1714:Miss Forbes 1708:Linkumdodie 1666:Betty's jig 1597:Hullachan * 1562:Sword dance 1441:leprechauns 1166:sword dance 748:Celtic knot 661:Rugby union 451:Lanimer Day 386:Up Helly Aa 299:Broad Scots 258:Romanticism 213:Reformation 203:Renaissance 168:Middle Ages 163:Roman times 158:Prehistoric 66:if you can. 3612:Categories 3506:9/8 dances 3491:6/8 dances 3481:3/4 dances 3475:Strathspey 3455:Barn dance 3435:Tune types 3256:Pentatonic 3251:Mixolydian 3139:Strathspey 3119:Barn dance 3088:Duple-time 3056:Tenor drum 2914:Cornkister 2755:10 October 2719:"James L." 2412:27 January 2359:27 January 2355:. May 2019 2151:References 2014:Dirk dance 1960:shillelagh 1886:full plaid 1839:cummerbund 1636:'s fancy * 1453:shillelagh 1313:bruicheath 1302:dirk dance 1282:; the old 1272:broadsword 1178:Strathspey 594:Television 522:Folk music 500:Literature 461:Bealltainn 446:Tartan Day 328:Traditions 233:Jacobitism 3570:Relations 3441:2/4 dance 3411:Accordion 3352:Folk song 3051:Side drum 2996:Bass drum 2986:Accordion 2902:Folk song 2401:(2): 19. 2232:Dance.net 1873:fly plaid 1831:Glengarry 1748:Irish jig 1462:mimics a 1274:, targe, 1207:art form. 1186:Irish jig 1150:Glen Isla 684:Monuments 423:Festivals 402:Mythology 371:Scots law 286:Languages 3510:Slip jig 3500:Two-step 3465:Hornpipe 3198:Slip jig 3180:Two-step 3129:Hornpipe 3036:Melodeon 2960:Highland 2837:Archived 2646:25 March 2534:"Dances" 2407:27500204 2282:(1927). 1973:See also 1956:breeches 1952:tailcoat 1941:ghillies 1879:dresses 1827:Balmoral 1743:Cakewalk 1507:Hebrides 1479:cakewalk 1472:hornpipe 1468:paycheck 1460:hornpipe 1449:breeches 1425:Ghillies 1184:and the 1019:James VI 1004:John III 987:Jedburgh 906:, and a 671:Shot put 631:Football 486:Religion 475:Samhainn 470:Lùnastal 436:Hogmanay 406:folklore 361:Crofting 336:Clothing 153:Timeline 114:a series 112:Part of 47:require 3520:Marches 3359:Lilting 3236:Aeolian 3214:Marches 2965:Country 2950:Cèilidh 2924:Lilting 2492:16 July 1948:muffler 1869:sporran 1835:doublet 1816:tartans 1814:. The 1351:Tullich 1192:Judging 931:History 733:Thistle 705:Symbols 626:Curling 547:Keening 465:May Day 413:Cuisine 366:Saining 309:Pictish 178:Kingdom 143:History 49:cleanup 3534:Scales 3416:Fiddle 3246:Ionian 3241:Dorian 3207:Others 3016:Fiddle 2673:30 May 2591:3 July 2567: 2544:3 July 2515:3 July 2434: 2405: 2330:16 May 2098:1982.) 1964:cudgel 1855:argyle 1491:Mickey 1464:sailor 1407:, the 1278:, and 1176:, the 1168:, the 1128:, 2013 964:Europe 953:ballet 949:Gaelic 840:ballet 836:Gaelic 738:Tartan 666:Shinty 641:Hailes 599:Cinema 456:Imbolc 341:Hackle 276:People 263:Modern 116:on the 3485:Waltz 3445:Polka 3426:Piano 3228:Modes 3157:Waltz 3096:Polka 3076:metre 3041:Piano 3021:Flute 3006:Cello 2970:Sword 2746:(PDF) 2486:(PDF) 2475:(PDF) 2403:JSTOR 2086:Notes 1901:trews 1859:trews 1843:jabot 1797:trews 1761:Dress 1445:Paddy 1280:flail 1259:targe 1040:kilts 861:, or 613:Sport 589:Radio 581:Media 557:Opera 510:Music 381:Skalk 3524:airs 3522:and 3470:Reel 3134:Reel 3074:(by 2955:Dirk 2757:2023 2729:2017 2705:2011 2675:2014 2648:2021 2622:2011 2593:2012 2565:ISBN 2546:2012 2517:2012 2494:2012 2432:ISBN 2414:2022 2361:2022 2332:2020 2244:2017 2214:2011 2131:2017 1950:and 1905:kilt 1851:hose 1849:and 1847:kilt 1772:kilt 1554:The 1493:and 1458:The 1370:kilt 1360:The 1284:Skye 1276:dirk 713:Flag 621:Golf 512:and 404:and 314:Norn 3495:Jig 3175:Jig 1132:At 985:at 955:". 814:or 542:Mod 493:Art 58:No 3614:: 2748:. 2691:. 2638:. 2613:. 2601:^ 2563:. 2525:^ 2477:. 2462:^ 2453:. 2397:. 2393:. 2351:. 2318:. 2230:. 2200:. 2189:^ 2171:^ 2122:. 1907:. 1521:. 1353:, 1270:, 914:. 857:, 822:: 3337:e 3330:t 3323:v 3299:) 3078:) 2887:e 2880:t 2873:v 2759:. 2731:. 2707:. 2677:. 2650:. 2624:. 2595:. 2573:. 2548:. 2519:. 2496:. 2440:. 2416:. 2399:1 2363:. 2246:. 2216:. 2135:) 2133:. 1756:* 1750:* 1657:* 1630:* 1594:* 1564:* 1551:* 1542:* 1292:( 818:( 800:e 793:t 786:v 463:/ 98:. 85:) 79:( 74:) 70:( 56:. 20:)

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