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High-level waste is the highly radioactive waste material resulting from the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel, including liquid waste produced directly in reprocessing and any solid material derived from such liquid waste that contains fission products in sufficient concentrations; and other highly
110:
and is the type of nuclear waste with the highest activity. HLW accounts for over 95% of the total radioactivity produced in the nuclear power process. In other words, while most nuclear waste is low-level and intermediate-level waste, such as protective clothing and equipment that have been
94:
exists in this form because funding for further processing was typically not part of the original weapons programs. Both spent nuclear fuel and vitrified waste are considered as suitable forms for long term disposal, after a period of temporary storage in the case of spent nuclear fuel.
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High-level waste is very radioactive and, therefore, requires special shielding during handling and transport. Initially it also needs cooling, because it generates a great deal of heat. Most of the heat, at least after short-lived nuclides have decayed, is from the
867:
In 1997, in the 20 countries which account for most of the world's nuclear power generation, spent fuel storage capacity at the reactors was 148,000 tonnes, with 59% of this utilized. Away-from-reactor storage capacity was 78,000 tonnes, with 44% utilized.
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Liquid high-level waste is typically held temporarily in underground tanks pending vitrification. Most of the high-level waste created by the
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represents 7-9 percent of
America's high-level radioactive waste by volume. Nuclear reactors line the riverbank at the Hanford Site along the
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is used reactor fuel that is no longer efficient in creating electricity, because its fission process has slowed due to a build-up of
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Risks and
Hazards arising the Transportation of Irradiated Fuel and Nuclear Materials in the United Kingdom
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radioactive material that is determined, consistent with existing law, to require permanent isolation.
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918:
M.I. Ojovan and W.E. Lee. An
Introduction to Nuclear Waste Immobilisation. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2005)
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Has decay energy 380 keV, but its decay product Sb has decay energy 3.67 MeV.
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produced from the nuclear power generation process comes from high-level waste.
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created by the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. It exists in two main forms:
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814:. Reprocessing is a method of chemically treating spent fuel to separate out
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148:, the waste volume would be only about three cubic meters per year, but the
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It is generally accepted that the final waste will be disposed of in a
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Some countries, particularly France, reprocess commercial spent fuel.
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159:, and many countries have developed plans for such a site, including
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Dept of Energy - RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT MANUAL - DOE M 435.1-1
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A typical large 1000 MWe nuclear reactor produces 25–30 tons of
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High-level radioactive waste is stored for 10 or 20 years in
822:. The byproduct of reprocessing is a highly radioactive
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1022:. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2002. Second ed.
1736:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
133:, which have half-lives on the order of 30 years.
111:contaminated with radiation, the majority of the
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1018:Fentiman, Audeen W. and James H. Saling.
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1766:High-level radioactive waste management
911:
844:High-level radioactive waste management
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32:High-level radioactive waste management
1042:NRC Backgrounder on Radioactive Waste
7:
1781:Sewage regulation and administration
470:Per 65 thermal neutron fissions of
71:and other waste streams created by
496:Lower in thermal reactors because
25:
796:Waste materials from reprocessing
27:Highly radioactive waste material
1831:
1830:
1819:
1761:Extended producer responsibility
1247:
992:. martinfrost.ws. Archived from
90:and the weapons programs of the
1319:Mechanical biological treatment
929:"Radioactive Waste Management"
1:
124:medium-lived fission products
1020:Radioactive Waste Management
449:Decay energy is split among
1771:History of waste management
191:Long-lived fission products
140:per year. If the fuel were
82:of liquid high-level waste.
1894:
1359:fluorescent lamp recycling
841:
791:, and potentially harmful.
157:deep geological repository
152:would be almost the same.
106:elements generated in the
29:
1814:
1245:
954:"WNO radwaste management"
860:, and then can be put in
770:Spent (used) reactor fuel
439:
98:HLW contains many of the
1741:China's waste import ban
810:spent nuclear fuel from
502:readily absorbs neutrons
18:Highly radioactive waste
1102:Agricultural wastewater
783:. However, it is still
67:First and second cycle
1826:Environment portal
1504:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1394:water recycling shower
853:
49:
1194:Municipal solid waste
1174:Industrial wastewater
1029:R3144-A1, March 2006
851:
39:
1389:water heat recycling
1294:Garden waste dumping
899:Into Eternity (film)
73:nuclear reprocessing
1756:Eco-industrial park
1344:appliance recycling
1264:Anaerobic digestion
1209:Post-consumer waste
1107:Biodegradable waste
990:"Radioactive waste"
523:
500:, its predecessor,
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1801:Waste minimisation
1746:Cleaner production
1411:Reusable packaging
1324:Mechanical sorting
1127:Construction waste
996:on 3 December 2012
854:
777:Spent nuclear fuel
517:
188:
50:
1878:Radioactive waste
1865:
1864:
1796:Waste legislation
1705:Sanitation worker
1679:London Convention
1615:Bamako Convention
1406:Resource recovery
1374:textile recycling
1369:plastic recycling
1349:battery recycling
1289:Ecological design
1214:Radioactive waste
888:Transuranic waste
878:Radioactive waste
762:
761:
513:
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88:Manhattan Project
16:(Redirected from
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1689:OSPAR Convention
1620:Basel Convention
1431:Waste collection
1421:Sewage treatment
1379:timber recycling
1354:bottle recycling
1334:Reclaimed lumber
1329:Photodegradation
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1169:Industrial waste
1137:Electronic waste
1132:Demolition waste
1112:Biomedical waste
1086:waste management
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1005:
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956:. Archived from
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931:. Archived from
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862:dry cask storage
858:spent fuel pools
812:breeder reactors
806:are acquired by
781:reaction poisons
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100:fission products
78:Waste formed by
53:High-level waste
48:in January 1960.
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1837:Category: Waste
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1791:Waste hierarchy
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1715:Waste collector
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1684:Oslo Convention
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1451:Waste-to-energy
1446:Waste treatment
1416:Right to repair
1314:Landfill mining
1299:Illegal dumping
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1204:Packaging waste
1199:Open defecation
1159:Hazardous waste
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1025:Large, John H.
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883:Low-level waste
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852:Spent fuel pool
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804:nuclear weapons
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59:) is a type of
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1710:Street sweeper
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1594:United Kingdom
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1384:tire recycling
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1364:land recycling
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1274:Biodegradation
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1122:Chemical waste
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960:on 2016-02-01
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309:
305:
302:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
287:
283:
278:
273:
269:
264:
262:
261:
258:
255:
253:
252:
248:
246:
243:
241:
229:
225:
222:
221:
214:
209:
207:
202:
200:
195:
194:
192:
182:
180:
178:
174:
173:United States
170:
166:
162:
158:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
132:
128:
125:
119:
116:
114:
113:radioactivity
109:
105:
101:
96:
93:
89:
81:
80:vitrification
77:
74:
70:
66:
65:
64:
62:
61:nuclear waste
58:
54:
47:
43:
38:
33:
19:
1729:Other topics
1720:Waste picker
1647:incineration
1426:Urban mining
1304:Incineration
1284:Durable good
1229:Sharps waste
1189:Mining waste
1026:
1019:
998:. Retrieved
994:the original
984:
973:
962:. Retrieved
958:the original
948:
937:. Retrieved
933:the original
923:
914:
897:
866:
864:facilities.
855:
829:
808:reprocessing
795:
794:
787:hot, highly
769:
768:
764:
706:
677:
557:
530:
492:
483:
466:
445:
326:
250:
227:
154:
135:
131:strontium-90
120:
117:
112:
108:reactor core
97:
85:
56:
52:
51:
42:Hanford site
1751:Downcycling
1698:Occupations
1667:waste water
1564:Switzerland
1554:South Korea
1544:New Zealand
1469:Afghanistan
1441:Waste trade
1401:Repurposing
1239:Toxic waste
1219:Scrap metal
1154:Green waste
1117:Brown waste
1094:Major types
893:Mixed waste
789:radioactive
183:Definitions
142:reprocessed
127:caesium-137
104:transuranic
1806:Zero waste
1608:Agreements
1539:Kazakhstan
1494:Bangladesh
1279:Composting
1164:Heat waste
1149:Food waste
1142:by country
1013:References
964:2015-07-13
939:2010-04-03
474:and 35 of
150:decay heat
138:spent fuel
30:See also:
1786:Upcycling
1652:landfills
1642:framework
1635:Recycling
1630:batteries
1559:Sri Lanka
1519:Hong Kong
1484:Australia
1461:Countries
1339:Recycling
1257:Processes
1078:Biosolids
820:plutonium
785:thermally
146:vitrified
69:raffinate
1872:Category
1847:Journals
1662:vehicles
1584:Thailand
1574:Tanzania
1309:Landfill
1269:Balefill
1000:16 April
872:See also
826:residue.
725:0.00005
455:neutrino
223:Nuclide
92:Cold War
1514:Georgia
1489:Belgium
1479:Armenia
1474:Albania
838:Storage
816:uranium
751:
743:
721:
661:
642:
634:
615:
591:
582:
461:if any.
381:
359:
235:⁄
161:Finland
1835:
1589:Turkey
1579:Taiwan
1549:Russia
1529:Israel
1499:Brazil
1224:Sewage
1179:Litter
1084:, and
824:sludge
748:0.5314
690:30.23
639:0.0008
612:0.2180
608:10.76
588:0.0803
457:, and
429:0.8410
407:1.2499
385:5.4575
363:6.9110
341:0.0447
319:0.1084
300:6.1385
177:Sweden
165:France
1852:Lists
1842:Index
1569:Syria
1534:Japan
1524:India
1509:Egypt
1082:waste
906:Notes
693:6.337
665:4.505
584:4.76
546:Yield
423:16.14
338:0.327
322:4050
316:0.230
297:0.211
245:Yield
169:Japan
1672:WEEE
1657:RoHS
1002:2013
818:and
741:88.8
728:390
719:43.9
700:1176
672:2826
659:28.9
646:316
632:14.1
619:687
595:252
540:year
432:194
379:1.53
366:269
357:1.33
344:151
303:294
175:and
144:and
129:and
102:and
40:The
755:77
731:βγ
622:βγ
598:βγ
564:keV
435:βγ
410:33
401:6.5
391:βγ
388:91
282:keV
275:(%)
57:HLW
1874::
1080:,
798:.
772:.
758:β
737:Sm
715:Sn
686:Cs
655:Sr
649:β
628:Cd
604:Kr
577:Eu
570:βγ
566:)
553:)
542:)
498:Xe
476:Pu
453:,
413:β
397:Pd
375:Zr
369:β
353:Cs
347:β
334:Se
312:Sn
306:β
293:Tc
268:Ma
257:βγ
179:.
171:,
167:,
163:,
1070:e
1063:t
1056:v
1004:.
967:.
942:.
707:γ
704:β
678:β
562:(
558:Q
551:%
549:(
538:(
534:½
531:t
504:.
478:.
472:U
459:γ
451:β
419:I
327:γ
325:β
284:)
280:(
270:)
266:(
251:Q
237:2
233:1
228:t
212:e
205:t
198:v
75:.
55:(
20:)
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