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756:—leader of the Colorado Party's Red Banner faction In return for his support of Gonzalez for president, Morínigo would have continued as commander-in-chief once he relinquished the presidency. Suspecting that Morínigo intended to use this as a means to retain power, on June 3 some Colorado Party loyalists under
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On
November 30, Morínigo banned all political parties and imposed a state of siege, which gave him the right to suspend civil liberties and arrest and detain people without trial. In a midday radio address announcing these measures, Morínigo declared, "The people and the Army from this moment will be
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enacted by
Estigarribia shortly before his death, which gave immense power to the president, Morínigo was able to establish a military dictatorship. In 1943, after three years serving as acting president, Morínigo was elected to a full term, having run unopposed as all political parties were banned.
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Pressure from the US for democratization swept South
America after the war. On June 9, 1946, Morínigo dismissed Colonel Benitez Vera, the right-wing head of the army, and crushed a short uprising by Vera's supporters. He then created a civilian coalition government formed by Colorado Party members
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A surge of German influence in the region and
Argentina's pro-Axis leanings alarmed the United States, which sought to wean Paraguay away from German and Argentine influence. At the same time, the United States sought to enhance its presence in the region and pursued close cooperation with Brazil,
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The outbreak of World War II eased Morínigo's task of ruling
Paraguay while keeping the army happy, because it stimulated demand for Paraguayan export products, such as meat, hides, and cotton, and boosted the country's export earnings. More important, United States policy toward Latin America at
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United States protests over German and
Argentine activities in Paraguay fell on deaf ears. While the United States defined its interests in terms of resisting the fascist threat, Paraguayan officials believed their best interests lay in economic expediency and were reluctant to antagonize Germany
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On
September 30, 1940, after growing disagreements with the President, the Liberal ministers resigned from the government. On October 16 Morínigo announced that the aPresidential elections would be postponed for two years. Soon afterward he announced a policy of "discipline, hierarchy and order"
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and
Germany's declaration of war against the United States gave the United States the leverage it needed, however, to force Morínigo to commit himself publicly to the Allied cause. Morínigo officially severed diplomatic relations with the Axis countries in 1942, although he did not declare war
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Morínigo's regime was pro-Axis. Large numbers of
Paraguayan military officers and government officials were openly sympathetic to the Axis. Among these officials was the national police chief, who named his son Adolfo Hirohito after the best-known Axis leaders. By 1941, the official newspaper
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Much to the displeasure of the United States and
Britain, Morínigo refused to act against German economic and diplomatic interests until the very end of the war. German agents had successfully converted many Paraguayans to the Axis cause. South America's first
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against Germany until February 1945. Nonetheless, Morínigo continued to maintain close relations with the heavily German-influenced Argentine military throughout the war and provided a haven for Axis spies and agents.
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After Estigarribia's unexpected death in an airplane crash on September 7, Morínigo was chosen by the army and Liberal ministers as interim President for the two-month period leading to new Presidential elections.
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The relaxation of the dictatorship was used by political parties to assert their influence in state institutions. In January 1947 officers loyal to the Colorado Party gained control of the army, and on January 11
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and subsequent rule, he was greatly assisted by the 1940 Constitution, a severely authoritarian document written by Estigarribia a few months earlier that gave the president sweeping executive powers.
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On March 7 a bloody civil war started. Despite the fact that 80% of soldiers and 90% of officers were against him, Morínigo had the backing of Colorado party militias and Argentinian President
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this time made Paraguay eligible for major economic assistance. Paraguay received American financial help which was used for improving roads and other infrastructure projects.
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approved of closer ties between Brazil and Paraguay and especially supported Brazil's offer to finance a road project designed to reduce Paraguay's dependence on Argentina.
701:. Despite all this, in September 1946 he ordered suppression of opposition groups and used the Red Banner paramilitary group to attack the office of the Liberal newspaper
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schools, churches, hospitals, farmers' cooperatives, youth groups, and charitable societies became active Axis backers. All of those organizations prominently displayed
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supporters. He kept Paraguay neutral for most of the war. He only officially declared war against the Axis in February 1945, without sending any soldiers to fight.
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was one of the few officers who remained loyal to Morínigo during the civil war. For the next 15 years, the Colorados were the only legal party in Paraguay.
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was sworn in as interim president, serving the last two months of Morínigo's term until González was officially inaugurated on August 15, 1948.
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and military revolts, but he survived by maintaining the loyalty of the Paraguayan Army, which received 45% of the country's budget.
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Argentina's traditional rival. To this end, the United States provided to Paraguay sizable amounts of funds and supplies under the
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until the outcome of the war was no longer in doubt. Many Paraguayans believed Germany was no more of a threat to Paraguay's
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quit the government and called on the army to overthrow Morínigo, who responded by declaring a state of siege and arresting
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On February 15, 1948, Morínigo organized presidential elections which were won by the only candidate allowed to run,
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To strengthen his authority, on February 4, 1941, Morínigo removed the influential Colonel Peredes from the post of
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Agreement, provided loans for public works, and gave technical assistance in agriculture and health care. The
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sympathies at this time were quite strong in the society and among military officers. After it entered
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had adopted an overtly pro-German stance. At the same time, the government strictly controlled pro-
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and was appointed the Army's Chief of Staff in 1936. Morínigo gained fame in Paraguay during the
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in 1941, the United States tried to exert some pressure on Morínigo to limit the influence of
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Morínigo finally held presidential elections on February 15, 1943; he was the sole candidate.
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and exiled Party's leaders. Morínigo's only remaining supporters were radicals from the
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and stated that persons who spread subversive ideas would be "subject to confinement".
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On April 25, 1942, he banned the Liberal Party, accusing them of conspiring with the
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labor unions. Police cadets wore swastikas and Italian insignia on their uniforms.
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family, Morínigo pursued a military career, serving as a prominent officer of the
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and the Army. During his dictatorship he faced widespread resistance, including
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revolted and sent him into exile in Argentina. Supreme Court Chief Justice
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and Liberals. Opposition newspapers were shut down and publishers exiled.
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made common cause with the Liberal Party and the Communist Party in the
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being chosen as his successor, he was replaced by then President of the
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781:"TESTIMONIOS DE UN PRESIDENTE – ENTREVISTA AL GRAL. HIGINIO MORÍNIGO,"
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and allowed some political freedoms, going so far as legalizing the
320:. In May 1940, Morínigo was appointed Minister of War by President
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Feeling that Morínigo was favouring the right-wing Colorados, the
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Higinio Nicolás Morínigo Martínez was born on 11 January 1897 in
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by Augusto Ocampos Caballero. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
528:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
473:Morínigo relied on the right-wing Colorado faction
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897:The Cambridge History of Latin America, Volume 6
851:The Cambridge History of Latin America, Volume 6
409:, himself a Chaco War hero and supporter of the
600:Just as in other South American countries, pro-
483:, as a paramilitary police force to intimidate
255:Higinio Emilio, Juan Alberto, Guillermo Gerardo
31: and the second or maternal family name is
1463:Paraguayan military personnel of the Chaco War
863:Language Planning and Policy in Latin America,
374:family of merchants. He grew up speaking both
1400:indicate acting, interim or provisional role.
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644:branch had been founded in Paraguay in 1931.
385:He attended military college and entered the
8:
794:"HIGINIO MORÍNIGO MARTÍNEZ - Portal Guaraní"
397:by heading an expedition to the site of the
312:. After the war he served in the cabinet of
839:A Reference Guide to Latin American History
165:January 25, 1939 – August 15, 1939
987:
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861:Richard B. Baldauf and Robert B. Kaplan,
588:Learn how and when to remove this message
129:May 17, 1940 – September 7, 1940
89:September 7, 1940 – June 3, 1948
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16:President of Paraguay from 1940 to 1948
918:"Paraguay President Deposed by Army,"
445:. On April 17, 1941, he suppressed a
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1438:Paraguayan people of Guarani descent
1433:Paraguayan people of Spanish descent
526:adding citations to reliable sources
154:Minister of the Interior of Paraguay
118:Minister of War and Navy of Paraguay
865:p. 249 (Multilingual Matters, 2007)
14:
886:Historical Dictionary of Paraguay
626:United States Department of State
287:Higinio Nicolás Morínigo Martínez
203:Higinio Nicolás Morínigo Martínez
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434:under a single command." In his
428:(disciplina, jerarquia, y orden)
389:in 1922. He participated in the
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513:needs additional citations for
293:from 1940 to 1948, ruling as a
1468:World War II political leaders
451:uprising by supporters of the
358:Early life and military career
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23:, the first or paternal
875:Paraguayan Civil War (1947)
733:, Liberals and Communists.
671:The December 1941 Japanese
479:(the "Red Banner"), led by
401:to retrieve the remains of
395:February Revolution of 1936
247:Dolores Ferrari (1932–1983)
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1448:Paraguayan anti-communists
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699:Paraguayan Communist Party
354:as Provisional President.
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349:Supreme Court of Justice
940:José Félix Estigarribia
754:Juan Natalicio González
407:José Félix Estigarribia
345:Juan Natalicio González
322:José Félix Estigarribia
100:José Félix Estigarribia
1443:Presidents of Paraguay
818:Current Biography 1941
684:Postwar liberalization
673:attack on Pearl Harbor
494:Pro-fascist sympathies
481:Juan Natalico Gonzalez
403:Francisco Solano López
139:Eduardo Torreani Viera
1428:People from Paraguarí
947:President of Paraguay
291:president of Paraguay
77:President of Paraguay
1034:Rodríguez de Francia
1024:Rodríguez de Francia
922:, June 3, 1948, p. 1
522:improve this article
399:Battle of Cerro Corá
368:Paraguarí Department
333:the new constitution
1473:Fascist politicians
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920:El Paso Herald-Post
453:February Revolution
957:Juan Manuel Frutos
932:Political offices
762:Juan Manuel Frutos
758:Felipe Molas López
748:Removal from power
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537:"Higinio Morínigo"
352:Juan Manuel Frutos
112:Juan Manuel Frutos
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515:verification
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405:. President
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224:(1983-01-27)
181:Succeeded by
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145:Succeeded by
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107:Succeeded by
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32:
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21:Spanish name
1423:1983 deaths
1418:1897 births
1283:H. Morínigo
1121:M. Morínigo
731:febreristas
727:febreristas
715:febreristas
691:febreristas
634:sovereignty
485:febreristas
318:Félix Paiva
308:during the
175:Arturo Bray
171:Preceded by
135:Preceded by
95:Preceded by
64: 1946
1412:Categories
1324:Stroessner
1082:Jovellanos
1059:F.S. López
1054:C.A. López
951:1940–1948
829:Id. at 609
804:2023-07-30
768:References
738:Juan Peron
642:Nazi Party
622:Lend-Lease
578:April 2021
548:newspapers
476:Guión Rojo
448:febrerista
341:overthrown
316:President
300:Born to a
231:, Paraguay
59:Portrait,
1362:F. Franco
1329:Rodríguez
1267:R. Franco
1213:M. Franco
1127:Egusquiza
1105:Caballero
650:swastikas
460:Bolivians
436:self-coup
391:Chaco War
364:Paraguarí
310:Chaco War
209:Paraguarí
161:In office
125:In office
85:In office
1256:Guggiari
1208:Schaerer
1163:Ferreira
1138:Carvallo
1076:Rivarola
1064:Rivarola
999:Paraguay
604:and pro-
252:Children
229:Asunción
213:Paraguay
33:Martínez
29:Morínigo
19:In this
1398:Italics
1378:S. Peña
1334:Wasmosy
1219:Montero
1195:P. Peña
1144:Escurra
1110:Escobar
1100:Bareiro
1094:Uriarte
1070:Machaín
703:El País
662:El País
606:fascist
562:scholar
380:Guarani
376:Spanish
372:mestizo
370:, to a
339:He was
331:Due to
314:liberal
302:mestizo
25:surname
1368:Cartes
1318:Romero
1312:Chávez
1289:Frutos
1225:Gondra
1175:Gondra
1132:Aceval
1044:Medina
1029:Yegros
1019:Yegros
666:Allied
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276:(1940)
244:Spouse
1339:Cubas
1307:Molas
1301:Rolón
1273:Paiva
1245:Riart
1188:Rojas
1150:Gaona
1039:Ortiz
841:p.211
569:JSTOR
555:books
75:35th
1356:Lugo
1181:Jara
1157:Báez
1088:Gill
614:Axis
602:Nazi
541:news
378:and
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265:Rank
239:None
219:Died
199:Born
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