580:
94:
250:
Disadvantaged Areas (DAs), which make up 67% and 33% of the LFA respectively. These areas are classified as such on account of poor climate, soils, and terrain which cause higher costs in production and transportation as well as lower yields and less productivity. The LFA is significant in
England's farming on a whole despite these disadvantages: 30% of beef cows and 44% of breeding sheep come from LFAs. Farming distinctively shapes the ecosystems of these zones, and the agriculture practices in the uplands define and shape the environment and landscape.
212:
663:
36:
539:
encourage change in the way hill farms run. Specifically the policies promote the reduction of stocking densities, reduction of employment of additional farm labour, movement away from reliance on beef cattle, increased specialization, and to keep farming land in “good agricultural condition” rather than farm abandonment. The EU plans to phase out and progressively reduce the SFP, and the SFP is guaranteed until 2013.
484:
425:
559:
In order to receive these subsidies, hill farmers must meet cross compliance rules and regulations, which mainly involves avoidance of overgrazing and unsuitable supplementary feeding on natural and semi-natural vegetation under GAEC (standard of good agricultural and environmental condition). These
633:
Opportunities for farmers to supplement their farm income by working in industries such as quarrying or mining are largely no longer available. The financial burden has taken a toll on many hill farmers, causing them to exhibit signs of mental health issues. Many hill farmers are forced to generate
610:
Many farmers rely on a Single Farm
Payment as a source of income. These payments are expected to arrive in November or December, but sometimes farmers do not receive the money until June. Due to this farmers are often unable to pay their bills or fix their machinery. Some farmers have to cut back
595:
Many hill farmers earn around ÂŁ12,600, with some earning as little as ÂŁ8,000. This is much below the annual ÂŁ19,820 a single working adult requires to live in a village in
England. In 2008, a farmer would receive a profit of ÂŁ1 for a single moorland lamb. The average LFA farm in England only earns
452:
maintain a variety of tall grasses and short vegetation. This in turn supports local wildlife, as the short vegetation provides breeding and nesting grounds for many species of waders, including the lapwing, redshank, and golden plover. The taller grasses are an important part of the Curlew habitat,
606:
The hill farming sector in southwest
England, like farming in the rest of the country, has experienced a decade of much change associated with economic pressures and uncertainties. On average, the financial position of hill farms in South West England, like the rest of the country, is precarious.
591:
Hill farmer income is subject to large fluctuation above the influence of the farmers. The harsh terrain and climate of hill farms are hard on the animals, causing them to be relatively very unproductive. Because of this, hill farming can have economic strains on the farmers who generally have low
246:. These areas have a harsh climate, short growing seasons, relatively poor quality of soil and long winters. Therefore, these areas are considered to be disadvantaged and the animals raised there are generally less productive and farmers will often send them down to the lowlands to be fattened up.
603:(PDNP) constitute one of UK's most deprived farming communities, with farms in the LFA making an average loss of ÂŁ16,000 per farm, generating an average headline Farm Business Income of ÂŁ10,800 (supplemented by various government subsidies), creating a net income average per farm of about ÂŁ6000.
529:
and issues with the accumulation of surpluses, the CAP was reformed. The two most recent reforms to the CAP were Agenda 2000 in 1999 and the Mid Term Review of June 2003 and April 2004. These changes are phasing out support and protections linked to production, and are providing more support on
491:
Upland ecosystems have seen a shift in the last century, associated with widespread habitat deterioration caused by human actions and exploitation. The decline in grazing animals accompanied with the milder winters experienced in recent years has caused an overgrowth in vegetation, putting the
538:
The Single Farm
Payment replaced the older headage payments (CAP) in 2005. Analyses of the effects of economic incentives provided to hill farmers by decoupling and the introduction of the Single Farm Payment show that although these policies cause little change in average farm incomes they do
547:
Other subsidy schemes from the
British government are available to hill farmers, particularly the Uplands Entry Level Stewardship (Uplands ELS) and agri-environment schemes. The Uplands ELS replaced the prior Hill Farm Allowance in 2010. Before the HFA, hill farms we subsidized by the Hill
524:
policies, one of the most influential EU scheme being The Common
Agricultural Policy (CAP). The CAP provided production-based direct (headage) which gave incentive to stock beef cattle and sheep at high densities. This led to, in some circumstances, overgrazing which damages natural and
249:
Upland areas are not traditionally favourable for agricultural practices. The majority of Hill farming land in
England is classified as Less Favoured Area (LFA), and the LFA constitutes 17% of land farmed in England. The LFA is further divided into Severely Disadvantaged Areas (SDAs) and
596:
about 66% of their total revenue from farming. 22% of this revenue comes from the Single Farm
Payment, and 10% from specific agri-environment payments. The 2% balance originated from non-farm activities, which are usually associated with contracting or tourism and recreation.
476:
who build on their nests on the ground. Agricultural use, burning, and grazing by both livestock and wild life such as deer, helps to sustain the upland grasslands, moorland and bogs. If these ecosystems were not maintained they would be colonized by trees and scrub.
414:
A high turnover rates in upland ecosystem habitat types. For example, although the percentage of land classified as dwarf shrub moor remained relatively stable between 1913 and 2000, only 55% of the dwarf moor shrub land in 1913 occupied the same area as it does in
277:
National Park has over 10,000ha of prehistoric field systems, dating back to 1500BC. Archaeological evidence shows that these moors have been grazed for 3500 years. Because of the extent of historical farming in the UK uplands, hill farming has shaped the
English
587:
Without government subsidies, many hill farms would have a negative income. The high cost of land and machinery keeps many hill farmers from expanding. Hill farmers in some parts of England have reported a 75% decrease in income over the past decade.
555:
scheme under the EU. Subsidies from the SPS are not dependent on production, granting greater freedom to farmers to meet market demands. The SPS also claims to specifically support hill farmers who follow environmentally friendly farming practices.
548:
Livestock Compensatory Allowances which were active as headage support to eligible beef cows and ewes. Because the DAs are more profitable than the SDAs, active since 2008 DAs became ineligible for funding from the Hill Farming Allowance (HFA).
611:
on the feed given to their animals, leading to a decrease in meat production and therefore lower profit. By 2012 the Single Payment Scheme (or SPS), will only take into consideration the area of the farm. This will decrease the income in
265:
and rocky areas which provide poor grazing at the top. The Alotment follows below, an enclosed area with rough grazing. The Inbye is the lowest area at the bottom, which is used as the regular grazing area as well as for growing hay.
630:). Because hill farming is becoming increasingly less profitable an increasing number of farmers have switched from the traditional hearty but less profitable animals which graze the moors to mainstream more profitable animals.
444:. Because of this, many upland ecosystems have become dependent on hill farm land management. Hill farming practices play a significant role in supporting surrounding flora and fauna in the uplands. Through grazing,
1037:
480:
Sustainable careful maintenance is highly important in hill farming in order to protect the delicate relationship that farm manage has on the biodiversity of native plant and animal species.
634:
supplemental income outside their farms or to take out loans. Because of these economic factors, there is little incentive for younger generations to continue on with the hill farming.
289:, cultural heritage and landscape, and seeks to protect these regions for such reasons. According to the UK government, these designated areas and their qualifications as such are:
888:
1099:
1164:
A Landscape-Scale Analysis of the Sustainability of the Hill Farming Economy and Impact of Farm Production Decisions on Upland Landscapes and Biodiversity: Full Research Report
564:
411:
Fairly consistent labour employment on account of constant agricultural intensification offsetting reductions in labour output made possible by technological advancements.
1197:
1054:
512:
prices. Therefore, subsidy support has become vital for Hill farm survival, and the policies have been changing in response to continuous uncertainty in the sector.
1231:
769:
382:"Two upland areas where Natural England/Defra predecessor bodies piloted an integrated approach to rural development and nature conservation between 1999 and 2001"
46:
1136:
802:
1188:
1206:
1007:
328:"Each area has a unique identity created by its mix of natural features and human activities and provides a broad context for local nature conservation work"
1261:
1085:
919:
833:
579:
567:. The reduction of farming subsidies that have taken place over the past few decades has created an uncertain future for farming in many parts of
560:
standards were implemented to protect significant habitats and to limit soil erosion and other negative effects of soil structure in the uplands.
242:
are another home for many hill farms. Sheep farms and mixed sheep and cattle farms constitute approximately 55% of the agricultural land in
285:
The UK government has designated different areas in the upland as specifically valuable by certain terms of the environment, biodiversity,
1154:
895:
1170:
1103:
551:
In addition to the Upland ELS, hill farmers in England's SDAs are supported by the Single Payment Scheme (SPS), which is the primary
261:. The typical hill farm is made up of three distinct zones: the High fell, the Alotment, and the Inbye. The High fell includes peat
80:
563:
Certain upland farmers and communities also have access to funding from the Rural Development Programme for England (RDPE) team at
464:
or silage. The land used to grow winter feed that are not mowed are able to provide protection for a variety of birds including
668:
398:
Over the past century, Hill farming and the upland environment have undergone a number of changes. Since 1900 there has been:
93:
1061:
405:
A decrease in medium-sized farms, due to increase in large farms businesses and the emergence of small-scale hobby farmers.
1256:
626:
has remained constant, while the costs of farm upkeep have risen sharply (including items such as feed, straw, fuel, or
298:"These protect and conserve the character of landscapes, facilities for access, wildlife habitats and historic features"
809:
600:
1145:
857:
192:
457:
provides nutrition for many species of insects and carrion provides food for various species of scavenging birds.
372:"These protect rare and vulnerable birds and migratory species as well as geological and physiographical heritage"
1241:
492:
ecosystem, as well as various archaeological sites at risk. The Dartmoor Vision initiative is trying to return
676:
646:
The Foot and Mouth outbreak in Cumbria in 2001 led to the culling of over a million sheep. It also showed that
62:
607:
The average southwest English hill farm system in unable to match labour and capital invest in the business.
592:
income. Wet weather, as often experienced in the uplands, create additional animal feed costs for farmers.
234:, hill farms are located mainly in the North and South-Western regions, as well as a few areas bordering
681:
211:
552:
460:
During winter farmers will usually keep the animals indoors, supplementing the livestock's diet with
437:
279:
239:
227:
115:
642:
As discussed in an article on the Carnegie UK Trust Rural Community Development Programme site:
338:"Areas where people who do not own the land have rights to use it for farming or other purposes"
408:
Increased specialization in livestock and a movement away from tradition mixed farming methods.
1079:
913:
827:
111:
58:
686:
162:
143:
1179:
1038:"Challenges Facing Farmers: A report into upland farming and farming families in Teesdale"
986:
691:
505:
105:
1008:
Hard Times: A research report into hill farming and farming families in the Peak District
1236:
1200:
Hill Farming in South West England: Economic Viability and the Delivery of Public Goods.
521:
359:
216:
188:
123:
1250:
619:
184:
154:
147:
348:"These protect and provide public access to important wildlife and geological sites"
17:
650:
were as vulnerable as the pastoral system they have created over many generations.
483:
504:
Hill farm incomes in the UK have recently seen great decrease following drops in
440:
ecosystems have been shaped by humans for centuries, particularly by farming and
45:
deal primarily with Europe and English-speaking countries and do not represent a
526:
441:
286:
658:
627:
258:
473:
469:
424:
203:
can be stocked more heavily, at approximately one sheep per 0.26 hectares.
168:
Cattle farming in the hills is usually restricted by a scarcity of winter
27:
Hill farming or terrace farming is a Type of agricultural in upland areas
612:
493:
274:
262:
243:
200:
151:
465:
231:
196:
177:
173:
139:
131:
858:
BBC - Standard Grade Bitesize Geography - Hill farming : Revision
496:
to its former predominantly cattle, sheep, and pony grazed landscape.
568:
449:
169:
520:
Hill farming has been supported by both the British government and
358:"These protect various wild animals, plants and habitats under the
253:
Upland areas are usually covered with both dry and wet dwarf shrub
1226:
1221:
1127:
741:
623:
578:
482:
454:
445:
429:
423:
254:
235:
210:
138:, a fell being an area of uncultivated high ground used as common
119:
1242:
Farming in Dartmoor Fact Sheet - Dartmoor National Park Authority
187:, for example in the United Kingdom it received support from the
509:
402:
An approximately 500% increase in the number of sheep livestock.
135:
122:, although historically cattle were often reared extensively in
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
461:
29:
392:"Land that has had continuous tree cover since at least 1600"
308:"These conserve and enhance naturally beautiful landscapes"
223:
1166:
ESRC End of Award Report, RES-227-25-0028. Swindon: ESRC
1139:
Farm Business Survey 2010/2011 Hill Farming in England.
222:
Hill farming is a type of agricultural practice in the
54:
318:"Areas of cultural heritage which should be preserved"
1196:
Turner, M., Robbins, K., Silcock, P., June 20, 2008.
1100:"Rural Community Development Programme - Media Clips"
257:
and, rough and either managed or unmanaged improved
1182:Study Number 6363: Sustainability of Hill Farming.
183:Modern hill farming is often heavily dependent on
797:
615:farmers to only 70% of what it was 20 years ago.
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
97:An example of hill farming countryside in the UK
1169:Scottish Natural Heritage, September 6, 2012.
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
1205:Peak District Rural Deprivation Forum, 2004.
1187:UTASS and Rose Regeneration for Oxfam, 2012.
43:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1157:Moor Farming Delivering the Dartmoor Vision.
955:
953:
951:
949:
583:Hill farming countryside by the Arkland Burn
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
432:is a type of livestock found on hill farms.
1227:The Rough Fell Sheep Breeders' Association
453:which is another species of wader. Cattle
1237:Environmental Stewardship - UK Government
742:Hill farming - Detailed guidance - GOV.UK
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
1003:
1001:
999:
770:Hill farming – Scottish Natural Heritage
92:
1049:
1047:
1036:UTASS and Rose Regeneration for Oxfam.
707:
172:, and hill sheep, grazing at about two
1135:Harvey, D., Scott, C. February, 2012.
1084:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1077:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
918:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
911:
832:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
825:
737:
735:
733:
731:
530:environmental and rural developments.
1232:Hill Farm - Scottish Natural Heritage
1126:Natural England, September 10, 2012.
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
525:semi-natural vegetation. Because of
282:both environmentally and culturally.
7:
648:the hill (fell) farming communities
1153:Dartmoor Vision Group, April 2008.
304:Areas of outstanding natural beauty
1148:Bite Size Geography: Hill Farming.
25:
1262:Agriculture in the United Kingdom
661:
516:Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
500:Government support and subsidies
142:. It is a term commonly used in
34:
1222:Leader+ Fells and Dales project
1162:Armsworth, Paul et al. (2009).
669:Agriculture and Agronomy portal
1211:Retrieved on October 31, 2012.
1193:Retrieved on October 31, 2012.
1175:Retrieved on October 31, 2012.
1159:Retrieved on October 31, 2012.
1150:Retrieved on October 31, 2012.
1141:Retrieved on October 31, 2012.
354:Special areas of conservation
1:
1202:Retrieved on October 31, 2012
1132:Retrieved on October 31, 2012
575:Recent strain on hill farming
324:Natural England natural areas
176:per head, are often taken to
1178:UK Data Archive, 2007–2008.
1184:Retrieved October 31, 2012.
601:Peak District National Park
487:A Grey Faced Dartmoor sheep
314:Countryside character areas
57:, discuss the issue on the
1278:
1191:Challenges Facing Farmers.
193:Common Agricultural Policy
368:Special protection areas
344:National nature reserves
207:Location and organization
118:areas, primarily rearing
677:Environmental philosophy
165:are more commonly used.
157:. Elsewhere, the terms
378:Upland experiment areas
652:
584:
488:
433:
362:’s Habitats Directive"
219:
98:
682:Hill Farming Act 1946
644:
582:
486:
427:
214:
180:areas for fattening.
96:
553:agricultural subsidy
146:, especially in the
63:create a new article
55:improve this article
18:Hill-country farming
1257:Agriculture by type
534:Single Farm Payment
585:
489:
436:A large number of
434:
420:Uplands ecosystems
220:
215:Relief map of the
99:
987:"UK Data Service"
195:. Improved, sown
112:extensive farming
91:
90:
83:
65:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
1269:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1102:. Archived from
1096:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1060:. Archived from
1059:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1010:
1005:
994:
993:
991:
983:
960:
957:
924:
923:
917:
909:
907:
906:
900:
894:. Archived from
893:
885:
860:
855:
838:
837:
831:
823:
821:
820:
814:
808:. Archived from
807:
799:
772:
767:
744:
739:
687:Pastoral farming
671:
666:
665:
664:
618:The income from
599:Hill farmers in
388:Ancient woodland
163:pastoral farming
144:Northern England
86:
79:
75:
72:
66:
38:
37:
30:
21:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1247:
1246:
1218:
1118:
1109:
1107:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1055:"Archived copy"
1053:
1052:
1045:
1035:
1034:
1013:
1006:
997:
989:
985:
984:
963:
958:
927:
910:
904:
902:
898:
891:
889:"Archived copy"
887:
886:
863:
856:
841:
824:
818:
816:
812:
805:
803:"Archived copy"
801:
800:
775:
768:
747:
740:
709:
700:
692:Sheepdog trials
667:
662:
660:
657:
640:
577:
545:
536:
518:
502:
422:
272:
238:. The Scottish
209:
107:terrace farming
87:
76:
70:
67:
52:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1275:
1273:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1216:External links
1214:
1213:
1212:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1091:
1043:
1011:
995:
961:
959:Armsworth 2009
925:
861:
839:
773:
745:
706:
705:
704:
699:
696:
695:
694:
689:
684:
679:
673:
672:
656:
653:
639:
636:
576:
573:
544:
543:Other policies
541:
535:
532:
517:
514:
501:
498:
421:
418:
417:
416:
412:
409:
406:
403:
396:
395:
394:
393:
385:
384:
383:
375:
374:
373:
365:
364:
363:
360:European Union
351:
350:
349:
341:
340:
339:
331:
330:
329:
321:
320:
319:
311:
310:
309:
301:
300:
299:
294:National parks
271:
268:
217:United Kingdom
208:
205:
189:European Union
89:
88:
49:of the subject
47:worldwide view
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1274:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1106:on 2007-09-28
1105:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1081:
1067:on 2015-06-10
1063:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
988:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
962:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
926:
921:
915:
901:on 2012-09-04
897:
890:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
862:
859:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
840:
835:
829:
815:on 2016-03-04
811:
804:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
774:
771:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
746:
743:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
708:
702:
701:
697:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
674:
670:
659:
654:
651:
649:
643:
637:
635:
631:
629:
625:
621:
616:
614:
608:
604:
602:
597:
593:
589:
581:
574:
572:
570:
566:
561:
557:
554:
549:
542:
540:
533:
531:
528:
523:
515:
513:
511:
507:
499:
497:
495:
485:
481:
478:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
456:
451:
447:
443:
439:
431:
428:The Dartmoor
426:
419:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
400:
399:
391:
390:
389:
386:
381:
380:
379:
376:
371:
370:
369:
366:
361:
357:
356:
355:
352:
347:
346:
345:
342:
337:
336:
335:
332:
327:
326:
325:
322:
317:
316:
315:
312:
307:
306:
305:
302:
297:
296:
295:
292:
291:
290:
288:
283:
281:
276:
269:
267:
264:
260:
256:
251:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
230:regions. In
229:
225:
218:
213:
206:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
185:state subsidy
181:
179:
175:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
153:
149:
148:Lake District
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
108:
103:
95:
85:
82:
74:
64:
60:
56:
50:
48:
41:
32:
31:
19:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1173:Hill Farming
1172:
1163:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1130:Hill Farming
1129:
1108:. Retrieved
1104:the original
1094:
1069:. Retrieved
1062:the original
903:. Retrieved
896:the original
817:. Retrieved
810:the original
647:
645:
641:
632:
617:
609:
605:
598:
594:
590:
586:
562:
558:
550:
546:
537:
519:
503:
490:
479:
459:
435:
397:
387:
377:
367:
353:
343:
334:Common land
333:
323:
313:
303:
293:
284:
273:
252:
248:
221:
199:and drained
182:
167:
159:hill farming
158:
128:Fell farming
127:
124:upland areas
106:
102:Hill farming
101:
100:
77:
68:
44:
1209:Hard Times.
527:overgrazing
442:agriculture
287:archaeology
71:August 2015
1251:Categories
1110:2014-02-25
1071:2012-11-01
905:2012-11-01
819:2012-11-01
698:References
628:fertilizer
474:corncrakes
259:grasslands
470:partridge
240:highlands
59:talk page
1080:cite web
914:cite web
828:cite web
703:Specific
655:See also
638:Problems
613:moorland
494:Dartmoor
466:skylarks
275:Dartmoor
244:Scotland
201:moorland
174:hectares
150:and the
53:You may
1121:General
280:uplands
270:History
232:England
197:pasture
178:lowland
152:Pennine
140:grazing
132:farming
130:is the
620:calves
569:Europe
472:, and
450:cattle
438:upland
228:upland
170:fodder
116:upland
110:is an
1144:BBC.
1065:(PDF)
1058:(PDF)
990:(PDF)
899:(PDF)
892:(PDF)
813:(PDF)
806:(PDF)
624:lambs
565:Defra
446:sheep
430:sheep
415:2000.
263:moors
255:heath
236:Wales
155:Dales
136:fells
120:sheep
61:, or
1086:link
920:link
834:link
622:and
510:beef
508:and
506:lamb
455:dung
448:and
462:hay
226:in
191:'s
161:or
134:of
114:in
104:or
1253::
1082:}}
1078:{{
1046:^
1014:^
998:^
964:^
928:^
916:}}
912:{{
864:^
842:^
830:}}
826:{{
776:^
748:^
710:^
571:.
522:EU
468:,
224:UK
126:.
1113:.
1088:)
1074:.
1040:.
992:.
922:)
908:.
836:)
822:.
84:)
78:(
73:)
69:(
51:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
