76:
4481:
33:
2260:
3414:
2272:
an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view, since the 1960s, has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in
Britain. Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze and, as a result, trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status. Power passed into the hands of a new group of people. Archaeologist
3136:
2954:
7295:
2512:
2470:
3292:
3057:
4832:
2782:
2868:
2536:
3118:
2604:. Typically, a castro had one to five stone and earth walls, which complemented the natural defences of the hill. The buildings inside, most of them circular in shape, some rectangular, were about 3.5–15 m (11–49 ft) long; they were made out of stone with thatch roofs resting on a wood column in the centre of the building. In the major
3020:) were abandoned or became sparsely populated. A new period in hillfort development started during the 5th–8th centuries AD, when many new hillforts appeared, in most cases, along the main trades routes—rivers. During the 10th–11th centuries, some of the hillforts became military fortresses with strong fortifications (like hillforts in
3032:). Some of them are considered important political centres of the local peoples, who in this period were subjects of serious social political changes. That period was known for unrest and military activities, as well as power struggles between local aristocracy. Most of the Latvian hillforts were destroyed or abandoned during the
3803:
O'Driscoll, J., Hawkes, A. and O'Brien, W. (2019) 'The Irish hillfort', in Lock, G. and
Ralston, I. (eds.) Hillforts: Britain, Ireland and the Nearer Continent - Papers from the Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland Conference, June 2017. Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 77-96. doi: 10.2307/j.ctvnb7r0b.
3213:
from the west. Most forts were located on the banks of a river, or a confluence where two rivers met. These fortifications were typically wooden, although some had additional stone or brick walls. The hill was usually sculpted for defensive purposes, with the top flattened and the natural slopes made
2127:
in the Late Iron Age, settlements could reach as large as 10,000 inhabitants. As the population increased so did the complexity of prehistoric societies. Around 1100 BC hillforts emerged and in the following centuries spread through Europe. They served a range of purposes and were variously
2711:
In Sweden, hillforts are fortifications from the Iron Age which may have had several functions. They are usually located on the crests of hills and mountains making use of precipices and marshes which worked as natural defences. The crests' more accessible parts were defended with walls of stone and
2300:
were thought by the excavator to implicate the
Cadbury population in a revolt in the 70's AD (roughly contemporary with that of Boudicca in the East of England), although this has been questioned by subsequent researchers. However, the presence of barracks on the hilltop in the decades following the
2271:
The reason for the emergence of hillforts in
Britain, and their purpose, has been a subject of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by
2276:
believes that population increase still played a role and has stated " provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress burst out into open warfare. But I wouldn't see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive
2690:
a large number of hilltop settlements were established both on the Roman imperial territory and on
Germanic soil. However, the term embraces a wide range of very different settlements in high locations. At least a few of the Germanic settlements were protected by fortifications. Unlike the Romans,
2483:
Bronze Age and Iron Age hillforts are widely found in
Ireland. They are large circular structures between 1 and 40 acres (most commonly 5–10 acres) in size, enclosed by a stone wall or earthen rampart or both. These would have been important tribal centres where the chief or king of the area would
2718:
are common even on flat ground. The walls often have remaining parts of stone, which were probably the support of pales. They often have well delineated gateways, the gates of which were probably of wood. Hillforts with strong walls are often located beside old trade routes and have an offensive
3004:
offered not only military and administrative functions but they were also cultural and economic centres of some regions. Latvian hillforts generally were a part of a complex consisting of the main fortress, the settlement around it, one or more burial fields and nearby ritual sites. The first
3451:. Traditional pā took a variety of designs, ranging from a simple terraced hill, to complex fortified structures that include multiple rows of palisades and underground defensive and ambush points. Māori pā differed from European hillforts in that they also prominently incorporate food
2112:
Prehistoric Europe saw a growing population. It has been estimated that in about 5000 BC during the
Neolithic between 2 million and 5 million lived in Europe; in the Late Iron Age it had an estimated population of around 15 to 30 million. Outside
3208:
in the 1st millennium BC. The earliest examples in present-day
Lithuania are found in the east of the country. Most of these forts were built or expanded between the fifth and fifteenth centuries, when they were used in the Dukes' Wars, and against the invasion of
2600:). They were located on hilltops, which allowed tactical control over the surrounding countryside and provided natural defences. They usually had access to a spring or small creek to provide water; some even had large reservoirs to use during
2121:, which were more densely populated, the vast majority of settlements in the Iron Age were small, with perhaps no more than 50 inhabitants. Hillforts were the exception, and were the home of up to 1,000 people. With the emergence of
3377:—fortified villages on top of natural hills and raised landforms near the coastlines. These were terraced into defensive ramparts with limited access points. Artifacts recovered from an ijang on the town of Savidug in
2608:
there were regular streets, suggesting some form of central organization. Castros vary in area from less than a hectare to some 50 hectare ones, and most were abandoned after the Roman conquest of the territory.
2307:
in Dorset is the largest hillfort in
England. Where Roman influence was less strong, such as uninvaded Ireland and unsubdued northern Scotland, hillforts were still built and used for several more centuries.
3768:
4713:
The Iron Age and its hill-forts: papers presented to Sir
Mortimer Wheeler on the occasion of his eightieth year, at a conference held by the Southampton University Archaeological Society, 5th–7th March,
2722:
Many forts, located centrally in densely populated areas, were permanently settled strongholds and can show traces of settlements both inside and outside. Older place names containing the element
2498:'—a medieval settlement—a common archaeological feature across the whole island of Ireland, of which over 40,000 examples are known; one source claims there may be 10,000 undiscovered ringforts.
2844:
One special feature about the Finnish hillforts that while most of them are located these days within some distance from the sea, but earlier many of the forts were located by the sea, due to
6689:
2277:
strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction".
2131:
Hillforts were frequently occupied by conquering armies, but on other occasions the forts were destroyed, the local people forcibly evicted, and the forts left derelict. For example,
2431:
It has been suggested on reasonable evidence that many so-called hillforts were just used to pen in cattle, horses, or other domesticated animals. The large sprawling examples at
4976:
3381:
has been dated to around 1200 CE. These high rocky formations served as a refuge against attacking enemies. Ijang were first described by the English freebooter Captain
2139:
invasions of southern Britain in the 1st century BC. Abandoned forts were sometimes reoccupied and refortified under renewed threat of foreign invasion, such as the
4363:
3390:
75:
7345:
5368:
5402:
4609:
4492:
1019:
1451:
4286:
6505:
2922:. Although some of them were probably used only during times of crisis and stood empty in peacetime (for example Soontagana in Koonga parish,
4982:
4750:
4628:
4566:
4530:
4442:
4424:
3971:
2559:
2140:
4465:
2443:). Even those that were defensive settlements in the Iron Age were sometimes used for corralling animals in later periods. For example, see
4992:
3698:
3254:, was a major target for both orders. This territory separated the two Orders and prevented joint action between them and Pagan Lithuania.
7099:
6794:
5218:
5023:
4890:
3455:
and often, water sources. They survived until the colonial era and later types of pā were designed specifically for fighting with guns.
1807:
2691:
however, the Germanii did not use mortar at that time for their construction. Among the best known hill settlements in Germany are the
5006:
3150:
2002:
1780:
390:
4743:
Hillforts: Britain, Ireland and the Nearer Continent: Papers from the Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland Conference, June 2017
2851:
Finland has around 100 hillforts verified by excavations, and about 200 more suspected sites. The largest hillfort in Finland is the
6914:
4768:
4656:
4548:
4404:
4383:
4336:
4248:
4122:
3104:
1456:
6699:
3549:
1534:
4413:
Cunliffe, Barry (2007), "Understanding hillforts: have we progressed?", in Payne, Andrew; Corney, Mark; Cunliffe, Barry (eds.),
1517:
7124:
1879:
1304:
124:
4858:
7330:
5096:
4154:
3227:
3157:
3082:
2455:. However, it is difficult to prove that people definitely did not dwell there, as lack of evidence is not proof of absence.
1643:
2643:
as well as in Atlantic France, Britain and Ireland. These megaliths were probably reused in syncretic rituals by the Celtic
2487:
There are around 40 known hillforts in Ireland. About 12 are multivallate as distinguished by multiple ramparts, or a large
4149:
2081:
refuge or defended settlement located to exploit a rise in elevation for defensive advantage. They are typical of the late
4997:
3846:
2578:
Iron Age village, usually located on a hill or some naturally easy defendable place. The larger hillforts are also called
2060:
1507:
2296:, but others were destroyed and abandoned. Partially articulated remains of between 28 and 40 men, women and children at
6347:
5885:
5395:
4987:
4972:
2464:
1997:
456:
3238:
in use decreased, but those that remained had stronger fortifications. Two main defence lines developed: one along the
6684:
5765:
5193:
3634:
3036:
in the 13th century, but some were still used in the 14th century. In total, there are about 470 hillforts in Latvia.
2948:
2007:
1194:
991:
862:
400:
2245:. By this time the larger ones had become more like cities than fortresses and many were assimilated as Roman towns.
7325:
6280:
5002:
4466:"Iron Age Hillforts in their Landscape Contexts: a Fresh Look at the Field Evidence in the Northumberland Cheviots"
4041:
1471:
3789:
6729:
6354:
3452:
3078:
2929:
2733:
In Sweden, there are 1,100 known hillforts with a strong concentration on the northern west coast and in eastern
2285:
2148:
1581:
1089:
433:
307:
141:
3865:
2918:
Most likely the Estonian hillforts were in pre-Christian times administrative, economic and military centres of
7340:
7335:
7226:
6304:
5173:
4108:
3879:
3218:
3067:
2322:
2319:, is the most thoroughly investigated Iron Age hillfort in Britain, as well as the most extensively published.
2297:
2094:
2032:
1899:
1446:
1139:
952:
800:
32:
5076:
2903:. There are several hundred hillforts or presumed ancient hillfort sites all over Estonia. Some of them, like
7273:
7048:
6754:
6749:
6669:
6466:
6413:
6383:
6140:
6070:
6014:
5591:
5388:
5244:
5168:
5163:
5143:
5133:
5101:
4883:
3342:
3086:
3071:
2233:. During the Hallstatt C period, hillforts became the dominant settlement type in the west of Hungary.
2098:
1985:
1967:
1723:
1282:
1204:
1149:
1029:
742:
405:
284:
4480:
4077:
7298:
7114:
6704:
6601:
6486:
5670:
4920:
4847:
2719:
character, whereas others are reclusive and were weakly fortified, probably only for hiding during raids.
1852:
1827:
1549:
1461:
1334:
1209:
805:
782:
208:
107:
4634:
4503:
7251:
7089:
6871:
6624:
6361:
6184:
5513:
5198:
4945:
4935:
4049:
3276:
3139:
2484:
live with his extended family and support themselves by farming and renting cattle to their underlings.
2304:
1441:
1374:
1327:
976:
939:
902:
820:
772:
656:
466:
259:
163:
36:
3966:, The Archaeology of the Batanes Islands, Northern Philippines, vol. 40, ANU Press, pp. 1–8,
2350:
2284:, but the great period of hillfort construction was during the Celtic Iron Age, between 700 BC and the
3144:
2093:
period. The fortification usually follows the contours of a hill and consists of one or more lines of
7236:
6764:
6390:
6189:
6155:
5555:
5437:
5188:
5183:
4964:
4589:
4309:
2845:
2563:
2384:
2342:
2254:
1832:
1734:
1591:
1586:
1404:
1369:
1104:
919:
777:
713:
567:
537:
114:
4930:
4211:
The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period: Volume I (1845–64)
2109:, and external ditches. If enemies were approaching, the civilians would spot them from a distance.
7320:
7053:
6789:
6145:
5523:
5203:
5153:
5128:
3490:
3163:
3129:
2856:
2613:
2259:
2225:
2192:
1683:
1668:
1544:
1431:
1409:
1384:
1344:
1254:
1064:
964:
914:
681:
671:
636:
428:
418:
168:
92:
4206:
7175:
6784:
6759:
6744:
6739:
6589:
6569:
6366:
5927:
5794:
5538:
5223:
5138:
4955:
4876:
4414:
4345:
4274:
4179:
4089:
4022:
3977:
3330:
3312:
2934:
2912:
2475:
2017:
1872:
1792:
1713:
1658:
1633:
1554:
1500:
1466:
1397:
1314:
1224:
1129:
1074:
959:
924:
877:
752:
723:
676:
614:
589:
423:
217:
136:
40:
5274:
4940:
4416:
The Wessex Hillforts Project: Extensive Survey of Hillfort Interiors in Central Southern England
3695:
3443:
were often built on raised ground, like volcanic hills, headlands, and small islands (including
3413:
3017:
2746:
2654:
people occupied an inland region in central northern Spain, straddling the upper valleys of the
2420:, or military road, which enabled his armies to cover Viking movements at sea. For example, see
2216:
2204:
4667:"New Perspectives on the Architecture and Function of Welsh Hillforts and Defended Settlements"
4257:
Avery, Michael (October 1986), "'Stoning and Fire' at Hillfort Entrances of Southern Britain",
7231:
7190:
7165:
7038:
6719:
6559:
6406:
5992:
5870:
5548:
5491:
5331:
4764:
4746:
4721:
4652:
4624:
4562:
4544:
4526:
4461:
4438:
4420:
4400:
4379:
4357:
4332:
4301:
4244:
4171:
4118:
4014:
3967:
3444:
3121:
2876:
2617:
2567:
2444:
2363:
Some Iron Age hillforts were also incorporated into medieval frontier earthworks. For example
2212:
2198:
2168:
2082:
2053:
1962:
1909:
1812:
1802:
1797:
1767:
1750:
1745:
1718:
1663:
1364:
1354:
1349:
1339:
1259:
1249:
1244:
1219:
1189:
1079:
1049:
1044:
1034:
1024:
1014:
929:
882:
852:
691:
484:
461:
395:
4287:"A Round Iron Age: The Circular House in the Hillforts of the Northwestern Iberian Peninsula"
3946:
7205:
7180:
7109:
7033:
6634:
6629:
6564:
6115:
5919:
5498:
5254:
5213:
5148:
4809:
4786:
4697:
4674:
4594:
4266:
4187:
4163:
3545:
3524:
3231:
3033:
2911:
in Tartu, are governance centres used since ancient times up until today. Some others, like
2794:
2687:
2530:
2425:
2395:, which defined the Celtic-Saxon border in south-west England during the period 577–652 CE.
2388:
2368:
2188:
2027:
1992:
1924:
1817:
1755:
1648:
1576:
1569:
1426:
1359:
1309:
1299:
1174:
1094:
1054:
1039:
1001:
986:
857:
842:
795:
703:
661:
604:
599:
557:
380:
357:
249:
173:
102:
85:
3520:
3447:). The slopes were terraced into defensive ramparts that were usually further protected by
2311:
There are over 2,000 Iron Age hillforts known in Britain of which nearly 600 are in Wales.
2167:
Celtic hillforts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, roughly the start of the
7094:
6946:
6919:
6859:
6829:
6714:
6679:
6659:
6644:
6199:
6194:
6162:
5923:
5865:
5853:
5835:
5702:
5683:
5609:
5586:
5347:
5118:
4925:
4733:
4062:
3702:
3495:
3382:
3368:
2919:
2640:
2547:
2540:
2448:
2436:
2106:
2086:
1837:
1822:
1740:
1696:
1638:
1294:
1289:
1179:
1169:
1084:
1059:
996:
837:
767:
757:
696:
609:
594:
517:
489:
279:
274:
254:
97:
3436:
3418:
2923:
2738:
2421:
4837:
3741:
King, D. J. Cathcart (1974), "Two Castles in Northern Powys: Dinas Bran and Caergwrle",
2371:
generally dated to the 9th century CE, makes use of the west and south-west ramparts of
2341:
contains east-facing Christian burials of the 4th century CE. In Wales, the hillfort at
7263:
7258:
6924:
6909:
6844:
6834:
6709:
6694:
6594:
6584:
6549:
6423:
6216:
5913:
5880:
5844:
5660:
5518:
5482:
5310:
5158:
5091:
5086:
4392:
3464:
3300:
3210:
3135:
2683:
2524:
2364:
2360:
was reused in the Middle Ages, with a stone castle built there in the 13th century CE.
2338:
2273:
2180:
2176:
2022:
2012:
1760:
1184:
1144:
1122:
1109:
1099:
1069:
981:
934:
737:
728:
619:
572:
552:
542:
512:
479:
367:
324:
289:
264:
131:
64:
2953:
2635:, which are frequently located near the castros, also pre-date the Celts in Portugal,
7314:
7268:
7221:
7129:
7119:
7073:
7043:
7028:
6997:
6978:
6839:
6779:
6734:
6649:
6608:
6418:
6051:
6046:
5779:
5742:
5727:
5678:
5623:
5602:
5411:
5264:
4488:
4238:
3364:
2852:
2700:
2380:
2326:
2234:
2132:
2078:
1859:
1847:
1703:
1623:
1539:
1522:
1379:
1234:
1214:
892:
887:
867:
847:
762:
733:
708:
584:
562:
547:
522:
362:
269:
227:
222:
119:
5279:
4078:"The Eastern Passage and Its Impact on Spanish Policy in the Philippines, 1758–1790"
4042:"Archaeology of Batanes Province, Northern Philippines: The 1996-1997 Status Report"
3333:. They were the residence of local rulers, and provided for refuge in times of war.
2511:
2491:(outer bank). The imposing example at Mooghaun is defended by multiple stone walls.
2128:
tribal centres, defended places, foci of ritual activity, and places of production.
7246:
7104:
7068:
7023:
7007:
6935:
6888:
6864:
6854:
6849:
6664:
6481:
6342:
6309:
6174:
6110:
6085:
5997:
5971:
5939:
5933:
5875:
5814:
5784:
5632:
4915:
4646:
4145:
3467:, Ethiopian flat-topped mountain formations often used as defensive fortifications.
3279:
as the flooded river has washed out the base of the hill. Now around 80 percent of
2958:
2651:
2575:
2488:
2399:
2376:
2334:
2264:
2237:
described the large late Iron Age hillforts he encountered during his campaigns in
2090:
2046:
1972:
1952:
1947:
1842:
1787:
1421:
1416:
1239:
1154:
897:
631:
532:
329:
213:
5269:
4270:
3902:"Ancient History of Latvia (11 000 BC – 1200) ← National History Museum of Latvia"
2469:
39:
in England is one of the largest hillforts in Europe. Photograph taken in 1935 by
4112:
3246:. Two other lines started to form, but did not fully develop. One was to protect
7145:
7002:
6971:
6953:
6941:
6883:
6878:
6819:
6814:
6774:
6674:
6639:
6535:
6438:
6209:
6179:
6169:
6075:
5964:
5772:
5581:
5528:
5305:
5060:
4371:
3958:
Bellwood, Peter; Dizon, Eusebio (2013), Bellwood, Peter; Dizon, Eusebio (eds.),
3360:
3291:
3239:
3056:
2750:
2692:
2452:
2432:
2407:
2372:
1957:
1708:
1673:
1512:
1199:
1164:
872:
815:
718:
502:
203:
198:
7170:
7150:
6990:
6962:
6893:
6769:
6724:
6654:
6574:
6471:
6376:
6316:
6275:
6253:
6204:
6150:
6100:
6095:
6080:
6039:
5987:
5945:
5890:
5732:
5695:
5648:
5315:
5284:
5259:
5081:
5044:
5039:
4690:"Historical Excavation and Survey of Hillforts in Wales: some critical issues"
4329:
Cadbury Castle, Somerset: The later prehistoric and early historic archaeology
3395:
3205:
3125:
3029:
3021:
3006:
2392:
2293:
2281:
1914:
1884:
1606:
970:
4305:
4175:
4150:"Matakawau Stingray Point Pa Excavation, Ahuahu Great Mercury Island 1955–56"
4018:
3981:
3959:
3728:
Dinas Powys: An Iron Age, Dark Age and Early Medieval Settlement in Glamorgan
6579:
6510:
6337:
6332:
6265:
5906:
5819:
5749:
5707:
5533:
5503:
5464:
5430:
5208:
4399:, Oxford: English Heritage and Oxford University Committee for Archaeology,
4240:"By South Cadbury Is That Camelot...": Excavations at Cadbury Castle 1966–70
4191:
3640:
3500:
3399:
as the Ivatan population were moved into centralized towns in the lowlands.
3251:
3201:
2786:
2714:
2696:
2555:
2316:
2144:
1904:
1728:
1678:
1628:
1618:
1613:
1478:
1269:
1264:
1229:
666:
352:
319:
188:
5249:
5239:
4167:
2781:
2288:
in 43 AD. The Romans occupied some forts, such as the military garrison at
3117:
2867:
2712:
outer walls in the slopes beneath are common. Round and closed, so-called
2535:
7063:
7058:
6983:
6542:
6517:
6500:
6430:
6371:
6299:
6292:
6135:
6023:
5897:
5717:
5712:
5688:
5616:
5596:
5576:
5178:
5106:
3448:
3429:
3425:
3304:
3296:
3010:
2734:
2671:
2636:
2624:
2551:
2516:
2495:
2416:
2346:
2312:
2289:
2223:
and the Czech Republic. The predominant form of rampart construction was
2220:
2102:
1919:
1894:
1527:
1159:
1134:
747:
302:
244:
156:
17:
4183:
4093:
4026:
4002:
3830:
3760:
3275:
are located near rivers and are endangered by erosion: many have partly
7195:
7160:
7155:
6493:
6476:
6461:
6445:
6397:
6325:
6270:
6260:
6228:
6130:
6105:
6090:
5860:
5804:
5722:
5569:
5562:
5508:
3485:
3480:
3378:
3322:
3247:
3243:
2904:
2754:
2742:
2440:
2242:
2156:
1929:
1889:
1653:
1487:
1483:
825:
810:
686:
347:
342:
312:
231:
193:
4278:
3960:"The Batanes Islands, Their First Observers, and Previous Archaeology"
7200:
6554:
6120:
6058:
6002:
5980:
5957:
5950:
5826:
5809:
5641:
5473:
5455:
5425:
5289:
4814:
4801:
4791:
4778:
4702:
4689:
4679:
4666:
4599:
4584:
4397:
The Danebury Environs Programme: The Prehistory of a Wessex Landscape
3805:
3475:
3386:
3326:
3318:
3001:
2667:
2632:
2628:
2605:
2411:
2403:
2330:
2183:
until the Roman conquest. They are most common during later periods:
2152:
2136:
2123:
2114:
1436:
832:
649:
385:
3341:
Similar structures can be found elsewhere in the world, such as the
3040:
3005:
hillforts in Latvia, such as Daugmale hillfort, appeared during the
2939:
contains a common list of castles, fortresses, forts, an hillforts.
7241:
7185:
6929:
6454:
6285:
6125:
5446:
4802:"Breedon Hill, Leicestershire: new surveys and their implications"
3470:
3440:
3421:
3412:
3408:
3373:
3354:
3290:
3134:
3116:
3025:
2952:
2908:
2866:
2780:
2659:
2644:
2601:
2534:
2510:
2468:
2258:
2219:
originated in what is now southern Germany, Switzerland, Austria,
2118:
907:
443:
438:
5380:
3901:
3832:
The Baltinglass landscape and the hillforts of Bronze Age Ireland
6223:
6065:
6032:
6007:
5799:
5789:
5758:
5737:
2663:
2655:
2410:
established a network of coastal hillforts and lookout posts in
2349:
hillfort reoccupied from the 5th-6th centuries CE; similarly at
2301:
conquest suggest an ongoing struggle to suppress local dissent.
2238:
2172:
183:
178:
5384:
4872:
3242:(against the Teutonic Order) and another along the border with
3016:
During the Roman Iron Age, some of the Latvian hillforts (like
4117:(reprint ed.). Penguin Random House New Zealand Limited.
3283:
are covered by forests and are hardly accessible to visitors.
3050:
56:
27:
Fortified refuge or defended settlement on a rise of elevation
2325:
is the largest amongst forts reoccupied following the end of
4868:
4585:"Hillforts and Defended Enclosures of the Welsh Borderland"
3791:
English Heritage page 'History of Old Oswestry Hillfort'
4863:
4378:(electronic ed.), Taylor & Francis e-Library,
2494:
One must be careful to not confuse a hill-fort with a '
4300:, UW-Milwaukee Center for Celtic Studies: 903–1, 003,
4523:
Pagan Celtic Ireland:the enigma of the Irish Iron age
4294:
E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies
4500:
Council for British Archaeology Research Report No 9
3261:, there were 921 objects in Lithuania identified as
2666:. They built hillforts, fortified hilltop towns and
7214:
7138:
7082:
7016:
6902:
6807:
6617:
6528:
6244:
6237:
5669:
5418:
5360:
5340:
5324:
5298:
5232:
5115:
5069:
5053:
5032:
5016:
4963:
4954:
4906:
4864:Open data resources on hillforts and ancient sites
3866:"The Mystery of Ancient, Irish Ringforts — Part I"
3835:(Doctoral thesis thesis). University College Cork.
3009:. Some were continuously inhabited until the late
2841:which refers to medieval or later fortifications.
4003:"Archaeological Explorations in Batanes Province"
3329:Iron Age and Early Medieval hillforts are called
2612:Many castros were already established during the
3270:
3263:
3221:
3192:
3184:
3177:
3171:
5652:
4716:, Southampton University Archaeological Society
4437:(paperback ed.), Oxford University Press,
6214:
6160:
5978:
5824:
4779:"Hillforts and Hut Groups of North-West Wales"
3913:
3911:
2890:
2884:
6869:
6599:
6428:
6404:
6021:
6012:
5969:
5693:
5489:
5480:
5396:
4884:
3964:4000 Years of Migration and Cultural Exchange
2991:
2983:
2976:
2970:
2835:
2823:
2808:
2802:
2147:, and the successive invasions of Britain by
2054:
8:
6988:
6969:
6960:
6951:
6540:
6515:
6491:
6452:
6443:
6395:
6381:
6352:
6323:
6314:
6290:
6251:
6056:
6037:
5955:
5904:
5895:
5851:
5842:
5833:
5770:
5756:
5747:
5630:
5607:
4711:Hill, David; Jesson, Margaret (eds) (1971),
4148:; Emmitt, Joshua; Wallace, Roderick (2017).
4001:Dizon, Eusebio Z.; Santiago, Rey A. (1996).
5639:
5621:
5567:
5553:
5471:
5462:
5453:
5444:
5435:
4559:Cadbury Castle: The hillfort and landscapes
3917:
3085:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2591:
2585:
2579:
6241:
5403:
5389:
5381:
4960:
4891:
4877:
4869:
4362:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3428:, showing the stepped nature and the wood
3226:played a major role in conflicts with the
2061:
2047:
46:
5369:Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland
4813:
4790:
4701:
4678:
4598:
3636:Time Team: Swords, skulls and strongholds
3597:
3105:Learn how and when to remove this message
2379:was incorporated into the early medieval
4610:"Why do we still dig Iron Age ramparts?"
3927:
3925:
3714:
3621:
3585:
3573:
2280:Hillforts in Britain are known from the
1020:List of military strategies and concepts
31:
4907:
4741:Lock, Gary; Ralston, Ian, eds. (2019),
4583:Britnell, Bill; Silvester, Bob (2018).
3816:
3672:
3512:
2785:A ruins of the Unikonlinna hillfort in
2398:Some hillforts were re-occupied by the
54:
4729:
4719:
4541:English Heritage Book of Maiden Castle
4453:Die Eisenzeit in Lettland bis etwa 500
4435:Handbook of Life in Prehistoric Europe
4419:, English Heritage, pp. 151–162,
4355:
4058:
4047:
3660:
3609:
2391:connected to the existing hillfort at
2201:( early Iron Age, c. 1200 BC – 500 BC)
3931:
3683:
3554:Research records (formerly PastScape)
3250:, the capital, and the other line in
7:
4350:Die altlettischen Burgberge Kurlands
3083:adding citations to reliable sources
2375:hillfort. Similarly the hillfort at
6795:Weapons Storage and Security System
4213:. R.E. Owen, Wellington. p. 74
3234:. During this period the number of
2135:was sacked and deserted during the
4114:The Penguin History of New Zealand
3806:https://hdl.handle.net/10468/12265
3393:, ijang were abandoned during the
2207:(late Iron Age, c. 600 BC – 50 AD)
25:
2871:Varbola hillfort ruins in Estonia
2263:The ramparts of the multivallate
2195:(Bronze Age, c. 1300 BC – 750 BC)
7346:Types of monuments and memorials
7294:
7293:
4830:
4479:
3337:Hillforts elsewhere in the world
3055:
2765:Norway has about 400 hillforts.
2439:are more than 50 acres (20
2337:invasions. The cemetery outside
74:
3864:Fisher, Mark E. (29 May 2016).
3151:Mažeikiai district municipality
2915:are historical sites nowadays.
4155:Records of the Auckland Museum
4111:(2003). "First Colonisation".
3943:Lietuvos piliakalniai. Atlasas
3851:www.culturalheritageireland.ie
3761:"Llanymynech Hillfort (92487)"
3385:when he visited the island of
3204:has hillforts dating from the
3158:List of hillforts in Lithuania
2749:130, and 90 to 100 in each of
2473:Exterior view of the Ringfort
1:
6690:British "hedgehog" road block
4561:, Stroud: The History Press,
4525:, London: Thames and Hudson,
4271:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979999
4243:, London: Thames and Hudson,
4207:"The Capture of Rua-pekapeka"
3259:Atlas of Lithuanian Hillforts
3257:As of 2017, according to the
2354:
2089:. Some were used in the post-
4331:, London: English Heritage,
3041:Iron Age hillforts in Latvia
2627:from the Bronze Age such as
2465:List of hillforts in Ireland
7100:Cities with defensive walls
6685:Defensive fighting position
6600:
6405:
6215:
6161:
6022:
6013:
5979:
5970:
5825:
3730:, University of Wales Press
2961:centre in the late Iron Age
2949:List of hillforts in Latvia
2930:List of Estonian fortresses
1518:Military–industrial complex
992:Operational manoeuvre group
7362:
4543:, London: B. T. Batsford,
4539:Sharples, Niall M (1991),
4464:; Pearson, Trevor (2008),
3829:O'Driscoll, James (2016).
3705:, smr.herefordshire.gov.uk
3406:
3352:
3310:
3217:During the early years of
3155:
2946:
2859:and the Sulkava hillfort.
2773:Denmark has 26 hillforts.
2528:
2522:
2479:situated in County Donegal
2462:
2252:
7284:
6730:Hardened aircraft shelter
6705:Entry control point (ECP)
4800:Whittaker, Chris (2019).
4688:Guilbert, Graeme (2018).
4285:Ayán Vila, Xurxo (2008),
3550:"Maiden Castle (451864)"
2502:Other Hillforts in Europe
2286:Roman conquest of Britain
1582:Loss-of-strength gradient
434:Combat information center
7227:Continuity of government
4859:The Hillfort Study Group
4745:, Oxford: Archaeopress,
4645:Cunliffe, Barry (1997),
4433:McIntosh, Jane (2009) ,
3219:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
2855:, other notable are the
2730:were usually hillforts.
2678:Migration Period Germany
2323:Cadbury Castle, Somerset
2171:, and were used in many
2169:first millennium BC
1900:Military science fiction
1385:Technology and equipment
801:List of military tactics
7049:Motte-and-bailey castle
6755:Missile launch facility
6750:Main line of resistance
5445:
4557:Tabor, Richard (2008),
4521:Raftery, Barry (1994),
4502:: 37–58, archived from
4237:Alcock, Leslie (1972),
4076:Fry, Howard T. (1985).
4040:Dizon, Eusebio (1997).
3743:Archaeologia Cambrensis
3726:Alcock, Leslie (1963),
3701:7 February 2009 at the
3343:Hill Forts of Rajasthan
2957:Tērvete hillfort. Main
2616:period, pre-dating the
1968:Wartime sexual violence
1724:Full-spectrum dominance
1535:Supply-chain management
7125:Military installations
6989:
6970:
6961:
6952:
6870:
6541:
6516:
6492:
6482:Scarp and Counterscarp
6453:
6444:
6429:
6396:
6382:
6353:
6324:
6315:
6291:
6252:
6057:
6038:
5956:
5905:
5896:
5852:
5843:
5834:
5771:
5757:
5748:
5694:
5653:
5640:
5631:
5622:
5608:
5568:
5554:
5490:
5481:
5472:
5463:
5454:
5436:
5219:Vila Nova de São Pedro
5017:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4777:Smith, George (2018).
4327:Barrett, John (2000),
4168:10.32912/RAM.2018.52.3
4057:Cite journal requires
3432:
3308:
3287:Eastern European gords
3271:
3264:
3222:
3193:
3185:
3178:
3172:
3153:
3132:
2992:
2984:
2977:
2971:
2962:
2891:
2885:
2872:
2836:
2824:
2809:
2803:
2790:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2543:
2520:
2480:
2268:
1880:Awards and decorations
1853:Peace through strength
1828:Low-intensity conflict
1462:Conscientious objector
1335:Area of responsibility
44:
7331:Archaeology in Europe
6894:Floating water castle
6625:Admiralty scaffolding
5918:Fortified buildings (
4761:Celtic Fortifications
4759:Ralston, Ian (2006),
4665:Driver, Toby (2018).
4608:Collis, John (2010),
4376:The European Iron Age
4205:Cowan, James (1955).
3416:
3294:
3214:steeper for defence.
3138:
3120:
2965:The Latvian word for
2956:
2870:
2833:, as opposed to bare
2784:
2682:During the period of
2538:
2514:
2472:
2402:during the period of
2262:
467:Torpedo data computer
457:Ship gun fire-control
35:
7237:Subterranean warfare
6190:Viking ring fortress
4806:Internet Archaeology
4783:Internet Archaeology
4694:Internet Archaeology
4671:Internet Archaeology
4590:Internet Archaeology
4509:on 27 September 2007
4470:Archaeologia Aeliana
4455:(paperback ed.)
3391:Spanish colonial era
3389:in 1687. During the
3079:improve this section
2846:post-glacial rebound
2329:, to defend against
2292:, and the temple at
2255:Hillforts in Britain
1998:Military occupations
1833:Military engineering
1735:Unrestricted Warfare
1592:Force multiplication
485:Military manoeuvrers
7054:Quadrangular castle
6790:Weapon storage area
6146:Quadrangular castle
4640:on 24 December 2012
4617:Collection Bibracte
4346:Bielenstein, August
3491:Prehistoric warfare
3198:(=mountain, hill).
3130:World Heritage Site
2857:Old Castle of Lieto
2821:, or alternatively
2614:Atlantic Bronze Age
2574:is a fortified pre-
2515:Hillfort at Coaña,
2226:pfostenschlitzmauer
2193:Atlantic Bronze Age
2083:European Bronze Age
1684:Penal military unit
1669:Rules of engagement
1345:Command and control
965:Operations research
429:Director (military)
419:Fire-control system
169:Command and control
50:Part of a series on
6785:Underground hangar
6570:Fire control tower
6367:Gunpowder magazine
5795:Butter-churn tower
4956:Lists of hillforts
4946:Multiple enclosure
4732:has generic name (
4493:"Irish Hill-forts"
4462:Ainsworth, Stewart
4460:Oswald, Alastair;
4451:Moora, H (1929) ,
4082:Philippine Studies
4007:Philippine Studies
3686:, pp. 156–164
3663:, pp. 161–163
3445:artificial islands
3439:, villages called
3433:
3313:Gord (archaeology)
3309:
3154:
3140:Daubariai Hillfort
3133:
2963:
2873:
2791:
2741:there are 300, in
2544:
2521:
2481:
2476:Grianan of Aileach
2351:Castell Dinas Brân
2269:
1793:Counter-insurgency
1714:Command of the sea
1659:Jewish laws on war
1634:Geneva Conventions
1170:Divide and conquer
960:Military operation
925:Tactical objective
424:Fire-control radar
401:Electronic-warfare
45:
41:Major George Allen
7326:Bronze Age Europe
7308:
7307:
7232:Military urbanism
7166:Fortified gateway
7039:Concentric castle
6803:
6802:
6720:Fire support base
6560:Coastal artillery
6435:(Spanish America)
6029:
5871:Concentric castle
5378:
5377:
5356:
5355:
5194:San Cibrao de Las
5184:Peñas de la Cerca
4752:978-1-78969-227-3
4651:, Penguin Books,
4648:The Ancient Celts
4630:978-2-909668-64-2
4568:978-0-7524-4715-5
4532:978-0-500-05072-9
4444:978-0-19-538476-5
4426:978-1-873592-85-4
4259:World Archaeology
3973:978-1-925021-27-1
3115:
3114:
3107:
2703:near Dittenheim.
2618:Hallstatt culture
2568:Northern Portugal
2564:province of Ávila
2507:Iberian Peninsula
2213:Hallstatt culture
2199:Hallstatt culture
2187:The Proto-Celtic
2071:
2070:
1963:Horses in warfare
1910:Anti-war movement
1813:Gunboat diplomacy
1803:Disaster response
1751:Philosophy of war
1746:Principles of war
1719:Deterrence theory
1664:Right of conquest
1587:Lanchester's laws
1355:Principles of war
1045:Counter-offensive
1025:Military campaign
930:Target saturation
853:Counterinsurgency
462:Gun data computer
396:Close air support
358:Aircraft carriers
16:(Redirected from
7353:
7297:
7296:
7290:
7181:National redoubt
7110:Fortified estate
7034:Circular rampart
6994:
6975:
6966:
6957:
6875:
6635:Anti-tank trench
6630:Air raid shelter
6605:
6565:Disappearing gun
6546:
6521:
6497:
6458:
6449:
6434:
6410:
6401:
6387:
6358:
6329:
6320:
6296:
6257:
6242:
6220:
6200:Bailey (or ward)
6166:
6071:Motte-and-bailey
6062:
6043:
6027:
6019:
6018:
5984:
5975:
5961:
5910:
5901:
5857:
5848:
5839:
5830:
5776:
5762:
5753:
5699:
5656:
5645:
5636:
5627:
5613:
5573:
5559:
5499:Circular rampart
5495:
5486:
5477:
5468:
5459:
5450:
5441:
5405:
5398:
5391:
5382:
4983:Northern Ireland
4961:
4893:
4886:
4879:
4870:
4834:
4833:
4819:
4817:
4815:10.11141/ia.52.6
4796:
4794:
4792:10.11141/ia.48.6
4773:
4755:
4737:
4731:
4727:
4725:
4717:
4707:
4705:
4703:10.11141/ia.48.3
4684:
4682:
4680:10.11141/ia.48.9
4661:
4641:
4639:
4633:, archived from
4614:
4604:
4602:
4600:10.11141/ia.48.7
4571:
4553:
4535:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4508:
4497:
4484:
4483:
4477:
4456:
4447:
4429:
4409:
4388:
4367:
4361:
4353:
4341:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4314:
4308:, archived from
4291:
4281:
4253:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4060:
4055:
4053:
4045:
4037:
4031:
4030:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3955:
3949:
3945:, Vol. 4, 2017,
3940:
3934:
3929:
3920:
3918:Bielenstein 1869
3915:
3906:
3905:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3853:. 8 August 2023.
3843:
3837:
3836:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3723:
3717:
3712:
3706:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3631:
3625:
3624:, pp. 71–72
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3546:Historic England
3542:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3525:English Heritage
3517:
3274:
3267:
3232:Teutonic Knights
3225:
3211:Teutonic Knights
3196:
3188:
3181:
3175:
3148:
3110:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3090:
3059:
3051:
3034:Livonian Crusade
2995:
2987:
2980:
2974:
2938:
2894:
2888:
2839:
2827:
2812:
2806:
2688:Migration Period
2595:
2589:
2583:
2531:Castros in Spain
2426:Battle of Cynwit
2389:linear earthwork
2369:linear earthwork
2359:
2356:
2267:in Herefordshire
2189:Urnfield culture
2163:Celtic hillforts
2063:
2056:
2049:
1818:Humanitarian aid
1756:Security dilemma
1577:Power projection
1360:Economy of force
1340:Chain of command
1055:Defence in depth
1040:Commerce raiding
858:Defeat in detail
174:Defense ministry
78:
69:
68:
59:
47:
21:
7361:
7360:
7356:
7355:
7354:
7352:
7351:
7350:
7341:Iron Age Europe
7336:Ancient warfare
7311:
7310:
7309:
7304:
7288:
7280:
7210:
7134:
7078:
7012:
6947:Imperial castle
6920:Coercion castle
6915:Coastal defence
6898:
6860:Promontory fort
6830:Hillside castle
6799:
6715:Fallout shelter
6680:Concertina wire
6660:Border security
6613:
6524:
6233:
5866:Coercion castle
5854:Cheval de frise
5836:Chemin de ronde
5684:Albarrana tower
5665:
5610:Schwedenschanze
5587:Promontory fort
5414:
5409:
5379:
5374:
5352:
5336:
5320:
5294:
5275:Napoleon's Hill
5228:
5111:
5065:
5049:
5028:
5012:
4950:
4921:Partial contour
4902:
4897:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4835:
4831:
4826:
4799:
4776:
4771:
4758:
4753:
4740:
4728:
4718:
4710:
4687:
4664:
4659:
4644:
4637:
4631:
4612:
4607:
4582:
4579:
4577:Further reading
4574:
4569:
4556:
4551:
4538:
4533:
4520:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4495:
4487:
4478:
4459:
4450:
4445:
4432:
4427:
4412:
4407:
4393:Cunliffe, Barry
4391:
4386:
4370:
4354:
4344:
4339:
4326:
4318:
4316:
4315:on 24 June 2011
4312:
4289:
4284:
4256:
4251:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4216:
4214:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4056:
4046:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3986:
3984:
3974:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3941:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3900:
3899:
3895:
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3883:
3878:
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3873:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3815:
3811:
3802:
3798:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3773:
3771:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3709:
3703:Wayback Machine
3694:
3690:
3682:
3678:
3671:
3667:
3659:
3655:
3646:
3644:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3596:
3592:
3584:
3580:
3572:
3568:
3558:
3556:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3529:
3527:
3521:"Maiden Castle"
3519:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3496:Promontory fort
3461:
3411:
3405:
3383:William Dampier
3369:Batanes Islands
3357:
3351:
3339:
3315:
3289:
3160:
3142:
3111:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3076:
3060:
3049:
2951:
2945:
2932:
2920:Estonian tribes
2865:
2779:
2771:
2763:
2709:
2680:
2533:
2527:
2509:
2504:
2467:
2461:
2449:Dolebury Warren
2437:Bathampton Down
2357:
2333:raids, and the
2257:
2251:
2217:La Tène culture
2205:La Tène culture
2165:
2107:defensive walls
2067:
2038:
2037:
1988:
1978:
1977:
1943:
1935:
1934:
1875:
1865:
1864:
1838:Multilateralism
1823:Law enforcement
1783:
1773:
1772:
1741:Just war theory
1699:
1689:
1688:
1639:Geneva Protocol
1609:
1599:
1598:
1572:
1562:
1561:
1503:
1493:
1492:
1400:
1390:
1389:
1330:
1320:
1319:
1285:
1275:
1274:
1205:Network-centric
1125:
1115:
1114:
1017:
1007:
1006:
955:
945:
944:
893:Rapid dominance
798:
788:
787:
743:Electromagnetic
652:
642:
641:
628:
581:
529:
505:
495:
494:
490:Combat training
471:
448:
414:Combat systems:
410:
372:
368:Auxiliary ships
334:
294:
236:
159:
149:
148:
88:
62:
61:
60:
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7359:
7357:
7349:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7313:
7312:
7306:
7305:
7303:
7302:
7285:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7278:
7277:
7276:
7266:
7264:Trench warfare
7261:
7259:Tunnel warfare
7256:
7255:
7254:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7218:
7216:
7212:
7211:
7209:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7142:
7140:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7115:Fortifications
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7086:
7084:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7020:
7018:
7014:
7013:
7011:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6967:
6958:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6932:
6927:
6925:Counter-castle
6922:
6917:
6912:
6910:Border barrier
6906:
6904:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6845:Lowland castle
6842:
6837:
6835:Hilltop castle
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6811:
6809:
6805:
6804:
6801:
6800:
6798:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6710:Electric fence
6707:
6702:
6700:Dragon's teeth
6697:
6695:Czech hedgehog
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6621:
6619:
6615:
6614:
6612:
6611:
6609:Wire obstacles
6606:
6597:
6595:Polygonal fort
6592:
6587:
6585:Martello tower
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6550:Border outpost
6547:
6538:
6532:
6530:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6522:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6450:
6441:
6436:
6426:
6424:Polygonal fort
6421:
6416:
6411:
6402:
6393:
6388:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6321:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6248:
6246:
6239:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6035:
6030:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5976:
5967:
5962:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5936:
5931:
5916:
5914:Flanking tower
5911:
5902:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5881:Counter-castle
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5849:
5840:
5831:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5768:
5763:
5754:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5675:
5673:
5671:Post-classical
5667:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5661:Vitrified fort
5658:
5646:
5637:
5628:
5619:
5614:
5605:
5600:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5565:
5560:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5519:Defensive wall
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5487:
5478:
5469:
5460:
5451:
5442:
5433:
5428:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5415:
5412:Fortifications
5410:
5408:
5407:
5400:
5393:
5385:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5364:
5362:
5358:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5311:Grogarnsberget
5308:
5302:
5300:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5236:
5234:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5174:Monte Valinhas
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5125:
5123:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5087:Heunischenburg
5084:
5079:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4969:
4967:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4912:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4836:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4824:External links
4822:
4821:
4820:
4797:
4774:
4769:
4756:
4751:
4738:
4708:
4685:
4662:
4657:
4642:
4629:
4605:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4567:
4554:
4549:
4536:
4531:
4518:
4489:Raftery, Barry
4485:
4457:
4448:
4443:
4430:
4425:
4410:
4405:
4389:
4384:
4368:
4342:
4337:
4324:
4282:
4265:(2): 216–230,
4254:
4249:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4197:
4137:
4123:
4100:
4068:
4059:|journal=
4032:
4013:(4): 479–499.
3993:
3972:
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3921:
3907:
3893:
3871:
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3838:
3821:
3809:
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3781:
3752:
3733:
3718:
3707:
3688:
3676:
3665:
3653:
3626:
3614:
3602:
3598:Ayán Vila 2008
3590:
3578:
3566:
3537:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3465:Amba (geology)
3460:
3457:
3407:Main article:
3404:
3401:
3353:Main article:
3350:
3347:
3338:
3335:
3311:Main article:
3288:
3285:
3228:Livonian Order
3190:(=castle) and
3122:Kernavė Mounds
3113:
3112:
3063:
3061:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3043:
2947:Main article:
2944:
2941:
2907:in Tallinn or
2864:
2861:
2778:
2775:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2759:
2708:
2705:
2684:Late Antiquity
2679:
2676:
2560:Basque Country
2529:Main article:
2525:Castro culture
2523:Main article:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2463:Main article:
2460:
2457:
2445:Coney's Castle
2414:, linked by a
2358: 600 BCE
2353:a hillfort of
2339:Poundbury Hill
2298:Cadbury Castle
2274:Barry Cunliffe
2253:Main article:
2250:
2247:
2209:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2181:western Europe
2164:
2161:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2003:Military terms
2000:
1995:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1761:Tripwire force
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1283:Administrative
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1210:New generation
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1185:Fleet in being
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1123:Grand strategy
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1110:Scorched earth
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
982:Deep operation
979:
974:
967:
962:
956:
951:
950:
947:
946:
943:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
911:
910:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
829:
828:
823:
818:
808:
799:
794:
793:
790:
789:
786:
785:
783:Unconventional
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
731:
729:Disinformation
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
700:
699:
694:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
653:
648:
647:
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643:
640:
639:
634:
627:
626:
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623:
622:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
580:
579:
578:
577:
576:
575:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
528:
527:
526:
525:
520:
515:
506:
501:
500:
497:
496:
493:
492:
487:
482:
480:Basic training
477:
470:
469:
464:
459:
454:
447:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
409:
408:
406:Reconnaissance
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
371:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
333:
332:
327:
325:Special forces
322:
317:
316:
315:
305:
300:
293:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
235:
234:
225:
220:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
160:
155:
154:
151:
150:
147:
146:
145:
144:
139:
129:
128:
127:
122:
112:
111:
110:
103:Post-classical
100:
95:
89:
84:
83:
80:
79:
71:
70:
52:
51:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7358:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7318:
7316:
7301:
7300:
7287:
7286:
7283:
7275:
7272:
7271:
7270:
7269:Urban warfare
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7253:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7222:Civil defense
7220:
7219:
7217:
7213:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7143:
7141:
7137:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7090:Bastion forts
7088:
7087:
7085:
7081:
7075:
7074:Z-plan castle
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7044:L-plan castle
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7029:Bridge castle
7027:
7025:
7022:
7021:
7019:
7015:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6998:Refuge castle
6996:
6993:
6992:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6979:Military base
6977:
6974:
6973:
6968:
6965:
6964:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6942:Hunting lodge
6940:
6938:
6937:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6907:
6905:
6901:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6874:
6873:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6855:Moated castle
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6840:Island castle
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6812:
6810:
6808:By topography
6806:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6780:Submarine pen
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6735:Hesco bastion
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6650:Blast shelter
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6616:
6610:
6607:
6604:
6603:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6545:
6544:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6527:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6433:
6432:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6419:Place-of-arms
6417:
6415:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6386:
6385:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6295:
6294:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6243:
6240:
6236:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6055:
6053:
6052:Machicolation
6050:
6048:
6047:L-plan castle
6045:
6042:
6041:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6026:
6025:
6017:
6016:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5780:Bridge castle
5778:
5775:
5774:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5746:
5744:
5743:Bent entrance
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5728:Battery tower
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5679:Advanced work
5677:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5668:
5662:
5659:
5655:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5606:
5604:
5603:Refuge castle
5601:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5406:
5401:
5399:
5394:
5392:
5387:
5386:
5383:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5339:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5169:Monte Mozinho
5167:
5165:
5164:Monte Castelo
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5149:Chao Samartín
5147:
5145:
5144:Castelo Velho
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5114:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5008:
5007:Monmouthshire
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4965:British Isles
4962:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4936:Level terrain
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4894:
4889:
4887:
4882:
4880:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4843:
4839:
4823:
4816:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4775:
4772:
4770:0-7524-2500-5
4766:
4762:
4757:
4754:
4748:
4744:
4739:
4735:
4730:|first2=
4723:
4715:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4663:
4660:
4658:0-14-025422-6
4654:
4650:
4649:
4643:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4564:
4560:
4555:
4552:
4550:0-7134-6083-0
4546:
4542:
4537:
4534:
4528:
4524:
4519:
4505:
4501:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4446:
4440:
4436:
4431:
4428:
4422:
4418:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4406:0-947816-48-8
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4387:
4385:0-203-44211-3
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4338:1-85074-716-4
4334:
4330:
4325:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4252:
4250:0-8128-1505-X
4246:
4242:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4198:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4147:
4146:Furey, Louise
4141:
4138:
4126:
4124:9781742288260
4120:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4109:King, Michael
4104:
4101:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4072:
4069:
4064:
4051:
4043:
4036:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3997:
3994:
3983:
3982:j.ctt5hgz91.6
3979:
3975:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3867:
3860:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3839:
3834:
3833:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3785:
3782:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3734:
3729:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3715:Cunliffe 2000
3711:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3654:
3643:, 19 May 2008
3642:
3638:
3637:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3622:Sharples 1991
3618:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3603:
3600:, p. 913
3599:
3594:
3591:
3588:, p. 162
3587:
3586:McIntosh 2009
3582:
3579:
3576:, p. 349
3575:
3574:McIntosh 2009
3570:
3567:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3365:Ivatan people
3362:
3356:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3266:
3260:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3189:
3187:
3180:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3152:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3106:
3098:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3064:This section
3062:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3003:
3000:Hillforts in
2998:
2996:
2994:
2989:(castle) and
2988:
2986:
2979:
2973:
2968:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2869:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2853:Rapola Castle
2849:
2847:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2788:
2783:
2776:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2518:
2513:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2485:
2478:
2477:
2471:
2466:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2306:
2305:Maiden Castle
2302:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2249:Great Britain
2248:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2235:Julius Caesar
2232:
2231:Kelheim-style
2228:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2133:Solsbury Hill
2129:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2077:is a type of
2076:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1890:Warrior caste
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1860:Show of force
1858:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1848:Peacebuilding
1846:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
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1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1704:Air supremacy
1702:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1644:Islamic rules
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1624:Court-martial
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1593:
1590:
1589:
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1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1523:Arms industry
1521:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1485:
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1477:
1473:
1470:
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1468:
1465:
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1428:
1425:
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1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1399:
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1393:
1386:
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1381:
1378:
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1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
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1348:
1346:
1343:
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1338:
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1329:
1324:
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1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
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1301:
1298:
1296:
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1291:
1288:
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1279:
1278:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
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1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
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1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
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1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1140:Broken-backed
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
977:Expeditionary
975:
973:
972:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
957:
954:
949:
948:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
909:
906:
905:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
848:Counterattack
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
813:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
802:
797:
792:
791:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
773:Psychological
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
709:Combined arms
707:
705:
702:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
654:
651:
646:
645:
638:
635:
633:
630:
629:
621:
618:
617:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
587:
586:
583:
582:
574:
571:
570:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
548:Fortification
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
534:
531:
530:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
508:
507:
504:
499:
498:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
449:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
411:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
373:
369:
366:
364:
363:Landing craft
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
314:
311:
310:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
237:
233:
229:
228:Standing army
226:
224:
221:
219:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
158:
153:
152:
143:
140:
138:
135:
134:
133:
130:
126:
123:
121:
120:pike and shot
118:
117:
116:
113:
109:
106:
105:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
90:
87:
82:
81:
77:
73:
72:
66:
58:
53:
49:
48:
42:
38:
37:Maiden Castle
34:
30:
19:
7292:
7247:Siege engine
7215:Other topics
7139:Related word
7105:Defense line
7069:Tower castle
7024:Bastion fort
7008:Urban castle
6936:Ganerbenburg
6934:
6889:Water castle
6865:Ridge castle
6850:Marsh castle
6824:
6665:Bomb shelter
6645:Belgian gate
6618:20th century
6529:19th century
6467:Retrenchment
6439:Punji sticks
6348:Entrenchment
6343:Device Forts
6310:Counterguard
6245:Early modern
6175:Tower castle
6111:Powder tower
6086:Outer bailey
5998:Inner bailey
5972:Gulyay-gorod
5940:Ganerbenburg
5938:
5934:Fujian tulou
5876:Corner tower
5815:Chamber gate
5785:Bridge tower
5633:Trou de loup
5543:
5367:
5117:
5102:Schanzenkopf
5097:Schanzenkopf
5077:Amelungsburg
4899:
4846:
4845:
4844:profile for
4841:
4805:
4782:
4760:
4742:
4712:
4693:
4670:
4647:
4635:the original
4620:
4616:
4588:
4558:
4540:
4522:
4511:, retrieved
4504:the original
4499:
4473:
4469:
4452:
4434:
4415:
4396:
4375:
4372:Collis, John
4349:
4328:
4317:, retrieved
4310:the original
4297:
4293:
4262:
4258:
4239:
4215:. Retrieved
4210:
4200:
4159:
4153:
4140:
4130:18 September
4128:. Retrieved
4113:
4103:
4085:
4081:
4071:
4050:cite journal
4035:
4010:
4006:
3996:
3985:, retrieved
3963:
3953:
3947:Introduction
3942:
3938:
3896:
3884:. Retrieved
3874:
3859:
3850:
3841:
3831:
3824:
3819:, p. 39
3817:Raftery 1972
3812:
3799:
3790:
3784:
3772:. Retrieved
3764:
3755:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3727:
3721:
3710:
3696:The Iron Age
3691:
3679:
3673:Barrett 2000
3668:
3656:
3647:16 September
3645:, retrieved
3635:
3629:
3617:
3612:, p. 79
3605:
3593:
3581:
3569:
3557:. Retrieved
3553:
3540:
3528:. Retrieved
3515:
3453:storage pits
3437:Māori people
3434:
3394:
3372:
3358:
3340:
3316:
3281:piliakalniai
3280:
3272:piliakalniai
3265:piliakalniai
3262:
3258:
3256:
3236:piliakalniai
3235:
3223:piliakalniai
3216:
3200:
3191:
3183:
3179:piliakalniai
3167:
3161:
3128:, part of a
3101:
3095:January 2023
3092:
3077:Please help
3065:
3015:
2999:
2990:
2982:
2966:
2964:
2928:
2924:Pärnu county
2917:
2900:
2896:
2880:
2874:
2850:
2843:
2834:
2831:ancient fort
2830:
2825:muinaislinna
2822:
2818:
2814:
2798:
2792:
2772:
2764:
2747:Östergötland
2739:Södermanland
2732:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2713:
2710:
2681:
2670:, including
2649:
2623:Many of the
2622:
2611:
2597:
2571:
2545:
2539:Hillfort in
2493:
2489:counterscarp
2486:
2482:
2474:
2430:
2422:Daw's Castle
2415:
2400:Anglo-Saxons
2397:
2377:Old Oswestry
2362:
2321:
2310:
2303:
2279:
2270:
2265:British Camp
2230:
2224:
2210:
2166:
2130:
2122:
2111:
2074:
2072:
1973:Fifth column
1953:War resister
1948:Women in war
1843:Peacekeeping
1788:Arms control
1733:
1422:Mobilization
1417:Conscription
1375:Intelligence
1328:Organization
969:
898:Encirclement
778:Radiological
714:Conventional
568:Subterranean
475:Development:
474:
451:
413:
375:
338:Naval units:
337:
330:Signal corps
297:
260:Intelligence
240:Specialties:
239:
164:Organization
115:Early modern
43:(1891–1940).
29:
7146:Castle town
7003:Toll castle
6972:Lustschloss
6954:Kaiserpfalz
6884:Spur castle
6879:Rock castle
6820:Hill castle
6815:Cave castle
6775:Spider hole
6675:Bremer wall
6640:Barbed tape
6536:Barbed wire
6210:Witch tower
6180:Tower house
6170:Toll castle
6156:Shield wall
6076:Murder hole
5965:Guard tower
5582:Pincer gate
5529:Faussebraye
5325:Switzerland
5245:Aukštupėnai
5199:Santa tegra
5061:Uxellodunum
4993:Isle of Man
4217:11 November
4088:(1): 3–21.
3882:. Castrenor
3880:"Castrenor"
3847:"Ringforts"
3661:Alcock 1972
3610:Collis 2003
3417:Model of a
3403:New Zealand
3396:Reducciones
3361:Philippines
3349:Philippines
3240:Neman River
3173:piliakalnis
3143: [
2959:Semigallian
2933: [
2895:), meaning
2819:castle hill
2813:), meaning
2810:linnavuoret
2693:Runder Berg
2652:Celtiberian
2453:Pilsdon Pen
2433:Bindon Hill
2408:King Alfred
2373:Llanymynech
2365:Offa's Dyke
2345:was a late
2343:Dinas Powys
2335:Anglo-Saxon
2141:Dukes' Wars
1958:War studies
1781:Non-warfare
1709:Appeasement
1674:Martial law
1513:War economy
1452:Transgender
1405:Recruitment
1165:Containment
1050:Culminating
1030:Anti-access
953:Operational
873:Envelopment
816:Air assault
697:Air cavalry
657:Air defence
637:Information
538:Cold-region
503:Battlespace
452:Historical:
298:Land units:
204:Space force
199:Coast guard
132:Late modern
93:Prehistoric
7321:Hill forts
7315:Categories
7171:Gatekeeper
6991:Ordensburg
6963:Landesburg
6770:Sentry gun
6725:Flak tower
6655:Blast wall
6575:Gun turret
6472:Sally port
6377:Kotta mara
6317:Couvreface
6281:Breastwork
6276:Blockhouse
6254:Abwurfdach
6205:Watchtower
6195:Wall tower
6151:Shell keep
6101:Portcullis
6096:Peel tower
6081:Neck ditch
6040:Landesburg
5988:Half tower
5946:Gate tower
5891:Drawbridge
5733:Battlement
5649:Wagon fort
5492:Chengqiang
5332:Mont-Terri
5316:Torsburgen
5265:Medvėgalis
5255:Karmazinai
5082:Bunkenburg
5045:Monkodonja
5040:Miholjanec
5024:Straževica
4926:Promontory
4763:, Tempus,
4513:10 October
4319:25 October
4230:References
4192:Q104815050
3987:25 January
3932:Moora 1929
3684:Tabor 2008
3435:Among the
3206:Bronze Age
3164:Lithuanian
3156:See also:
3018:Ķivutkalns
3007:Bronze Age
2804:linnavuori
2715:ring forts
2701:Gelbe Bürg
2596:(English:
2393:Maes Knoll
2387:was a new
2381:Wat's Dyke
2327:Roman rule
2294:Brean Down
2282:Bronze Age
2095:earthworks
2018:War crimes
2008:Operations
1915:Foot drill
1885:Battle cry
1798:deterrence
1457:Harassment
1432:Specialism
1255:Technology
1250:Succession
1195:Liberation
1130:Asymmetric
1065:Empty fort
971:Blitzkrieg
940:Withdrawal
903:Investment
682:Camouflage
677:Biological
615:Underwater
590:Amphibious
509:Aerospace
376:Air units:
353:Submarines
142:fourth-gen
137:industrial
125:napoleonic
7274:Guerrilla
7017:By design
6765:Revetment
6580:Land mine
6511:Star fort
6338:Crownwork
6333:Covertway
6266:Barricade
5907:Embrasure
5820:Chartaque
5750:Bergfried
5708:Arrowslit
5534:Gatehouse
5504:City gate
5465:Castellum
5431:Acropolis
5270:Molavėnai
5233:Lithuania
5209:Termantia
5154:Cidadelhe
5134:Briteiros
4931:Hillslope
4900:Hillforts
4623:: 27–36,
4472:, fifth,
4374:(2003) ,
4306:1540-4889
4176:1174-9202
4162:: 39–57.
4019:0031-7837
3774:1 October
3749:: 113–139
3641:Channel 4
3501:Acropolis
3449:palisades
3430:palisades
3295:Hradisko
3277:collapsed
3252:Samogitia
3202:Lithuania
3166:word for
3124:complex,
3066:does not
3047:Lithuania
2978:pilskalni
2975:(plural:
2972:pilskalns
2909:Toomemägi
2901:hillburgh
2892:linnamäed
2886:linnamägi
2879:word for
2815:fort hill
2797:word for
2789:, Finland
2787:Janakkala
2697:Bad Urach
2625:megaliths
2587:cividades
2556:Cantabria
2317:Hampshire
2175:areas of
2145:Lithuania
2103:stockades
2097:or stone
2079:fortified
1905:War novel
1808:Grey-zone
1768:War games
1729:Overmatch
1679:War crime
1629:Desertion
1619:Ceasefire
1614:Armistice
1501:Logistics
1479:Mercenary
1467:Volunteer
1398:Personnel
1370:Engineers
1315:Sociology
1270:World war
1265:Total war
1245:Strategic
1235:Religious
1220:Political
1215:Perpetual
1190:Irregular
1105:Offensive
1080:Defensive
1075:Deception
1035:Attrition
883:Guerrilla
878:Formation
821:Airbridge
753:Loitering
667:Artillery
320:Artillery
255:Engineers
218:Irregular
189:Air force
18:Hill-fort
7299:Category
7289:See also
7176:Loophole
7064:Ringwork
7059:Ringfort
6984:Obstacle
6825:Hillfort
6745:Loophole
6543:Barbette
6518:Tenaille
6501:Sea fort
6431:Presidio
6391:Magazine
6372:Hornwork
6305:Cavalier
6300:Casemate
6293:Caponier
6136:Ringwork
6024:Detinets
5993:Hoarding
5898:Enceinte
5773:Bretèche
5718:Bartizan
5713:Barbican
5689:Alcazaba
5617:Stockade
5597:Ringfort
5577:Palisade
5549:Landwehr
5544:Hillfort
5306:Gåseborg
5224:Zambujal
5179:Numantia
5139:Borneiro
5116:Iberia (
5107:Sigiburg
4998:Scotland
4977:Somerset
4848:Hillfort
4722:citation
4491:(1972),
4395:(2000),
4358:citation
4348:(1869),
4188:Wikidata
4184:90016661
4094:42632762
4027:42634196
3699:Archived
3459:See also
3426:headland
3305:Slovakia
3301:Piešťany
3297:Kostolec
3269:. Most
3230:and the
3182:), from
3176:(plural
3168:hillfort
3011:Iron Age
2997:(hill).
2981:), from
2967:hillfort
2897:hillfort
2889:(plural
2881:hillfort
2877:Estonian
2829:meaning
2807:(plural
2799:hillfort
2751:Bohuslän
2735:Svealand
2699:and the
2672:Numantia
2637:Asturias
2581:citanias
2552:Asturias
2517:Asturias
2496:ringfort
2417:Herepath
2385:Wansdyke
2347:Iron Age
2313:Danebury
2290:Hod Hill
2221:Slovakia
2099:ramparts
2087:Iron Age
2075:hillfort
1920:War song
1895:War film
1528:Materiel
1447:Children
1427:Training
1365:Medicine
1350:Doctrine
1305:Training
1240:Resource
1225:Princely
1175:Economic
1160:Conquest
1155:Colonial
1150:Cold war
1135:Blockade
1015:Strategy
987:Maneuver
748:Infantry
704:Chemical
558:Mountain
518:Airborne
381:Fighters
348:Warships
303:Infantry
245:Rifleman
209:Reserves
157:Military
7206:Vedette
7196:Schloss
7161:Festung
7156:Dungeon
7151:Château
7095:Castles
6903:By role
6760:Pillbox
6590:Outpost
6506:Station
6494:Schanze
6477:Sandbag
6462:Redoubt
6446:Ravelin
6414:Palanka
6398:Orillon
6384:Lunette
6326:Coupure
6271:Bastion
6261:Arsenal
6229:Zwinger
6141:Roundel
6131:Ricetto
6106:Postern
6091:Outwork
6015:Kremlin
5886:Curtain
5861:Citadel
5845:Chemise
5805:Caltrop
5723:Bastion
5696:Alcázar
5592:Rampart
5570:Oppidum
5563:Nuraghe
5509:Crannog
5483:Castros
5419:Ancient
5341:Ukraine
5285:Ukmergė
5280:Pieštvė
5260:Kernavė
5204:Terroso
5189:Sacóias
5119:castros
5070:Germany
5033:Croatia
4988:Ireland
4973:England
4916:Contour
4838:Scholia
4098:, p.18.
3886:21 June
3765:Coflein
3486:Oppidum
3481:Nuraghe
3379:Sabtang
3367:of the
3359:In the
3323:Belarus
3248:Vilnius
3244:Livonia
3126:Kernavė
3087:removed
3072:sources
3030:Mežotne
3022:Tērvete
2913:Varbola
2905:Toompea
2863:Estonia
2795:Finnish
2777:Finland
2769:Denmark
2755:Gotland
2743:Uppland
2641:Galicia
2633:dolmens
2629:menhirs
2548:Galicia
2541:Galicia
2519:, Spain
2459:Ireland
2406:raids.
2177:central
2157:Vikings
2101:, with
2033:Writers
2028:Weapons
1993:Battles
1942:Related
1930:Wargame
1925:Uniform
1873:Culture
1654:Perfidy
1649:Justice
1570:Science
1555:Outpost
1508:History
1488:Warrior
1484:Soldier
1472:foreign
1410:counter
1310:Service
1260:Theater
1200:Limited
1180:Endemic
1095:Nuclear
863:Foxhole
838:Cavalry
826:Airdrop
811:Airlift
796:Tactics
768:Nuclear
758:Missile
687:Cavalry
672:Barrage
650:Weapons
610:Surface
391:Command
386:Bombers
343:Frogman
313:Cavalry
270:Medical
232:Militia
214:Regular
194:Marines
108:castles
98:Ancient
86:History
65:outline
7201:Trench
7191:Picket
6602:Sangar
6555:Bunker
6487:Sconce
6407:Ostrog
6355:Flèche
6238:Modern
6217:Yagura
6185:Turret
6121:Reduit
6059:Merlon
6003:Kasbah
5981:Gusuku
5958:Glacis
5951:Gabion
5920:church
5827:Chashi
5810:Castle
5654:Laager
5642:Vallum
5599:(Rath)
5474:Castra
5456:Burgus
5426:Abatis
5348:Khotiv
5299:Sweden
5290:Voruta
5250:Bisenė
5240:Apuolė
5214:Vieito
5129:Baroña
5054:France
4840:has a
4808:(52).
4785:(48).
4767:
4749:
4696:(48).
4673:(48).
4655:
4627:
4593:(48).
4565:
4547:
4529:
4476:: 1–45
4441:
4423:
4403:
4382:
4352:, Riga
4335:
4304:
4279:124616
4277:
4247:
4190:
4182:
4174:
4121:
4092:
4025:
4017:
3980:
3970:
3769:RCAHMW
3747:CXXIII
3559:27 May
3530:31 May
3476:Chashi
3387:Ivuhos
3371:built
3363:, the
3327:Poland
3319:Russia
3194:kalnas
3002:Latvia
2943:Latvia
2761:Norway
2707:Sweden
2668:oppida
2645:Druids
2606:oppida
2602:sieges
2598:cities
2572:castro
2412:Wessex
2404:Viking
2383:. The
2331:pirate
2243:oppida
2173:Celtic
2153:Saxons
2149:Romans
2137:Belgic
2124:oppida
2115:Greece
2013:Sieges
1697:Theory
1437:Morale
1295:Policy
1290:Branch
1070:Mosaic
1060:Fabian
1002:Covert
935:Trench
920:Screen
843:Charge
833:Battle
806:Aerial
724:Denial
692:Horses
620:Seabed
573:Tunnel
553:Jungle
543:Desert
513:Aerial
280:Diving
275:Police
7242:Siege
7186:Palas
7130:Walls
7120:Forts
7083:Lists
6930:Fence
6872:Rocca
6740:Kabal
6455:Redan
6362:Gorge
6286:Canal
6163:Shiro
6126:Ribat
6116:Qalat
5928:Dzong
5924:house
5624:Sudis
5556:Limes
5514:Ditch
5447:Broch
5438:Agger
5361:Other
5003:Wales
4941:Marsh
4908:Types
4842:topic
4638:(PDF)
4613:(PDF)
4507:(PDF)
4496:(PDF)
4313:(PDF)
4290:(PDF)
4275:JSTOR
4180:JSTOR
4090:JSTOR
4023:JSTOR
3978:JSTOR
3507:Notes
3471:Broch
3424:on a
3419:Māori
3374:ijang
3355:Ijang
3331:gords
3186:pilis
3147:]
3026:Talsi
2993:kalns
2937:]
2837:linna
2745:150,
2737:. In
2728:stein
2695:near
2660:Douro
2593:cidás
2576:Roman
2229:, or
2119:Italy
2091:Roman
1986:Lists
1442:Women
1380:Ranks
1300:Staff
1230:Proxy
1145:Class
1100:Naval
1085:Depth
915:Swarm
908:Siege
888:Naval
868:Drone
763:Music
738:Robot
734:Drone
719:Cyber
662:Armor
632:Cyber
605:Green
600:Brown
563:Urban
523:Space
444:Radar
439:Sonar
308:Armor
290:Pilot
285:Comms
265:Recon
250:Staff
223:Ranks
7252:list
6670:Buoy
6224:Yett
6066:Moat
6033:Ksar
6008:Keep
5800:Caer
5790:Burh
5766:Boom
5759:Berm
5738:Bawn
5703:Amba
5539:Gord
5159:Cola
4765:ISBN
4747:ISBN
4734:help
4714:1971
4653:ISBN
4625:ISBN
4563:ISBN
4545:ISBN
4527:ISBN
4515:2006
4439:ISBN
4421:ISBN
4401:ISBN
4380:ISBN
4364:link
4333:ISBN
4321:2010
4302:ISSN
4245:ISBN
4219:2010
4172:ISSN
4132:2020
4119:ISBN
4063:help
4015:ISSN
3989:2021
3968:ISBN
3888:2010
3776:2021
3649:2009
3561:2009
3532:2009
3325:and
3162:The
3070:any
3068:cite
2985:pils
2875:The
2793:The
2753:and
2724:sten
2664:Tajo
2662:and
2656:Ebro
2650:The
2639:and
2631:and
2566:and
2451:and
2435:and
2424:and
2367:, a
2239:Gaul
2215:and
2211:The
2191:and
2179:and
2155:and
2117:and
2085:and
2023:Wars
1540:Base
1090:Goal
997:Raid
595:Blue
533:Land
184:Navy
179:Army
5524:Dun
5092:Ipf
4810:doi
4787:doi
4698:doi
4675:doi
4595:doi
4267:doi
4164:doi
3317:In
3170:is
3149:in
3081:by
2969:is
2926:).
2899:or
2883:is
2817:or
2801:is
2686:or
2590:or
2546:In
2315:in
2241:as
2143:in
2105:or
1607:Law
1550:FOB
1545:MOB
585:Sea
57:War
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