312:
335:. The article /ʔam-/ is also found in other modern dialects of Arabic in the Arabian peninsula but is not attested amongst the so-called k-dialects of Yemen and Saudi Arabia unlike the article /ʔan-/. There is no attestation of this article in Sabaic outside of the possibility of the *hn- forms found in the Hymn of Qāniya; with the *h possibly representing the vowel /a/. Stein leaves open the question that perhaps due to the writing style the expression of definiteness was normally left out, and that the usage of /ʔam-/ in the oral poetry of speakers of various Yemeni Arabic dialects might ultimately be of ancient origin.
271:
with Qāniya and Ja 2353 being written in an area that historically used the
Radmanite dialect of Sabaic and ZI 11 coming from Mārib, the historical center of the Sabaic language and Sabaean state. As noted by Alessandra Avanzini the problem with suggesting that the Himyarites had their own distinct language to begin with is that personal correspondences from that era of South Arabian history are still in Sabaic and that Robin's suggestion that Sabaic was supplanted by this supposed Himyarite language at this point are unsupported by this being that it is unlikely that personal correspondences would be in a dead language.
438:" that speakers of Himyaritic had (jad͡ʒurruːna fiː kalaːmihim), which is suggested to have been due to the absence of stress in Sayhadic or at least stress as was familiar to Arabic-speakers. The halting (muʕaqqad) described by Arab grammarians of Himyaritic and varieties of Arabic influenced by the Sayhadic languages that fall in this category may be an early attestation of the pausal glottalization found in many contemporary speech varieties in Southern Arabia, exemplified by the example from the pronunciation of the name "
250:
282:" as known to al-Hamdani in specific may have in reality been Arabized Sayhadic speech varieties or a group of varieties of Arabic that had a strong Sayhadic substrate. Restö (2000:115) goes as far as suggesting that even in the modern day a similar dynamic may exist for the so-called k-dialects of highland Yemen where "
270:
may in fact be the mixed speech of individuals who speak early varieties of Arabic with influence from spoken
Sayhadic languages of the time. Stein points out that the few supposed examples of Himyaritic lay outside of the Himyarite heartland and instead in areas that are historically Sabaic speaking
290:
do not portray an objective description of the speech varieties and their features but instead gives a view into how language was taken into account in regards to the ranking at which al-Hamdani considered different peoples, social classes, and so forth. Much of what al-Hamdani notes as /ʃajʔun mina
299:) in some parts of the historic territory of the Himyarite confederacy may actually be describing any remnant speech communities using Sayhadic languages; albeit if they were Sabaic or any other it would not matter given that anything non-Arab and distinctive to the area at the time was simply "
257:
Part of the issue with defining
Himyaritic is that the term itself is a catch-all term used by Arab grammarians after the Arabization of the Yemeni highlands and in reality could represent a number of speech varieties belonging to the Sayhadic branch of Central Semitic, meaning that ultimately
237:). Himyaritic is only known from statements of Arab scholars from the first centuries after the rise of Islam. According to their description it was unintelligible for speakers of Arabic hence why it had the derogatory designation of /tˤumtˤumaːnijja/; a term explained as '
228:
Although the Himyar kingdom was an important power in South Arabia since the 1st century B.C., the knowledge of the supposed
Himyaritic language is very limited if at all a distinct language, because all known Himyarite inscriptions were written in
995:
Imar
Koutchoukali. 2015. Defining Ḥimyaritic: The linguistic landscape of southwest Arabia in the early Islamic period according to the testimony of the 9th century scholar al-Hamdani. (MA thesis, Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden;
311:
262:" of said language could be misleading. As suggested by Peter Stein the language of the Himyarites may have been no different than that of neighboring Sabaic-speaking peoples and thus what is documented in works such as
338:
Furthermore, the suffixes of the perfect (suffix conjugation) in the first person singular and the second person began with /-k-/, while most varieties of Arabic have /-t-/. This feature is also found in
Sayhadic,
1031:
Watson, J. (2018-09-13). South
Arabian and Arabic dialects. In Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches. : Oxford University Press. Retrieved 27 Feb. 2022, from
274:
It has been suggested that the languages of the Yemeni highlands were not outright replaced by Arabic but instead because of their close relation to it the speech varieties gradually became "
978:
RETSÖ, JAN. “‘KAŠKAŠA’, T-PASSIVES AND THE ANCIENT DIALECTS IN ARABIA.” Oriente
Moderno, vol. 19 (80), no. 1, Istituto per l’Oriente C. A. Nallino, 2000, pp. 111–18,
2301:
1014:
Vanhove, Martine. “NOTES ON THE ARABIC DIALECTAL AREA OF YĀFIʿ (YEMEN).” Proceedings of the
Seminar for Arabian Studies, vol. 25, Archaeopress, 1995, pp. 141–52,
295:) are instead irregularities in spoken Arabic that he could not attribute to Classical Arabic and his description of /ʔal-ħimjarijja ʔal-quħħa ʔal-mutaʔaqqida/ (
809:
1134:
840:
1032:
1702:
225:. The precise position inside Semitic is unknown because of the limited knowledge of the language if it is indeed a distinct language from Sabaic.
2286:
1659:
1634:
1692:
1677:
1687:
639:' attributed to Himyaritic is recorded as /daw/, which is attested in Sabaic as *dʔ. It is seemingly preserved in southwest Yemen between
1722:
1717:
942:
449:
Stein (2008:208) lists various lexical items attested from Arabic grammatical sources and lists their various Sabaic equivalents:
1649:
263:
1654:
1644:
1127:
1917:
344:
1106:
Peter Stein, The "Himyaritic" Language in pre-Islamic Yemen A Critical Re-evaluation, Semitica et
Classica 1, 2008, 203-212.
1639:
1549:
1712:
1697:
969:
Avanzini, Alessandra. “By Land and By Sea: A History of South Arabia before Islam Recounted from Inscriptions.” (2016).
2291:
2220:
1707:
1416:
932:
816:
1570:
1563:
1120:
659:
Only a few supposed Himyaritic sentences are known. The following sentence was reportedly uttered in 654/5 A.D. in
1033:
https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198701378.001.0001/oso-9780198701378-chapter-11
2136:
1928:
1523:
1499:
1486:
1222:
1202:
1167:
1044:
Behnstedt, Peter. Dialect Atlas of North Yemen and Adjacent Areas. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 20 Jul. 2017.
99:
169:
1626:
347:. The preservation of the k-suffix in modern speech varieties of southern Arabia is for instance found in the
1970:
1907:
1517:
1172:
1608:
1348:
1185:
1162:
1157:
93:
2264:
1867:
1592:
1275:
1261:
1247:
83:
1933:
854:
Playfair, Col (1867). "On the Himyaritic Inscriptions Lately brought to England from Southern Arabia".
253:
An inscribed bronze hand with a dedication in Himyaritic to the god Ta'lab, dated to the 2nd century AD
221:) languages according to Christian Robin or was, as more widely accepted, not a distinct language from
2191:
1326:
351:
dialects of southern Yemen; the following perfect verbal forms are from the dialect of Jabal Yazīdī:
667:, the precise pronunciation is unknown; the reconstruction given here is based on Classical Arabic.
2296:
2205:
1817:
1745:
1731:
1602:
1397:
1358:
1084:
1015:
979:
871:
278:" into being considered what Arabists could consider to be Arabic, adding to Stein's point that "
2048:
1938:
2177:
2002:
1881:
1754:
1579:
1537:
1402:
1195:
1143:
1109:
Christian Robin, Ḥimyaritic, Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 2, 2007, 256-261.
938:
913:
834:
332:
214:
210:
105:
88:
56:
1098:
647:(daʔ), and possibly in the speech of older speakers of the possible modern Sayhadic language
286:" and in reality they may be surviving Sayhadic speech varieties. Works such as al-Hamdani's
2257:
2212:
2198:
2031:
1990:
1953:
1858:
1844:
1810:
1780:
1761:
1556:
1530:
1505:
1481:
1455:
1448:
1388:
1371:
1343:
1319:
1211:
1045:
905:
863:
328:
230:
198:
63:
893:
2225:
2131:
2105:
2036:
1948:
1888:
1796:
1789:
1773:
1767:
1614:
1510:
1376:
1366:
957:
Ahmad Al-Jallad. 2013. Arabia and Areal Hybridity. Journal of Language Contact 6. 220-242.
664:
75:
2185:
2141:
2111:
2094:
2088:
1995:
1943:
1824:
1664:
1492:
648:
185:
2280:
2121:
2116:
2040:
1802:
1382:
660:
202:
162:
2064:
640:
340:
331:/ʔan-/~/ʔam-/. It was shared, though, with some Arabic dialects in the west of the
320:
233:, an Old South Arabian language. The three Himyaritic texts appeared to be rhymed (
1621:
1441:
1094:
443:
434:
One of the features considered distinctive to even al-Hamdani was the supposed "
1303:
1254:
327:
The most prominent known feature of what was referred to as Himyaritic is the
206:
917:
1268:
284:
all other elements connecting them with other Arabic dialects are borrowings
178:
143:
909:
1049:
934:
The Oceanic Languages, Their Grammatical Structure, Vocabulary, and Origin
894:"The "Ḥimyaritic" Language in pre-Islamic Yemen. A Critical Re-evaluation"
17:
1985:
1851:
1310:
1296:
1282:
348:
1019:
983:
708:
679:
2027:
1462:
1425:
1289:
1088:
875:
249:
2231:
1231:
323:, close to the current border with Yemen. Dated to the 6th century AD
316:
222:
111:
1112:
867:
1083:(in German), vol. 28, no. 2/3, Brill, pp. 178–186,
310:
248:
46:
763:
There is also a short song, which seems to show Arabic influence:
722:
644:
315:
Close-up of a Himyarite inscription left by King Dhu Nuwas near
1116:
1079:
A. F. L. Beeston (1981), "Languages of Pre-Islamic Arabia",
693:
756:
saw-1SG in-ART-dream that-gave.birth-1SG son-ACC of gold
759:"I saw in a dream that I gave birth to a son of gold."
2176:
2077:
2018:
2011:
1978:
1969:
1962:
1915:
1906:
1836:
1744:
1591:
1472:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1357:
1336:
1239:
1230:
1221:
1183:
1150:
176:
160:
141:
136:
72:
62:
52:
42:
32:
856:Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London
931:Donald Macdonald, Rev; MacDonald, Daniel (1997).
753:raʔaj-ku bi-n-ħulm ka-walad-ku ʔibn-an min tˤiːb
1128:
8:
1062:
1060:
1058:
235:sigla ZI 11, Ja 2353 and the Hymn of Qāniya
2015:
1975:
1966:
1912:
1430:
1421:
1236:
1227:
1135:
1121:
1113:
769:Son of Zubair, long have you been disloyal
663:. Since it was transmitted in unvocalized
29:
790:With our sword we shall cut off your neck
783:You will grieve for what is coming to you
776:Long have you troubled us to come to you
767:/jaː bna zubajrin tˤaːla maː ʕasˤajka/ (
451:
353:
801:
839:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
832:
197:is an unattested or sparsely attested
2302:Languages extinct in the 10th century
774:/wa-tˤaːla maː ʕannajkanaː ʔilajka/ (
239:a form of speech resembling non-Arabs
27:10th century Semitic dialect of Yemen
7:
965:
963:
887:
885:
788:/la-naɮˤriban bi-sajfina qafajka/ (
781:/la-taħzananna bi-llaðiː ʔatajka/ (
297:'pure, incomprehensible Himyaritic'
2263:Languages between parentheses are
25:
213:but either did not belong to the
2287:Unclassified Semitic languages
2267:of the language on their left.
937:. Asian Educational Services.
1:
750:رايك بنحلم كولدك ابنا من طيب
207:Himyarite tribal confederacy
892:Stein, Peter (2008-01-01).
442:" in the speech variety of
2318:
293:'an element of Himyaritic'
2249:
462:
459:
456:
407:
382:
371:
361:
37:
2260:or historical languages.
910:10.1484/J.SEC.1.100253
794:
324:
254:
1550:Christian Palestinian
1262:Ancient North Arabian
1100:Ancient West-Arabian.
1050:10.1163/9789004326422
765:
314:
288:Ṣifat Jazīrat al-Arab
252:
1650:Koy Sanjaq Christian
1327:Pre-classical Arabic
898:Semitica et Classica
345:Modern South Arabian
1493:Ashurian and Hatran
453:
358:
307:Linguistic features
201:that was spoken in
2292:Languages of Yemen
1564:Jewish Palestinian
629:(Early)/Late Sab.
519:Early/Middle Sab.
452:
354:
325:
255:
2274:
2273:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2167:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1740:
1739:
1703:Koy Sanjaq Jewish
1500:Jewish Babylonian
1411:
1410:
1144:Semitic languages
633:
632:
581:Middle-Late Sab.
565:Middle-Late Sab.
432:
431:
333:Arabian Peninsula
258:determining the "
215:Old South Arabian
192:
191:
57:Arabian Peninsula
16:(Redirected from
2309:
2016:
1976:
1967:
1913:
1781:northern dialect
1456:Biblical Aramaic
1449:Imperial Aramaic
1431:
1422:
1320:Nabataean Arabic
1237:
1228:
1203:Canaano-Akkadian
1137:
1130:
1123:
1114:
1091:
1067:
1064:
1053:
1042:
1036:
1029:
1023:
1012:
1006:
1003:
997:
993:
987:
976:
970:
967:
958:
955:
949:
948:
928:
922:
921:
889:
880:
879:
851:
845:
844:
838:
830:
828:
827:
821:
815:. Archived from
814:
806:
724:
710:
707:that-gave.birth-
695:
681:
549:Early-Late Sab.
503:Early-Late Sab.
487:Early-Late Sab.
454:
359:
329:definite article
211:Semitic language
199:Semitic language
188:
172:
155:
146:
78:
30:
21:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2237:
2164:
2073:
2020:
2007:
1958:
1919:
1894:
1832:
1736:
1678:Urmia Christian
1594:
1587:
1474:
1468:
1407:
1367:Egyptian Arabic
1353:
1349:Modern Standard
1332:
1217:
1179:
1146:
1141:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1056:
1043:
1039:
1030:
1026:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
994:
990:
977:
973:
968:
961:
956:
952:
945:
930:
929:
925:
891:
890:
883:
868:10.2307/3014224
853:
852:
848:
831:
825:
823:
819:
812:
810:"Archived copy"
808:
807:
803:
799:
761:
748:
737:
726:
712:
698:
683:
657:
309:
247:
184:
168:
165:
153:
142:
132:
100:Central Semitic
79:
76:Language family
74:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2315:
2313:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2279:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2261:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2114:
2109:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2034:
2024:
2022:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1982:
1980:
1973:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1855:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1814:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1765:
1758:
1750:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1599:
1597:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1541:
1534:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1496:
1484:
1478:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1463:Middle Aramaic
1459:
1452:
1445:
1437:
1435:
1428:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1361:
1359:Dialect groups
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1258:
1251:
1243:
1241:
1234:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1191:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1092:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1066:Rabin 1951, 48
1054:
1037:
1024:
1007:
1005:Rabin 1951, 35
998:
988:
971:
959:
950:
943:
923:
881:
846:
800:
798:
795:
738:
727:
713:
699:
684:
670:
669:
656:
653:
635:The word for '
631:
630:
627:
624:
619:
615:
614:
611:
608:
603:
599:
598:
595:
592:
587:
583:
582:
579:
576:
571:
567:
566:
563:
560:
555:
551:
550:
547:
544:
539:
535:
534:
532:
530:
525:
521:
520:
517:
514:
509:
505:
504:
501:
498:
493:
489:
488:
485:
482:
477:
473:
472:
469:
465:
464:
461:
458:
430:
429:
426:
423:
419:
418:
415:
412:
409:
405:
404:
401:
398:
394:
393:
390:
387:
384:
380:
379:
376:
373:
369:
368:
365:
362:
308:
305:
246:
243:
190:
189:
182:
174:
173:
166:
161:
158:
157:
147:
139:
138:
137:Language codes
134:
133:
131:
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
123:
122:
121:
120:
82:
80:
73:
70:
69:
66:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
44:
43:Native to
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2314:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:
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1997:
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1989:
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1984:
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1981:
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1971:Ethio-Semitic
1968:
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1518:Judeo-Aramaic
1516:
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1383:Siculo-Arabic
1380:
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1103:London, 1951.
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944:9788120612709
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822:on 2017-11-30
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665:Arabic script
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500:*ħg > ħng
499:
497:
494:
491:
490:
486:
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481:
478:
475:
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467:
466:
457:"Himyaritic"
455:
450:
447:
445:
441:
437:
427:
424:
421:
420:
416:
413:
410:
406:
403:/wasˤalkeːn/
402:
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203:ancient Yemen
200:
196:
187:
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167:
164:
163:Linguist List
159:
151:
148:
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140:
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119:
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110:
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101:
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55:
51:
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45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2253:
2230:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2104:
2087:
2045:East Gurage
1887:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1795:
1788:
1779:
1772:
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1753:
1718:Urmia Jewish
1627:Northeastern
1607:
1578:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1498:
1491:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1398:Mesopotamian
1381:
1325:
1318:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1248:Proto-Arabic
1246:
1210:
1201:
1194:
1184:
1099:
1080:
1073:Bibliography
1040:
1027:
1010:
1001:
991:
974:
953:
933:
926:
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897:
859:
855:
849:
824:. Retrieved
817:the original
804:
789:
787:
782:
780:
775:
773:
768:
766:
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749:
745:
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691:
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674:
671:
658:
636:
634:
621:
605:
589:
573:
557:
541:
527:
511:
495:
479:
471:attestation
460:translation
448:
439:
435:
433:
428:/wasˤaleːn/
392:/wasˤalku/ː
355:
337:
326:
321:Saudi Arabia
300:
296:
292:
287:
283:
279:
275:
273:
267:
260:distribution
259:
256:
238:
234:
227:
218:
194:
193:
177:
149:
117:
94:West Semitic
84:Afro-Asiatic
68:10th century
2192:Hadramautic
2178:Old Arabian
2117:West Gurage
2041:East Gurage
1920:ern Arabian
1622:Neo-Mandaic
1544:Palestinian
1442:Old Aramaic
1095:Chaim Rabin
904:: 203–212.
862:: 174–177.
704:ka-walad-ku
643:(dawʔ) and
444:Rijāl Almaʿ
425:/wasˤalah/
417:/wasˤaluː/
400:/wasˤalʃi/
378:/wasˤalna/
375:/wasˤalku/
356:'to arrive'
341:Afrosemitic
291:l-taħmir/ (
245:Attestation
209:. It was a
2297:Himyarites
2281:Categories
2221:Rijal Alma
2206:Qatabanian
1875:Himyaritic
1818:Phoenician
1631:Christian
1434:Historical
1403:Peninsular
1304:Taymanitic
1255:Old Arabic
1240:Historical
826:2017-05-13
797:References
613:Late Sab.
597:Late Sab.
590:(negative)
558:'to bring'
554:/ʔawwala/
480:(relative)
411:Masculine
389:/wasˤalk/
386:Masculine
301:Himyaritic
280:Himyaritic
264:al-Hamdani
195:Himyaritic
118:Himyaritic
33:Himyaritic
18:Himyaritic
2265:varieties
2256:indicate
2137:Sebat Bet
2101:Tt-group
1916:Eastern (
1868:Deir Alla
1746:Canaanite
1713:Trans-Zab
1698:Inter-Zab
1580:Palmyrene
1571:Samaritan
1538:Nabataean
1417:Northwest
1372:Levantine
1344:Classical
1269:Dadanitic
918:2031-5937
689:bi-n-ħulm
651:(ʔinda).
618:/waθaba/
574:'to find'
570:/ʔasija/
538:/ʃaʔama/
508:/bahala/
492:/ħind͡ʒ/
422:Feminine
414:/wasˤal/
397:Feminine
364:Singular
205:, by the
179:Glottolog
144:ISO 639-3
2213:Awsanian
2084:N-group
2003:Tigrinya
1882:Samalian
1859:Galilean
1852:Ugaritic
1797:Medieval
1790:Mishnaic
1774:Biblical
1755:Ammonite
1708:Sanandaj
1693:Betanure
1672:Chaldean
1669:Assyrian
1655:Qaraqosh
1645:Hértevin
1557:Galilean
1531:Lebanese
1377:Maghrebi
1337:Literary
1311:Thamudic
1297:Safaitic
1283:Hasaitic
1276:Dumaitic
1196:Akkadian
1151:Branches
1020:41223556
984:25817704
835:cite web
675:raʔaj-ku
655:Examples
641:al-Mukha
622:'to sit'
542:'to buy'
524:/halla/
512:'to say'
276:Arabized
268:al-Iklīl
219:Sayhadic
186:sout2466
106:Sayhadic
2258:extinct
2254:Italics
2199:Minaean
2126:Endegen
2053:Inneqor
2032:Argobba
2028:Amharic
1991:Dahalik
1963:Western
1954:Soqotri
1934:Ḥarsusi
1929:Baṭḥari
1845:Amorite
1811:Moabite
1762:Edomite
1732:Western
1688:Barzani
1684:Jewish
1603:Central
1595:Aramaic
1524:Western
1506:Mandaic
1487:Eastern
1482:Armazic
1473:Dialect
1426:Aramaic
1389:Maltese
1290:Hismaic
1223:Central
1212:Eblaite
1168:Central
1089:4056297
1081:Arabica
876:3014224
718:ʔibn-an
606:'up to'
528:'to be'
463:Sabaic
367:Plural
170:xsa-him
89:Semitic
64:Extinct
38:Ḥimyarī
2232:Sabaic
2226:Razihi
2132:Mesqan
2106:Mesmes
2059:Wolane
2056:Ulbare
2049:Siltʼe
2037:Harari
2021:versal
2019:Trans-
1949:Shehri
1939:Hobyot
1889:Sutean
1837:Others
1803:Modern
1768:Hebrew
1660:Senaya
1640:Bohtan
1635:Barwar
1615:Turoyo
1609:Mlaḥsô
1511:Syriac
1475:groups
1232:Arabic
1087:
1018:
996:29pp.)
982:
941:
916:
874:
696:-dream
661:Dhamar
645:Taʿizz
602:/θaw/
586:/daw/
578:*ʔs¹j
546:*s²ʔm
476:/ðiː/
440:Khalid
349:Yāfiʿī
317:Najran
231:Sabaic
223:Sabaic
112:Sabaic
53:Region
2186:Faifi
2155:Gyeto
2149:Gumer
2142:Chaha
2112:Muher
2095:Soddo
2089:Gafat
2078:Outer
2012:South
1996:Tigre
1986:Geʽez
1979:North
1944:Mehri
1908:South
1825:Punic
1723:Zakho
1665:Suret
1173:South
1085:JSTOR
1016:JSTOR
980:JSTOR
872:JSTOR
820:(PDF)
813:(PDF)
743:tˤiːb
701:كولدك
686:بنحلم
649:Faifi
626:*wθb
562:*ʔwl
516:*bhl
468:form
436:drawl
47:Yemen
2152:Gura
2146:Ezha
2122:Inor
1918:Mod-
1593:Neo-
1186:East
1163:West
1158:East
1052:Web.
939:ISBN
914:ISSN
841:link
746:gold
721:son-
715:ابنا
678:saw-
672:رايك
610:*θw
594:*dʔ
496:'as'
484:*ð-
446:: .
408:3rd
383:2nd
372:1st
343:and
150:None
2065:Zay
1046:doi
906:doi
864:doi
740:طيب
732:min
723:ACC
709:1SG
694:ART
692:in-
680:1SG
303:".
266:'s
241:'.
154:mis
2283::
1097::
1057:^
962:^
912:.
900:.
896:.
884:^
870:.
858:.
837:}}
833:{{
785:)
778:)
771:)
735:of
729:من
637:no
319:,
2039:–
2030:–
1922:)
1136:e
1129:t
1122:v
1048::
1035:.
1022:.
986:.
947:.
920:.
908::
902:1
878:.
866::
860:5
843:)
829:.
792:)
217:(
156:)
152:(
114:?
108:?
102:?
96:?
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
