301:
324:. The article /ʔam-/ is also found in other modern dialects of Arabic in the Arabian peninsula but is not attested amongst the so-called k-dialects of Yemen and Saudi Arabia unlike the article /ʔan-/. There is no attestation of this article in Sabaic outside of the possibility of the *hn- forms found in the Hymn of Qāniya; with the *h possibly representing the vowel /a/. Stein leaves open the question that perhaps due to the writing style the expression of definiteness was normally left out, and that the usage of /ʔam-/ in the oral poetry of speakers of various Yemeni Arabic dialects might ultimately be of ancient origin.
260:
with Qāniya and Ja 2353 being written in an area that historically used the
Radmanite dialect of Sabaic and ZI 11 coming from Mārib, the historical center of the Sabaic language and Sabaean state. As noted by Alessandra Avanzini the problem with suggesting that the Himyarites had their own distinct language to begin with is that personal correspondences from that era of South Arabian history are still in Sabaic and that Robin's suggestion that Sabaic was supplanted by this supposed Himyarite language at this point are unsupported by this being that it is unlikely that personal correspondences would be in a dead language.
427:" that speakers of Himyaritic had (jad͡ʒurruːna fiː kalaːmihim), which is suggested to have been due to the absence of stress in Sayhadic or at least stress as was familiar to Arabic-speakers. The halting (muʕaqqad) described by Arab grammarians of Himyaritic and varieties of Arabic influenced by the Sayhadic languages that fall in this category may be an early attestation of the pausal glottalization found in many contemporary speech varieties in Southern Arabia, exemplified by the example from the pronunciation of the name "
239:
271:" as known to al-Hamdani in specific may have in reality been Arabized Sayhadic speech varieties or a group of varieties of Arabic that had a strong Sayhadic substrate. Restö (2000:115) goes as far as suggesting that even in the modern day a similar dynamic may exist for the so-called k-dialects of highland Yemen where "
259:
may in fact be the mixed speech of individuals who speak early varieties of Arabic with influence from spoken
Sayhadic languages of the time. Stein points out that the few supposed examples of Himyaritic lay outside of the Himyarite heartland and instead in areas that are historically Sabaic speaking
279:
do not portray an objective description of the speech varieties and their features but instead gives a view into how language was taken into account in regards to the ranking at which al-Hamdani considered different peoples, social classes, and so forth. Much of what al-Hamdani notes as /ʃajʔun mina
288:) in some parts of the historic territory of the Himyarite confederacy may actually be describing any remnant speech communities using Sayhadic languages; albeit if they were Sabaic or any other it would not matter given that anything non-Arab and distinctive to the area at the time was simply "
246:
Part of the issue with defining
Himyaritic is that the term itself is a catch-all term used by Arab grammarians after the Arabization of the Yemeni highlands and in reality could represent a number of speech varieties belonging to the Sayhadic branch of Central Semitic, meaning that ultimately
226:). Himyaritic is only known from statements of Arab scholars from the first centuries after the rise of Islam. According to their description it was unintelligible for speakers of Arabic hence why it had the derogatory designation of /tˤumtˤumaːnijja/; a term explained as '
217:
Although the Himyar kingdom was an important power in South Arabia since the 1st century B.C., the knowledge of the supposed
Himyaritic language is very limited if at all a distinct language, because all known Himyarite inscriptions were written in
984:
Imar
Koutchoukali. 2015. Defining Ḥimyaritic: The linguistic landscape of southwest Arabia in the early Islamic period according to the testimony of the 9th century scholar al-Hamdani. (MA thesis, Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden;
300:
251:" of said language could be misleading. As suggested by Peter Stein the language of the Himyarites may have been no different than that of neighboring Sabaic-speaking peoples and thus what is documented in works such as
327:
Furthermore, the suffixes of the perfect (suffix conjugation) in the first person singular and the second person began with /-k-/, while most varieties of Arabic have /-t-/. This feature is also found in
Sayhadic,
1020:
Watson, J. (2018-09-13). South
Arabian and Arabic dialects. In Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches. : Oxford University Press. Retrieved 27 Feb. 2022, from
263:
It has been suggested that the languages of the Yemeni highlands were not outright replaced by Arabic but instead because of their close relation to it the speech varieties gradually became "
967:
RETSÖ, JAN. “‘KAŠKAŠA’, T-PASSIVES AND THE ANCIENT DIALECTS IN ARABIA.” Oriente
Moderno, vol. 19 (80), no. 1, Istituto per l’Oriente C. A. Nallino, 2000, pp. 111–18,
2376:
1003:
Vanhove, Martine. “NOTES ON THE ARABIC DIALECTAL AREA OF YĀFIʿ (YEMEN).” Proceedings of the
Seminar for Arabian Studies, vol. 25, Archaeopress, 1995, pp. 141–52,
284:) are instead irregularities in spoken Arabic that he could not attribute to Classical Arabic and his description of /ʔal-ħimjarijja ʔal-quħħa ʔal-mutaʔaqqida/ (
798:
1123:
829:
1021:
1686:
214:. The precise position inside Semitic is unknown because of the limited knowledge of the language if it is indeed a distinct language from Sabaic.
2361:
1637:
1612:
1676:
1655:
1671:
628:' attributed to Himyaritic is recorded as /daw/, which is attested in Sabaic as *dʔ. It is seemingly preserved in southwest Yemen between
1706:
1701:
931:
438:
Stein (2008:208) lists various lexical items attested from Arabic grammatical sources and lists their various Sabaic equivalents:
1627:
252:
1632:
1622:
1116:
1961:
333:
1095:
Peter Stein, The "Himyaritic" Language in pre-Islamic Yemen A Critical Re-evaluation, Semitica et
Classica 1, 2008, 203-212.
1617:
1529:
1696:
1681:
958:
Avanzini, Alessandra. “By Land and By Sea: A History of South Arabia before Islam Recounted from Inscriptions.” (2016).
2366:
2295:
1691:
1405:
921:
805:
1550:
1543:
1109:
648:
Only a few supposed Himyaritic sentences are known. The following sentence was reportedly uttered in 654/5 A.D. in
1022:
https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198701378.001.0001/oso-9780198701378-chapter-11
2209:
1972:
1500:
1478:
1462:
1211:
1191:
1156:
1033:
Behnstedt, Peter. Dialect Atlas of North Yemen and Adjacent Areas. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 20 Jul. 2017.
88:
158:
1595:
336:. The preservation of the k-suffix in modern speech varieties of southern Arabia is for instance found in the
2014:
1951:
1775:
1161:
1732:
1337:
1174:
1151:
1146:
82:
2339:
1911:
1584:
1264:
1250:
1236:
72:
1977:
843:
Playfair, Col (1867). "On the Himyaritic Inscriptions Lately brought to England from Southern Arabia".
242:
An inscribed bronze hand with a dedication in Himyaritic to the god Ta'lab, dated to the 2nd century AD
210:) languages according to Christian Robin or was, as more widely accepted, not a distinct language from
2266:
1315:
340:
dialects of southern Yemen; the following perfect verbal forms are from the dialect of Jabal Yazīdī:
656:, the precise pronunciation is unknown; the reconstruction given here is based on Classical Arabic.
2371:
2280:
1861:
1789:
1750:
1726:
1571:
1386:
1347:
1073:
1004:
968:
860:
267:" into being considered what Arabists could consider to be Arabic, adding to Stein's point that "
2104:
1982:
2252:
2046:
1925:
1798:
1559:
1517:
1391:
1184:
1132:
1098:
Christian Robin, Ḥimyaritic, Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 2, 2007, 256-261.
927:
902:
823:
321:
203:
199:
94:
77:
45:
1087:
636:(daʔ), and possibly in the speech of older speakers of the possible modern Sayhadic language
275:" and in reality they may be surviving Sayhadic speech varieties. Works such as al-Hamdani's
2332:
2287:
2273:
2083:
2034:
1997:
1902:
1888:
1854:
1824:
1805:
1770:
1536:
1510:
1484:
1444:
1437:
1377:
1360:
1332:
1308:
1200:
1034:
894:
852:
317:
219:
187:
52:
882:
2300:
2204:
2178:
2127:
1992:
1932:
1840:
1833:
1817:
1811:
1738:
1489:
1365:
1355:
946:
Ahmad Al-Jallad. 2013. Arabia and Areal Hybridity. Journal of Language Contact 6. 220-242.
653:
64:
2260:
2214:
2184:
2161:
2155:
2039:
1987:
1868:
1642:
1471:
637:
174:
2355:
2194:
2189:
2099:
1846:
1371:
649:
191:
151:
2120:
629:
329:
320:/ʔan-/~/ʔam-/. It was shared, though, with some Arabic dialects in the west of the
309:
222:, an Old South Arabian language. The three Himyaritic texts appeared to be rhymed (
1745:
1430:
1083:
432:
423:
One of the features considered distinctive to even al-Hamdani was the supposed "
1292:
1243:
316:
The most prominent known feature of what was referred to as Himyaritic is the
195:
906:
1257:
273:
all other elements connecting them with other Arabic dialects are borrowings
167:
132:
898:
1038:
923:
The Oceanic Languages, Their Grammatical Structure, Vocabulary, and Origin
883:"The "Ḥimyaritic" Language in pre-Islamic Yemen. A Critical Re-evaluation"
2029:
1895:
1299:
1285:
1271:
337:
1008:
972:
697:
668:
2078:
1451:
1414:
1278:
1077:
864:
238:
2306:
1220:
312:, close to the current border with Yemen. Dated to the 6th century AD
305:
211:
100:
1101:
856:
1072:(in German), vol. 28, no. 2/3, Brill, pp. 178–186,
299:
237:
35:
752:
There is also a short song, which seems to show Arabic influence:
711:
633:
304:
Close-up of a Himyarite inscription left by King Dhu Nuwas near
1105:
1068:
A. F. L. Beeston (1981), "Languages of Pre-Islamic Arabia",
682:
745:
saw-1SG in-ART-dream that-gave.birth-1SG son-ACC of gold
748:"I saw in a dream that I gave birth to a son of gold."
2251:
2170:
2147:
2140:
2092:
2071:
2062:
2055:
2022:
2013:
2006:
1959:
1950:
1880:
1788:
1763:
1719:
1664:
1605:
1594:
1583:
1498:
1461:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1346:
1325:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1172:
1139:
165:
149:
130:
125:
61:
51:
41:
31:
21:
845:Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London
920:Donald Macdonald, Rev; MacDonald, Daniel (1997).
742:raʔaj-ku bi-n-ħulm ka-walad-ku ʔibn-an min tˤiːb
1117:
8:
1051:
1049:
1047:
224:sigla ZI 11, Ja 2353 and the Hymn of Qāniya
2144:
2068:
2059:
2019:
2010:
1956:
1602:
1591:
1419:
1410:
1225:
1216:
1124:
1110:
1102:
758:Son of Zubair, long have you been disloyal
652:. Since it was transmitted in unvocalized
18:
779:With our sword we shall cut off your neck
772:You will grieve for what is coming to you
765:Long have you troubled us to come to you
756:/jaː bna zubajrin tˤaːla maː ʕasˤajka/ (
440:
342:
790:
828:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
821:
186:is an unattested or sparsely attested
2377:Languages extinct in the 10th century
763:/wa-tˤaːla maː ʕannajkanaː ʔilajka/ (
228:a form of speech resembling non-Arabs
16:10th century Semitic dialect of Yemen
7:
954:
952:
876:
874:
777:/la-naɮˤriban bi-sajfina qafajka/ (
770:/la-taħzananna bi-llaðiː ʔatajka/ (
286:'pure, incomprehensible Himyaritic'
2338:Languages between parentheses are
14:
202:but either did not belong to the
2362:Unclassified Semitic languages
2342:of the language on their left.
926:. Asian Educational Services.
1:
739:رايك بنحلم كولدك ابنا من طيب
196:Himyarite tribal confederacy
881:Stein, Peter (2008-01-01).
431:" in the speech variety of
2393:
282:'an element of Himyaritic'
2324:
451:
448:
445:
396:
371:
360:
350:
26:
2335:or historical languages.
899:10.1484/J.SEC.1.100253
783:
313:
243:
1530:Christian Palestinian
1251:Ancient North Arabian
1089:Ancient West-Arabian.
1039:10.1163/9789004326422
754:
303:
277:Ṣifat Jazīrat al-Arab
241:
1628:Koy Sanjaq Christian
1316:Pre-classical Arabic
887:Semitica et Classica
334:Modern South Arabian
1472:Ashurian and Hatran
442:
347:
296:Linguistic features
190:that was spoken in
2367:Languages of Yemen
2093:Harari–East Gurage
1544:Jewish Palestinian
618:(Early)/Late Sab.
508:Early/Middle Sab.
441:
343:
314:
244:
2349:
2348:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2136:
2135:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1784:
1783:
1759:
1758:
1715:
1714:
1687:Koy Sanjaq Jewish
1479:Jewish Babylonian
1400:
1399:
1133:Semitic languages
622:
621:
570:Middle-Late Sab.
554:Middle-Late Sab.
421:
420:
322:Arabian Peninsula
247:determining the "
204:Old South Arabian
181:
180:
46:Arabian Peninsula
2384:
2145:
2069:
2060:
2020:
2011:
1957:
1825:northern dialect
1603:
1592:
1445:Biblical Aramaic
1438:Imperial Aramaic
1420:
1411:
1309:Nabataean Arabic
1226:
1217:
1192:Canaano-Akkadian
1126:
1119:
1112:
1103:
1080:
1056:
1053:
1042:
1031:
1025:
1018:
1012:
1001:
995:
992:
986:
982:
976:
965:
959:
956:
947:
944:
938:
937:
917:
911:
910:
878:
869:
868:
840:
834:
833:
827:
819:
817:
816:
810:
804:. Archived from
803:
795:
713:
699:
696:that-gave.birth-
684:
670:
538:Early-Late Sab.
492:Early-Late Sab.
476:Early-Late Sab.
443:
348:
318:definite article
200:Semitic language
188:Semitic language
177:
161:
144:
135:
67:
19:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2312:
2235:
2166:
2132:
2088:
2072:Amharic–Argobba
2064:
2051:
2002:
1963:
1938:
1876:
1780:
1755:
1711:
1660:
1656:Urmia Christian
1597:
1586:
1579:
1494:
1457:
1396:
1356:Egyptian Arabic
1342:
1338:Modern Standard
1321:
1206:
1168:
1135:
1130:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1045:
1032:
1028:
1019:
1015:
1002:
998:
993:
989:
983:
979:
966:
962:
957:
950:
945:
941:
934:
919:
918:
914:
880:
879:
872:
857:10.2307/3014224
842:
841:
837:
820:
814:
812:
808:
801:
799:"Archived copy"
797:
796:
792:
788:
750:
737:
726:
715:
701:
687:
672:
646:
298:
236:
173:
157:
154:
142:
131:
121:
89:Central Semitic
68:
65:Language family
63:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2390:
2388:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2354:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2187:
2182:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2151:
2149:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2073:
2066:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2026:
2024:
2017:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1899:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1858:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1809:
1802:
1794:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1607:
1600:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1563:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1521:
1514:
1506:
1504:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1475:
1467:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1452:Middle Aramaic
1448:
1441:
1434:
1426:
1424:
1417:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1348:Dialect groups
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1247:
1240:
1232:
1230:
1223:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1180:
1178:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1081:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1055:Rabin 1951, 48
1043:
1026:
1013:
996:
994:Rabin 1951, 35
987:
977:
960:
948:
939:
932:
912:
870:
835:
789:
787:
784:
727:
716:
702:
688:
673:
659:
658:
645:
642:
624:The word for '
620:
619:
616:
613:
608:
604:
603:
600:
597:
592:
588:
587:
584:
581:
576:
572:
571:
568:
565:
560:
556:
555:
552:
549:
544:
540:
539:
536:
533:
528:
524:
523:
521:
519:
514:
510:
509:
506:
503:
498:
494:
493:
490:
487:
482:
478:
477:
474:
471:
466:
462:
461:
458:
454:
453:
450:
447:
419:
418:
415:
412:
408:
407:
404:
401:
398:
394:
393:
390:
387:
383:
382:
379:
376:
373:
369:
368:
365:
362:
358:
357:
354:
351:
297:
294:
235:
232:
179:
178:
171:
163:
162:
155:
150:
147:
146:
136:
128:
127:
126:Language codes
123:
122:
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
112:
111:
110:
109:
71:
69:
62:
59:
58:
55:
49:
48:
43:
39:
38:
33:
32:Native to
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2389:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2264:
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2015:Ethio-Semitic
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2009:
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1796:
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1776:Judeo-Aramaic
1774:
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1372:Siculo-Arabic
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1092:London, 1951.
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811:on 2017-11-30
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489:*ħg > ħng
488:
486:
483:
480:
479:
475:
472:
470:
467:
464:
463:
459:
456:
455:
446:"Himyaritic"
444:
439:
436:
434:
430:
426:
416:
413:
410:
409:
405:
402:
399:
395:
392:/wasˤalkeːn/
391:
388:
385:
384:
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355:
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209:
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197:
193:
192:ancient Yemen
189:
185:
176:
172:
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160:
156:
153:
152:Linguist List
148:
140:
137:
134:
129:
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108:
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56:
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47:
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40:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
2328:
2305:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2177:
2154:
1931:
1924:
1918:
1917:
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1894:
1887:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1839:
1832:
1823:
1816:
1804:
1797:
1731:
1702:Urmia Jewish
1570:
1565:
1558:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1499:
1477:
1470:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1387:Mesopotamian
1370:
1314:
1307:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1237:Proto-Arabic
1235:
1199:
1190:
1183:
1173:
1088:
1069:
1062:Bibliography
1029:
1016:
999:
990:
980:
963:
942:
922:
915:
890:
886:
848:
844:
838:
813:. Retrieved
806:the original
793:
778:
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771:
769:
764:
762:
757:
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695:
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660:
647:
625:
623:
610:
594:
578:
562:
546:
530:
516:
500:
484:
468:
460:attestation
449:translation
437:
428:
424:
422:
417:/wasˤaleːn/
381:/wasˤalku/ː
344:
326:
315:
310:Saudi Arabia
289:
285:
281:
276:
272:
268:
264:
262:
256:
249:distribution
248:
245:
227:
223:
216:
207:
183:
182:
166:
138:
106:
83:West Semitic
73:Afro-Asiatic
57:10th century
2267:Hadramautic
2253:Old Arabian
2190:West Gurage
2100:East Gurage
1746:Neo-Mandaic
1524:Palestinian
1431:Old Aramaic
1084:Chaim Rabin
893:: 203–212.
851:: 174–177.
693:ka-walad-ku
632:(dawʔ) and
433:Rijāl Almaʿ
414:/wasˤalah/
406:/wasˤaluː/
389:/wasˤalʃi/
367:/wasˤalna/
364:/wasˤalku/
345:'to arrive'
330:Afrosemitic
280:l-taħmir/ (
234:Attestation
198:. It was a
2372:Himyarites
2356:Categories
2296:Rijal Alma
2281:Qatabanian
1919:Himyaritic
1862:Phoenician
1423:Historical
1392:Peninsular
1293:Taymanitic
1244:Old Arabic
1229:Historical
815:2017-05-13
786:References
602:Late Sab.
586:Late Sab.
579:(negative)
547:'to bring'
543:/ʔawwala/
469:(relative)
400:Masculine
378:/wasˤalk/
375:Masculine
290:Himyaritic
269:Himyaritic
253:al-Hamdani
184:Himyaritic
107:Himyaritic
22:Himyaritic
2340:varieties
2331:indicate
2210:Sebat Bet
1960:Eastern (
1912:Deir Alla
1790:Canaanite
1697:Trans-Zab
1682:Inter-Zab
1606:Christian
1560:Palmyrene
1551:Samaritan
1518:Nabataean
1406:Northwest
1361:Levantine
1333:Classical
1258:Dadanitic
907:2031-5937
678:bi-n-ħulm
640:(ʔinda).
607:/waθaba/
563:'to find'
559:/ʔasija/
527:/ʃaʔama/
497:/bahala/
481:/ħind͡ʒ/
411:Feminine
403:/wasˤal/
386:Feminine
353:Singular
194:, by the
168:Glottolog
133:ISO 639-3
2288:Awsanian
2171:Tt-group
2047:Tigrinya
1926:Samalian
1903:Galilean
1896:Ugaritic
1841:Medieval
1834:Mishnaic
1818:Biblical
1799:Ammonite
1692:Sanandaj
1677:Betanure
1650:Chaldean
1647:Assyrian
1633:Qaraqosh
1623:Hértevin
1537:Galilean
1511:Lebanese
1366:Maghrebi
1326:Literary
1300:Thamudic
1286:Safaitic
1272:Hasaitic
1265:Dumaitic
1185:Akkadian
1140:Branches
1009:41223556
973:25817704
824:cite web
664:raʔaj-ku
644:Examples
630:al-Mukha
611:'to sit'
531:'to buy'
513:/halla/
501:'to say'
265:Arabized
257:al-Iklīl
208:Sayhadic
175:sout2466
95:Sayhadic
2333:extinct
2329:Italics
2274:Minaean
2199:Endegen
2148:N-group
2109:Inneqor
2084:Argobba
2079:Amharic
2035:Dahalik
2007:Western
1998:Soqotri
1978:Ḥarsusi
1973:Baṭḥari
1964:Arabian
1889:Amorite
1855:Moabite
1806:Edomite
1771:Armazic
1751:Western
1727:Central
1672:Barzani
1598:eastern
1587:Aramaic
1501:Western
1485:Mandaic
1463:Eastern
1415:Aramaic
1378:Maltese
1279:Hismaic
1212:Central
1201:Eblaite
1157:Central
1078:4056297
1070:Arabica
865:3014224
707:ʔibn-an
595:'up to'
517:'to be'
452:Sabaic
356:Plural
159:xsa-him
78:Semitic
53:Extinct
27:Ḥimyarī
2307:Sabaic
2301:Razihi
2205:Mesqan
2179:Mesmes
2128:Harari
2115:Wolane
2112:Ulbare
2105:Siltʼe
2065:versal
2063:Trans-
1993:Shehri
1983:Hobyot
1962:Modern
1933:Sutean
1881:Others
1847:Modern
1812:Hebrew
1764:Others
1739:Turoyo
1733:Mlaḥsô
1720:Others
1665:Jewish
1638:Senaya
1618:Bohtan
1613:Barwar
1596:North-
1572:Siryon
1566:Syrian
1490:Syriac
1221:Arabic
1076:
1007:
985:29pp.)
971:
930:
905:
863:
685:-dream
650:Dhamar
634:Taʿizz
591:/θaw/
575:/daw/
567:*ʔs¹j
535:*s²ʔm
465:/ðiː/
429:Khalid
338:Yāfiʿī
306:Najran
220:Sabaic
212:Sabaic
101:Sabaic
42:Region
2261:Faifi
2228:Gyeto
2222:Gumer
2215:Chaha
2185:Muher
2162:Soddo
2156:Gafat
2141:Outer
2056:South
2040:Tigre
2030:Geʽez
2023:North
1988:Mehri
1952:South
1869:Punic
1707:Zakho
1643:Suret
1162:South
1074:JSTOR
1005:JSTOR
969:JSTOR
861:JSTOR
809:(PDF)
802:(PDF)
732:tˤiːb
690:كولدك
675:بنحلم
638:Faifi
615:*wθb
551:*ʔwl
505:*bhl
457:form
425:drawl
36:Yemen
2225:Gura
2219:Ezha
2195:Inor
1585:Neo-
1175:East
1152:West
1147:East
1041:Web.
928:ISBN
903:ISSN
830:link
735:gold
710:son-
704:ابنا
667:saw-
661:رايك
599:*θw
583:*dʔ
485:'as'
473:*ð-
435:: .
397:3rd
372:2nd
361:1st
332:and
139:None
2121:Zay
1035:doi
895:doi
853:doi
729:طيب
721:min
712:ACC
698:1SG
683:ART
681:in-
669:1SG
292:".
255:'s
230:'.
143:mis
2358::
1086::
1046:^
951:^
901:.
889:.
885:.
873:^
859:.
847:.
826:}}
822:{{
774:)
767:)
760:)
724:of
718:من
626:no
308:,
1966:)
1125:e
1118:t
1111:v
1037::
1024:.
1011:.
975:.
936:.
909:.
897::
891:1
867:.
855::
849:5
832:)
818:.
781:)
206:(
145:)
141:(
103:?
97:?
91:?
85:?
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
