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be her husband's. The main duty of a girl's parents was, and is, regarded to arrange her marriage. After marriage, a woman is seen as a guest when visiting her natal home, and no longer a member of that family. In
Hinduism, the main duty of a woman is serving her husband and family, and several Hindu festivals reflect this, by reinforcing the tradition of a woman fasting, or performing other rituals, to pray for her husband's long life. Dowry, the practice of the bride's family gifting property or money to her husband, is still prevalent despite the enactment of the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961. Historically, if the amount of dowry was seen as insufficient, the groom's family would take it as an insult, and harass the new bride to ask her family for more dowry.
388:
70:
771:
50:
38:
58:
1440:... Gandharva marriage, which is also part of the orthodox system ... Dushyanta. This king's Gandharva marriage with Cakuntala, which is well-known especially through Kalidasa's drama, is a celebrated example ... only for warrior nobility according likewise to Manu ... Narada states without hesitation that this kind of marriage belongs to all castes alike ... 'survival from the time of promiscuity'; might well be understood from an "inter-ethnic" standpoint ...
201:). Marriage is considered to be necessary to fulfil these goals. The three goals of marriage include allowing a husband and a wife to fulfil their dharma, bearing progeny (praja), and experiencing pleasure (rati). Sexual intercourse between a husband and wife is regarded to be important in order to produce children, but is the least desirable purpose of marriage in traditional Hindu schools of thought.
412:
2390:
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secular concept of marriage. Unmarried cohabitation in Sri Lanka became a punishable offence from the Dutch colonial period in 1580. Andi Fein argued that prohibitions against homosexual marriage in
Chinese Buddhism stem from Confucianism, and that studies of Buddhism and Hinduism in India and Sri Lanka show no such prohibitions existed there.
309:
choose. If the astrological chart of the two individuals (male and female) achieve the required threshold in points, then further talks are considered for a prospective marriage. The man and woman are given a chance to talk, and understand each other. If both parties consent, an auspicious time is chosen for the wedding to take place.
551:
refers to a form of marriage where a man is married to more than one woman during the same period of time. While polygyny was not the norm of mainstream Hindu society, having more than one wife was a social custom that was believed to increase the prestige of a man. Members of royalty and aristocracy
374:
The
Arshavivaha is a righteous form of marriage. It is a form of marriage where a man gifts his daughter as a bride, after receiving one pair of cattle, a cow and a bull, or two pairs from a groom, the exchange being perceived as a matter of the law, rather than the sale of the former's daughter. The
679:
For most of Indian history, women were seen as subservient to the will of her father, and it was thought that unmarried women could not be kept at home ā this belief is still held by some. It was ā and in some places, still is ā thought that one's daughter is only temporary, and that she is meant to
531:
is a type of marriage mentioned in Hindu mythology where a woman chose a man as her husband from a group of suitors. The bride wishing to marry would select an auspicious time and venue and then broadcast her intentions. Kings typically sent messengers to outside lands, while commoners simply spread
365:
is a righteous form of marriage. It is a form of marriage unique to the ancient
Brahmins, where a man gifts his richly bedecked daughter's hand in marriage to a priest who officiates at the former's sacrifice ceremony, in lieu of paying the latter a nominal sacrificial fee. This form of a marriage,
308:
is believed to be a benefic planet, and influential in terms of marriage. The maximum points for any match can be 36, and the minimum points for matching is 18. Any match with points under 18 is not considered as an auspicious match for a harmonious relationship, but they may still marry if they so
156:
The ideal conception of marriage that was laid down by the ancient
Indians is one in which it is a ceremonial gift of a bride (Vadhū) by her father, or another appropriate family member, to a bride-groom (Vara), so that they may fulfil the purposes of human existence together. In such a conception,
786:
though it is argued that this is not of a homosexual nature but rather of a fraternal nature. The
Sinhalese generally did not take marriage seriously, and cohabitation was widespread with marriage being considered a by-product of successful cohabitation, which is in-line with Buddhist views of the
493:
The
Rakshasavivaha is a non-righteous form of marriage. It is the marriage performed after a non-consenting maiden is seized by force or abducted by a man. When such a maiden is abducted, she is described to weep as her relatives are assaulted and slain, and their house is wrecked. The marriage is
692:
has gained popularity as well, especially in urban areas. Love marriage differs from arranged marriage in that the couple, rather than the parents, choose their own partner, and that the consent of their parents is not asked for before marrying. The concept of a love marriage is not a novelty in
532:
the news within the local community. On the appointed day, suitors would gather at the venue and declare their qualifications. The bride would place a garland on the man of her choice and a wedding ceremony was held immediately. However, this type of marriage is not attested in any DharmaÅÄstra.
753:
community who started the socio-political
Shuddhi Movement that was derived from this ancient rite. The non-Hindu partner is converted to Hinduism through this purification rite before marrying, or else the marriage is regarded to be void, or not legally binding. The Hindu wedding ceremony that
723:
and
International Center for Research on Women, 11.7% of men and 8.5% of women in India surveyed claimed that they chose their partners, and married with, or without, the consent of their families. The boundaries between the two types of marriage are believed to have started to blur. The term
353:. Brahma marriage holds the supreme position of the eight types of Hindu matrimony. When the parents of a boy seek a suitable bride, they consider her family background, and the girl's father would ensure that his daughter's prospective groom is a scholar, one who is well-versed in the Vedas.
758:, the ritual of circling the sacred fire seven times; the completion of the seventh round binds the marriage. This is accepted as a complete, valid marriage in all states of India, and needs no registration with the exception of Goa, that is governed by a single code called
395:
The
Prajapatyavivaha is a righteous form of marriage. It is a form of marriage where a girl's father gives her hand in marriage to a bridegroom, treating him with respect, and addressing them with the following words: 'May both of you perform together your religious duties'
348:
is a righteous form of marriage. It refers to the marriage of one's daughter to a man of good conduct, learned in the Vedas, and invited by oneself. Brahma marriage is where a boy is able to get married once he has completed his education in the first stage of life, the
518:
James Lochtefeld comments that these last two forms were forbidden, but the marriages themselves were still recognised in ancient Hindu societies, not to allow these acts, but rather to provide the woman and any resulting children with legal protection in the society.
744:
and for the Hindu marriage to be valid, both partners must be Hindu amongst other conditions that also need to be fulfilled, and the non-Hindu partner must convert to Hinduism. A specific kind of ancient ritual is performed before the Hindu marriage called
472:
is a non-righteous form of marriage. It is a form of marriage where a bridegroom receives a maiden, after having given of his own free will as much wealth as he can afford, to the bride, and her kinsmen. As a form of marriage performed by paying a
693:
India, as it is regarded to be the equivalent of the gandharva marriage, which is still perceived as not righteous today. Hindu literature does indicate that love marriages were recognised and accepted in ancient times, for example, the legend of
716:, 74% of the respondents said that they preferred an arranged marriage. While the vast majority of Hindus continue to have arranged marriages, the prospective spouses usually have more agency in the match today than they did historically.
221:, a maiden may wait for three years, after which she may marry. Girls are usually considered to have achieved puberty when they are 12 years old, and are allowed to choose their own husbands if a suitable groom is not procured for them.
781:
In some Buddhist-Hindu cultures, marriage was considered to be a secular issue not sanctioned by religion. There is widespread evidence of same-sex cohabitation in the Kandyan kingdom (15th century to 19th century) due to tolerance of
506:
is a non-righteous form of marriage. When a man stealthily rapes a woman who is asleep, intoxicated, or mentally challenged, it is regarded to be a marriage, though only to preserve the honour of the woman. This is condemned in the
432:
that arises out of the mutual love shared between a youth and a maiden, where the primary purpose is sexual intercourse. No consultation of one's family members or the performance of ritual ceremonies take place. The marriage of
237:
One should not choose (the bride) from the same gotra or born in the line of same sage. (One may choose) from (descendants of) more than seven (generations) on the paternal side and more than five (generations) on the maternal
494:
then celebrated in the absence of the father of the bride by the family of her abductor. It is a reprehensible form of a marriage that is condemned by the Manusmriti, and is punished by law in society in the present-day.
303:
believe that the position of these celestial objects at the time of their birth, and their benefic or malefic influence, influence the auspicious compatibility between a bride and groom. For instance, the planet
2075:"Hindu Marriage Law FAQ - What is a proper or valid Hindu marriage? - Should marriages be registered? How is it done? - If a Hindu wishes to marry a person who is not a Hindu, under what law can they do so?"
556:(twice-born) varnas: Brahmins were allowed to have up to four wives, Kshatriyas could have three wives, and the Vaishyas could have two wives; the Shudras, however, were permitted to have only one wife. The
560:
allows a man to take a new wife after ten years if his present wife was judged to be barren, and could marry after thirteen or fourteen years if his wife only produced daughters, and he desired a son. The
628:, and a few communities of northern India are also cited to have been polyandrous. Polyandry is viewed with contempt in India today, a practice little removed from promiscuity on the part of a woman.
288:, who holds astrological data of those individuals looking to get married. Some communities, like the Brahmins in Mithila, use genealogical records ("Panjikas") maintained by the specialists.
778:
According to the Pew Research Centre, though some modern Hindus condemn same-sex marriage, others cite ancient Hindu texts, such as the Kama Sutra, that seem to condone homosexual behavior.
580:
refers to a marriage where a woman is married to more than one man during the same period of time. This form of marriage was exceedingly rare among Hindu society in Indian history, and the
366:
ranked as the second most meritorious, is regarded to redeem the sins of seven ascendants and descendants. It is called such because it is believed to be worthy of the devas themselves.
272:(natal and astrological chart at the time of birth) of one's son or daughter to arrange a marriage with the help of a priest is common, but not universal. Parents also take advice from
552:
were often polygynous, and they were among the few who could afford to support more than one wife in their households. Polygyny was sanctioned by the Manusmriti among members of the
2012:
336:
While all of these marriages are recognised, not all have religious sanction; four of them are declared to be righteous, and the other four are stated to be non-righteous.
2926:
161:, which originally meant the wedding ceremony, but has to acquire the definition of marriage as a whole, is meant for procreation, and the establishment of a family (
123:
Variously defined, it is generally described to be a social institution for the establishment and regulation of a proper relationship between the sexes, as stated by
3347:
2318:
540:
While most Hindus of the Indian subcontinent predominantly practise monogamy today, polygamous marriages have also characterised Hindu society for millennia.
2654:
2138:
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408:. In a Prajapatya marriage, the bride's father goes in search of a groom, rather than the other way around, which makes it inferior to a Brahma marriage.
2038:
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651:, with the belief that a man is only capable of physically, psychologically, and spiritually pleasing one woman at a time. Hindu texts that permit
1234:
1988:
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981:
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705:. Somewhere in the course of time, arranged marriages became predominant, and love marriages became unacceptable or at least frowned upon.
732:
and a love marriage. Love marriages are sometimes seen as imposition of the younger generation's will over the older generation's wishes.
1040:
1015:
387:
229:
While Hindu texts prescribe marrying within one's own community, they prohibit individuals from marrying those who belong to their own
1193:
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and polygyny recommend the monogamous marriage as the most appropriate form of the concept. It is exemplified in Hindu texts such as
329:
III.20-34, identify eight forms of marriage. They are traditionally presented, as here, in order of their religious appropriateness (
3544:
1867:
441:
was a historically celebrated example of this class of marriage. It is generally considered to be permissible to the members of the
2265:(2). Sekolah Pascasarjana, Universitas Gadjah Mada: Center for Religious and Cross-cultural Studies (CRCS): 73ā82 – via Phil.
1454:
708:
Despite the rise in the count of Hindus marrying for love, arranged marriages still remain the norm: In a 2012 survey conducted by
1895:
3116:
3319:
3035:
2912:
643:, monogamy has been the dominant form of conjugal relationship and form of marriage in India. Monogamy is counselled to men by
1582:
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chart is drawn based on the placement of the stars and planets at the time of one's birth. Those individuals who subscribe to
3518:
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720:
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texts, though it has grown increasingly common in the present-day due to the practice of dating among the newer generations.
131:, rather than a form of social contract, since they believe that all men and women are created to be parents, and practise
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2039:"The Shuddhi Movement, involving the conversion of non-Hindus to Hinduism, was started by - Solution(By Examveda Team)"
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2255:"BUDDHISM AND CONFUCIANISM ON HOMOSEXUALITY: THE ACCEPTANCE AND REJECTION BASED ON THE ARGUMENTS OF RELIGIOUS TEXTS"
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Many people believe that arranged marriage is the traditional form of marriage in India; however, the concept of
3415:
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2057:"Legal Precautions to take before marrying in a temple - Legal Requirements under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955"
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refers to a marriage where a man is married to only one woman during a given period of time. Ever since the
592:
brothers is the most cited example of this custom. The Mahabharata, however, does state that it is a great
3632:
3569:
3008:
2935:
2562:
762:, where the registration of marriage is made compulsory as it is accepted as the only proof of marriage.
600:
prohibits a woman from having two husbands. The practice of polyandry has historically existed among the
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states a husband may take another wife if his wife engages in extramarital sex. Until the passage of the
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There have been reports of Hindu gurus performing same-sex marriages in India since at least the 1980s.
770:
562:
557:
477:, it is generally stated to be forbidden, though it is sometimes cited to be allowed for members of the
49:
37:
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3329:
3003:
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1482:"Gandharvavivaha, GÄndharvavivÄha, Gandharva-vivaha, GandharvavivÄha, Gamdharvavivaha: 7 definitions"
1238:
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2182:"Contested conjugality? Sinhalese marriage practices in eighteenth-century Dutch colonial Sri Lanka"
57:
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state that a man is only said to be "complete" after marrying a woman, and acquiring progeny.
86:
2139:"Polyandry (Eka Gei Kama): The Content-Context and Practice in the old days of Sinhalese.pdf"
1978:
1944:
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1980:
Domestic Goddesses: Maternity, Globalization and Middle-class Identity in Contemporary India
1912:
Domestic Goddesses: Maternity, Globalization and Middle-class Identity in Contemporary India
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states a daughter should be given away for once and all, as soon as her menses appear. The
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is used to describe a new emerging form of marriage, which contains elements of both an
415:
An eloping couple exchange garlands under a tree. Illustration from Sougandhika Parinaya
411:
3493:
3377:
3314:
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2577:
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2017:
1481:
998:
759:
469:
362:
277:
1118:"36 points need to be acquired for an auspicious Gunn Milan method and happy marriage"
1090:
784:"eating together" (i.e. living together in the same house and sharing the same means),
165:). After one's wedding, one is believed to have entered the second stage of life, the
3616:
3286:
3246:
2812:
2807:
2664:
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2335:
1803:
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689:
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prescribes offering one's maiden daughter as a bride in exchange for a pair of cows.
31:
166:
3152:
2862:
2597:
2592:
2056:
1523:
820:
746:
640:
429:
350:
1720:. Robarts - University of Toronto. Calcutta : Manmath Nath Dutt. p. 787.
1424:
Sexual life in ancient India: a study in the comparative history of Indian culture
1390:
Sexual life in ancient India: a study in the comparative history of Indian culture
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1422:
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staff article. (September 2011). Eight forms of Hindu Marriage and its custom.
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867:
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698:
648:
528:
508:
438:
325:
214:
17:
2215:
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671:, and forbidding himself from engaging in sexual relations with other women.
667:, literally meaning the, 'vow of one wife', the act of fidelity to one wife,
2847:
2776:
2761:
2756:
2716:
2700:
2447:
2437:
805:
755:
694:
609:
512:
442:
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1717:[Samhitas] : original text with a literal English translation
3251:
2904:
2852:
2766:
2731:
2432:
2254:
2197:
656:
636:
625:
585:
569:, every Hindu in India was theoretically allowed to have multiple wives.
397:
218:
178:
140:
42:
3073:
2296:
2206:
593:
589:
478:
449:
273:
53:
A North Indian couple wearing traditional attire during a ring ceremony
2463:
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1365:"Prajapatyavivaha, PrÄjÄpatyavivÄha, Prajapatya-vivaha: 2 definitions"
2832:
2797:
2680:
2623:
2427:
1095:. Internet Archive. Twin Lakes, Wis. : Lotus Press. p. 96.
652:
605:
482:
457:
453:
305:
198:
186:
132:
128:
74:
62:
1946:
Love, Marriage and Intimacy Among Gujarati Indians: A Suitable Match
1896:"Masculinity, Intimate Partner Violence and Son Preference in India"
428:
is a form of marriage classified as non-righteous in general. It is
1278:
1260:
3324:
2837:
2822:
2802:
2736:
1003:. --, ---, Mraudula Borase. Trubner & Co.- London. p. 83.
769:
709:
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511:
as a sinful act. In modern times, this is classified as a form of
410:
285:
230:
190:
136:
68:
56:
48:
36:
2690:
2180:
Bulten, Luc; Kok, Jan; Lyna, Dries; Rupesinghe, Nadeera (2018).
1872:
1857:, vol. 55, Suppl 2 (2013): S243-9. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.105544.
713:
668:
660:
601:
194:
2908:
2467:
2300:
1868:"NDTV mid-term poll: Does India still want arranged marriages?"
1853:
Sharma, Indira et al. āHinduism, marriage and mental illness.ā
2628:
1143:
Hindu Saį¹skÄras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments
612:, though its practice is very rare in the modern period. The
65:
Hindu couple making an offering during their wedding ceremony
2094:"Religious Groups' Official Positions on Same-Sex Marriage"
333:). They also differ very widely in social acceptability.
2157:"What Buddhism Teaches About Romantic Love and Marriage"
1583:"Definition and Types of Marriage [Part 2.1-2]"
1524:"Asuravivaha, ÄsuravivÄha, Asura-vivaha: 2 definitions"
1340:"Definition and Types of Marriage [Part 2.1-2]"
1298:"Definition and Types of Marriage [Part 2.1-2]"
920:"Definition and Types of Marriage [Part 2.1-2]"
740:
In India, when a Hindu and a non-Hindu marry under the
391:
M.V. Dhurandharās depiction of a Hindu wedding ceremony
100:
973:
Marriage and Family: In Diverse and Changing Scenario
946:
Marriage and Family: In Diverse and Changing Scenario
112:'Marriage') is the most important of all the
1392:, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1989, p. 90,
3537:
3492:
3439:
3376:
3338:
3305:
3232:
3181:
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2647:
2611:
2550:
2499:
2398:
2334:
1066:"Rules of Marriage (vivÄha) [Chapter 154]"
1000:Naradiya Dharmasastra of the Institutes of Narada
235:
2920:
2479:
2312:
2013:"Arranged marriages losing respect in India?"
1898:. International Center for Research on Women.
1186:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: AāM
8:
1983:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 80, 86.
1915:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 80, 86.
1804:"Ekapatnivrata, ÄkapatnÄ«vrata: 1 definition"
127:. Marriage is regarded to be a sacrament by
1180:
1178:
1145:, see Chapter VIII, pp. 153ā233.
976:. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 6.
949:. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 6.
596:for a woman to have multiple husbands. The
2927:
2913:
2905:
2486:
2472:
2464:
2319:
2305:
2297:
749:which is also practised by members of the
169:, performing the duties of a householder.
77:Hindu couple during their wedding ceremony
45:Hindu couple during their wedding ceremony
2205:
1171:. Sacred Books of the East. Vol. 25.
897:. S. Chand Publishing. pp. 102ā103.
3524:Social impact of Indian television drama
1427:, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1989,
647:, a philosopher and an authority of the
386:
116:, the rites of passage described in the
1833:. Jaico Publishing House. p. 157.
858:
233:, or lineage from the same Vedic sage:
2119:
2109:
1977:Mr Henrike Donner (28 December 2012).
1943:Katherine Twamley (12 February 2014).
1909:Mr Henrike Donner (28 December 2012).
1761:The Hindu Law of Marriage and Stridhan
1623:The Hindu Law of Marriage and Stridhan
1567:The Hindu Law of Marriage and Stridhan
1550:The Hindu Law of Marriage and Stridhan
1508:The Hindu Law of Marriage and Stridhan
1324:The Hindu Law of Marriage and Stridhan
27:Concept of marriage in Hindu tradition
7:
1781:. S. Chand Publishing. p. 103.
1737:. S. Chand Publishing. p. 107.
1693:. S. Chand Publishing. p. 106.
515:, and is a crime in most countries.
402:HyÄ kanyÄÅÄ«į¹ dharmÄcÄį¹ Äcaraį¹a kara,
185:) are regarded to be righteousness (
1949:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 68.
1775:Rao, CN Shankar (September 2004).
1731:Rao, CN Shankar (September 2004).
1687:Rao, CN Shankar (September 2004).
891:Rao, CN Shankar (September 2004).
754:follows includes the vows and the
719:In a 2014 survey conducted by the
25:
2186:Annales de dƩmographie historique
1758:Banerjee, Sir Gooroodass (1879).
1620:Banerjee, Sir Gooroodass (1879).
1570:. Thacker, Spink. pp. 86ā87.
1564:Banerjee, Sir Gooroodass (1879).
1553:. Thacker, Spink. pp. 83ā84.
1547:Banerjee, Sir Gooroodass (1879).
1505:Banerjee, Sir Gooroodass (1879).
1327:. Thacker, Spink. pp. 81ā82.
1321:Banerjee, Sir Gooroodass (1879).
276:astrologers called 'Jothidar' in
2558:Arunachal Pradesh (Panchai baja)
2388:
1802:www.wisdomlib.org (2021-09-19).
1662:www.wisdomlib.org (2016-10-28).
1637:www.wisdomlib.org (2019-01-28).
1581:www.wisdomlib.org (2021-07-12).
1522:www.wisdomlib.org (2016-09-03).
1480:www.wisdomlib.org (2016-09-03).
1459:. Deep & Deep. p. 165.
1456:Ancient Judicial System of India
1363:www.wisdomlib.org (2016-09-03).
1338:www.wisdomlib.org (2021-07-12).
1296:www.wisdomlib.org (2021-07-12).
1064:www.wisdomlib.org (2021-11-14).
1039:www.wisdomlib.org (2016-12-18).
1014:www.wisdomlib.org (2016-12-18).
918:www.wisdomlib.org (2021-07-12).
868:"Vivaha, VivÄha: 32 definitions"
866:www.wisdomlib.org (2014-08-03).
3348:Proposed states and territories
2137:Silva, Dhanushka (2019-01-01).
1233:Sushma Gupta (6 October 2010).
1092:Fundamentals of Vedic astrology
2253:Fian, Andi (2 December 2022).
2011:Bansal, Pallavi (2015-09-22).
721:United Nations Population Fund
663:is believed to have taken the
1:
1764:. Thacker, Spink. p. 26.
1626:. Thacker, Spink. p. 87.
1511:. Thacker, Spink. p. 86.
280:, 'Panthulu or Siddanthi' in
135:together, as ordained by the
2259:Journal of Religious Studies
1855:Indian Journal of Psychiatry
1827:Vilas, Shubha (2018-02-21).
1714:Dutt, Manmatha Nath (1908).
1261:"Marriages in Ancient India"
406:PrajÅtpÄdanÄrtha kanyÄrpaį¹a)
3112:Water supply and sanitation
2277:"Homoeroticism in Hinduism"
1778:Sociology of Indian Society
1734:Sociology of Indian Society
1690:Sociology of Indian Society
1421:Johann Jakob Meyer (1971),
1388:Johann Jakob Meyer (1971),
997:JOLLY, JULIUS Tran (1876).
894:Sociology of Indian Society
841:Christian views on marriage
101:
3649:
2999:Public distribution system
970:Ratra, Amiteshwar (2006).
943:Ratra, Amiteshwar (2006).
567:Hindu Marriage Act of 1955
255:
181:, the four goals of life (
29:
3514:Films about social issues
2385:
2092:Author, No (2012-12-07).
1830:Ramayana Pack (4 Volumes)
1453:Sharma, Gokulesh (2008).
1184:Lochtefeld, J.G. (2001).
811:Buddhist view of marriage
90:
1220:Manusmriti 3.24 & 26
836:Jewish views on marriage
584:polyandrous marriage of
317:Hindu texts such as the
2982:National Pension System
2578:Kerala (Kettu Kalyanam)
1664:"Manusmriti Verse 3.12"
1169:The Perspective of Manu
1163:BĆ¼hler, George (1886).
1041:"Manusmriti Verse 9.91"
1016:"Manusmriti Verse 9.90"
284:, and Kundali Milan in
3320:Caste-related violence
3036:Universal basic income
2936:Social issues in India
2230:"Sexuality and gender"
1089:Behari, Bepin (2003).
775:
726:love-arranged marriage
416:
392:
249:
217:states that following
78:
66:
54:
46:
3519:Freedom of expression
774:Gandharva in Thailand
773:
558:Apastamba Dharmasutra
414:
390:
72:
60:
52:
40:
3623:Marriage in Hinduism
3368:Separatist movements
2742:Gaye holud (Bengali)
2722:Balle Mallarada Puje
2639:Sri Lanka (Buddhist)
2551:By region or culture
2408:Balle Mallarada Puje
2328:Marriage in Hinduism
2198:10.3917/adh.135.0051
1279:"Vedic Hindu Vivaah"
563:Vasishtha Dharmsutra
456:varnas according to
30:For other uses, see
3406:Illegal immigration
3051:Widening income gap
2494:South Asian wedding
2143:Socio-Legal History
2098:Pew Research Center
1639:"Story of BrÄhmaį¹a"
1235:"Vivaah (Marriage)"
1141:Pandey, R. (1969).
831:Interfaith marriage
712:for the TV channel
684:Contemporary period
383:Prajapatya marriage
197:), and liberation (
3358:Religious violence
3219:Female infanticide
3204:Child prostitution
3021:Standard of living
2122:has generic name (
1876:. 5 September 2012
1607:Manusmriti 3.27-34
1411:NÄradasmį¹ti xii.44
826:Shuddhi (Hinduism)
776:
742:Hindu Marriage Act
498:Paishacha marriage
420:Gandharva marriage
417:
393:
313:Types of marriages
79:
67:
55:
47:
3610:
3609:
3396:Human trafficking
3209:Child trafficking
3138:Domestic violence
3107:Natural disasters
3102:Manual scavenging
2962:Farmers' suicides
2902:
2901:
2461:
2460:
2063:. 5 October 2018.
1990:978-1-4094-9145-3
1956:978-1-137-29430-2
1922:978-1-4094-9145-3
1840:978-93-86867-65-0
1808:www.wisdomlib.org
1788:978-81-219-2403-0
1744:978-81-219-2403-0
1700:978-81-219-2403-0
1668:www.wisdomlib.org
1643:www.wisdomlib.org
1587:www.wisdomlib.org
1528:www.wisdomlib.org
1486:www.wisdomlib.org
1466:978-81-8450-049-3
1434:978-81-208-0638-2
1399:978-81-208-0638-2
1369:www.wisdomlib.org
1344:www.wisdomlib.org
1302:www.wisdomlib.org
1283:www.godmandir.com
1116:Kapoor, Abhinav.
1102:978-0-940985-52-0
1070:www.wisdomlib.org
1045:www.wisdomlib.org
1020:www.wisdomlib.org
983:978-81-7629-758-5
956:978-81-7629-758-5
924:www.wisdomlib.org
904:978-81-219-2403-0
872:www.wisdomlib.org
846:Marriage in Islam
816:Weddings in India
766:Same-sex marriage
730:arranged marriage
598:Aitareya Brahmana
489:Rakshasa marriage
167:grihastha ashrama
111:
99:
16:(Redirected from
3640:
3602:Police brutality
3391:Groom kidnapping
3353:Ethnic relations
3214:Female foeticide
2929:
2922:
2915:
2906:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2465:
2392:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2298:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2234:academic.oup.com
2226:
2220:
2219:
2209:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2121:
2117:
2115:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1886:
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1844:
1824:
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1814:
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1755:
1749:
1748:
1728:
1722:
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1704:
1684:
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1675:
1674:
1659:
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1628:
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1617:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
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1572:
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1561:
1555:
1554:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
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1513:
1512:
1502:
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1493:
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1477:
1471:
1470:
1450:
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1402:
1385:
1379:
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1335:
1329:
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1318:
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1311:
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1308:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1237:. Archived from
1230:
1224:
1223:
1216:
1210:
1203:
1197:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1160:
1154:
1139:
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1128:
1113:
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888:
882:
881:
879:
878:
863:
247:
106:
104:
94:
92:
21:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3533:
3488:
3435:
3416:Organised crime
3401:Illegal housing
3372:
3334:
3301:
3277:Menstrual taboo
3228:
3224:Street children
3177:
3148:Family planning
3121:
3078:
3055:
2938:
2933:
2903:
2898:
2867:
2858:Wedding mandapa
2781:
2772:Shakunamanojaya
2752:Mangala Ashtaka
2747:Kankana Dharane
2705:
2669:
2643:
2607:
2563:Bengal (Muslim)
2546:
2495:
2492:
2462:
2457:
2453:Shakunamanojaya
2418:Kankana Dharane
2394:
2393:
2383:
2330:
2325:
2295:
2294:
2285:
2283:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2238:
2236:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2165:
2163:
2161:Learn Religions
2155:
2154:
2150:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2118:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2023:
2021:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1672:
1670:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1647:
1645:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1591:
1589:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1488:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1435:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1373:
1371:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1306:
1304:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1241:on 16 July 2011
1232:
1231:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1204:
1200:
1188:, p. 427.
1183:
1176:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1072:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1024:
1022:
1013:
1012:
1008:
996:
995:
991:
984:
969:
968:
964:
957:
942:
941:
937:
928:
926:
917:
916:
912:
905:
890:
889:
885:
876:
874:
865:
864:
860:
855:
850:
796:
768:
738:
686:
677:
634:
575:
546:
538:
525:
504:Paishachavivaha
500:
491:
466:
448:, and only the
426:Gandharvavivaha
422:
385:
372:
359:
342:
340:Brahma marriage
315:
301:Hindu astrology
260:
258:Hindu astrology
254:
248:
242:
227:
207:
175:
154:
149:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3646:
3644:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3615:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3498:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3411:Illegal mining
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3315:Caste politics
3311:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3267:Women's health
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3199:Child marriage
3196:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3163:Nuclear family
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3117:Water disputes
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3097:Climate change
3094:
3088:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3026:Street vendors
3023:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2952:Communications
2948:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2909:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2727:Vadhu Pravesha
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2701:Stealing shoes
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2593:Sikkim (Limbu)
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2568:Bengal (Hindu)
2565:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2468:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2423:Mangal Ashtaka
2420:
2415:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2292:
2268:
2245:
2221:
2172:
2148:
2129:
2084:
2066:
2048:
2030:
2018:Times of India
2003:
1989:
1969:
1955:
1935:
1921:
1901:
1887:
1859:
1846:
1839:
1819:
1794:
1787:
1767:
1750:
1743:
1723:
1706:
1699:
1679:
1654:
1629:
1612:
1598:
1573:
1556:
1539:
1514:
1497:
1472:
1465:
1445:
1433:
1413:
1404:
1398:
1380:
1355:
1330:
1313:
1288:
1270:
1252:
1225:
1211:
1198:
1194:978-0823931798
1174:
1155:
1151:978-8120803961
1134:
1108:
1101:
1081:
1056:
1031:
1006:
989:
982:
962:
955:
935:
910:
903:
883:
857:
856:
854:
851:
849:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
797:
795:
792:
767:
764:
760:Goa civil code
737:
734:
685:
682:
676:
673:
633:
630:
574:
571:
545:
542:
537:
536:Conjugal forms
534:
524:
521:
499:
496:
490:
487:
465:
464:Asura marriage
462:
421:
418:
384:
381:
371:
370:Arsha marriage
368:
358:
357:Daiva marriage
355:
341:
338:
314:
311:
253:
250:
240:
226:
223:
206:
203:
174:
171:
153:
150:
148:
145:
83:Hindu marriage
26:
24:
18:Hindu marriage
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3645:
3634:
3633:Vedic customs
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3592:Superstitions
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3570:Homosexuality
3568:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
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3538:Other issues
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3469:Malnutrition
3307:Caste system
3282:Prostitution
3194:Child labour
3153:Joint family
3143:Dowry system
3133:Cohabitation
3092:Conservation
3046:Unemployment
3041:Urbanisation
2977:Debt bondage
2972:Land reforms
2863:Wedding sari
2691:Mahr (dower)
2598:Tamil (Iyer)
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871:
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641:Vedic period
635:
588:to the five
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351:Brahmacharya
346:Brahmavivaha
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269:janmakundali
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211:Naradasmirti
208:
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3587:Prohibition
3426:Vigilantism
3340:Communalism
3330:Reservation
3262:Eve teasing
3257:Dowry death
3242:Acid attack
3158:Infertility
3084:Environment
3004:Remittances
2884:Photography
2660:Inter-caste
2629:Nepal (Ihi)
2542:Zoroastrian
2500:By religion
2207:2066/196492
2120:|last=
2079:Latest Laws
1880:14 February
1265:vivaaha.org
703:Mahabharata
475:bride price
470:Asuravivaha
377:Yajnavalkya
363:Daivavivaha
320:Atharvaveda
262:The use of
244:Agni Purana
189:), wealth (
183:Purusarthas
3617:Categories
3597:Disability
3502:Censorship
3431:Cybercrime
3386:Corruption
3363:Secularism
2674:Traditions
2619:Bangladesh
2612:By country
2443:Saat phere
2364:Prajapatya
2286:2023-12-22
2239:2024-01-24
2166:2024-01-24
2103:2024-06-18
2024:2022-06-06
1996:31 January
1962:31 January
1928:31 January
1813:2022-10-29
1673:2022-10-29
1648:2022-10-29
1592:2022-10-29
1533:2022-10-29
1491:2022-10-29
1374:2022-10-29
1349:2022-10-29
1307:2022-10-29
1075:2022-10-29
1050:2022-10-29
1025:2022-10-29
929:2022-10-29
877:2022-10-29
853:References
751:Arya Samaj
699:Shakuntala
649:Kama Sutra
645:Vatsyayana
529:Svayamvara
523:Svayamvara
509:Manusmriti
439:Shakuntala
326:Manusmriti
256:See also:
215:Manusmriti
152:Conception
3560:Sexuality
3550:Feudalism
3545:Colourism
3529:Fake news
3454:Epidemics
3421:Terrorism
3168:Polyandry
3061:Education
3031:Transport
3014:Clearance
2848:Upanayana
2813:Nose ring
2777:Upanayana
2762:Saptapadi
2757:Parikrama
2732:Bou Bhaat
2717:Kanyadana
2517:Christian
2448:Saptapadi
2438:Parikrama
2379:Paishacha
2369:Gandharva
2216:0066-2062
2061:iPleaders
806:Pativrata
756:saptapadi
695:Dushyanta
610:Sambandam
608:, called
578:Polyandry
573:Polyandry
513:date rape
443:Kshatriya
435:Dushyanta
331:prashasta
252:Horoscope
141:Brahmanas
114:samskaras
96:romanized
3555:Gambling
3507:Internet
3459:HIV/AIDS
3449:Diabetes
3272:Feminism
3252:Devadasi
3189:Abortion
3182:Children
3173:Polygyny
3069:Literacy
2894:Websites
2853:Varamala
2767:Satphere
2655:Arranged
2634:Pakistan
2512:Buddhist
2433:Nishekam
2374:Rakshasa
2112:cite web
2043:Examveda
794:See also
659:, where
657:Ramayana
637:Monogamy
632:Monogamy
626:Dehradun
618:Nilgiris
586:Draupadi
549:Polygyny
544:Polygyny
485:varnas.
452:and the
398:Sanskrit
323:and the
241:ā
219:menarche
179:Hinduism
87:Sanskrit
3479:Suicide
3474:Obesity
3464:Leprosy
3074:Ragging
2987:Poverty
2944:Economy
2798:Bangles
2710:Rituals
2588:Punjabi
2527:Islamic
2400:Rituals
2336:Wedding
701:in the
675:History
616:of the
594:adharma
590:Pandava
479:Vaishya
450:Vaishya
297:kundali
293:jatakam
274:Brahmin
264:jatakam
163:kutumba
147:Aspects
120:texts.
110:
98::
43:Bengali
3628:Family
3441:Health
3297:Sexism
3126:Family
2967:Labour
2957:Famine
2833:Sindur
2681:Baraat
2603:Telugu
2573:Hajong
2532:Jewish
2507:BahĆ”'Ć
2428:Mehndi
2413:Harana
2354:Brahma
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653:bigamy
620:, the
606:Kerala
483:Shudra
458:Smriti
454:Shudra
282:Telugu
199:moksha
187:dharma
159:vivaha
139:. The
133:dharma
129:Hindus
102:VivÄha
63:Rajput
3575:Hijra
3494:Media
3378:Crime
3325:Dalit
3234:Women
3009:Slums
2889:Songs
2872:Other
2843:Topor
2838:Tiara
2828:Sehra
2823:Pheta
2818:Palki
2803:Henna
2786:Items
2737:Gauna
2696:Nikah
2648:Types
2522:Hindu
2359:Daiva
2349:Asura
2344:Arsha
1245:8 May
1127:5 May
710:Ipsos
622:Khasa
614:Todas
554:dvija
446:varna
375:sage
306:Venus
286:Hindi
278:Tamil
238:side.
231:gotra
225:Gotra
191:artha
173:Goals
137:Vedas
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3287:Rape
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2124:help
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1985:ISBN
1964:2015
1951:ISBN
1930:2015
1917:ISBN
1882:2015
1873:NDTV
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