3029:(Roller, 9). William Ramsay, the late nineteenth-century archaeologist, who was the first researcher to demonstrate that the principal deity of Phrygia was a mother goddess, drew heavily on Bachofen's theory (Roller, 12). Like Bachofen's, Ramsay's understanding of the national character of matriarchal pre-Phrygian society is based on contestable evidence and relies on stereotypically feminine characteristics; he describes matriarchal pre-Phrygian society as “receptive and passive, not self-assertive and active” (12). For Ramsay, this “feminine” character explains why this culture was conquered by the masculine, warlike Phrygians with their male deities. Thus, constructions of ancient matriarchal societies, which are inseparable from “a glorification of the female element in human life” (12), are suspiciously similar to modern stereotypes of the feminine that are not necessarily native to pre-Phrygian culture. Given these observations, Bachofen's repeated emphasis on the necessity of freeing oneself from the cultural prejudices of one's own time if one is to truly understand these ancient cultures takes on an ironic tone. It is not only Bachofen and Ramsay, but many others after them, who assume the stereotypical femininity of the Mother Goddess. Many of these conceptions of what a mother goddess ought to be stem from “the Judaeo-Christian image of the loving, nurturing mother subservient to her husband and closely bonded with her children” (Roller, 9). -
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cult of the mother goddess. The work of the figurine team has thoroughly undermined this interpretation. In fact, when properly quantified, few of the figurines are clearly female. In addition, examination of their context of deposition shows that the objects are not in 'special' locations, but were discarded, often in middens. A study of the fabric of the figurines by Chris
Doherty (pers. comm.) has shown that they are made of local marls and that they are unfired or low fired. Many have survived only because they were accidentally burned in hearths and fires. Thus all the evidence suggests that these objects were not in a separate religious sphere. Rather, it was the process of their daily production – not their contemplation as religious symbols – that was important. They gave meaning, at the everyday, low-intensity level, to subjectivities and to the social world that they helped imagine. -
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1970s, to locate a period in the distant past in which women were not secondary, when female power was celebrated, and when an overarching Mother
Goddess was the primary divinity. This myth continues to have great appeal, as witnessed in “goddess-tourism” in the Mediterranean even today. While it is no longer an active scholarly theory, the issue of the Mother Goddess continues to be an exemplar for the problems of studying women in antiquity: mysterious images disembodied from their contexts, multiple scholarly biases and motivations, and conflicting interpretations of the scanty and fragmentary evidence. -
2055:. The name of the mother goddess varies depending on the Wiccan tradition. English historian Ronald Hutton, however, has forcefully stated that any use of the term "Mother-Goddess" can be accounted for, and disregarded, as the scholars and mythographers' own projection of the Virgin Mary onto the evidence and source data. More recently Hutton was criticized in a review for ignoring the evidence of numerous goddesses identified as either mothers or both virgin and mother in pre-Christian antiquity, in addition to providing no evidence or secondary citations with which to substantiate his own position.
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from a belief in a mother goddess to a more advanced belief in a father god, associating belief in a mother deity with a primitive stage in the development of human society: “Wherever we encounter matriarchy, it is bound up with the mystery of the chthonian religion, whether it invokes
Demeter or is embodied by an equivalent goddess” (Bachofen, 88). Bachofen believed that the matriarchal form of social organization derived from the maternal mystery religions (88-9).
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not before. The modern manifestation was given a huge impetus in the work of Marija
Gimbutas (1974, 1989, 1991). To reduce Gimbutas's argument to simplicity, she viewed early Neolithic society as egalitarian, matrifocal, matrilineal, and focused on worshipping a Mother Goddess (Tringham 1993), as evidenced by females figurines found in Neolithic sites in the Near East and eastern Mediterranean region.
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were either images that were worshipped or votive offerings that were part of some domestic cult or ritual. However, not all female figurines necessarily had such a function. Whether we are looking at human or animal figurines, in all cases, their possible significance or function has to be assessed, and cannot be assumed. Apart from their form, the context in which they were found is crucial. -
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421:, the unchanging, infinite, immanent, and transcendent reality that is the divine ground of all being, the "world soul". This masculine potential is actualized by feminine dynamism, embodied in multitudinous goddesses who are ultimately all manifestations of the one great mother. Shakti, herself, can free the individual from demons of ego, ignorance, and desire that bind the soul in
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remains through the lens of later-day
Hinduism, in which goddess worship had an important place. However, scholars are now increasingly aware of the stylistic and technical differences among assemblages of female figurines. Further, all goddesses need not have been part of a single goddess cult, and not all ancient goddesses were necessarily associated with maternity.
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Gimbutas's own work included excavations at
Achilleion (Thessaly). Reviewers of that work (McPherron 1991; Runnels 1990) find problems with the sample size (four 5 x 5 m test units on the slope of a tell), use of dating methods, lack of explanation of field methodology, recording systems or lack
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in which he developed his theory that human society progressed from hetaerism, characterized by unrestricted sexual relations, to matriarchy, in which women ruled society, and finally to the most advanced stage, patriarchy. Bachofen conceived of religious practice as progressing in a parallel manner
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As an example, the publication by
Meskell et al. (2008) of detailed data on the figurines from the site has transformed our understanding of these objects. In much earlier work and writing on the site, including by Mellaart, these objects were seen as representational and as religious, relating to a
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In academic circles, this prehistoric matriarchy is considered unlikely. Firstly, worshiping a mother goddess does not necessarily mean that women ruled society. In addition, the figurines can also portray ordinary women or goddesses, and it is unclear whether there really ever was a mother goddess.
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During the era of polygamy some suggested that she is only one of many mothers in heaven. They reasoned that procreation of spirit children could be accomplished more efficiently if
Heavenly Father could impregnate many heavenly mothers, just as exalted mortals' procreation of spirit children could
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although that term is questionable, given that the goddesses may not be maternal in any conventional sense. For instance, the single child of Cybele was conceived upon her while she was in the form of a rock and was never reared by her (see
Southeastern Europe). Similarly, the eastern Mediterranean
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There is another popular view of figurines, which may be summed up as the “Mother
Goddess” issue. The idea of the ascendancy of the Mother Goddess as the primeval deity can be traced back to nineteenth century culture theory, endorsed by Freud and Jung (Parker Pearson 1999:99-100; Talalay 1991), if
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As we see with Bachofen, modern theories of the Mother Goddess have inevitably been shaped by modern cultural presuppositions about gender. Lynn Roller believes that “any discussions of the Mother Goddess rely on modern projections ought to be, rather than on ancient evidence defining what she was”
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We begin with an issue that is foundational to the modern study of women in the ancient world, namely the Mother Goddess. As Lauren Talalay demonstrates in Case Study I (“The Mother Goddess in Prehistory: Debates and Perspectives”), there was a desire among scholars, particularly in the 1960s and
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This lost civilization is usually portrayed as having been amazingly and precociously advanced, possessing technological skills as yet still not developed even by our modern civilization and paranormal capacities of which we are not even aware. This lost civilization (or civilizations) is usually
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In the light of such problems, the term 'Mother Goddess' should be replaced by the longer but more neutral phrase— 'female figurines with likely cultic significance.' This does not mean that none of these figurines might have had a religious or cultic significance. It is indeed possible that some
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that examined the figurines of Çatalhöyük. This team came to different conclusions than Gimbutas and Mellaart. Only a few of the figurines were identified as female and these figurines were found not so much in sacred spaces, but seemed to have been discarded randomly, sometimes in garbage heaps.
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Few archaeologists support her notion for a number of reasons (Meskell 1995; Tringham 1993, for example). They maintain that the Mother Goddess is an assumption, not a theory, and certainly not a demonstrated thesis. The critics argue that Gimbutas is blending modern myth, feminist ideology, and
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At one time, scholars tended to use the 'Mother Goddess' label for all female figurines found at sites. This was largely because of the belief that the worship of fertility goddesses was an important part of agricultural societies all over the world, and also due to a tendency to look at ancient
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It may be impossible to ever prove one way or the other that a Great Goddess existed in prehistory. As the essays that follow suggest, what is more likely is that interpretations of female deities, their intersection with the roles of women in antiquity, and the place of these debates in modern
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The idea of the Mother Goddess, also called the Great Mother or Great Goddess, has dominated the imaginations of modern scholars in several fields. The image of the Mother Goddess with which we are familiar today has its modern genesis in the writings of Johann Jakob Bachofen. In 1861 Bachofen
379:. She becomes Mother Nature (Mula Prakriti), who gives birth to all life forms and nourishes them through her body. Ultimately she re-absorbs all life forms back into herself, or "devours" them to sustain herself as the power of death feeding on life to produce new life. She also gives rise to
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and/or destroyer-figure, typically associated the Earth, sky, and/or the life-giving bounties thereof in a maternal relation with humanity or other gods. When equated in this lattermost function with the earth or the natural world, such goddesses are sometimes referred to as the
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uses the Mother as an attribute of God: "And when He Who is well-grounded in all knowledge, He Who is the Mother, the Soul, the Secret, and the Essence thereof, revealeth that which is the least contrary to their desire, they bitterly oppose Him and shamelessly deny Him.".
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of all subsequent, historically known civilizations, having passed down their knowledge to them. The lost civilization was, tragically, destroyed, through either a natural cataclysm or some catastrophic technological mishap, and has been somehow hidden from us. -
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There isn't a scintilla of physical evidence that anything of the kind occurred. There is no archaeological evidence of a supersophisticated civilization 10000 years ago—no gleaming cities, no factories powered by Earth energies... -
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by making images of people from clay, as did the Chinese goddess Nüwa. The distinction between mother goddess and creatrix is often difficult to locate. In the Pacific, the goddess Papa both created the earth and gave birth to the
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further writes that "Every single letter proceeding out of the mouth of God is indeed a Mother Letter, and every word uttered by Him Who is the Well Spring of Divine Revelation is a Mother Word, and His Tablet a Mother Tablet."
219:. Striking were the many statues found here, which Mellaart suggested represented a Great goddess, who headed the pantheon of an essentially matriarchal culture. A seated female figure, flanked by what Mellaart describes as
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The role of goddess as creatrix is common among goddesses, who can create by some other mechanism than birth, as Inuit Aakuluujjusi did when she threw her clothing on the ground, which walked away as animals. -
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of that time. Often this is accompanied by a desire for a lost civilization from a bygone era that would have been just, peaceful, and wise. However, it is highly unlikely that such a civilization ever existed.
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that women in prehistoric societies supposedly assumed, were linked. This made the debate a political one. According to the goddess movement, the current male-dominated society should return to the
314:, the description of Nzambi changed to Creator God and Nzambici to his wife, "God the essence, the god on earth, the great princess, the mother of all the animals, and the mystery of the Earth."
2143:. According to the academic view, however, both Bachofen and the modern Goddess theories are a projection of contemporary world views on ancient myths, rather than attempting to understand the
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Worship of a nurturing Mother Goddess who oversees cosmological creation, fertility, and death does not necessarily entail or reflect a pacific matriarchy and female power in society. -
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matriarchy of earlier times (though a matriarchy is not an egalitarian society, but a female-dominated one). That this form of society ever existed was supposedly supported by many
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negated the popular theory of the archetypal fertility cult of the Mother Goddess which supposedly would have existed prior to the rise of patriarchy and the oppression of women.
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thereof, omission of clear criteria for discerning interior versus exterior contexts, typology, statistics---it is hard to find a part of this work not negatively critiqued. -
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The notion of the feminine in deity is much more pronounced and is evident in the pairings of Shiva with Parvati, Vishnu with Lakshmi, Krishna with Radha and Ram with Sita.
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have been popular forms of prayer and praise to Virgin Mary for many centuries. Some may perceive a parallel in calling Mary "Our Mother" and the Almighty
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Trials of the Moon: Reopening the Case for Historical Witchcraft. A Critique of Ronald Hutton's Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft
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and may even precede the image of the paternal "father." Such speculations help explain the universality of such mother goddess imagery around the world.
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2013 May 26 "안상홍이 부산에서 목회를 할 때에 서울교회의 전도사였던 장길자라는 여인을 1985년부터 어머니하나님, 하늘의 예루살렘, 어린양의 신부등으로 숭배하고 있으며, 당시 서울교회를 목회하던 김주철이 현재 하나님의 교회 총회장을 맡고 있다." (Korean)
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capturing the imagination. There was also a large number of sexless figurines, which Mellaart regarded as typical for a society dominated by women:
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2161:. Her work in this field has been questioned. Among feminist archaeologists this vision is nowadays also considered highly controversial.
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For a long time, feminist authors claimed that these peaceful, matriarchal agrarian societies were exterminated or subjugated by nomadic,
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as one of "sixteen women throughout history search for God the Mother and invite her back into the human family").
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825:, many adherents believe in a Heavenly Mother as the wife of God the Father. They are collectively referred to as
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viewed the Collyridians as heretics, holding that Mary was only to be honoured, and not to be worshipped like the
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psychological theory unsupported by clinical research to impose the Mother Goddess archetype on past societies.
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223:, was found in a grain-bin; she may have intended to protect the harvest and grain. He considered the sites as
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Drewek, Paula. "Feminine Forms of the Divine in Baháʼí Scriptures." Journal of Baháʼí Studies 5 (1992): 13-23.
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2039:. She is described as Mother Earth, Mother Nature, or the Creatress of all life. She is associated with the
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3516:"Latter-day Saints are talking more about Heavenly Mother, and that's where the debates and divisions begin"
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and the Mother of God at the same time, she is not considered the "Heavenly Mother" in reference to
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The Goddess and the Bull: Çatalhöyük – An Archaeological Journey to the Dawn of Civilization
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375:. The divine mother goddess, manifests herself in various forms, representing the universal
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There is difference of opinion between the academic and the popular conception of the term
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Goddess who represents, or is a personification of nature, motherhood, fertility, creation
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4190:, 10 vols. (Buffalo: The Christian Literature Publishing Company, 1885–1896) 10:329–330.
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The Upper Paleolithic Venus figurines have been sometimes explained as depictions of an
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the church has believed that Mary entered heaven alive after her death and subsequent
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religions. The earth goddess is archetypally the wife or feminine counterpart of the
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A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India. From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
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be accomplished more efficiently if exalted mortal males could impregnate many wives.
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4323:, 1987), 64–77. Also Wilcox, Linda P., "The Mormon Concept of a Mother in Heaven",
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A popular undercurrent in fringe archaeology concerns the ostensible presence of a
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and others broadly known as Neopagans. She is considered sometimes identified as a
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calls the divine female power Mahimata (R.V. 1.164.33) which means "great mother".
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At the Back of the Black Man's Mind; Or, Notes on the kingly office in West Africa
2983: – In Jewish theology, the dwelling or settling of the divine presence of God
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Let me be perfectly clear about my own position: the maternal Great Goddess is a
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4046:, "The Significance of 'O My Father' in the Personal Journey of Eliza R. Snow",
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833:. Some believe in multiple Heavenly Mothers married to one Heavenly Father in a
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3707:"Sage Woman" magazine Issue 79 Autumn 2010--special issue "Connecting to Gaia"
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White Roses on the Floor of Heaven: Mormon Women's Popular Theology, 1880–1920
3550:"'O My Mother': Mormon Fundamentalist Mothers in Heaven and Women's Authority"
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warrior tribes. An important contribution to this was that of archaeologist
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Emphasis on sex in art is invariably connected with male impulse and desire.
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3481:"A Mother There': A Survey of Historical Teachings About Mother in Heaven"
3297:(1st ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 26–27.
215:, north of the Taurus Mountains in a fertile agricultural region of South-
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This rendered a cult of the mother goddess in this location as unlikely.
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Sisters in Spirit: Mormon Women in Historical and Cultural Perspective
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Religion in the Emergence of Civilization. Çatalhöyük as a Case Study
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Encyclopedia of Dubious Archaeology. From Atlantis to the Walam Olum
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413:. The primordial feminine creative-preservative-destructive energy,
243:. This gave rise to a modern cult of the Mother Goddess with annual
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characterized as a mother or progenitor, either as an embodiment of
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is regarded as the male, paternal, and terrestrial partner, as in
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48:"Heavenly Mother" redirects here. For the being in Mormonism, see
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Rankin, John (1 June 1984). "Teaching Hinduism: Some Key Ideas".
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and other goddesses represents both the feminine aspect and the
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4196:, "Mother Wove the Morning: a one-woman play" (October 1992) (
3415:. State University of New York Press. pp. 48, 117, 40–53.
2077:, have argued that such an archetype underpins many of its own
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Wilcox, Linda P., "The Mormon Concept of a Mother in Heaven",
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The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft
2989: – Worship of stars and other heavenly bodies as deities
598:
Although no Mother Goddess exists in Christianity, both the
440:
The worship of the mother deity can be traced back to early
3295:
African-Atlantic Cultures and the South Carolina Lowcountry
280:
4263:
History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
688:. St Mary has never been referred to as a goddess in the
279:
is sometimes called "Mother" because she bore stars and
4292:
Powerful Mysteries. Myth and Politics in Virginia Woolf
2069:
of all humans; various adherents of Jung, most notably
235:
The idea that there could have been a matriarchy and a
3186:
Goddesses of the prime of life are often described as
3173:
society will be rewritten many times in the future. -
2135:. This was based upon the nineteenth-century ideas of
672:
as "Our Father". In contrast to the Pagan notion of a
239:
of the mother goddess was supported by archaeologist
4204:) (depicting, according to the video's description,
4036:, "Mormonism in the Early Jewish Christian Milieu",
2168:, the alleged worship of the mother goddess and the
1991:
250:
Since 1993, excavations were resumed, now headed by
2009:Mother”, “Mother Jerusalem”, or “Heavenly Mother”.
30:"Earth Mother" redirects here. For other uses, see
4180:Origen's Commentary on the Gospel of John: Book II
3543:
3541:
2127:and reads that primitive societies initially were
2035:, who takes the form of Maiden, Mother, and Crone
4260:5 (15 August 1844): 612–17, and reprinted in the
829:. The theology varies, however, according to the
644:, since Christians alike refer to themselves as "
4325:Women and Authority: Re-emerging Mormon Feminism
3411:Katherine Anne Harper; Brown, Robert L. (2012).
791:who reportedly worshipped Virgin Mary by making
3720:. Oxford University Press, pp. 36, 37, and 40.
2131:, worshipping a sovereign, nurturing, motherly
823:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
4136:Joseph's Speckled Bird, Letter to the Editor,
4127:, "The Mormon Gender-Inclusive Image of God",
4038:Mormonism in the Early Jewish Christian Milieu
133:, particularly in theologies derived from the
3386:"Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary"
1950:
8:
1981:
4278:"The Christian Godhead—Plurality of Gods",
2123:. The popular view is mainly driven by the
724:, some Christians believe she continues to
504:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
41:("Goddess Mother of the World/Earth"), see
3388:. University of Washington. Archived from
1957:
1943:
844:
4150:Catal Huyuk. A Neolithic Town in Anatolia
4119:A Companion to Women in the Ancient World
586:Learn how and when to remove this message
524:Learn how and when to remove this message
3276:, NuVision Publications, page 57, 2007,
2051:, the Earth Goddess is sometimes called
628:Protestant objections to Marian devotion
566:Relevant discussion may be found on the
3838:
3836:
3216:
2999:
856:
630:. She is regarded as "Our Mother", the
4160:Encyclopedia of Goddesses and Heroines
3789:
3778:
3461:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3454:
3345:British Journal of Religious Education
764:as the foremost saint, she is still a
3624:Moench Charles, Melodie (Fall 1988).
3322:. Forgotten Books. pp. 202–207.
2005:). Church members may also call her “
2000:
610:as the Mother of God, a rendering of
157:myth, the sky is instead seen as the
7:
1779:Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches
768:and never viewed as an equal of the
502:adding citations to reliable sources
298:, was the female counterpart of the
3694:dangdangnews.com Lee In-gyu column
3063:hidden somewhere in the proverbial
2115:Matriarchal religion § History
2016:, the Earth goddess is called the "
1974:World Mission Society Church of God
4133:, 27, No. 1 (Spring 2000): 95–126.
3626:"The Need for a New Mormon Heaven"
3548:Rosetti, Cristina (1 April 2022).
760:branches of study, though Mary is
37:For the mountain with native name
25:
3733:. Auckland: Briar Books, p. 20.,
1976:believed to be “God the Mother” (
4387:
4366:. Wayne State University Press.
3318:Dennett, Richard Edward (1906).
2164:Since the 1960s, especially in
2025:Mother Goddess, or Great Goddess
1972:is a South Korean woman, by the
1162:Spellwork / Incantation
864:
684:or the "Heavenly Father" as her
540:
474:
185:who hatched out of the maternal
4270:, 2d ed. rev. (Salt Lake City:
4080:The Civilization of the Goddess
3773:https://www.bahai.org/not-found
3743:Witcombe, Christopher L. C. E.
3530:on 18 January 2024 – via
1919:Witchcraft Research Association
1438:Witchcraft Research Association
728:intervene in the world through
247:being organized at Çatalhöyük.
211:led a series of excavations at
3749:Essay: The Venus of Willendorf
3269:: Egyptian Book of the Dead",
1982:
1894:Museum of Witchcraft and Magic
1239:Holly King / Oak King
646:Brothers and Sisters in Christ
61:Mother Goddess sculpture from
1:
4304:, University Press of America
4254:, 7 April 1844, published in
4236:et al., "The Origin of Man",
2109:Prehistoric matriarchy debate
831:Latter Day Saint denomination
720:in the east. As the foremost
429:tradition focus on Shakti to
4321:University of Illinois Press
4107:, Cambridge University Press
4052:36, no. 1 (1996–97): 84–126.
3661:통합측, 하나님의교회(안상홍증인회) ‘이단’ 재규정
3643:University of Illinois Press
3564:University of Illinois Press
398:is strongly associated with
383:(the illusory world) and to
4070:The Language of the Goddess
3293:Brown, Ras Michael (2012).
3223:Mellaart (1967), p. 180-181
3021:published his famous study
1992:
1406:New Reformed Orthodox Order
1284:Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca
813:Heavenly Mother (Mormonism)
50:Heavenly Mother (Mormonism)
4476:
4337:Women and Authority – 01 |
4302:An Archaeology of Religion
4220:18:292 (12 November 1876).
2987:Worship of heavenly bodies
2469:
2112:
1423:SpiralScouts International
1391:Church and School of Wicca
1376:Aquarian Tabernacle Church
1304:Church and School of Wicca
810:
642:gave birth to Jesus Christ
455:
321:
260:Stanford Figurines Project
229:Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük
202:Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük
73:, 6th-7th century, in the
47:
36:
29:
4455:Sky and weather goddesses
4313:Maureen Ursenbach Beecher
4274:, (1976–1980), 6:302–17;
4230:, Pearson Education India
4172:, Oxford University Press
4130:Journal of Mormon History
3593:Morrill, Susanna (2006).
3479:; Pulido, Martin (2011).
2976:List of fertility deities
2065:mother was a part of the
1786:The Meaning of Witchcraft
819:Latter Day Saint movement
807:Latter Day Saint movement
626:in 431 AD, and disregard
193:Excavations at Çatalhöyük
151:Ancient Egyptian religion
4350:18:31–32 (27 June 1875).
4317:Lavina Fielding Anderson
4170:The Faces of the Goddess
4097:, November 1991: 97–100.
3745:"Women in the Stone Age"
3716:Hutton, Ronald (1999).
3572:10.5406/15549399.55.1.05
3498:Brigham Young University
3357:10.1080/0141620840060306
3126:The Faces of the Goddess
2303:Queen Mother of the West
2188:List of mother goddesses
2018:Planetary Logos of Earth
1553:Wiccan views of divinity
1428:Universal Eclectic Wicca
1354:Universal Eclectic Wicca
75:National Museum of Korea
4445:Mythological archetypes
4362:Patai, Raphael (1990).
4188:The Ante-Nicene Fathers
3729:Whitmore, Ben (2010).
3382:Monier-Williams, Monier
1847:Cunning folk in Britain
1433:Wiccan Church of Canada
1401:Covenant of the Goddess
841:New religious movements
801:God-man of Christianity
425:. Practitioners of the
4251:King Follett Discourse
2067:collective unconscious
2002:[ʌmʌɲihanaɲim]
1643:Magical tools in Wicca
1017:Ipsita Roy Chakraverti
789:Christian denomination
750:Our Lady of the Rosary
734:Our Lady of Velankanni
336:
227:, with especially the
207:Between 1961 and 1965
204:
149:cultures, such as the
81:
4430:Feminist spirituality
4415:Comparative mythology
4347:Journal of Discourses
4281:History of the Church
4217:Journal of Discourses
4072:, Thames & Hudson
3674:"WATV – Introduction"
3521:The Salt Lake Tribune
3512:Fletcher Stack, Peggy
2796:Australian Aboriginal
2272:East and Central Asia
2141:Johann Jakob Bachofen
1998:Korean pronunciation:
1814:Charge of the Goddess
1418:The Rowan Tree Church
1199:Solitary practitioner
1117:Drawing down the Moon
1047:Cerridwen Fallingstar
917:Witch-cult hypothesis
622:since the Ecumenical
553:synthesis of material
456:Further information:
331:
200:
60:
4396:at Wikimedia Commons
4242:(November 1909): 80.
4142:6: 892 (1 May 1845).
3603:. pp. 55, 108.
3443:on 24 September 2012
1368:Wiccan organisations
1279:Central Valley Wicca
716:in the west and the
498:improve this section
18:Hindu mother goddess
4435:Fertility goddesses
4194:Pearson, Carol Lynn
4162:, New World Library
4125:Jorgensen, Danny L.
4085:Hinckley, Gordon B.
3413:The Roots of Tantra
2460:Prajñāpāramitā Devī
2137:unilineal evolution
2061:suggested that the
1888:Malleus Maleficarum
1857:European witchcraft
1386:Children of Artemis
787:were an unorthodox
742:Our Lady of Zeitoun
692:'s accounts of the
676:, Mary is both the
665:Sub Tuum Praesidium
409:and ultimately, is
153:which narrates the
135:Proto-Indo-European
117:, deity in various
4440:Jungian archetypes
4364:The Hebrew Goddess
4034:Bickmore, Barry R.
3857:(2012), pp. 65–66.
3274:E. A. Wallis Budge
3115:(2012), pp. 65–66.
3065:dim mists of time.
2241:Sub-Saharan Africa
2047:, and the sea. In
1821:Enchanted Feminism
1408:of the Golden Dawn
1007:Zsuzsanna Budapest
900:Bricket Wood coven
895:Etymology of Wicca
797:Ancient Christians
781:pre-Islamic Arabia
730:Marian apparitions
654:but no equivalent
624:Council of Ephesus
563:to the main topic.
557:verifiably mention
551:possibly contains
433:from the cycle of
407:Hindu philosophies
337:
273:Egyptian mythology
205:
137:sphere (i.e. from
100:or fulfilling the
82:
4420:Creator goddesses
4392:Media related to
4373:978-0-8143-2271-0
4342:Woodruff, Wilford
4257:Times and Seasons
4139:Times and Seasons
4121:, Wiley-Blackwell
4044:Derr, Jill Mulvay
4018:978-0-7432-4360-5
3788:Missing or empty
3599:. New York City:
3477:Paulsen, David L.
3422:978-0-7914-8890-4
3392:on 25 August 2017
3329:978-1-60506-011-8
3304:978-1-107-66882-9
3188:mother goddesses,
3068:presented as the
3061:lost civilization
2194:
2180:that were found.
2088:similar to Gaia.
1967:
1966:
1458:Wheel of the Year
1264:Alexandrian Wicca
1110:Rites and rituals
1022:Patricia Crowther
911:Dettmer v. Landon
795:of dough to her.
674:fertility goddess
596:
595:
588:
534:
533:
526:
267:African religions
16:(Redirected from
4467:
4450:Nature goddesses
4410:Mother goddesses
4394:Mother goddesses
4391:
4377:
4234:Smith, Joseph F.
4089:Daughters of God
4030:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3979:Oxford Reference
3971:
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3953:
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3535:
3532:Internet Archive
3529:
3524:. Archived from
3508:
3502:
3501:
3485:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3460:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3439:. Archived from
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3018:
3012:
3004:
2923:Modern Religions
2831:Varima-te-takere
2603:Mẫu Thượng Thiên
2192:
2125:Goddess movement
2059:Carl Gustav Jung
2004:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1984:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1924:Witches' Sabbath
1807:Witchcraft Today
1793:The Spiral Dance
1396:Circle Sanctuary
1309:Cochrane's Craft
1289:Gardnerian Wicca
1087:Silver RavenWolf
1037:Scott Cunningham
1027:Vivianne Crowley
997:Raymond Buckland
905:New Forest coven
890:History of Wicca
883:History of Wicca
874:
868:
845:
827:Heavenly Parents
752:). According to
746:Marian devotions
678:Perpetual Virgin
591:
584:
580:
577:
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4425:Earth goddesses
4400:
4399:
4384:
4374:
4361:
4358:
4356:Further reading
4353:
4333:Signature Books
4239:Improvement Era
4117:(ed.), (2012):
4019:
4005:Balter, Michael
4003:
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3232:Mellaart (1967)
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3207:
3197:
3191:goddess Ninlil
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2608:Mẫu Thượng Ngàn
2599:
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2576:Leimarel Sidabi
2572:
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2426:
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2327:Samsin Halmeoni
2323:
2311:
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2231:
2204:
2199:
2190:
2170:social position
2166:popular culture
2159:Marija Gimbutas
2117:
2111:
2043:and stars, the
1997:
1993:Eomeoni Hananim
1963:
1934:
1933:
1867:Flying ointment
1837:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1800:What Witches Do
1773:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1748:Theban alphabet
1678:Book of Shadows
1638:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1538:Wiccan morality
1533:
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1453:
1452:
1443:
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1413:Panthean Temple
1407:
1371:
1370:
1359:
1358:
1274:Blue Star Wicca
1259:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1219:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1187:Rite of passage
1152:Herbal medicine
1112:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1082:Frederic Lamond
1077:Philip Heselton
1032:Robert Cochrane
1012:Charles Cardell
1002:Eddie Buczynski
972:Victor Anderson
942:Doreen Valiente
932:
931:
930:Notable figures
922:
921:
885:
884:
875:
870:
843:
821:, particularly
815:
809:
793:burnt offerings
712:, known as the
698:Wedding at Cana
604:Orthodox Church
600:Catholic Church
592:
581:
575:
572:
565:
555:which does not
545:
541:
530:
519:
513:
510:
495:
479:
468:
458:Queen of Heaven
454:
431:free themselves
423:maya (illusion)
367:(power) of the
326:
320:
277:sky goddess Nut
269:
258:as head of the
241:Marija Gimbutas
195:
159:Heavenly Mother
53:
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4382:External links
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2439:
2433:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
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2329:
2322:
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2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2262:
2261:(West African)
2256:
2250:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2121:Mother goddess
2113:Main article:
2110:
2107:
2075:Ernst Whitmont
2033:Triple Goddess
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1884:
1882:LGBT and Wicca
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:Witch's ladder
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1698:Chalice/Goblet
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1639:
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1633:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1588:The Summerland
1585:
1580:
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1570:
1565:
1560:
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1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
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1378:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1334:Odyssean Wicca
1331:
1329:Georgian Wicca
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1294:1734 Tradition
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1244:Mother goddess
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1224:Triple Goddess
1220:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1193:Eko Eko Azarak
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1062:Raven Grimassi
1059:
1057:Stewart Farrar
1054:
1049:
1044:
1042:Phyllis Curott
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
952:Maxine Sanders
949:
944:
939:
937:Gerald Gardner
933:
929:
928:
927:
924:
923:
920:
919:
914:
907:
902:
897:
892:
886:
882:
881:
880:
877:
876:
869:
861:
860:
854:
853:
842:
839:
837:relationship.
811:Main article:
808:
805:
738:Marian shrines
726:supernaturally
682:God the Father
658:, however the
648:". There is a
633:Blessed Mother
594:
593:
548:
546:
539:
532:
531:
482:
480:
473:
453:
450:
377:creative force
332:Hindu goddess
319:
316:
312:Central Africa
288:Kongo religion
268:
265:
209:James Mellaart
194:
191:
86:mother goddess
63:Madhya Pradesh
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4472:
4461:
4458:
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4360:
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4326:
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4306:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4268:B. H. Roberts
4265:
4264:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4246:Smith, Joseph
4244:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4206:Eliza R. Snow
4203:
4202:1-56236-307-7
4199:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4152:, McGraw-Hill
4151:
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3863:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3830:(2008) p. 130
3829:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3795:
3782:
3774:
3771:
3770:www.bahai.org
3765:
3762:
3750:
3746:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3696:하나님의 교회를 주의하라
3691:
3688:
3675:
3669:
3666:
3663:2011 (Korean)
3662:
3659:Amennews.com
3656:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3627:
3620:
3617:
3612:
3610:0-415-97735-5
3606:
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3598:
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3589:
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3407:
3404:
3391:
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3358:
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3325:
3321:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3282:1-59547-914-7
3279:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3247:
3244:(2005), p. 40
3243:
3238:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3210:
3202:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3135:
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3127:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3050:(2008) p. 130
3049:
3039:
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3017:
3014:
3010:
3003:
3000:
2993:
2988:
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2922:
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2902:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2871:Eschetewuarha
2869:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
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2842:
2837:
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2808:
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2800:
2799:
2795:
2790:
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2778:
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2756:
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2751:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2683:(Gallo-Roman)
2682:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2636:
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2596:
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2569:
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2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2502:Karumariamman
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
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2477:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2458:
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2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
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2399:
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2390:
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2354:
2353:
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2320:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2308:
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2296:
2294:
2291:
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2284:
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2276:
2271:
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2248:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2133:earth goddess
2130:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2086:Earth Goddess
2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2071:Erich Neumann
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2007:New Jerusalem
2003:
1994:
1989:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1970:Zahng Gil-jah
1960:
1955:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1929:Witching hour
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
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1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1822:
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1816:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1797:
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1794:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1783:
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1780:
1776:
1775:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1756:
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1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
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1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
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1711:
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1699:
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1676:
1674:
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1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1636:Paraphernalia
1632:
1631:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1593:Reincarnation
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1548:Rule of Three
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1381:Coven Celeste
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1314:Coven of Atho
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
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1261:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1147:Cone of power
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1137:Fivefold kiss
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1106:
1105:
1098:
1097:Joseph Wilson
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
992:Jack Bracelin
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
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953:
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948:
945:
943:
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938:
935:
934:
926:
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918:
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912:
908:
906:
903:
901:
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891:
888:
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873:
867:
863:
862:
859:
855:
851:
847:
846:
840:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
814:
806:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:Scholasticism
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
706:Apostolic age
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
666:
661:
657:
653:
652:
647:
643:
639:
635:
634:
629:
625:
621:
620:
615:
614:
609:
605:
601:
590:
587:
579:
576:November 2023
569:
564:
562:
558:
554:
549:This section
547:
538:
537:
528:
525:
517:
514:November 2023
507:
503:
499:
493:
492:
488:
483:This section
481:
477:
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451:
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447:
444:culture. The
443:
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397:
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371:known as the
370:
369:supreme being
366:
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317:
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308:Nzambi Mpungu
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131:Father Heaven
128:
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99:
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68:
64:
59:
55:
51:
44:
43:Mount Everest
40:
33:
19:
4363:
4345:
4331:(Salt Lake:
4329:Maxine Hanks
4327:, edited by
4324:
4311:, edited by
4308:
4301:
4298:Wesler, K.W.
4291:
4284:, 6: 473–79.
4279:
4275:
4272:Deseret Book
4266:, edited by
4261:
4255:
4249:
4237:
4227:
4215:
4212:Pratt, Orson
4187:
4179:
4169:
4159:
4156:Monaghan, P.
4149:
4146:Mellaart, J.
4137:
4128:
4118:
4104:
4092:
4079:
4076:Gimbutas, M.
4069:
4066:Gimbutas, M.
4059:
4047:
4008:
3997:Bibliography
3982:. Retrieved
3978:
3969:
3957:
3937:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3890:
3874:
3862:
3850:
3823:
3811:
3802:
3790:|title=
3769:
3764:
3752:. Retrieved
3748:
3738:
3730:
3725:
3717:
3712:
3703:
3690:
3677:. Retrieved
3668:
3655:
3646:
3638:
3632:
3619:
3595:
3588:
3559:
3553:
3527:the original
3519:
3506:
3493:
3487:
3471:
3445:. Retrieved
3441:the original
3431:
3412:
3406:
3396:26 September
3394:. Retrieved
3390:the original
3376:
3368:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3319:
3313:
3294:
3288:
3270:
3261:
3249:
3237:
3228:
3219:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3168:
3155:
3137:
3125:
3124:In her book
3120:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3082:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3038:
3022:
3016:
3002:
2623:Thiên Y A Na
2586:Yumjao Leima
2418:Nunbarsegunu
2387:Mesopotamian
2182:
2163:
2152:
2144:
2120:
2118:
2093:Baháʼí Faith
2090:
2083:
2057:
2022:
2011:
1968:
1886:
1877:Granny woman
1862:Fluffy Bunny
1842:Cunning folk
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1531:Key concepts
1319:Dianic Wicca
1299:Celtic Wicca
1269:Algard Wicca
1243:
1204:Spiral dance
1191:
1142:Magic circle
1072:Yvonne Frost
1052:Janet Farrar
967:Margot Adler
947:Alex Sanders
909:
816:
785:Collyridians
778:
710:resurrection
704:. Since the
694:Annunciation
663:
656:Mater Nostra
655:
651:Pater Noster
649:
637:
631:
617:
611:
597:
582:
573:
550:
520:
511:
496:Please help
484:
452:Christianity
439:
393:
372:
364:
338:
295:
285:
270:
259:
256:Lynn Meskell
249:
232:
206:
186:
162:
158:
147:polytheistic
130:
115:Earth Mother
114:
111:Mother Earth
110:
102:cosmological
85:
83:
54:
38:
32:Mother Earth
4288:Smith, A.C.
4111:James, S.L.
4062:, Greenwood
4056:Feder, K.L.
4049:BYU Studies
3946:James, S.L.
3489:BYU Studies
3447:25 December
3128:from 1997,
2957:Neopaganism
2693:Dea Matrona
2482:Bharat Mata
2438:(Canaanite)
2253:Nana Buluku
2174:egalitarian
2155:patriarchal
2129:matriarchal
2102:Baha'u'llah
2097:Baha'u'llah
2079:mythologies
1990::
1980::
1578:White magic
1543:Wiccan Rede
1324:Faery Wicca
1127:Handfasting
1067:Gavin Frost
987:Lois Bourne
772:who is the
638:Holy Mother
608:Virgin Mary
396:Shakti sect
245:pilgrimages
145:). In some
123:pantheistic
88:is a major
39:Chomolungma
4460:Çatalhöyük
4404:Categories
4294:, ProQuest
4148:, (1967):
4115:Dillon, S.
4101:Hodder, I.
3950:Dillon, S.
3930:Perrot, M.
3211:References
3193:gave birth
2888:Mama Ocllo
2883:Mama Killa
2854:Cihuacōātl
2821:(Rapa Nui)
2813:Polynesian
2775:Mat Zemlya
2635:Sunan Ambu
2597:Vietnamese
2581:Loktak Ima
2470:See also:
2449:South Asia
2382:(Armenian)
2368:Ḫannaḫanna
2364:(Phrygian)
2358:(Armenian)
2063:archetypal
2037:archetypes
1914:Witch-hunt
1771:Literature
1743:Tarot deck
1613:Watchtower
1583:Otherworld
1573:Witchcraft
1563:Craft name
1493:Lughnasadh
1349:Stregheria
1339:Reclaiming
1257:Traditions
1229:Horned God
1182:Initiation
1177:Invocation
1172:Divination
1122:Great rite
982:Gavin Bone
957:Sybil Leek
835:polygynous
770:Triune God
714:Assumption
702:Magnificat
322:See also:
300:Sky Father
292:Sky Mother
252:Ian Hodder
213:Çatalhöyük
187:cosmic egg
173:, and the
163:Sky Mother
155:cosmic egg
127:Sky Father
104:role of a
94:motherhood
4319:(Urbana:
4224:Singh, U.
4027:883184058
3685:(English)
3601:Routledge
3580:0012-2157
3365:0141-6200
2981:Shekhinah
2928:Mormonism
2893:Pachamama
2865:Chamacoco
2849:Coatlicue
2819:Atua-anua
2711:Mór Muman
2695:(Gaulish)
2629:Sundanese
2613:Mẫu Thoải
2517:Mariamman
2432:(Arabian)
2370:(Hittite)
2350:Anatolian
2345:West Asia
2259:Mami Wata
2255:(Dahomey)
2247:Asase Yaa
2235:Chaxiraxi
2178:figurines
2146:mentalité
2041:full moon
2014:Theosophy
1713:Parchment
1518:Wild Hunt
1488:Midsummer
1344:Seax-Wica
1234:Green Man
1167:Banishing
1132:Wiccaning
762:venerated
754:Mariology
718:Dormition
700:, or the
660:Hail Mary
636:, or the
613:Theotokos
568:talk page
485:does not
462:Theotokos
345:Saraswati
304:Solar god
221:lionesses
175:earth god
119:animistic
98:fertility
67:Rajasthan
4300:(2012):
4290:(2007):
4276:see also
4226:(2008):
4184:Included
4168:(1997):
4166:Motz, L.
4158:(2014):
4103:(2010):
4078:(1991):
4068:(1989):
4058:(2010):
4007:(2006).
3984:7 August
3962:Monaghan
3926:Duby, G.
3781:cite web
3754:13 March
3679:22 March
3634:Dialogue
3555:Dialogue
3500:: 70–97.
3457:cite web
3201:Monaghan
2970:See also
2838:Americas
2807:Kunapipi
2718:Germanic
2646:Albanian
2527:Matrikas
2522:Maisamma
2507:Khodiyar
2497:Kamakhya
2476:Mahadevi
2472:Jagdamba
2466:Hinduism
2454:Buddhism
2403:Gatumdug
2376:(Lycian)
2309:Japanese
2267:(Yoruba)
2202:Egyptian
1852:Enochian
1738:Talisman
1718:Pentacle
1688:Cauldron
1618:Familiar
1608:Summoner
1463:Solstice
1451:Holidays
1092:Starhawk
872:Pentacle
850:a series
848:Part of
766:creature
662:and the
602:and the
385:prakriti
341:Hinduism
318:Hinduism
296:Nzambici
217:Anatolia
106:creator-
4040:(1999).
3975:"Nügua"
3942:Talalay
3917:fantasy
3895:Talalay
3566:: 133.
3175:Talalay
3161:Talalay
2946:Babalon
2940:Thelema
2827:(Maori)
2825:Ika-Roa
2802:Eingana
2791:Oceania
2736:Demeter
2713:(Irish)
2707:(Irish)
2701:(Welsh)
2689:(Irish)
2618:Mẫu Địa
2558:Jainism
2542:Rukmini
2532:Parvati
2512:Lakshmi
2444:(Punic)
2436:Asherah
2424:Semitic
2393:Asherah
2315:Izanami
2288:Guanyin
2277:Chinese
2229:Guanche
2091:In the
1983:어머니 하나님
1909:Thelema
1728:Scourge
1708:Incense
1683:Candles
1623:Animism
1603:Skyclad
1503:Samhain
1483:Beltane
1468:Equinox
1217:Deities
1157:Scrying
977:Artemis
817:In the
774:Creator
686:consort
640:as she
619:Deipara
606:revere
506:removed
491:sources
466:New Eve
446:Rigveda
427:Tantric
419:purusha
400:Samkhya
373:Brahman
357:Parvati
349:Lakshmi
281:Sun god
225:shrines
139:Dheghom
90:goddess
4370:
4200:
4182:, ¶6.
4176:Origen
4094:Ensign
4025:
4015:
3964:(2014)
3952:(2012)
3932:(1994)
3922:Loraux
3905:(2012)
3903:Dillon
3885:(2012)
3883:Dillon
3869:(1997)
3855:Wesler
3845:(2010)
3818:(2007)
3645:: 83.
3607:
3578:
3419:
3363:
3326:
3301:
3280:
3256:(2010)
3254:Hodder
3203:(2014)
3150:(2012)
3148:Dillon
3113:Wesler
3091:(2010)
3077:(2010)
3033:(2007)
3011:(2010)
3009:Hodder
2917:Atabey
2905:Bachué
2899:Muisca
2780:Mokosh
2769:Slavic
2705:Ernmas
2675:Celtic
2663:Baltic
2641:Europe
2570:Meitei
2564:Ambika
2547:Shakti
2430:Al-Lat
2408:Kishar
2362:Cybele
2356:Anahit
2333:Turkic
2321:Korean
2265:Yemọja
2249:(Akan)
2208:Hathor
2197:Africa
1986:;
1978:Korean
1904:Theban
1872:Goetia
1733:Statue
1693:Censer
1673:Boline
1658:Athame
1653:Amulet
1478:Ostara
1473:Imbolc
744:) and
690:Gospel
670:Yahweh
561:relate
464:, and
415:Shakti
411:monist
404:Tantra
402:, and
389:cosmos
365:shakti
290:, the
179:Osiris
171:Hathor
165:as in
3899:James
3879:James
3843:Feder
3828:Singh
3816:Smith
3641:(3).
3629:(PDF)
3562:(1).
3496:(1).
3484:(PDF)
3242:Baler
3196:gods.
3177:(2012
3163:(2012
3144:James
3089:Feder
3075:Feder
3048:Singh
3031:Smith
2994:Notes
2911:Taíno
2843:Aztec
2763:Terra
2758:Ceres
2752:Roman
2730:Greek
2724:Frigg
2681:Aveta
2669:Mahte
2537:Radha
2487:Durga
2442:Tanit
2413:Lisin
2283:Doumu
2049:Wicca
2045:Earth
2029:Wicca
1899:Runes
1835:Other
1723:Runes
1668:Besom
1648:Altar
1598:Karma
1568:Magic
1558:Coven
1513:Esbat
1498:Mabon
858:Wicca
722:saint
442:Vedic
435:karma
361:Durga
353:Radha
334:Durga
254:with
143:Dyeus
79:Seoul
71:India
4368:ISBN
4315:and
4198:ISBN
4023:OCLC
4013:ISBN
3986:2022
3867:Motz
3794:help
3756:2008
3681:2013
3605:ISBN
3576:ISSN
3463:link
3449:2020
3417:ISBN
3398:2022
3361:ISSN
3324:ISBN
3299:ISBN
3278:ISBN
3130:Motz
2951:Nuit
2877:Inca
2859:Toci
2785:Živa
2746:Rhea
2741:Gaia
2687:Danu
2652:Dheu
2552:Sita
2492:Kali
2474:and
2380:Nane
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2213:Isis
2073:and
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2023:The
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489:any
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