1727:
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457:
44:
1266:
1050:
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664:(562–645). Images of monks with malas began to appear in China in the 7th century CE and the mala seems to have been regarded as a common piece of monastic equipment by around this era. While there are relatively few pre-Song dynasty depictions or references to the mala, this may be due to its use in private religious practice rather than public ceremony. Chinese authors criticized monks who recited mantras on their malas in public, as monks were generally expected to remain silent while on public alms rounds.
1538:
788:
1712:
879:
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1604:. They are also often consecrated with a fragrant substance like sandalwood oil. Some lamas teach that before using a new mala, the practitioner should wash the mala (and his hands as well) and then scent it with oil. A practitioner can then consecrate the mala by holding it and practicing a tantric visualization and reciting a mantra. This is believed to empower the mala and multiply one's mantra recitations.
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1847:
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1726:
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708:
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671:-era, malas increasingly began to be valued for their aesthetic qualities as much or more than their spiritual use and were often worn by royals and high officials. Malas of expensive or rare materials became common as gifts given among the wealthy, and the materials allowed to different grades of wives and concubines was regulated by sumptuary laws. Depictions of
1833:
1069:
1747:
1058:
1674:, mala bracelets are worn by monks and laypeople as a symbol of the Buddha. Malas are often given to laypersons during refuge ceremonies and they are instructed to wear them at all times, as a representation of the Buddha which is present in one's life at all times (except when bathing or using the toilet).
1447:
To aid this, some
Buddhist malas can be made with additional functional beads over and above the 108 main beads. These beads take two main forms serving two different purposes: three marker beads inline with the 108 beads; two short cords of ten beads each hanging from the main loop which are used as
405:
Mala beads have traditionally been made of a variety of materials such as wood, stone, gems, seeds, bone and precious metals—with various religions often favouring certain materials—and strung with natural fibres such as cotton, silk, or animal hair. In the modern era, synthetic materials can also be
1783:
Tibetan
Buddhists generally teach the use of the left hand for counting mantras. Different methods of holding it and moving the beads are taught in Tibetan Buddhism, depending on the type of practice. For example, for peaceful deity practices, one moves the beads towards the body over the forefinger
1754:
In
Hinduism, the loop is draped over the index finger of the right hand and held in place by the right thumb of the first bead next to the guru bead. As each recitation is completed the loop is advanced by one bead. Some practitioners will hold their other three fingers next to their index finger so
1465:
In some more complex malas, three distinctive, often smaller, beads are placed so that, with the guru bead, they divide the regular beads into four sections of 27 beads each. They allow quick estimation of the fraction of a round completed. Their presence raises the number of beads (not counting the
519:
No mention of this text occurs in standard bibliographies before the 6th century, but an independent translation in the 8th century suggests an origin as a
Sanskrit text transmitted from Central Asia, rather than a Chinese composition. According to this text, a king asks the Buddha for "an essential
1607:
Malas purchased from temples and monasteries may have been blessed by the residents of that institution. Mala may also be blessed after purchase. Popular folk tales may describe malas as becoming imbued with the power of the many recitations it has been used for, or a mala given by a respected monk
1131:
During devotional services, the beads may be rubbed together with both hands to create a soft grinding noise, which is considered to have a purifying and reverential effect. A notable feature of Tendai school's prayer beads is the use of flat beads called "soroban beads" for the main beads (while
1795:
tradition and some
Buddhist traditions, practitioners who undertake more than one round at a time will, rather than moving their fingers across the guru bead, turn the mala around so that the same bead which was used at the end of the previous round becomes the first bead use for the next round.
1505:
After a single round of chanting, the user will slide up one bead on the cord with the dorje which represents 108 (or 111) recitations. After ten rounds all ten dorje beads have been moved up, one bead on the bell cord is raised representing 1080 (or 1110) recitations and the dorje beads are all
1497:
The short cords may either be permanently attached to the mala or they may be obtained separately; they do not need to match the main beads. These short cords may either be attached individually to the main loop or they may be joined at their common top. The cords end in small charms, usually a
1469:
Japanese malas may also contain a set of four inline marker beads which often differ in size, color, or material. These are called four points beads (shiten 四天) or “Four
Heavenly Kings” (四天王, shitennō). These are usually located after the seventh and the twenty-first beads on either side of the
1183:
Buddha): one ring contains single beads used to count a single recitation while the other ring is used to count full revolutions of the first ring. Additionally, other beads hang from the strings, which can count full revolutions of the second ring (flat beads), or full revolutions of the first
472:
Malas may appear in early Hindu art as part of the garb of deities or worshippers, but are difficult to distinguish from decorative necklaces or garlands. The earliest clear depiction of a mala being used as a tool for recitation, rather than as a (possible) decorative necklace, comes from a
1403:
Mala may have extra beads hanging from the guru/mother bead or middle bead. These may be decorative elements, especially when unable to move along the cord because knots hold them in place. They may or may not have religious symbolism (for example, three beads representing the
Buddhist
1569:
In addition to their practical use as an aide in recitation, malas have traditionally been ascribed to have additional spiritual qualities. Different materials may be ascribed the power to help with different practical or spiritual problems, and the mala itself may be ascribed
1770:
In
Buddhism, there are numerous ways of holding a mala and using it during recitation. This differs across traditions. It is commonly taught that the left hand is used to hold a mala. However, sometimes both hands are involved in the recitation and counting process. In
735:'s elastic, may be used and have the advantage that they can stretch to fit over the wearer's hand if worn on the wrist whereas other material may not wrap a sufficient number of times to prevent the mala from slipping off. Beads may also be joined by metal chains.
1439:
Buddhism can require that a practitioner complete a particular number of repetitions of an activity as a foundational practice or to become eligible for initiation into an esoteric teaching, for example, one may need to complete 100,000 recitations of
1127:
generally use longer prayer beads (108 beads) with counter strands on both ends for recording multiple rounds of recitation (Tendai malas have 2 recorder bead strands, Shingon malas have four). These recorder strands usually end in decorative tassels.
1342:. The 54, whether in a 54 bead mala or the first 54 beads in a full 108 bead mala, is often interpreted as signifying the first 54 stages of the bodhisattva path (as understood in East Asian Buddhism). One source even mentions a mala with 1080 beads.
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bead. It is often larger, more elaborate, or of a distinctive material or colour. Some malas also have a secondary larger or more ornate bead halfway through the mala, marking the halfway point. These are sometimes called middle beads (Japanese:
1566:). Mantras are typically repeated hundreds or even thousands of times. The mala is used so that those who are trying to achieve an exact number of repetitions can focus on the meaning or sound of the mantra rather than counting its repetitions.
730:
Strings may be made from practically any fibre, traditionally silk or wool or cotton though synthetic monofilaments or cords such as nylon can now be found and are favoured for their low cost and good wear resistance. Elastic cords, such as
1697:, may carry their malas in larger pouches which hang from the back of the hand and allow the mala to be manipulated while it is being used without it being significantly exposed to public view or risking contact with the ground.
435:
The specific origin of the mala is unknown, with the use of beads for counting being a widespread practice in ancient cultures. No references to malas occur in
Chinese literature before the introduction of Buddhism during the
655:
While the earliest
Buddhist story about the mala is associated with lay practice, in China it was initially primarily associated with monastic practice. The first Chinese Buddhist author to promote the use of malas was the
1611:
Furthermore, wearing a distinctive mala can also serve as a symbol of religious identification, marking its wearer as a member of a specific religious community and as "physical evidence of faith, devotion, and practice."
401:
beads of roughly the same size and material as each other, although smaller versions, often factors of 108 such as 54 or 27, exist. A distinctive 109th "guru bead" or mother bead, which is not counted, is very common.
991:
is preferred for subjugating malicious spirits or for the tantric transformation of powerful afflictions like anger (this is sometimes called "wrathful practice"). For these types of practices, black is the preferred
1758:
Some practitioners will drape the loop over their second finger (with their third and fourth fingers also inside) and use their index finger to move the beads towards the thumb. This is said to be symbolic of the
1394:
It is common to find prayer beads in Japan that contain a small image inside the guru bead, usually something associated with the particular temple or sect. When held up to the light the image is clearly visible.
1677:
Some Tibetan Buddhist teachers teach that it is a root samaya (tantric commitment) that a consecrated and blessed mala should always be kept on one's person. For Tibetan Buddhists, the mala is a symbol of their
520:
method that will allow me during the day or night to engage easily in a practice for freeing us from all sufferings in the world in the future." The Buddha instructs the king to make a mala from the seeds of a
532:
while passing the mala through his fingers. The text also states the mala should be worn at all times, and that if a million recitations were completed, the king would end the one hundred and eight passions.
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it is common for monks to wear it around their necks when not in use. In other traditions, the mala is left on one's altar or placed in a pouch when not in use. In Tibetan Buddhism, malas used for esoteric
1755:
that all four fingers are inside the loop. Other practitioners will have only their index finger inside the loop, separating this finger from the other three (for similar reasons as in the next paragraph).
939:
plants). The bead itself is very hard and dense, ivory-coloured (which gradually turns a deep golden brown with long use), and has small holes (moons) and tiny black dots (stars) covering its surface.
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state that wearing a mala can purify bad karma and ward off evil spirits. In East Asian Buddhism, some malas are made specifically to be worn for warding off evil and for attracting good fortune.
1041:
The Government of Nepal's Ministry of Forestry has established a committee and begun to distribute seedlings of these plant so as to uplift the economic status of the people living in this area.
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counter starts next to the guru bead and is attached to the main string by a clip or a slip knot. When the tenth bell bead has been raised (10 800 or 11 100 recitations), the chanter moves the
616:(Vishnu) will always be with the devotee. It also states that wearing a tulasi mala will multiply the benefit of doing good karmic deeds, as well as providing magical protection from harm. The
771:. It is believed that the Rudraksha Japa Mala epitomizes ancient wisdom and mystical energies, offering seekers a conduit to inner peace and spiritual harmony. Beads made from the wood of the
1222:. 108 beads are strung on a garland, with the beads typically made of fragrant wood like sandalwood, and series of brightly coloured strings at the end of the garland. It is commonly used in
2399:"Vajrasattva, the Great Purifier, among the most powerful and profound healing and purification techniques in Vajrayana Buddhism - Buddha Weekly: Buddhist Practices, Mindfulness, Meditation"
448:, generally regarded as the oldest Buddhist literature, and it is unclear if their use originated with Buddhists or with Brahmins, Jains, or some other Indian religious community.
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While there are typically 108 regular beads, some practitioners will count a round as only 100 repetitions to allow for an accidentally skipped bead or an imperfect recitation.
933:). These beads are called "moon and stars" by Tibetans, and variously called "lotus root", "lotus seed" and "linden nut" by various retailers (though it does not come from any
946:
malas made of wood (sandalwood or bodhi tree wood), bodhi seeds, various jewels, or ivory are all purpose malas and are said to be good for all kinds of mantras and practices
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1627:
1132:
most of the other sects use spherical beads). For the Shingon school, they use a red string as the main string for the 108 beads and white tassels for the counter beads.
1807:
In recent years, it has become common for non-religious individuals to wear such beads as a fashion accessory with the beads having no religious connotation whatsoever.
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1451:
Japanese malas may also contain tassels (房, fusa) with counter beads, also known as recorder beads (記子珠, kishi- or kisu-dama). They are seen as symbolizing the ten
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and a bell shape being common. Their cord is thicker than normal so that the beads on them will not slide under their own weight but can be moved by the chanter.
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Tibetan Buddhist malas may have three extra beads as the guru beads, instead of just one. These symbolize the three vajras (the Buddha's body, speech and mind).
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is that the guru bead is not used for counting repetitions; counting for each round begins and ends with either of the beads next to the guru bead. In the
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and one holds the mala at the heart. For increasing practices meanwhile, one moves the beads over the middle finger and holds the mala at the navel.
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used, such as plastic or glass beads, and nylon cords. Malas are similar to other forms of prayer beads used in various world religions, such as the
1821:
Opinion is divided as to whether a mala that is worn as decoration can also be used for the practise of japa or if two separate malas are required.
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Practitioners who have an altar or shrine in their homes may additionally choose to keep their malas on the altar when not being used or carried.
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585:, and as such, they should always be worn by devotees of Shiva. It discusses various ways of wearing them, and which mantras to use with them.
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Mandala. Despite the varying explanations for the use of this number, the number itself has been kept consistent over centuries of practice.
1304:
There are numerous explanations why there are typically 108 beads, with the number 108 bearing special religious significance in a number of
640:
4290:
4132:
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1049:
1767:(represented by the thumb) by the vehicle of the mantra (the beads) overcoming elements of the material world (the three other fingers).
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1156:(True Pure Land), prayer beads are typically shorter and held draped over both hands and are not ground together, as this is forbidden.
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string of beads. In all, it is possible to count up to 120,000 recitations using these beads. The design is credited to a follower of
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4210:
2837:
2542:
2500:
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In the home, mala may be stored in a pouch or not. Some practitioners may store their malas in jewelry boxes or similar containers.
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practices and for purification practices. For these types of practices, white colored beads and a white colored thread is preferred.
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beads made of precious metals like gold or silver may be used for increasing practices, such as increasing lifespan, knowledge, or
440:, suggesting that the practice may have originated in India, and then spread to China. No mention of a mala occurs in the Buddhist
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states that the mother bead is Amitabha, the string is Avalokiteshvara and the other beads are the fruits of the bodhisattva path
942:
Tibetan Buddhists also teach that certain types of malas can enhance specific practices or bring specific benefits. For example:
6534:
6524:
620:
says one should always wear the tulasi mala, whether one is pure or impure, even while bathing, eating or going to the toilet.
886:
Various types of malas (Tibetan: trengwa) are used in Tibetan Buddhism, including "Bodhi seed" (commonly made from seeds of a
818:(these seeds are tiny and cannot be strung on a mala). Instead, "bodhi seed" beads are made from various species belonging to
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court officials often include malas, intended to show their status and wealth rather than as an indication of spirituality.
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In some traditions, malas are consecrated before use in a manner similar to images of deities, through the use of mantras,
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of 108 beads (such as 54, 42, 27, 21, 18 and 14), and may be worn on the wrist or used to more conveniently keep count of
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One type of wooden mala bead has a shallow trench engraved around their equator into which tiny pieces of red coral and
977:
is for magnetizing / power practices, and red color is used for the threads. The colour red is also associated with the
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or phenomena. In East Asian Buddhism, 108 can also represent 108 meditations, or the Buddhist 108 deities in the
900:. Tibetan Buddhists generally consider malas made from precious stones as the best kind. Some popular stones are
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Mala may be carried in small pouches from which they are removed before use. Some practitioners, such as the
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Chaudhary, Sanjib (2015-08-06). "Buddha's Beads Fetch Millions for Farmers in Central Nepal". Global Voices.
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However they are worn the wearer is supposed to keep the mala from making contact with the floor or ground.
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counter to the next space between beads (and resets the beads on the bell cord). By consistently moving the
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551:(705–774). The text states that the mala should be worn around the neck and that this purifies bad karma.
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or other sacred phrases. It is also worn to ward off evil, to count repetitions within some other form of
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Tanabe, George Joji (2012). "Telling Beads: The Forms and Functions of the Buddhist Rosary in Japan".
960:, wood, seeds, or other clear or white in colour beads may be used to count mantras used for peaceful
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Beads of Faith: Pathways to Meditation and Spirituality Using Rosaries, Prayer Beads and Sacred Words
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1116:. Different Buddhist sects in Japan have different shaped prayer beads, and use them differently.
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Another Mahayana Buddhist source which teaches the use of a mala is found in the Chinese canon in
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may be said to have the power to cure illnesses or to restore fertility to barren individuals.
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The first literary reference to the use of a mala for the recitation of mantras comes from the
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1814:, when malas began to be used as fashionable accessories by members of the Chinese court.
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For example, in traditional Buddhist thought, people are said to have 108 afflictions or
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mother bead. In the Shingon school, these four symbolize four bodhisattvas: Fugen (Skt.
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dynasty (4th - 6th century) in China; the mala is held in the hand, rather than worn.
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schools generally use long 108 bead nenjus with five counter strands with ornamental
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To keep track of more recitations, the chanter may use a small metal charm called a
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are affixed. Due to the cost of already harvested or fossilized red coral and its
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tree, along with the seeds of various trees, and precious or semiprecious stones.
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2800:
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1517:, approximately pronounced "boom", is Tibetan for "one hundred thousand".) The
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is somewhat unusual because of the use of a double-ringed prayer beads, called
971:; For these types of practices, yellow colors and colored thread are preferred.
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5511:
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2495:(Fourth revised and enlarged ed.), Delhi: Motilal anarsidass Publishers,
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1764:
1682:
meditation deity and a reminder of their main mantra and tantric commitments (
1372:
1350:
1293:
1280:
1023:
961:
893:
811:
776:
724:
4646:
2561:(Revised and Expanded ed.). New York: Abrams Publishing. pp. 79–92.
1288:
tree, known locally as Buddhacita, which are endemic to the Timal region of
6307:
6280:
5447:
5322:
5034:
4950:
4827:
4717:
4690:
4683:
4603:
4566:
4333:
4298:
4265:
4240:
4195:
3643:
3580:
3509:
3438:
3363:
3338:
3298:
3229:
3219:
3045:
3020:
2977:
2957:
2621:
2452:
Jones, Charles B. Stages in the Religious Life of Lay Buddhists in Thaiwan.
2206:
1866:
1777:
1746:
1720:
1529:
counter in the same direction about 1.2 million recitations can be counted.
1479:
1436:
1237:, a class of esoteric traditions within Southeast Asian Theravada Buddhism.
1196:
997:
988:
984:
913:
819:
748:
732:
707:
554:
501:
266:
165:
6080:
4916:
4770:
4536:
4318:
4187:
4179:
3131:
2640:
683:
4842:
1149:
schools use long 108 bead nenjus without counter / recorder bead strands.
1004:, as well as the cost of turquoise, plastic or glass may be used instead.
333:
270:
6437:
6392:
6337:
6206:
5865:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5412:
5397:
5377:
5312:
5230:
5220:
5195:
5190:
5090:
4851:
4722:
4710:
4621:
4358:
4280:
3977:
3752:
3737:
3648:
3534:
3454:
3383:
3368:
3318:
3189:
3141:
3091:
3081:
3076:
3030:
2755:
Traversing the Pure Land Path: A Lifetime of Encounters with Honen Shonin
2596:
The Art of Awakening: A User's Guide to Tibetan Buddhist Art and Practice
1892:
1731:
1571:
1483:
1376:
1309:
1305:
1258:
1185:
1180:
917:
905:
897:
888:
823:
799:
700:
644:
509:
355:
351:
186:
49:
2603:
Li, Feifei; Li, Jianqin; Liu, Bo; Zhuo, Jingxian; Long, Chunlin (2014).
6342:
6285:
6270:
5417:
5407:
5382:
5257:
5252:
5210:
5180:
5112:
5078:
5029:
4965:
4906:
4901:
4797:
4755:
4658:
4496:
4446:
4233:
4059:
3805:
3762:
3575:
3539:
3519:
3499:
3489:
3484:
3464:
3433:
3423:
3418:
3358:
3343:
3313:
3136:
2987:
2105:(4th ed.). Mumbai, India: Jaico Publishing House. pp. 64–65.
1888:
1871:
1660:
As a necklace, especially if made from large, consequently heavy, beads
1594:
1590:
1542:
1475:
1313:
1223:
1068:
949:
935:
661:
445:
407:
382:
359:
339:
2822:
2579:. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. pp. 118–138.
1780:) practices are often kept private and should not be shown to anyone.
6422:
6407:
6243:
6105:
6085:
5860:
5522:
5402:
5392:
5327:
4955:
4911:
4896:
4886:
4856:
4837:
4780:
4663:
4431:
4303:
4047:
4042:
3838:
3732:
3727:
3676:
3613:
3555:
3428:
3403:
3388:
3348:
3308:
3244:
3224:
3204:
3179:
3106:
2922:
2917:
2907:
2902:
2872:
1914:
1909:
1876:
1683:
1640:
1563:
1556:
1545:
1417:
1413:
1354:
1324:
1227:
1176:
1139:
1124:
924:
758:
744:
558:
461:
415:
377:
373:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
1233:
Mantra recitation with malas is also common in the various forms of
923:
Some common general-purpose malas in Tibetan Buddhism are made from
6562:
6397:
6255:
6221:
6201:
6171:
6100:
5517:
5362:
5240:
5235:
5205:
5160:
5007:
5002:
4881:
4586:
4411:
4378:
4368:
3800:
3767:
3747:
3742:
3696:
3618:
3590:
3585:
3469:
3378:
3328:
3323:
3293:
3035:
3010:
2932:
2927:
2912:
2896:
2867:
1924:
1792:
1788:
1745:
1737:
1725:
1716:
1710:
1679:
1626:
1616:
1536:
1499:
1427:
1297:
1279:
1264:
1252:
1244:
1067:
1056:
1048:
1013:
957:
901:
877:
827:
786:
772:
762:
714:
706:
688:
682:
639:
627:
582:
455:
411:
230:
53:
2230:
2228:
6432:
5225:
4891:
4388:
3772:
3722:
3686:
3653:
3570:
3494:
3474:
3234:
3199:
2962:
2744:
Untracht, O (2008). "Rosaries of India". In Whelchel, H. (ed.).
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
1919:
1601:
1346:
1345:
Many malas will have a 109th bead which is variously called the
1057:
613:
391:
368:
363:
3944:
2826:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
512:
text purported to have been translated into Chinese during the
6090:
4626:
2330:
2328:
2511:"A new species of Ziziphus (Rhamnaceae) from Nepal Himalayas"
2454:
Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies,
394:. They are also used as symbols of religious identification.
212:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
1818:
regulated the materials of malas in Qing dynasty-era China.
1615:
A mala used by a particular holy figure may then serve as a
1053:
Making juzu in Japan, a photo taken by Elstner Hilton (1914)
3623:
3262:
3209:
1559:
or other important religious phrases and prayers (like the
1257:
A large mother bead containing an image of Shingon founder
2537:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 520.
791:
Polished Calamus jenkinsianus seeds on a "Moon and Stars"
2557:
Dubin, L.S. (2009). "Prayer Beads". In Kenney, C. (ed.).
528:, the Indian soapberry tree) and recite an homage to the
191:
177:
1420:) but are not used for counting recitations in any way.
2774:
A String and a Prayer: How to Make and Use Prayer Beads
1593:, or the application of some substance or pigment like
1284:"Bodhi seed" mala made using the polished seeds of the
48:
Different types of Japa mala (prayer beads) selling in
2722:. Santa Barbara: University of California. p. 99.
2559:
The History of Beads: From 100,000 B.C. to the Present
2282:
2280:
1371:
In some Buddhist traditions, the guru bead represents
1323:. In another reckoning, 108 is the number of possible
264:
2748:. New York: Thames & Hudson, Inc. pp. 69–73.
2417:
2415:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1653:
A Mala may be worn by practitioners in several ways:
153:
139:
125:
111:
2031:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
6533:
6448:
6363:
6061:
5963:
5846:
5543:
5471:
5298:
5171:
5111:
4746:
4612:
4552:
4397:
4289:
4219:
4073:
4018:
3912:
3872:
3821:
3814:
3788:
3715:
3669:
3599:
3548:
3447:
3281:
3243:
3154:
3069:
3001:
2948:
2941:
2860:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1334:Smaller malas are also known, most commonly with a
651:, who brought some malas back to Japan from China.
544:, Taisho 789) which was translated by the Buddhist
314:
288:
283:
258:
253:
229:
224:
206:
199:
185:
171:
164:
147:
133:
119:
105:
98:
93:
81:
65:
60:
32:
2577:The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture
2369:
2367:
538:The Sutra on the Yoga Rosaries of the Diamond Peak
2729:Beiträge des Arbeitskreises Japanische Religionen
1763:(represented by the index finger) moving towards
1349:bead, mother bead (Japanese: boju), parent bead,
695:; Shiva is frequently depicted wearing a pair of
2701:. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 7–40.
1600:In Tibetan Buddhism, malas are often blessed by
1016:, mala beads are made from the natural seeds of
604:both teach the use and wear of a mala made from
567:(9th-14th century) which explains how to make a
2509:Bhattarai, Khem Raj; Pathak, Mitra Lal (2015).
2440:
2334:
2319:
2271:
1730:Illustration of the Japanese Pure Land teacher
1432:Tibetan style mala with two counter attachments
632:The official imperial portrait of Qing dynasty
1742:A Korean Buddhist using a mala with both hands
1582:characteristics. Buddhist sources such as the
1168:
1102:
1089:
864:"King Kong" beads (i.e. Rudraksha), made from
294:
235:
3956:
2838:
2259:
1208:
495:
489:
71:
8:
4738:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
2753:Watts, Jonathan; Tomatsu, Yoshiharu (2005).
2594:Lhadrepa, Konchog; Davis, Charlotte (2017).
2385:
2358:
1810:Similar practices have been noted since the
1385:Sūtra on the Rosary of the Vajraśekhara Yoga
1179:recitations (i.e. recitation of the name of
397:The main body of a mala usually consists of
2688:Rinpoche, Gyatrul; Khandro, Sangye (1996).
2234:
1226:meditation, to keep track of the number of
802:Buddhists are those made of the so-called "
516:era, sometime in the 4th - 5th century CE.
3963:
3949:
3941:
3818:
2945:
2845:
2831:
2823:
2088:
826:. The most common bead types in China and
250:
90:
42:
2682:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190469290.003.0005
2630:
2620:
2346:
2132:. Jaico Publishing House. pp. 222–.
1657:Wrapped several times to fit on the wrist
581:states that the rudrakshas are tears of
542:Chin-kang-ting yü-ch’ieh nien-chu ch’ing
5925:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
2286:
2219:
2126:Kamal Narayan Seetha (1 January 2008).
1936:
366:. It is used for counting recitations (
6128:List of Buddhist architecture in China
2421:
2002:
1584:Sutra of Mañjuśrï’s Fundamental Ritual
155:
29:
2788:. Buddha Dharma Education Association
2671:Prayer beads in Japanese Sōtō Zen in
2605:"Seeds used for Bodhi beads in China"
2298:
2035:
1213:
1083:, Buddhist prayer beads are known as
7:
2176:
2174:
1943:
1555:The main use of a mala is to repeat
1249:Chinese Buddhist 18-bead wooden mala
612:explains that by wearing this mala,
2373:
2182:"Importance of Wearing Tulasi Mala"
1635:counting beads on a pearl and ruby
723:Common materials are wood from the
5915:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
2153:Shantha N. Nair (1 January 2008).
981:(who are highly revered in Tibet).
848:"Moon and Stars" beads, made from
798:A very popular type of mala among
25:
2782:"Buddhist studies: Malas (beads)"
2772:Wiley, E.; Shannon, M.O. (2002).
2493:The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary
571:garland, and in the late tantric
6596:
6586:
6585:
6143:Thai temple art and architecture
5888:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
4128:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
3994:
3981:
3971:
2807:. Japa Mala Beads. 15 April 2010
2535:Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
2515:Indian Journal of Plant Sciences
2157:. Pustak Mahal. pp. 224–6.
1845:
1831:
1498:different charm on each, with a
557:japamalas are discussed in some
3995:
2699:Plants of life, plants of death
2566:Henry, G.; Marriott, S (2008).
2155:Echoes of Ancient Indian Wisdom
834:"Phoenix eye" beads, made from
765:, and its use is taught in the
647:(774–835), founder of Japanese
608:wood (tulasi kanthi mala). The
213:
192:
178:
6133:Japanese Buddhist architecture
5935:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
5015:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
4206:Places where the Buddha stayed
2697:Simoons, Frederick J. (1998).
2657:. California: . Archived from
2101:Seetha, Kamal Narayan (2008).
1734:holding a mala with both hands
1175:, which are used for counting
912:. Semiprecious stones such as
856:"Bodhi root" beads, made from
775:plant are used and revered by
711:Various Indian rudraksha malas
265:
154:
140:
126:
112:
72:
1:
6624:Objects used in Hindu worship
6148:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
2651:Myanmar Buddhist Prayer Beads
2441:Rinpoche & Khandro (1996)
2335:Bhattarai & Pathak (2015)
2320:Rinpoche & Khandro (1996)
2272:Rinpoche & Khandro (1996)
2205:Kunwar, Amit (18 June 2023).
1644:
1506:reset to their low position.
386:(spiritual practice) such as
5905:Buddhism and the Roman world
5881:Decline of Buddhism in India
5876:History of Buddhism in India
3976: Topics in
2801:"How to Use a Mala (5 Ways)"
2746:Traditional Jewelry of India
2719:Botanical Beads of the World
719:A polished Chinese seed mala
5103:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
4843:
2260:Lhadrepa & Davis (2017)
1750:A Hindu sage holding a mala
1230:chanted during meditation.
757:) are considered sacred by
334:
315:
6665:
6644:Buddhist ritual implements
6053:The unanswerable questions
2386:Buswell & Lopez (2013)
2359:Watts & Tomatsu (2005)
1424:Counting markers and cords
1235:Southern Esoteric Buddhism
508:volume 17, number 786), a
6581:
6138:Buddhist temples in Korea
4701:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
4604:Three planes of existence
4211:Buddha in world religions
3990:
2692:. Snow Lion Publications.
2598:. Shambhala Publications.
2575:Kieschnick, John (2003).
1209:
1169:
1103:
1090:
867:Elaeocarpus angustifolius
768:Rudrakshajabala Upanishad
504:Seed Scripture/Classic",
496:
490:
477:image created during the
464:is shown depicted with a
329:
302:
295:
249:
236:
89:
41:
37:
27:Indian prayer bead string
5920:Persecution of Buddhists
5141:Four stages of awakening
4522:Three marks of existence
4108:Physical characteristics
2776:. Red Wheel/Weiser, LLC.
2673:Zen and Material Culture
2669:Mross, Michaela (2017),
2570:. Fons Vitae Publishing.
1203:use prayer beads called
1022:, a plant in the family
987:, bone, iron, steel and
561:sources, such as in the
5283:Ten principal disciples
4166:(aunt, adoptive mother)
3873:Fruits and other plants
2716:Smith, Ruth J. (2005).
2622:10.1186/1746-4269-10-15
1493:Beads on separate cords
1109:, where the "o" is the
979:Padma family of buddhas
779:, followers of Vishnu.
579:Rudrakṣajābāla upaniṣad
574:Rudrakṣajābāla upaniṣad
269:("mindfulness beads"),
5993:Buddhism and democracy
5506:Tibetan Buddhist canon
5501:Chinese Buddhist canon
4733:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
4728:Early Buddhist schools
2129:The Power Of Rudraksha
1751:
1743:
1735:
1723:
1650:
1552:
1433:
1301:
1277:
1262:
1250:
1076:
1065:
1054:
920:may be used, as well.
883:
882:Women praying in Nepal
795:
720:
712:
704:
652:
637:
469:
6003:Eight Consciousnesses
4113:Life of Buddha in art
1749:
1741:
1729:
1714:
1663:Suspended from a belt
1630:
1540:
1431:
1283:
1268:
1256:
1248:
1071:
1060:
1052:
892:tree), wood (such as
881:
859:Corypha umbraculifera
790:
718:
710:
686:
643:
634:Empress Xiaozhuangwen
631:
564:Devi-Bhagavata Purana
459:
6480:East Asian religions
5910:Buddhism in the West
5481:Early Buddhist texts
5096:Four Right Exertions
4562:Ten spiritual realms
4055:Noble Eightfold Path
2690:Generating the Deity
2609:J Ethnobiol Ethnomed
2531:Lopez, Donald S. Jr.
1623:Carrying and storing
1482:), and Miroku (Skt.
930:Calamus jenkinsianus
851:Calamus jenkinsianus
754:Elaeocarpus ganitrus
743:Beads made from the
6603:Religion portal
6350:Temple of the Tooth
6229:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
5268:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
4761:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
4544:Two truths doctrine
4364:Mahapajapati Gotamī
4164:Mahapajapati Gotamī
2854:Worship in Hinduism
2676:, Oxford Academic,
2648:Paw, Maung (2004).
2491:Apte, V.S. (1965),
2237:, pp. 118–138.
2091:, pp. 118–138.
1619:after their death.
1466:guru bead) to 111.
1461:Inline marker beads
1261:flanked by mantras.
1197:Theravada Buddhists
1002:conservation status
837:Ziziphus abyssinica
6525:Western philosophy
6123:Dzong architecture
5945:Vipassana movement
5940:Buddhist modernism
5368:Emperor Wen of Sui
5136:Pratyekabuddhayāna
5069:Threefold Training
4871:Vipassana movement
4587:Hungry Ghost realm
4407:Avidyā (Ignorance)
4354:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
4103:Great Renunciation
4098:Eight Great Events
3980:
3273:Om Namo Narayanaya
2757:. Jodo Shu Press.
2527:Buswell, Robert Jr
2103:Power of Rudraksha
1752:
1744:
1736:
1724:
1651:
1561:Pure Land Buddhist
1553:
1434:
1302:
1286:Ziziphus budhensis
1278:
1273:wood mala used in
1263:
1251:
1215:[seɪʔbədí]
1192:Theravada Buddhism
1077:
1066:
1055:
1019:Ziziphus budhensis
927:seeds (especially
884:
796:
721:
713:
705:
653:
638:
470:
452:Early attestations
273:("counting beads")
18:Hindu prayer beads
6611:
6610:
6249:Om mani padme hum
5955:Women in Buddhism
5871:Buddhist councils
5741:Western countries
5529:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
5290:Shaolin Monastery
4867:Samatha-vipassanā
4477:Pratītyasamutpāda
4281:Metteyya/Maitreya
4199:
4191:
4183:
4175:
4167:
4159:
4151:
4028:Four Noble Truths
3938:
3937:
3908:
3907:
3899:Tulasi Vrindavana
3150:
3149:
3112:Panchayatana puja
2805:japamalabeads.com
2786:www.buddhanet.net
2708:978-0-299-15904-7
2443:, p. 99-102.
2322:, p. 99-100.
2164:978-81-223-1020-7
2139:978-81-7992-844-8
2112:978-81-7992-844-8
2089:Kieschnick (2003)
1715:Hindu holy man -
1633:Sawai Madho Singh
1188:named Awanosuke.
1119:For example, the
1094:, counting beads)
1081:Buddhism in Japan
1045:Japanese Buddhism
806:seeds", which do
783:Mahayana Buddhism
703:Hindu iconography
524:tree (likely the
510:Mahayana Buddhist
346:commonly used in
306:
305:
279:
278:
220:
219:
173:Yale Romanization
100:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
6656:
6639:Buddhist symbols
6601:
6600:
6589:
6588:
6428:Sacred languages
6276:Maya Devi Temple
6239:Mahabodhi Temple
6043:Secular Buddhism
6008:Engaged Buddhism
4848:
4696:Tibetan Buddhism
4647:Vietnamese Thiền
4246:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
4197:
4189:
4181:
4173:
4165:
4157:
4149:
3998:
3997:
3985:
3975:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3942:
3819:
3707:Pilgrimage sites
3268:Om Namah Shivaya
3117:Prana Pratishtha
3097:Kumbhabhishekham
2946:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2824:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2777:
2768:
2749:
2740:
2723:
2712:
2693:
2684:
2665:
2664:on 4 March 2016.
2663:
2656:
2644:
2634:
2624:
2599:
2590:
2571:
2562:
2553:
2548:
2522:
2505:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2463:
2457:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2425:
2419:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2347:Chaudhary (2015)
2344:
2338:
2332:
2323:
2317:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2238:
2235:Li et al. (2014)
2232:
2223:
2222:, pp. 7–40.
2217:
2211:
2210:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2178:
2169:
2168:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2039:
2033:
2006:
2000:
1947:
1941:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1773:Chinese Buddhism
1672:Chinese Buddhism
1649:
1646:
1399:Additional beads
1218:), shortened to
1217:
1212:
1211:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1108:
1107:, thought beads)
1106:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1036:Bagmati Province
874:Tibetan Buddhism
540:(金剛頂瑜伽念珠経, Ch.:
506:Taishō Tripiṭaka
499:
498:
493:
492:
348:Indian religions
342:') is a loop of
337:
331:
318:
298:
297:
275:
274:
251:
245:
244:
216:
215:
195:
194:
181:
180:
160:
159:
158:
143:
142:
129:
128:
115:
114:
91:
77:
76:
46:
30:
21:
6664:
6663:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6655:
6654:
6653:
6614:
6613:
6612:
6607:
6595:
6577:
6529:
6444:
6359:
6096:Ordination hall
6057:
5959:
5930:Buddhist crisis
5842:
5539:
5491:Mahayana sutras
5467:
5463:Thích Nhất Hạnh
5294:
5167:
5107:
5057:Bodhisattva vow
4742:
4608:
4548:
4507:Taṇhā (Craving)
4442:Five hindrances
4393:
4285:
4215:
4069:
4014:
3986:
3969:
3939:
3934:
3904:
3868:
3810:
3784:
3711:
3665:
3595:
3544:
3443:
3277:
3239:
3215:Sandhyavandanam
3168:
3146:
3122:Sandhyavandanam
3065:
2997:
2937:
2856:
2851:
2820:
2818:
2810:
2808:
2799:
2791:
2789:
2780:
2771:
2765:
2752:
2743:
2726:
2715:
2709:
2696:
2687:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2602:
2593:
2587:
2574:
2565:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2533:, eds. (2013).
2525:
2508:
2503:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2451:
2447:
2439:
2428:
2420:
2413:
2404:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2372:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2333:
2326:
2318:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2285:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2258:
2241:
2233:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2190:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2042:
2034:
2009:
2001:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1853:Religion portal
1851:
1844:
1839:Hinduism portal
1837:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1805:
1803:Aesthetic usage
1709:
1647:
1625:
1541:Sculpture of a
1535:
1533:Religious usage
1495:
1463:
1426:
1401:
1243:
1241:Number of beads
1194:
1166:
1100:
1087:
1047:
1026:endemic to the
1010:
898:precious stones
876:
843:Ziziphus jujuba
816:ficus religiosa
810:come from the "
785:
741:
681:
626:
454:
433:
428:
121:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
85:"Buddha pearls"
82:Literal meaning
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6662:
6660:
6652:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6616:
6615:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6605:
6593:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6539:
6537:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6476:
6475:
6470:
6460:
6454:
6452:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6440:
6435:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6369:
6367:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6346:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6294:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6252:
6251:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6225:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6163:
6162:
6160:Greco-Buddhist
6152:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6111:Burmese pagoda
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6067:
6065:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5969:
5967:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5901:
5900:
5893:Greco-Buddhism
5890:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5852:
5850:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5826:United Kingdom
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5771:Czech Republic
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5650:
5645:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5549:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5535:Abhidharmadīpa
5532:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5477:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5453:B. R. Ambedkar
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5373:Songtsen Gampo
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5304:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5177:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5117:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5052:Eight precepts
5049:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4931:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4840:
4830:
4825:
4823:Five Strengths
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4763:
4758:
4752:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4618:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4564:
4558:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4462:Mental factors
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4403:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4314:Mahamoggallāna
4311:
4306:
4301:
4295:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4229:Avalokiteśvara
4225:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4193:
4185:
4177:
4169:
4161:
4153:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4079:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3945:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3825:
3823:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3789:Sacred animals
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3682:Dhvajastambham
3679:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3639:Pillaiyar Suḻi
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3605:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3253:Gayatri Mantra
3249:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2827:
2817:
2816:
2797:
2778:
2769:
2763:
2750:
2741:
2724:
2713:
2707:
2694:
2685:
2666:
2645:
2600:
2591:
2585:
2572:
2563:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2523:
2506:
2501:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2469:. Art of Tibet
2458:
2445:
2426:
2411:
2390:
2388:, p. 520.
2378:
2363:
2351:
2339:
2324:
2303:
2291:
2287:BDEA (c. 2008)
2276:
2264:
2239:
2224:
2220:Simoons (1998)
2212:
2197:
2186:www.radha.name
2170:
2163:
2145:
2138:
2118:
2111:
2093:
2040:
2007:
1948:
1946:, p. 758.
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1842:
1826:
1823:
1816:Sumptuary laws
1804:
1801:
1708:
1705:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1624:
1621:
1534:
1531:
1494:
1491:
1478:, Monju (Skt.
1462:
1459:
1425:
1422:
1400:
1397:
1381:Avalokitesvara
1242:
1239:
1193:
1190:
1152:Meanwhile, in
1046:
1043:
1032:Kavrepalanchok
1009:
1006:
994:
993:
982:
972:
965:
947:
875:
872:
871:
870:
862:
854:
846:
784:
781:
761:, devotees of
740:
737:
680:
677:
625:
622:
486:Mu Huanzi Jing
460:The Hindu god
453:
450:
432:
429:
427:
424:
390:before a holy
304:
303:
300:
299:
292:
286:
285:
281:
280:
277:
276:
262:
256:
255:
254:Transcriptions
247:
246:
233:
227:
226:
222:
221:
218:
217:
210:
204:
203:
197:
196:
189:
183:
182:
175:
169:
168:
166:Yue: Cantonese
162:
161:
151:
145:
144:
137:
131:
130:
123:
117:
116:
109:
103:
102:
96:
95:
94:Transcriptions
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
69:
63:
62:
58:
57:
47:
39:
38:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6661:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6592:
6584:
6583:
6580:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6532:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6451:
6447:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6366:
6365:Miscellaneous
6362:
6356:
6355:Vegetarianism
6353:
6351:
6348:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6177:Buddha in art
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6161:
6158:
6157:
6156:
6153:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6064:
6060:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5962:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5882:
5879:
5878:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5831:United States
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5742:
5739:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5722:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5713:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5658:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5542:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5474:
5470:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5388:Padmasambhava
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5300:Major figures
5297:
5291:
5288:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5246:Western tulku
5244:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5170:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5104:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5047:Five precepts
5045:
5044:
5043:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5025:Dhamma vicaya
5023:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4793:Buddhābhiṣeka
4791:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4605:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4437:Enlightenment
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4427:Dhamma theory
4425:
4423:
4422:Buddha-nature
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4261:Samantabhadra
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4194:
4192:
4186:
4184:
4178:
4176:
4170:
4168:
4162:
4160:
4154:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3966:
3961:
3959:
3954:
3952:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3864:Sacred groves
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3815:Sacred plants
3813:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3185:Brahmamuhurta
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3056:Putrakameshti
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2843:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2652:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2544:9780691157863
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2504:
2502:81-208-0567-4
2498:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2422:JMB (c. 2018)
2418:
2416:
2412:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2274:, p. 99.
2273:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2213:
2208:
2201:
2198:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2003:Tanabe (2012)
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1707:Method of use
1706:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1681:
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610:Garuda Purana
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595:Garuda Purana
592:sources, the
591:
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19:
6629:Prayer beads
6543:Bodhisattvas
6463:Christianity
6458:Baháʼí Faith
6323:Dharmachakra
6313:Prayer wheel
6303:Prayer beads
6302:
6071:Architecture
5950:969 Movement
5734:Saudi Arabia
5712:Central Asia
5705:South Africa
5527:
5510:
5443:Panchen Lama
5348:Buddhapālita
4944:Satipatthana
4939:Mindful Yoga
4852:Recollection
4766:Brahmavihara
4637:Japanese Zen
4632:Chinese Chan
4592:Animal realm
4399:Key concepts
4221:Bodhisattvas
4033:Three Jewels
3930:Temple dance
3849:Kalpavriksha
3777:
3658:
3439:Yajnopavitam
3414:Prayer beads
3413:
3258:Hare Krishna
3195:Jai Shri Ram
3051:Purushamedha
2968:Panchamakara
2819:
2809:. Retrieved
2804:
2790:. Retrieved
2785:
2773:
2754:
2745:
2728:
2718:
2698:
2689:
2674:
2670:
2659:the original
2650:
2612:
2608:
2595:
2576:
2567:
2558:
2534:
2518:
2514:
2492:
2484:Bibliography
2471:. Retrieved
2467:"Mala Beads"
2461:
2453:
2448:
2403:. Retrieved
2401:. 2021-03-17
2393:
2381:
2354:
2342:
2299:Smith (2005)
2294:
2267:
2215:
2200:
2189:. Retrieved
2185:
2154:
2148:
2128:
2121:
2102:
2096:
2036:Mross (2017)
1939:
1898:Phuang malai
1862:Prayer beads
1820:
1812:Ming dynasty
1809:
1806:
1798:
1786:
1782:
1769:
1757:
1753:
1702:
1699:
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1636:
1631:Portrait of
1614:
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1340:prostrations
1333:
1318:
1316:traditions.
1303:
1232:
1219:
1204:
1195:
1163:
1158:
1154:Jōdo Shinshū
1151:
1147:Japanese Zen
1144:
1134:
1130:
1118:
1112:
1097:
1084:
1078:
1040:
1028:Temal region
1017:
1011:
995:
941:
934:
928:
922:
910:lapis lazuli
896:), bone and
887:
885:
865:
857:
849:
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835:
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797:
766:
752:
742:
729:
722:
696:
693:Murudeshwara
673:Qing dynasty
669:Ming dynasty
666:
654:
618:Padma Purana
617:
609:
601:Padma Purana
599:
593:
587:
578:
572:
568:
562:
553:
541:
537:
535:
530:three jewels
518:
500:, "Aristaka/
485:
483:
479:Northern Wei
471:
468:in his hand.
465:
434:
420:Christianity
404:
396:
388:prostrations
381:
367:
344:prayer beads
321:
320:, or simply
313:
309:
307:
260:Romanization
201:Southern Min
107:Hanyu Pinyin
61:Chinese name
6388:Dharma talk
6217:Asalha Puja
6013:Eschatology
5816:Switzerland
5796:New Zealand
5724:Middle East
5633:Philippines
5553:Afghanistan
5358:Bodhidharma
5343:Buddhaghosa
5263:Householder
5173:Monasticism
5126:Bodhisattva
4981:Prostration
4934:Mindfulness
4862:Anapanasati
4845:Kammaṭṭhāna
4642:Korean Seon
4582:Asura realm
4577:Human realm
4517:Ten Fetters
4472:Parinirvana
4374:Uppalavanna
4339:Mahākaccana
4324:Mahākassapa
4256:Kṣitigarbha
4251:Ākāśagarbha
4148:Suddhodāna
4093:Four sights
4020:Foundations
3920:Firewalking
3885:Kusha grass
3829:Akshayavata
3692:Temple tank
3601:Iconography
3549:Instruments
3505:Panchagavya
3399:Panchamrita
3304:Banana leaf
3061:Viraja Homa
2993:Pushpanjali
2973:Panchamrita
2861:Main topics
2361:, p. .
2207:"Japa Mala"
1944:Apte (1965)
1903:Worry beads
1884:Prayer rope
1693:members of
1648: 1750
1442:Vajrasattva
1296:in Central
1275:Vaishnavism
1075:style nenju
1064:style nenju
745:fruitstones
636:with a mala
549:Amoghavajra
514:Eastern Jin
475:bodhisattva
438:Han dynasty
338:, meaning '
296:mālā (माला)
6634:Meditation
6618:Categories
6505:Psychology
6485:Gnosticism
6473:Comparison
6468:Influences
6450:Comparison
6333:Bhavacakra
6291:Kushinagar
6266:Pilgrimage
6212:Māgha Pūjā
6167:Bodhi Tree
5983:Buddhology
5973:Abhidharma
5965:Philosophy
5898:Menander I
5766:Costa Rica
5717:Uzbekistan
5558:Bangladesh
5512:Dhammapada
5496:Pali Canon
5458:Ajahn Chah
5438:Dalai Lama
5338:Kumārajīva
5333:Vasubandhu
5308:The Buddha
5216:Zen master
5151:Sakadagami
5131:Buddhahood
5062:Pratimokṣa
4877:Shikantaza
4833:Meditation
4808:Deity yoga
4679:Madhyamaka
4572:Deva realm
4467:Mindstream
4417:Bodhicitta
4329:Aṅgulimāla
4196:Devadatta
4172:Yaśodharā
4075:The Buddha
4065:Middle Way
3629:Panchaloha
3609:Ashtadhatu
3354:Agarabattī
3289:Puja thali
3175:Ajapa japa
3164:Meditation
3102:Nityakarma
3092:Karmakāṇḍa
3087:Ashvamedha
3041:Kamyakarma
3026:Agnikaryam
3016:Agnicayana
2811:2019-11-16
2792:2009-02-05
2764:488363342X
2586:0691096767
2473:2022-05-22
2405:2022-11-21
2374:Paw (2004)
2191:2023-11-20
1932:References
1778:mantrayana
1691:Vaishanava
1580:apotropaic
1572:talismanic
1513:counter. (
1448:counters.
1406:Triple Gem
1373:The Buddha
1294:Namobuddha
1164:nikka juzu
1111:honorific
1024:Rhamnaceae
962:deity yoga
894:sandalwood
812:bodhi tree
777:Vaishnavas
725:sandalwood
687:Statue of
660:patriarch
588:Regarding
546:vajracarya
502:Soap-Berry
316:jaap maala
135:Wade–Giles
6649:Necklaces
6573:Festivals
6553:Buddhists
6515:Theosophy
6318:Symbolism
6308:Hama yumi
6281:Bodh Gaya
6048:Socialism
6023:Evolution
5998:Economics
5836:Venezuela
5751:Australia
5746:Argentina
5670:Sri Lanka
5665:Singapore
5583:Indonesia
5545:Countries
5486:Tripiṭaka
5448:Ajahn Mun
5323:Nagarjuna
5318:Aśvaghoṣa
5201:Anagārika
5196:Śrāmaṇerī
5191:Śrāmaṇera
5186:Bhikkhunī
5146:Sotāpanna
5035:Passaddhi
4976:Offerings
4951:Nekkhamma
4828:Iddhipada
4748:Practices
4718:Theravada
4691:Vajrayana
4684:Yogachara
4654:Pure Land
4567:Six Paths
4554:Cosmology
4334:Anuruddha
4309:Sāriputta
4299:Kaundinya
4291:Disciples
4266:Vajrapāṇi
4118:Footprint
4083:Tathāgata
3644:Shaligram
3581:Mridangam
3566:Karatalas
3561:Harmonium
3510:Rudraksha
3448:Materials
3364:Kamandalu
3299:Banalinga
3230:Third eye
3220:Śaktipāta
3082:Ashirvada
3046:Pravargya
3021:Agnihotra
2978:Parikrama
2958:Abhisheka
2888:Festivals
2737:169390543
1867:Rudraksha
1787:A common
1765:Paramatma
1721:Vrindavan
1453:pāramitās
1437:Vajrayana
1375:, Buddha
1357:bead, or
1269:108 bead
1210:စိပ်ပုတီး
1205:seik badi
998:turquoise
989:turquoise
985:Rudraksha
975:Red Coral
952:, pearl,
914:carnelian
820:Arecaceae
749:rudraksha
699:malas in
697:rudraksha
679:Materials
658:Pure Land
590:Vaishnava
569:rudraksha
555:Rudraksha
522:soapberry
6591:Category
6520:Violence
6490:Hinduism
6438:Sanskrit
6393:Hinayana
6378:Amitābha
6338:Swastika
6207:Uposatha
6197:Holidays
6182:Calendar
6028:Humanism
5866:Kanishka
5856:Timeline
5680:Thailand
5648:Kalmykia
5643:Buryatia
5628:Pakistan
5613:Mongolia
5608:Maldives
5603:Malaysia
5568:Cambodia
5433:Shamarpa
5428:Nichiren
5378:Xuanzang
5313:Nagasena
5231:Rinpoche
4961:Pāramitā
4803:Devotion
4723:Navayana
4711:Dzogchen
4674:Nichiren
4622:Mahayana
4614:Branches
4492:Saṅkhāra
4241:Mañjuśrī
4198:(cousin)
4190:(cousin)
4158:(mother)
4150:(father)
4138:Miracles
4088:Birthday
4005:Glossary
3978:Buddhism
3925:Samskara
3913:See also
3854:Parijata
3753:Sannyasa
3738:Purohita
3649:Swastika
3535:Turmeric
3490:Marigold
3455:Agarwood
3429:Tilakamu
3369:Khirapat
3319:Dhunachi
3190:Jagarana
3142:Upakarma
3077:Achamana
3031:Aupasana
2641:24479788
2521:: 71–77.
2456:113-139.
1893:beadwork
1889:Garlands
1825:See also
1550:japamala
1484:Maitreya
1480:Mañjuśrī
1444:mantra.
1377:Amitabha
1364:nakadama
1310:Buddhist
1181:Amitabha
1177:nenbutsu
1160:Jōdo-shū
1136:Nichiren
1073:Jodo Shu
1062:Nichiren
918:amethyst
906:sapphire
889:Ziziphus
824:Fabaceae
800:Mahayana
739:Hinduism
733:milliner
598:and the
526:aristaka
466:japamala
444:or Pali
414:and the
356:Buddhism
352:Hinduism
350:such as
326:Sanskrit
310:japamala
290:Sanskrit
214:Hu̍t-tsu
187:Jyutping
179:faht-jyū
50:Varanasi
33:Japamala
6568:Temples
6548:Buddhas
6510:Science
6500:Judaism
6495:Jainism
6413:Lineage
6373:Abhijñā
6343:Thangka
6286:Sarnath
6271:Lumbini
6192:Funeral
6187:Cuisine
6063:Culture
6038:Reality
5988:Creator
5978:Atomism
5848:History
5821:Ukraine
5781:Germany
5700:Senegal
5690:Vietnam
5618:Myanmar
5418:Shinran
5408:Karmapa
5383:Shandao
5353:Dignāga
5278:Śrāvaka
5258:Donchee
5253:Kappiya
5211:Sayadaw
5181:Bhikkhu
5156:Anāgāmi
5113:Nirvana
5079:Samadhi
4966:Paritta
4907:Tonglen
4902:Mandala
4857:Smarana
4838:Mantras
4786:Upekkha
4756:Bhavana
4706:Shingon
4659:Tiantai
4512:Tathātā
4502:Śūnyatā
4497:Skandha
4487:Saṃsāra
4482:Rebirth
4457:Kleshas
4447:Indriya
4349:Subhūti
4234:Guanyin
4188:Ānanda
4180:Rāhula
4060:Nirvana
4000:Outline
3897: (
3844:Kadamba
3779:more...
3763:Satguru
3660:more...
3576:Manjira
3540:Vibhuti
3520:Sindūra
3515:Candana
3500:Panakam
3485:Kumkuma
3480:Incense
3465:Camphor
3434:Utsavar
3424:Shankha
3419:Rangoli
3384:Mulavar
3359:Kalasha
3344:Garland
3314:Coconut
3282:Objects
3245:Mantras
3137:Tarpana
3127:Shuddhi
2988:Prasada
2983:Pranāma
2942:Rituals
2895: (
2883:Deities
2878:Darshan
2632:3914368
1872:Misbaha
1684:samayas
1597:water.
1595:saffron
1591:dharani
1576:magical
1557:mantras
1548:hold a
1325:dharmas
1321:kleshas
1292:and at
1228:mantras
1224:samatha
1201:Myanmar
1140:tassels
1121:Shingon
992:colour.
950:crystal
936:Nelumbo
814:" i.e.
747:of the
667:By the
662:Daochuo
649:Shingon
446:Nikayas
426:History
408:misbaha
383:sadhana
378:prayers
374:mantras
364:Sikhism
360:Jainism
340:garland
193:Fat-zyu
67:Chinese
6563:Sutras
6558:Suttas
6423:Siddhi
6408:Koliya
6383:Brahmā
6298:Poetry
6244:Mantra
6234:Kasaya
6106:Pagoda
6086:Kyaung
6081:Vihāra
6076:Temple
6018:Ethics
5861:Ashoka
5811:Sweden
5806:Poland
5801:Norway
5791:Mexico
5776:France
5761:Canada
5756:Brazil
5695:Africa
5675:Taiwan
5638:Russia
5563:Bhutan
5523:Vinaya
5403:Naropa
5393:Saraha
5328:Asanga
5084:Prajñā
4993:Refuge
4956:Nianfo
4917:Tertön
4912:Tantra
4897:Ganana
4887:Tukdam
4813:Dhyāna
4781:Mudita
4776:Karuṇā
4669:Risshū
4664:Huayan
4597:Naraka
4537:Anattā
4532:Dukkha
4527:Anicca
4432:Dharma
4384:Channa
4319:Ānanda
4304:Assaji
4271:Skanda
4174:(wife)
4143:Family
4123:Relics
4048:Sangha
4043:Dharma
4038:Buddha
3895:Tulasi
3859:Peepal
3839:Banyan
3834:Ashoka
3733:Pujari
3728:Pandit
3702:Temple
3677:Ashram
3670:Places
3614:Lingam
3556:Dholak
3530:Tulasi
3404:Pandal
3389:Paduka
3349:Ghanta
3339:Cāmara
3309:Biruda
3225:Stotra
3205:Kirtan
3180:Bhajan
3159:Prayer
3132:Śrauta
3107:Ngejot
2923:Utsava
2918:Tilaka
2908:Mantra
2903:Kirtan
2873:Bhajan
2761:
2735:
2705:
2639:
2629:
2615:: 15.
2583:
2541:
2499:
2161:
2136:
2109:
1915:Mantra
1910:Prayer
1877:Rosary
1695:ISKCON
1641:Jaipur
1578:, and
1564:nianfo
1546:sadhvi
1476:Kannon
1418:Sangha
1414:Dharma
1410:Buddha
1383:. The
1355:Sumeru
1353:bead,
1351:Buddha
1336:factor
1312:, and
1271:Tulasi
1125:Tendai
1098:onenju
925:rattan
759:Saivas
751:tree (
701:Shaiva
606:tulasi
577:. The
497:佛說木槵子經
462:Brahma
442:Agamas
431:Origin
416:rosary
208:Tâi-lô
141:Fo-chu
6535:Lists
6403:Kalpa
6398:Iddhi
6261:Music
6256:Mudra
6222:Vassa
6202:Vesak
6172:Budai
6118:Candi
6101:Stupa
6033:Logic
5786:Italy
5685:Tibet
5623:Nepal
5593:Korea
5588:Japan
5578:India
5573:China
5518:Sutra
5473:Texts
5423:Dōgen
5413:Hōnen
5398:Atiśa
5363:Zhiyi
5273:Achar
5241:Tulku
5236:Geshe
5221:Rōshi
5206:Ajahn
5161:Arhat
5121:Bodhi
5091:Vīrya
5008:Sacca
5003:Satya
4998:Sādhu
4986:Music
4929:Merit
4922:Terma
4882:Zazen
4818:Faith
4771:Mettā
4452:Karma
4412:Bardo
4379:Asita
4369:Khema
4359:Upāli
4344:Nanda
4182:(son)
4156:Māyā
4133:Films
4010:Index
3890:Lotus
3822:Trees
3801:Horse
3768:Swami
3748:Sadhu
3743:Rishi
3716:Roles
3697:Matha
3634:Pindi
3619:Murti
3591:Veena
3586:Tabla
3470:Charu
3409:Pinda
3394:Palki
3379:Kolam
3374:Kindi
3329:Dhupa
3324:Dhuni
3294:Altar
3070:Other
3036:Dhuni
3011:Yajna
2933:Yatra
2928:Vrata
2913:Murti
2897:Yajna
2868:Ārati
2733:S2CID
2662:(PDF)
2655:(PDF)
1925:Chant
1793:Hindu
1789:taboo
1732:Honen
1717:sadhu
1680:yidam
1617:relic
1602:lamas
1500:dorje
1359:bindu
1306:Hindu
1298:Nepal
1259:Kūkai
1186:Hōnen
1085:ojuzu
1014:Nepal
1008:Nepal
969:merit
958:nacre
954:conch
902:agate
830:are:
828:Tibet
804:bodhi
773:tulsi
689:Shiva
645:Kūkai
624:China
583:Shiva
559:Hindu
412:Islam
372:) of
267:nenju
231:Kanji
127:Forju
113:Fózhū
54:India
6433:Pāḷi
6418:Māra
6328:Flag
5729:Iran
5653:Tuva
5598:Laos
5226:Lama
5074:Śīla
5042:Śīla
5030:Pīti
5020:Sati
4971:Puja
4892:Koan
4798:Dāna
4389:Yasa
4276:Tārā
3880:Bael
3806:Nāga
3773:Yogi
3758:Sant
3723:Guru
3687:Ghat
3654:Yoni
3571:Khol
3525:Soma
3495:Milk
3475:Ghee
3460:Alta
3334:Diya
3235:Yoga
3200:Japa
3003:Homa
2963:Bhog
2950:Puja
2893:Homa
2759:ISBN
2703:ISBN
2637:PMID
2581:ISBN
2539:ISBN
2497:ISBN
2159:ISBN
2134:ISBN
2107:ISBN
1920:Japa
1891:and
1761:atma
1637:mala
1543:Jain
1527:bhum
1523:bhum
1519:bhum
1515:Bhum
1511:bhum
1416:and
1347:guru
1314:Jain
1220:badi
1170:日課数珠
1145:The
1123:and
916:and
822:and
793:mala
763:Siva
614:Hari
491:木槵子經
392:icon
369:japa
362:and
335:mālā
330:माला
322:mala
271:juzu
6155:Art
6091:Wat
4627:Zen
3796:Cow
2678:doi
2627:PMC
2617:doi
1719:at
1686:).
1670:In
1474:),
1408:of
1379:or
1199:in
1096:or
1079:In
1034:in
1030:of
1012:In
908:or
840:or
808:not
691:at
494:or
418:in
410:in
399:108
149:IPA
6620::
5657:ru
3624:Om
3263:Om
3210:Om
2803:.
2784:.
2731:.
2635:.
2625:.
2613:10
2611:.
2607:.
2529:;
2517:.
2513:.
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2414:^
2366:^
2327:^
2306:^
2279:^
2242:^
2227:^
2184:.
2173:^
2043:^
2010:^
1951:^
1645:c.
1643:,
1639:;
1574:,
1412:,
1366:).
1308:,
1142:.
1113:o-
1104:念珠
1091:数珠
1038:.
956:,
904:,
422:.
376:,
358:,
354:,
332:;
328::
312:,
308:A
242:数珠
240:,
238:念珠
74:佛珠
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