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52:
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96:
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To propitiate these gods, the villagers make sacrifices of meat (usually goats) and arrack, which is then shared among all the village. In addition, the mantras are not restricted to
Sanskrit and are performed in Tamil. Worship of these deities is oftentimes seen as the modern continuation of the Dravidian folk religion followed before the Indo-Aryan migration into Indian subcontinent. Similar practices exist among the Kannada and Telugu non-Brahmin castes and Dravidian tribes of Central India.
2290:
937:
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124:
110:
2620:(festival deity) of Somaskanda, they are called Thyagaraja shrines. Unlike Nataraja, which is a Chola development, Somaskanda was prominent even during the Pallava period much earlier to Cholas. References to the evolution of the Somaskanda concept are found from Pallava period from the 7th century CE in carved rear stone walls of Pallava temple sanctums. Somaskanda was the principal deity during Pallava period replacing
1673:
774:
3125:
66:
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1047:
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649:
168:
1494:, and its history traces back to the fifth century BCE. A related claim is that Adi Sankara came to Kanchipuram, and that he established the Kanchi matha named "Dakshina Moolamnaya Sarvagnya Sri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam" in a position of supremacy (Sarvagnya Peetha) over the other mathas of the subcontinent, before his death there. Other sources give the place of his death as
6265:
3111:
1017:, "many incompetent kings succeeded to the throne of Vijayanagara, with the result that its grip loosened over its feudatories among whom the Nayaks of Madurai and Tanjore, were among the first to declare their independence, despite initially maintaining loose links with the Vijayanagara kingdom". As the Vijayanagara Empire went into decline after mid-16th century, the
6274:
2565:
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2271:). In another reference, in canto 17, lines 9 to 16, the epic talks about Rama being the incarnate of Trivikrama or Netiyon, and he building the setu with the help of monkeys who hurled huge rocks into the ocean to build the bridge. Further, canto 18, lines 19 to 26, refers to the illegitimate love of Indra for
2951:
These deities are primarily worshipped by agrarian communities. Unlike the Vedic traditions, these deities generally do not abide in temples, but in shrines in the open. These gods are primarily worshipped through festivals throughout the year, during important occasions like harvest or sowing time.
2611:
derives from Sa (Shiva) with Uma (Parvathi) and Skanda (child
Murugan). It is the form of Shiva where he is accompanied by Skanda the child and Paravati his consort in sitting posture. Though it is a Sanskrit name, it is a Tamil concept and Somaskandas are not found in North Indian temples. In the
593:
was during the first half of the 12th century, their works flourishing about the time of the revival of
Brahminism and Hinduism in the north, speculating that Vaishnavism might have penetrated to the south as early as about the first century CE. There also exists secular literature that ascribes the
312:
There are few worship forms and practices in
Hinduism that are specific to Tamil Nadu due to the Bhakti movement spreading them across India. There are many mathas (monastic institutions) and temples based out of Tamil Nadu. In modern times, most of the temples are maintained and administered by the
2960:
A steeply classified class structure existed in Tamil Nadu from around 2000 years because of the correlation in the form of cultivation, population and centralization of political system. These classes in turn are grouped into social groups especially in rural areas. The shape of class system in
2374:
glorified
Murugan, " the red god seated on the blue peacock, who is ever young and resplendent," and " the favoured god of the Tamils." Efforts were made to incorporate Murugan into both Vaishnavism and Shaivism, with the deity regarded as the son-in-law of Vishnu, and the son of Shiva. The Sangam
2643:
is one of the eight forms of Shiva, and translation of the adjectival form as "terrible" or "frightful". Bhairava is known as
Vairavar in Tamil where he is often presented as a Grama Devata or folk deity who safeguards the devotee on all eight directions. In Chola times Bhairava is referred as
2235:
section (canto 27), makes mention of the Lord who could measure the three worlds, going to the forest with his brother, waging a war against Lanka and destroying it with fire (Dikshitar, 1939, p. 237). This seems to imply on Rama being regarded as divinity, rather than a mere human. These
1458:, who was a great grand disciple of Vedanta Desikan and a disciple of Brahmatantra Swatantra Jiyar of the Parakala matha, founded and established the matha, based on the Pancharatra tradition. Since then a succession of forty-six ascetics known as Aḻagiya Singar have headed the monastic order.
2312:'Piḷḷaiyār'), is one of the deities best-known and most widely worshipped in the Hindu pantheon. Ganesa is the first son of Shiva and is given the primary importance in all Shiva temples with all worship starting from him. Local legend states the Tamil word Pillayar splits into
770:, which in turn caused the revival of the Cholas. The Cholas went on to becoming a great power. Their decline saw the brief resurgence of the Pandyas. This period was also that of the re-invigorated Hinduism during which temple building and religious literature were at their best.
2946:
or Madan, is a regional Tamil male deity who is popular in South India, particularly Tamil Nadu. He is considered to be the son of Shiva and
Parvati. He seems to have originated in some ancestral guardian spirit of the villages or communities in Tamil Nadu, in a similar manner as
2616:, the principal deity is Somaskanda under the name of Thyagaraja. All temples in the Thygaraja cult have images of Somaskandar as Thyagarajar - though iconographically similar, they are iconologically different. Architecturally when there are separate shrines dedicated to the
1714:, and several others in his temples scattered throughout the Tamil country. Originally venerated as the god of the forests, Perumal was assimilated with Vaishnavism, having earlier conceived been as either a pantheistic or a monotheistic divinity. Through the concept of
1797:
has the earliest known mentions of some stories such as "Krishna stealing sarees of Gopis" which is found later in north Indian literature, making it probable that some of the ideas from Tamil Hindu scholars inspired the
Sanskrit scholars in the north and the
3434:
896:
The
Pallavas were replaced by the Cholas as the dominant kingdom in the 10th century CE and they in turn were replaced by Pandyas in the 13th century CE with their capital as Madurai. Temples such as the Meenakshi Amman Temple at Madurai and
2537:
god Shiva as the cosmic dancer
Koothan who performs his divine dance to destroy a weary universe and make preparations for god Brahma to start the process of creation. A Tamil concept, Shiva was first depicted as Nataraja in the famous
2391:) of the age of the third Sangam. The cult of Skanda disappeared during the 6th century and was predominantly expanded during late 7th century Pallava period - Somaskanda sculptured panels of the Pallava period stand as a testament.
2328:. During the 7th century, Vatapi Ganapati idol was brought from Badami (Vatapi - Chalukya capital) by Paranjothi, the general of Pallavas who defeated Chalukyas. In modern times, there are separate temples for Ganesha in Tamil Nadu.
3021:. He also encouraged members of the lower sections of society to convert to Christianity or Islam. He also claimed that Muslims follow the ancient philosophy of the Dravidians. A number of political parties in Tamil Nadu, such as
1224:, comprising present day Tamil Nadu, coastal Andhra Pradesh, South Canara district Karnataka, and parts of Kerala. The state was subsequently split up along linguistic lines. In 1969, Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu, meaning
843:
flourished in the land of the Tamils, and Hinduism was suppressed. Because the Kalabhras gave protection to Jains and perhaps Buddhists, too, some have concluded that they were anti-Hindu, although this latter view is disputed.
618:
in some of the older poems of the Sangam, and indicated that the opposition that was set up and maintained persistently against northern conquest had possibly in it an element of religion, the south standing up for orthodox
2897:
god. 'Muni' means 'saint' and 'iswara' represents 'Shiva'. He is considered as a form of Shiva, although no scriptural references have been found to validate such claims. He is worshiped as a family deity in most Shaiva
2628:, a UNESCO world heritage site. But the cult was not popular and Somaskanda images were relegated to subshrines. Sangam literature does not mention Somaskanda and references in literature are found in the 7th-century
2981:, leaving the remaining 1,18,55,827 in Hinduism. The literacy rate (who can read, write and understand) among these stands at 63.2% which is lower than the 73.5% state level literacy rate.
2486:
as a symbol of Shiva, augments the synthesis of the old cults of pillar and phallic worship. The idea emerged from deity residing in a pillar and later visualised as Shiva emerging from the
975:
and the Chidambaram Temple in the heart of the temple town of Chidambaram. With the decline of the Cholas between 1230 and 1280 CE, the Pandyas rose to prominence once again, under
1379:
are a set of 276 places having Shiva temples that were mentioned casually in the songs in Tevaram. The child poet, Tirugnana Sambandar was involved in converting many people from
421:
that he performed Vedic Rituals in the court of Righteousness where justice is well practiced after those conversant with proper custom. The text Purananuru further mentions that
6253:
4192:"(52) The dynasties of Magadh after the Mahabharat war and the important historical personalities (Gautam Buddh, Chandragupt Maurya, Jagadguru Shankaracharya, and Vikramaditya)"
635:
brought and settled down in the south, and the whole output of this archaic literature exhibits unmistakably considerable Brahman influence in the making up of that literature.
2170:. The poem makes the analogy of a poet receiving royal gifts and that worn by the relatives of the poet as being unworthy for their status, to the event in the Ramayana, where
1478:
in the Tamil country and was propagated as such by the different ruling dynasties in Tamil Nadu, the Shaiva and Vaishnava moments started as a result of this introduction. The
4111:"Vadakalai Srivaishnava Festivals' Calendar - The source mentions Pancharatra & Munitraya Krishna Jayantis celebrated by Ahobila Mutt & Andavan Ashrams respectively"
5894:
Krsna, Lord or Avatara? the relationship between Krsna and Visnu: in the context of the Avatara myth as presented by the Harivamsa, the Visnupurana and the Bhagavatapurana
2546:, forms the motif for all the depictions of Shiva as Nataraja. The form is present in most Shiva temples in South India, and is the main deity in the famous temple at
2582:(teacher) of all fields. This aspect of Shiva is his personification of the ultimate awareness, understanding and knowledge. The image depicts Shiva as a teacher of
2156:. In Rama-centric traditions of Hinduism, he is considered the Supreme Being. The earliest reference to the story of the Ramayana is found in the Sangam literature.
3584:
835:, invaded and displaced the three Tamil kingdoms and ruled between the 3rd and the 6th centuries CE of the Sangam period. This is referred to as the Dark Age in
2828:
folk deity popular in southern Tamil Nadu. His name was derived as a result of his association with the southern city of Madurai as a protector of the city.
6231:
498:
1808:
which is complex, containing layers that go back to the 1st or 2nd centuries BCE, Consists the parts of Krishna Playing with Gopis and stealing sarees.
1529:
philosophy. It is currently headed by Sri Arunagirinatha Gnanasambantha Desika Paramacharya. The adheenam is the hereditary trustee of four temples in
6503:
6246:
1184:
was supported by the French by the middle of the 18th century. In the late 18th century, the western parts of Tamil Nadu, came under the dominions of
1718:, first introduced to the region by the Alvars, Vaishnavism became among the oldest faiths to influence the Tamil people. The deity, and his consort
4136:
Ahobila Mutt's Balaji Mandir Pune, Calendar - The calendar mentions Ahobila Mutt disciples celebrating Krishna Jayanti as "Pancharatra Sri Jayanti".
3026:
2760:
in Tamil Nadu. The hero stones are dated to the 3rd century CE. It reads "Ayanappa; a shrine to Cattan." This is followed by another inscription in
2112:
3315:
2693:
1676:
1064:
666:
3333:
762:
who were very active during the Sangam age were entirely absent during the first few centuries. The period started with the rivalry between the
527:
are recited by these Brahmins, and even their parrots are mentioned in the poem as those who sing the Vedic hymns. The text states a temple for
51:
1766:, 108 shrines of Perumal that were glorified in their works, which continue to be visited as major shrines of pilgrimage by Tamil Vaishnavas.
1009:
in the Deccan. It eventually conquered the entire Tamil country (c. 1370 CE). This empire lasted for almost two centuries, till the defeat of
409:
an Indian historian, archaeologist and epigraphist states that Tamil Nadu was The Land of the Vedas and all Sangam people followed the Vedas.
6179:
6031:
5964:
5925:
5882:
5798:
5758:
5451:
4879:
4852:
4765:
4732:
4670:
4643:
4555:
4528:
4501:
4428:
4373:
4347:
4320:
4261:
4039:
3946:
3745:
3718:
3655:
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2162:
which is dated from 1st century BCE and 5th century CE. Purananuru 378, attributed to the poet UnPodiPasunKudaiyar, written in praise of the
1341:
tradition of Hinduism in South India. Most of them came from the Tamil region and the last of them lived in the 9th century CE. Composers of
5674:
1021:
governors, who were appointed by the Vijayanagara kingdom to administer various territories of the empire, declared their independence. The
6239:
4449:
79:
6444:
4545:
540:
4869:
2625:
3351:
839:
history and Hinduism in Tamil Nadu. They were expelled by the Pallavas and the Pandyas in the 6th century. During the Kalabhras' rule,
95:
2381:(circa 400-450 CE) attributed to the great Sangam poet Nakkiirar, Murugan was the presiding deity of the Kurinci region (hilly area).
2184:, which is dated between 1st century BCE and 2nd century CE, has a reference to the Ramayana in poem 70. The poem places a triumphant
1408:
The development of Hinduism grew up in the temples and mathas of medieval Tamil Nadu with self-conscious rejection of Jain practises.
1029:
were most prominent of them all, in the 17th century. They reconstructed some of the oldest temples in the Tamil country, such as the
1111:
713:
6200:
6158:
6132:
6113:
6092:
6073:
6054:
6002:
5983:
5944:
5901:
5858:
5839:
5818:
5779:
5737:
5716:
5646:
5616:
5575:
5540:
5505:
5478:
5381:
5205:
4804:
4697:
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image can be found in the first precinct around the sanctum in the wall exactly behind the image of Shiva. Appar, one of the early
1130:
752:
732:
337:
2178:
and these jewels being picked up red-faced monkeys who delightfully wore the ornaments (Hart and Heifetz, 1999, pp. 219–220).
1239:
The total number of Tamil Hindus as per 2011 Indian census is 63,188,168 which forms 87.58% of the total population of Tamil Nadu.
1083:
685:
745:
4241:
1667:
343:
5441:
5069:
1819:
or the "dark one," as the supreme deity who creates, sustains, and destroys the universe and was worshipped in the mountains of
1617:(i.e., involving devotion to a single god while accepting the existence of others), but any such term is an overgeneralisation.
309:
tradition of Hinduism in South India. Most of them came from the Tamil region and the last of them lived in the 9th century CE.
6556:
5829:
5468:
1090:
692:
6434:
4249:
3074:
3054:
2697:
1068:
670:
6169:
6144:
5748:
4491:
3684:
3671:
3512:
3451:
2506:
form of Shiva while Tirugnana Sambandar refers this form of Shiva as the nature of light that could not be comprehended by
925:
itself the Chola empire had expanded into what is now interior Andhra Pradesh and coastal Karnataka, while under the great
3962:
Pg.557 The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi sultanate; Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti
3464:
2937:
2665:
290:
as per 2011 Indian census is 63,188,168 which forms 87.58% of the total population of Tamil Nadu. Hinduism is the largest
4138:
2613:
2410:
2107:
1097:
964:
699:
3936:
3857:
353:, possibly the most ancient of the extant Sangam works, dated between the 3rd century BCE and 5th century CE glorified
1613:
is complex and depends upon each individual and the tradition and philosophy followed. It is sometimes referred to as
877:. Pallavas ruled a large portion of South India with Kanchipuram as their capital. Mahendra Varman was principally a
5872:
4029:
3029:(AIADMK) owe their origins to the Self-respect movement, the latter a 1972 breakaway from the DMK. Both parties are
2342:
2259:, and her journey to become a Buddhist Bhikkuni. This epic also makes several references to the Ramayana, such as a
1371:. The Shaiva saints have revered 276 temples in Tevaram and most of them are in Tamil Nadu on both shores of river
543:
is one of the Eight Anthologies and is dedicated to the Hindu god Karthikeya. It also mentions many other gods Like
6454:
6293:
6288:
6103:
5769:
4154:
1735:
1177:
1079:
980:
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681:
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297:
The religious history of Tamil Nadu is influenced by Hinduism quite notably during the medieval period. The twelve
6328:
4110:
2686:
1057:
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3050:
3022:
2358:) also called Kartikeya, Skanda and Subrahmanya, is a popular deity among the Tamil people, famously referred as
2216:
1793:
and others in the Akanaṉūṟu . According to Alf Hiltebeitel – an Indian Religions and Sanskrit Epics scholar, the
976:
620:
6348:
4518:
3541:
The four hundred songs of war and wisdom : an anthology of poems from classical Tamil : the Puṟanāṉūṟu
3085:. After 1931, caste based census was not performed and hence the census data is not available for other castes.
6413:
6383:
4191:
3895:
3082:
3046:
2256:
2220:
1536:
586:
314:
6308:
5173:
G. Vanmikanathan. (1971). Pathway to God through Tamil literature, Volume 1. A Delhi Tamil Sangam Publication.
3991:
3602:
6469:
6464:
6408:
6530:
6485:
6439:
6418:
6353:
6223:
2741:
1450:(also called Ahobila Matam) is a Vadakalai Sri Vaishnava religious institution established 600 years ago at
1193:
265:
6333:
5532:
E.V. Ramaswami Naicker-Periyar : a study of the influence of a personality in contemporary South India
4094:
2518:
153:
3833:'Advanced History of India', K.A.Nilakanta Sastri (1970)p. 181-182, Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
3428:
3138:
3010:
2656:
2438:
worship on a large scale in South India is believed to be from Chola times (late 7th century CE), through
1518:
1440:
also known as Parakalan. The head of this matha is the hereditary Acharya of the Mysore Royal Family. The
1014:
882:
291:
71:
6403:
6323:
5376:
Encyclopedia International, by Grolier Incorporated Copyright in Canada 1974. AE5.E447 1974 031 73-11206
2324:
meaning elephant. K. A. Nilakanta Sastri (1963:57-58) thinks that Pallavas adopted the Ganesa motif from
2231:
when Rama leaves for exile to the forest as instructed by his father (Dikshitar, 1939, p. 193). The
6459:
6388:
6363:
6338:
3143:
3058:
2990:
2181:
1548:
1212:. The Hindu temples were kept intact during this period, and there is no notable destruction recorded.
1173:
1149:
952:
840:
595:
326:
6303:
4079:
4073:
2236:
references indicate that the author was well aware of the story of the Ramayana in the 2nd century AD.
959:
is a classical example of the magnificent architecture of the Chola kingdom. Brihadshwara temple is an
5411:
2192:, sitting under a Banyan tree, involved in some secret discussions, when the birds are chirping away.
6373:
3974:
1558:
1018:
960:
940:
583:
were born. These two groups promoted Vaishnavism and Shaivism which lead to the growth of Hinduism.
4056:
1104:
706:
6368:
6358:
6318:
2859:, on whose body she is often seen standing. She is associated with many other Hindu goddesses like
2819:
2377:
2307:
2248:
1933:
1598:
1432:
Hindu society. The matha was first established by Brahmatantra Swatantra Jeeyar, a disciple of Sri
1026:
1006:
1000:
968:
805:
3277:
A HISTORY OF INDIAN LITERATURE volume 10 TAMIL LITERATURE page number 49 written by Kamil Zvelebil
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based society that considered them to be a lower end of the hierarchy. It was founded in 1925 by
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Singh, Sarina; Lindsay Brown; Mark Elliott; Paul Harding; Abigail Hole; Patrick Horton (2009).
4896:
4014:
4008:
3070:
2448:. Pallavas propagated Somaskanda as the principal form of worship, slightly deviating from the
1555:, India. As of 1987, there were a total of 15 Shiva temples under the control of the adheenam.
1454:
in India by Athivan Satakopa Svami (originally known as Srinivasacharya). Athivan Sathakopa, a
6515:
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6175:
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6109:
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5998:
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4728:
4722:
4703:
4693:
4666:
4639:
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4424:
4414:
4369:
4343:
4337:
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3258:
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established around 600 CE by saint Campantar. It is located two blocks from the huge Madurai
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or Velvi. Several kings have performed Vedic Sacrifices and prayed various gods of Hinduism.
4584:
3932:
3217:
2966:
2962:
2600:
2362:(God of Tamils). He is often regarded as the patron deity of the Tamil land (Tamil Nadu).
1800:
1510:
1437:
1391:, a cleaning and remodification initiative of dilapidated Shiva temples. The Alvars, the 12
1030:
867:
123:
3843:
3187:
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In the early 18th century, the eastern parts of Tamil Nadu came under the dominions of the
631:. The Tamil literature of this period has references scattered all over to the colonies of
6498:
6313:
4142:
3102:
3018:
2994:
1828:
1739:
1723:
1699:
1683:
1657:
1540:
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984:
85:
4217:"Page Two - (53) Chronological chart of the history of Bharatvarsh since its origination"
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Ganesha, also spelled Ganesa or Ganesh, also known as Ganapati, Vinayaka, and Pillaiyar (
4946:
4388:
3045:
Caste based political parties were not successful during the 1960s to late 80s when the
139:
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6043:
5957:
Sacred Places of a Lifetime: 500 of the World's Most Peaceful and Powerful Destinations
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Dalit visions : the anti-caste movement and the construction of an Indian identity
5217:
For description of the form as representing teaching functions, see: Kramrisch, p. 472.
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Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India and China
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1966:. He is believed to have incarnated in the form of a part-lion, part-man being to kill
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is worshipped directly, or in the form of his ten avatars, the most famous of whom are
1562:
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Report on the Inscriptions of the Devasthanam Colle[c]tion, with Illustrations
3477:
3365:
3287:
3017:, India. Ramasamy's movement espoused atheism and rationalism, and was a proponent of
2542:
and sculptures of Chidambaram. The dance of Shiva in Tillai, the traditional name for
2366:, possibly the most ancient of the extant Sangam works, dated between the 3rd century
1672:
1013:
in the Battle of Talikota in 1565. Subsequent to this defeat, according to the author
983:. This revival was short-lived as the Pandya capital of Madurai itself was sacked by
6550:
6525:
5911:
4844:
4606:
3627:
3407:
3379:
3301:
3130:
2943:
2375:
poetry divided space and Tamil land into five allegorical areas and according to the
2208:
1425:
1421:
1181:
881:, but converted to Hinduism by the influence of Shaiva saints. It was under him that
821:
801:
793:
615:
510:
426:
129:
5638:
The Renewal of the Priesthood: Modernity and Traditionalism in a South Indian Temple
3650:. University of Chicago Press (Motilal Banarsidass 1991 Reprint). pp. 188–190.
3393:
2275:
the wife of Rishi Gautama(Pandian, 1931, p. 149)(Aiyangar, 1927, p. 28).
1734:
in Perumal temples in Tamil Nadu. He is the deity who is primarily addressed in the
109:
4520:
Singing the Body of God: The Hymns of Vedantadesika in Their South Indian Tradition
3116:
3002:
2998:
2901:
2825:
2320:
meaning who is this son, but scholars believe it is derived from the Sanskrit word
2036:
plagiat within the so-called Sangam texts. This Paripadal has a Poem which Praises
1614:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1221:
1010:
855:
851:
836:
430:
406:
57:
5706:
3124:
866:
During the 4th to 8th centuries CE, Tamil Nadu saw the rise of the Pallavas under
65:
6190:
5915:
5727:
5021:
4633:
4253:
3735:
3645:
3539:
6535:
4493:
History of People and Their Environs: Essays in Honour of Prof. B.S. Chandrababu
2921:
2890:
2675:
2645:
2543:
2434:
is the principal deity in most Shiva temples in South India. The propagation of
2268:
2264:
2240:
2189:
2143:
1782:
1763:
1731:
1602:
1586:
1514:
1487:
1392:
1364:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1046:
988:
918:
902:
847:
648:
482:
349:
287:
257:
167:
25:
773:
6150:
4278:
3092:
3014:
2925:
2868:
2864:
2753:
2608:
2387:
2371:
2159:
1983:
1755:
1707:
1633:
1606:
1582:
1578:
1552:
418:
278:
208:
5515:
4598:
4290:
4135:
3861:
3229:
2263:(bridge) being built by monkeys in canto 5, line 37 (however the location is
5585:
4707:
4453:
4179:
3206:"The Blend of Sanskrit Myth and Tamil Folklore in "Thiru-murugātru-p-padai""
2961:
rural Tamil Nadu has changed dramatically because of land reform acts like '
2884:
2745:
2539:
2337:
2325:
2224:
2089:
2041:
2029:
1919:
1820:
1805:
1759:
1590:
1499:
1495:
1474:
lands closer to the 5th-6th century CE, it soon became the standard form of
1455:
1441:
1352:
1334:
1185:
956:
832:
749:
580:
564:
474:
466:
394:
378:
224:
216:
115:
5550:
4573:"Historical sequence of the Vaiṣṇava Divyadeśas. Sacred venues of Viṣṇuism"
2564:
2468:
1754:. The largest Hindu temple in India is dedicated to Perumal in his form of
5495:
5183:
4058:
The History of the Vijayanagar Empire: Beginnings and expansion, 1308-1569
2831:
2573:
2223:, and has many references to the Ramayana story. It describes the fate of
1944:
627:
by the persuasive eloquence and persistent effort of the Buddhist emperor
606:, which contains seven poems in praise of Vishnu, including references to
6218:
5771:
The many faces of Murukan̲: the history and meaning of a South Indian god
5565:
4834:
4687:
3078:
3062:
3030:
2880:
2845:
2640:
2604:
Image of Somaskandar - Shiva accompanied by Skanda the child and Parvathi
2588:
2526:
2440:
2425:
2139:
2064:
2033:
1959:
1743:
1727:
1703:
1645:
1475:
1467:
1451:
1380:
1368:
1356:
914:
878:
767:
624:
611:
490:
414:
410:
354:
302:
274:
261:
253:
248:
6105:
anslating Kali's feast: the goddess in Indo-Caribbean ritual and fiction
5530:
4158:
5937:
A History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar
5412:"Tamil Nadu DATA HIGHLIGHTS: THE SCHEDULED CASTES Census of India 2001"
4114:
3237:
3205:
2978:
2933:
2876:
2872:
2848:
2812:
2780:
2761:
2729:
2700: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2482:
2444:, the oldest literature details about worshipping Shiva in the form of
2284:
2252:
2228:
2212:
2120:
1971:
1790:
1774:
1719:
1711:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1610:
1522:
1429:
1384:
1372:
1343:
1330:
1071: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
785:
781:
763:
673: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
632:
607:
556:
520:
515:
494:
454:
370:
was considered ageless (The god who stays for ever) and the Supreme god
358:
305:(poet-saints of the Shaiva tradition) are regarded as exponents of the
298:
5851:
The Tyāgarāja cult in Tamilnāḍu: a study in conflict and accommodation
5567:
Muslim identity, print culture, and the Dravidian factor in Tamil Nadu
3797:
2211:, dated to the 2nd century AD or later. The epic narrates the tale of
1200:, the East India Company consolidated most of southern India into the
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
2929:
2852:
2507:
2430:
2420:
2272:
2175:
2153:
2148:
2124:
2037:
2025:
1975:
1963:
1955:
1715:
1661:
1621:
1594:
1491:
1402:
817:
759:
628:
590:
576:
572:
544:
532:
528:
506:
502:
478:
470:
462:
446:
442:
434:
422:
384:
373:
367:
212:
4589:
4572:
3221:
2740:) is worshipped as a guardian deity predominantly in Tamil Nadu and
2572:
Dakshinamurthy or Jnana Dakshinamurti (Tamil: தட்சிணாமூர்த்தி, IAST:
1444:
idol worshipped here is said to be handed down from Vedanta Desika.
913:
By the 9th century CE, during the times of the second Chola monarch
4155:"Sri Krishna & Janmashtami - Essence of Srivaishnava Practices"
1337:(saint poets of Shaiva tradition) are regarded as exponents of the
598:, a scholar of Tamil literature, published the ancient work of the
6264:
6049:. United Kingdom: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
5068:
Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices, by Jeanne Fowler, pgs. 42-43, at
3006:
2993:
is a movement with the purported aim of achieving a society where
2917:
2894:
2860:
2856:
2784:
2757:
2655:
2599:
2563:
2534:
2517:
2467:
2409:
2400:
2341:
2288:
2163:
2111:
1768:
1671:
1566:
1348:
935:
846:
825:
772:
744:
594:
commencement of the tradition in the south to the 3rd century CE.
552:
548:
535:
which is present even now, the lines 429 to 434 mention the town
524:
458:
450:
438:
402:
398:
173:
5467:
Thomas Pantham; Vrajendra Raj Mehta; Vrajendra Raj Mehta (2006).
2965:'. As per 2001 census, there was a total of 11,857,504 people in
2648:, a mendicant, and the image can be found in most Chola temples.
5831:
Social class in urban India: essays on cognitions and structures
2583:
2579:
2204:
2185:
2171:
2135:
2116:
1939:
1786:
1625:
1220:
When India became independent in 1947, Madras Presidency became
486:
6235:
5750:
Open boundaries: Jain communities and culture in Indian history
4010:
Hindu and Muslim Religious Institutions, Andhra Desa, 1300-1600
3433:. International Institute of Tamil Studies. 1969. p. 131.
2138:
is one of the deities best-known and most widely worshipped in
5920:. Translated by Harshav, Barbara. Princeton University Press.
3596:
3594:
2669:
2498:
saint of the 7th century, gives evidence of this knowledge of
2367:
1833:
1577:
Hinduism is a diverse system of thought with beliefs spanning
1436:
by 1268 CE. The matha got the name "Parakala" by the grace of
1040:
1005:
The Muslim invasions triggered the establishment of the Hindu
642:
2768:
which is dated to the 4th century CE. Literary references to
4283:
Economic and Political Weekly: A Sameeksha Trust Publication
6273:
6016:. Kalpatharu Research Academy. Kalpatharu Research Academy.
4692:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 123.
4420:
The man who was a woman and other queer tales of Hindu lore
3647:
The Cult of Draupadī: Mythologies from Gingee to Kurukserta
2912:) (also called by many other names) is one of the regional
1730:, are primarily venerated, and are also represented as the
539:
and mentions the god Vishnu sleeping in a reclining pose.
6045:
The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India
509:
who was born from Vishnu's navel and from Brahma came the
6012:
Rao, Saligrama Krishna Ramachandra; Rao, Rama R. (1989).
5853:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited.
1482:
serves as the foremost Smartha institution in the state,
1235:
The Sripuram Golden Temple in Vellore, completed in 2007.
301:(poet-saints of the Vaishnava tradition) and sixty-three
6192:
The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India
4970:
Shattan, Merchant-Prince (1989). Daniélou, Alain (ed.).
4871:
The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India
3057:
were dominant. Three of the parties emerged prominent -
2385:
is a deeply devotional poem included in the ten idylls (
413:
is recognised as the greatest king of the Early Cholas.
2086:
his flesh, along with broken pieces of pillar which you
885:
reached its peak with the Pallava built Hindu temples.
393:
mentions several Hindu gods and Vedic practices around
5993:
Parmeshwaranand, Swami; Swami Parmeshwaranand (2001).
5470:
Political Ideas in Modern India: thematic explorations
3639:
3637:
2533:; (Tamil: கூத்தன் (Kooththan)) is a depiction of the
2084:
You tore him apart with your split claws and scattered
2075:
because of your love for him. You attacked and ruined
1204:
coterminous with the dominions of Nizam of Hyderabad.
963:
under "Great Living Chola Temples." Some examples are
905:
are the best examples of Pandyan temple architecture.
614:. Aiyangar references an invasion of the south by the
1781:
Number of poems echo the Hindu puranic legends about
1333:(saint poets of Vaishnava tradition) and sixty-three
951:
The Cholas excelled in building magnificent temples.
5877:(3rd ed.). State University of New York Press.
2251:, narrates the tale of Manimekalai, the daughter of
2129:
an album painting on paper from Tamil Nadu, ca 1820.
2071:
man was not disrespectful to his father who deserved
1738:, a compilation of works by the Alvar saints, whose
933:, the Cholas rose as a notable power in south Asia.
816:
Districts in present-day Tamil Nadu and present day
6478:
6427:
6281:
5995:
Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas: Volume 3.(I-L)
5599:Shankar Raghuraman; Paranjoy Guha Thakurta (2004).
3709:; Stephen N. Hay; William Theodore De Bary (1988).
3478:"Poem: Purananuru - Part 241 by George L. III Hart"
3366:"Poem: Purananuru - Part 224 by George L. III Hart"
3288:"Poem: Purananuru - Part 362 by George L. III Hart"
2809:
2787:period (9th century CE) onwards the popularity of
2069:
praises, inflicting on him great sorrow. The young
1702:tradition. He is also venerated by the epithets of
1636:is worshipped directly in the form of lingam with
242:
230:
202:
184:
31:
6042:
5600:
4749:
3628:"Poem: Purananuru - Part 58 by George L. III Hart"
3538:
3408:"Poem: Purananuru - Part 57 by George L. III Hart"
3380:"Poem: Purananuru - Part 46 by George L. III Hart"
3302:"Poem: Purananuru - Part 15 by George L. III Hart"
2783:work dated to the 4th to 5th century CE. From the
2586:, music, and wisdom, and giving exposition on the
2428:deity Shiva used for worship in Hindu temple. The
2073:disrespect. You embraced Prahalathan’s fine chest
1486:'s official history states that it was founded by
1216:Tamil Nadu in the Republic of India (1947–present)
401:as a book of Righteousness and is used to perform
286:dated to the 5th century BCE. The total number of
6146:Kaladarsana: American studies in the art of India
6064:Soundara Rajan, Kodayanallur Vanamamalai (2001).
4302:
4300:
3394:"Poem: Purananuru - Part 1 by George L. III Hart"
2082:mountain-like chest as drums roared like thunder.
1762:. The Alvars influenced the establishment of the
1525:shrines in the world. It is an active centre of
4901:. Madras, British India: Oxford University Press
3784:
2969:(SC) constituting 19% of Tamil Nadu and 7.1% of
2932:. He is one of the 21 associate folk-deities of
2146:. He is the seventh and one of the most popular
361:as the favoured god of the Tamils. According to
5978:. New Delhi: Los Angeles County Museum of Art.
5793:. Delhi: John Wiley & Sons(Asia) Pte. Ltd.
5705:Anand, Swami P.; Swami Parmeshwaranand (2004).
3858:"Directorate of Census Operations - Tamil Nadu"
2008:poetic work and traditionally the fifth of the
1970:, to end religious persecution and calamity on
1144:Rule of Nawabs, Nizams, and British (1692–1947)
5959:. United States: National Geographic Society.
4780:
4619:
3446:
3444:
1894:and you are the substance and meaning of all.
1565:, India. As of 1987, there were a total of 27
1387:to Hinduism. The saint Appar was involved in
1347:– the Tamil saint poets of 7th century namely
6247:
4078:. St. Paul's Press Training School. pp.
3564:
3562:
3507:
3505:
2055:burning hatred in his heart and drying up the
1982:and there are Several old Temples for him in
8:
5500:(Rev. ed.). Hyderabad: Orient Longman.
5406:
5404:
5402:
5393:
4972:Manimekhalai: The Dancer With the Magic Bowl
3882:
3685:"Pattupattu Ten Tamil Idylls Chelliah J. V."
3672:"Pattupattu Ten Tamil Idylls Chelliah J. V."
3513:"Pattupattu Ten Tamil Idylls Chelliah J. V."
3465:"Pattupattu Ten Tamil Idylls Chelliah J. V."
3452:"Pattupattu Ten Tamil Idylls Chelliah J. V."
1978:. There mentions of Narasimha even in Tamil
1395:saint poets of 7th-9th century composed the
24:
5641:. Princeton University Press. p. 118.
4945:Aiyangar, Rao Bahadur Krishnaswami (1927).
4496:. Bharathi Puthakalayam. 2011. p. 47.
3737:Early History of Vaishnavism in South India
2227:suffering the same agony as experienced by
1839:
1569:temples under the control of the adheenam.
313:Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the
282:finds its earliest literary mention in the
6254:
6240:
6232:
5828:Driver, Edwin D.; Driver, Aloo E. (1987).
5661:
3713:. Columbia University Press. p. 342.
3583:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3001:, and encouraging backward castes to have
2048:Legend of Narasimha according to Paripāṭal
1742:and hymns were propagated in the works of
1241:
589:states that the lifetime of the Vaishnava
567:, Sages. Paripadal also mentions that The
437:also prayed to Several Hindu gods such as
23:
6087:. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company.
6085:Concise classified dictionary of Hinduism
6068:. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company.
6066:Concise classified dictionary of Hinduism
5304:
5288:
5286:
5237:
5235:
5116:
5092:
5080:
4847:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 871–872.
4588:
4368:, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., p. 71,
3896:"India Independence With Kolaru Pathigam"
3821:
3199:
3197:
2716:Learn how and when to remove this message
1192:, particularly with their victory in the
1131:Learn how and when to remove this message
995:Vijayanagara and Nayak period (1336–1646)
733:Learn how and when to remove this message
6445:Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
5732:. Albany: State University of New York.
4727:. Oxford University Press. p. 223.
4665:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 49.
4478:
4443:
3844:"Tamil Nadu Population Census data 2011"
3569:Kalakam, Turaicămip Pillai, ed. (1950).
3188:"Tamil Nadu Population Census data 2011"
3174:"Tamil Nadu Population Census data 2011"
3027:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
2855:. Kālī is represented as the consort of
1698:, is a form of Vishnu worshipped in the
1230:
979:and his younger brother, the celebrated
5188:form, see: Sivaramamurti (1976), p. 47.
5182:. For iconographic description of the
4523:. Oxford University Press. p. 89.
4285:. Controller of Publications: 7. 1962.
4075:Studies in Social History: Modern India
3532:
3530:
3165:
381:was considered young and a personal god
5753:. State University of New York Press.
5603:A Time of Coalitions: Divided We Stand
5443:Political Theory and Political Thought
4984:
4948:Manimekhalai In Its Historical Setting
4756:. Cambridge University Press. p.
4517:Hopkins, Steven Paul (18 April 2002).
4395:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2007
3772:
3760:
3576:
3537:Hart, George L; Heifetz, Hank (1999).
3437:from the original on 13 November 2017.
2916:male deities who is popular among the
2215:, son of a wealthy merchant, his wife
1876:among the stones, you are the diamond;
5041:Cage of Freedom By Andrew C. Willford
4793:Zvelebil, Kamil (25 September 1974).
4096:Tirupati Balaji was a Buddhist Shrine
3996:. Sri Tatadesika Tiruvamsastar Sabha.
3993:The Temple of Lord Varadaraja, Kanchi
2522:Shiva Nataraja, the Lord of the Dance
2080:with great strength, leaping upon his
2053:O Lord with faultless red eyes! With
1722:, as well as her aspects of Sridevi,
501:states that Lord Vishnu Who took the
497:and many other gods. The Sangam text
469:, and even to Avatars of Vishnu like
7:
5834:. Netherlands: E. J. Brill, Leiden.
5570:. Hyderabad, India: Orient Longman.
5128:
4571:Rajarajan, R.K.K. (1 January 1970).
3919:
2698:adding citations to reliable sources
2293:The shrine of Ganesa inside a temple
1069:adding citations to reliable sources
671:adding citations to reliable sources
203:Regions with significant populations
6168:Wyatt, Andrew; Zavos, John (2003).
6127:. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications.
5976:Indian Sculpture: 700-1800 Volume 1
5681:. National Informatics Centre. 2012
5421:. National Informatics Centre. 2012
5198:Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend
4895:Dikshitar, V R Ramachandra (1939).
4221:encyclopediaofauthentichinduism.org
4196:encyclopediaofauthentichinduism.org
3740:. Forgotten Books. pp. 93–94.
3352:"The great Cholas through the ages"
2134:Sri Ramachandra also simply called
2024:states that the hymns dedicated to
1992:(Dated between 300 BCE to 300 CE) (
967:temple known as Thirumoolasthanam,
824:in the west, (thought to be modern
519:post (a form of Vedic altar) and a
5896:. Surrey: Routledge. p. 254.
5813:. USA: Columbia University Press.
3973:Sastry, Sadhu Subrahmanya (1984).
3430:Journal of Tamil Studies, Volume 1
3251:Zvelebil, Kamil (6 October 1974).
3013:(called Periyar by supporters) in
2936:and is hence one of the so-called
2472:Lingothbhava or emergence of Linga
2346:Image of Skanda, the six faced God
2174:drops her jewels when abducted by
1804:, or vice versa. However the text
889:built the Shore Temple which is a
14:
5623:Self-respect movement DMK AIADMK.
4638:. A&C Black. pp. 48–50.
4242:Swami, Satguru Sivaya Subramaniya
2096:Paripāṭal, poem 4, Verses 10 - 21
1609:among others; and its concept of
753:Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam
338:Religion in ancient Tamil country
6272:
6263:
5935:Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (2002) .
5675:"Census of India - Census Terms"
5635:Christopher John Fuller (2003).
5440:N.D. Arora/S.S. Awasthy (2007).
5364:
5152:National Geographic 2008, p. 268
4061:. Popular Prakashan. p. 52.
4028:Narasimhachary, Mudumby (2004).
3846:. Census 2011 - Census of India.
3190:. Census 2011 - Census of India.
3176:. Census 2011 - Census of India.
3123:
3109:
3095:
2883:. She is the foremost among the
2674:
2592:(vedic texts) to his disciples.
1884:in the Veda, you are the secret;
1668:Vaishnavism in Ancient Tamilakam
1561:is a matha based in the town of
1539:is a matha based in the town of
1466:The Smartha ritualistic form of
1291:Agricultural Workers Population
1045:
647:
417:is mentioned in the poem 224 of
344:Vaishnavism in Ancient Tamilakam
166:
152:
138:
122:
108:
94:
78:
64:
50:
6083:Stephanides, Stephanos (2001).
5997:. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons.
5729:Ganesh: Studies of an Asian God
5711:. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons.
4926:. Madras: Saiva Siddhanta Works
4920:Pandian, Pichai Pillai (1931).
4034:. Sahitya Akademi. p. 18.
3734:Aiyangar, Krishnaswami (2019).
3601:Dakshinamurthy, A (July 2015).
3499:Paripadal Poem 4 Lines 10 to 20
3490:Paripadal Poem 2 Lines 16 to 19
2887:, ten fierce Tantric goddesses.
2685:needs additional citations for
2032:has branded the Paripatal as a
1886:among elements, the primordial;
1424:was the first monastery of the
1401:, a literary work praising god
1299:HH Industry Workers Population
1056:needs additional citations for
658:needs additional citations for
5535:. Stockholm: Esselte studium.
4550:. BPI Publishing. p. 44.
4547:Little Known Facts About India
4309:Tamil Nadu: an unfinished task
4250:Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
3990:Tatacharya, R. Varada (1978).
3696:Paripadal Poem 3 lines 1 to 14
3075:Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi
3055:Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
2824:'Maturai Vīraņ') is a
2476:Lingothbhavar or emergence of
2414:Decorated form of Shiva Lingam
1888:in the burning sun, the light;
1773:Procession of the Tamil deity
1521:, one of the most famous Siva-
1513:is the oldest Shaiva matha in
1180:was supported by the English,
804:era (300 BCE–250 CE) over the
575:. After the Sangam period the
513:. the poem further mentions a
1:
5607:. Sage Publications. p.
5352:
5340:
5328:
4362:Chakravarti, Sitansu (1991),
3941:. Vedanta Press. p. 50.
3603:"Akananuru: Neytal – Poem 70"
3545:. Columbia University Press.
3041:Caste-based political parties
2666:Village deities of Tamil Nadu
2578:) is an aspect of Shiva as a
2243:written as the sequel to the
2203:) written by a prince turned
2002:the paripatal-metre anthology
1831:in the most poetic of terms.
1815:(200 BCE to 500 CE) mentions
6171:Decentring the Indian Nation
6125:Art shrines of ancient India
6026:. Australia: Lonely Planet.
5955:National Geographic (2008).
5774:. Hague: Mouton Publishers.
5708:Encyclopaedia of the Śaivism
5316:
5008:
4799:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
4686:Blurton, T. Richard (1993).
4342:, AuthorHouse, p. 109,
3802:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
3798:"Great Living Chola Temples"
3257:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
3204:Sri, Padmanabhan S. (1984).
2791:became even more pronounced.
2748:. The earliest reference to
2108:Ramayana in Tamil literature
2088:split and came out, in your
1890:in moonshine, its sweetness;
1880:among virtues, you are love;
623:against the encroachment of
198:of the Tamil Nadu Population
6435:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
5184:
4974:. New York: New Directions.
4752:An Introduction to Hinduism
4724:Handbook of Hindu Mythology
4721:George M. Williams (2008).
4055:Sharma, M. H. Rāma (1978).
4007:Reddy, Ravula Soma (1984).
3979:. Sri Satguru Publications.
3711:Sources of Indian Tradition
3059:Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK)
2832:
2810:
2756:to hunting chiefs from the
2624:, including the temples at
2614:Tiruvarur Thygarajar Temple
2574:
2531:The Lord (or King) of Dance
2424:is a representation of the
2057:sandal paste on his chest,
1945:
1874:in blossoms, the fragrance;
1620:The major worship forms of
433:in poem 37, 39, 43 and 46.
397:. Tamilians considered the
6573:
6102:Vasudevan, Geetha (2000).
5974:Pal, Pratapaditya (1988).
5917:Hinduism: Past and Present
5849:Ghose, Rajeshwari (1996).
5811:Art of the imperial Cholas
5789:Cotterell, Arthur (2011).
5446:. Har-Anand Publications.
5292:
5277:
5265:
5253:
5241:
5140:
5104:
4996:
2663:
2557:
2398:
2335:
2282:
2105:
1872:In fire, you are the heat;
1736:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
1706:, Varadharaja, Rangaraja,
1677:Ulagalantha Perumal Temple
1665:
1655:
1359:with the 9th-century poet
1161:
1147:
998:
981:Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan
965:Tiruvarur Thyagaraja Swamy
891:UNESCO World Heritage Site
860:UNESCO World Heritage Site
341:
335:
324:
6143:Williams, Joanna (1981).
6123:V.K. Subramanian (2003).
5768:Clothey, Fred W. (1978).
4632:Raoul McLaughlin (2010).
4423:, Routledge, p. 38,
4072:Bhatnagar, O. P. (1964).
3938:Monasteries in South Asia
3334:"The cultural connection"
3316:"Vedic route to the past"
3051:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
3023:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
2909:
2841:
2802:
2737:
2355:
2302:
1997:
1928:
1863:அனைத்தின் உட்பொருளும் நீ;
1840:
1691:
1307:Other Workers Population
977:Maravarman Sundara Pandya
854:built by the Pallavas at
247:
235:
207:
189:
44:
5892:Matchett, Freda (2000).
5394:Driver & Driver 1987
5226:
4951:. London: Luzac & Co
4868:Zvelebil, Kamil (1973).
4821:"Ettuthokai – Paripādal"
4277:"Census of India, 1981:
4099:. Sanjivan Publications.
3644:Alf Hiltebeitel (1988).
3047:Indian National Congress
2893:(Tamil முனீஸ்வரன்) is a
1777:, identified with Vishnu
1537:Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam
1470:was introduced into the
1080:"Hinduism in Tamil Nadu"
987:'s troops under General
682:"Hinduism in Tamil Nadu"
587:S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar
425:were the descendants of
315:Government of Tamil Nadu
32:
6486:Assamese-Bengali Hindus
6224:Encyclopedia Britannica
6189:Kamil Zvelebil (1973).
6108:. Atlanta: Rodopi B.V.
5809:Dehejia, Vidya (1990).
5791:Asia: A Concise History
5564:More, J. B. P. (2004).
4748:Gavin D. Flood (1996).
4659:Kamil Zvelebil (1974).
4393:Encyclopædia Britannica
4365:Hinduism, a way of life
3083:1999 Loksabha elections
3081:polled 12% vote in the
2851:associated with power,
2660:Ayyanar idols near Gobi
2652:Dravidian folk religion
1857:வெஞ் சுடர் ஒளியும் நீ;
1315:Non-Workers Population
1283:Cultivators Population
1194:Second Anglo-Mysore War
971:located at the city of
266:Dravidian folk religion
6557:Hinduism in Tamil Nadu
5726:Brown, Robert (1991).
5662:Wyatt & Zavos 2003
5208:) by Anna Dallapiccola
4923:Cattanar's Manimekalai
4339:Ultimate Truth, Book 1
4336:Rogers, Peter (2009),
4093:Jamanadas, K. (1991).
3707:Embree, Ainslie Thomas
3210:Asian Folklore Studies
3139:Religion in Tamil Nadu
2971:SC population in India
2661:
2605:
2569:
2523:
2473:
2452:; Cholas being strict
2415:
2347:
2294:
2131:
1950:), sometimes rendered
1870:
1859:திங்களுள் அளியும் நீ;
1851:மறத்தினுள் மைந்து நீ;
1847:சொல்லினுள் வாய்மை நீ;
1845:கல்லினுள் மணியும் நீ;
1837:
1827:describe the glory of
1778:
1679:
1519:Meenakshi Amman Temple
1236:
948:
883:Dravidian architecture
863:
858:(c. 8th century CE) –
789:
755:
596:U.V. Swaminathan Aiyar
407:Ramachandran Nagaswamy
292:religion in Tamil Nadu
16:Religion in Tamil Nadu
6041:Smith, David (1996).
5529:Diehl, Anita (1977).
5494:Omvedt, Gail (2006).
5473:. Sage Publications.
4307:M. Thangaraj (2003).
4246:How To Become A Hindu
3785:V.K. Subramanian 2003
3144:Religion in Sri Lanka
2991:Self-Respect Movement
2985:Self-Respect Movement
2752:includes two or more
2659:
2603:
2567:
2521:
2502:episodes relating to
2471:
2413:
2345:
2292:
2247:by the Buddhist poet
2201:The Tale of an anklet
2115:
1903:Paripadal, iii: 63–68
1849:அறத்தினுள் அன்பு நீ;
1843:பூவினுள் நாற்றம் நீ;
1772:
1675:
1648:in separate shrines.
1549:Nagapattinam District
1412:Monastic institutions
1267:Literates Population
1234:
1174:Nawab of the Carnatic
1150:Nawab of the Carnatic
939:
850:
776:
748:
507:the four faced Brahma
327:History of Tamil Nadu
5874:A Survey of Hinduism
5129:Parmeshwaranand 2001
4840:Sri Ramacaritamanasa
4013:. New Era. pp.
3005:in the context of a
2694:improve this article
2460:in all the temples.
1974:, thereby restoring
1938:'man-lion',
1907:—F Gros, K Zvelebil
1855:பூதத்து முதலும் நீ;
1559:Dharmapuram Adheenam
1244:Hindus in Tamil Nadu
1196:. After winning the
1065:improve this article
961:UNESCO Heritage Site
953:Brihadeshwara Temple
941:Brihadeeswara Temple
820:from the capital of
667:improve this article
602:period known as the
411:King Karikala Cholan
6531:South Indian Hindus
6504:Hindu-Muslim tribes
6024:Lonely Planet India
5747:Cort, John (1998).
5162:Soundara Rajan 2001
4783:, pp. 123–124.
4781:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
4620:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
2928:and small parts of
2378:Tirumurugarruppatai
2249:Chithalai Chathanar
1882:in valour—strength;
1841:தீயினுள் தெறல் நீ;
1353:Tirugnana Sambandar
1275:Workers Population
1247:
1027:Nayaks of Thanjavur
1007:Vijayanagara Empire
1001:Vijayanagara Empire
969:Annamalaiyar Temple
541:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
28:
6219:"Tamil | Hinduism"
6195:. BRILL Academic.
5939:. New Delhi: OUP.
5059:Krishan 1999, p.60
5050:Krishan 1999, p.59
4985:Rao & Rao 1989
4898:The Silappadikaram
4446:, p. xiv and
4415:Pattanaik, Devdutt
4141:2011-10-09 at the
4031:Śrī Vedānta Deśika
3524:Akananuru poem 220
2662:
2606:
2570:
2524:
2474:
2416:
2383:Tirumurugaruppatai
2348:
2295:
2132:
1779:
1748:Manavala Mamunigal
1680:
1531:Thanjavur District
1363:, the composer of
1242:
1237:
1170:Nizam of Hyderabad
1154:Nizam of Hyderabad
949:
923:Parantaka Chola II
899:Nellaiappar Temple
887:Narasimhavarman II
864:
790:
756:
499:Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai
431:Shibi Chakravarthi
6544:
6543:
6455:Jammu and Kashmir
6428:Union Territories
6294:Arunachal Pradesh
6270:Hinduism in India
6181:978-0-7146-5387-7
6033:978-1-74179-151-8
5966:978-1-4262-0336-7
5927:978-0-691-08953-9
5884:978-0-7914-7082-4
5800:978-0-470-82958-5
5760:978-0-7914-9985-6
5453:978-81-241-1164-2
5022:"Vatapi Ganapati"
4881:978-90-04-03591-1
4854:978-81-208-0762-4
4767:978-0-521-43878-0
4734:978-0-19-533261-2
4672:978-3-447-01582-0
4645:978-1-84725-235-7
4622:, pp. 53–54.
4557:978-81-8497-295-5
4530:978-0-19-802930-4
4503:978-93-80325-91-0
4430:978-1-56023-181-3
4375:978-81-208-0899-7
4349:978-1-4389-7968-7
4322:978-0-7619-9780-1
4313:SAGE Publications
4263:978-81-208-1811-8
4161:on 3 October 2011
4117:on 3 October 2011
4041:978-81-260-1890-1
3948:9-780-874-81047-9
3933:Swahananda, Swami
3883:Klostermaier 2007
3747:978-0-243-64916-7
3720:978-0-231-06651-8
3657:978-81-208-1000-6
3067:Puthiya Tamilagam
3035:social democratic
3033:with a generally
2973:. Leaving 840 in
2920:social groups of
2823:
2808:
2726:
2725:
2718:
2480:, found in Shiva
2311:
2130:
2063:tortured his son
2018:Sangam literature
2010:Eight Anthologies
2004:) is a classical
1980:Sangam Literature
1937:
1911:
1910:
1878:in speech, truth;
1813:Sangam literature
1694:), also rendered
1456:Vadakalai Brahmin
1377:Vaippu Sthalangal
1322:
1321:
1259:Total Population
1202:Madras Presidency
1164:Madras Presidency
1158:Kingdom of Mysore
1141:
1140:
1133:
1115:
1023:Nayaks of Madurai
945:Raja Raja Chola I
875:Narasimhavarman I
778:Kallalagar temple
743:
742:
735:
717:
569:Thirty-three gods
561:Thirty-three gods
505:is the father of
395:Ancient Tamilakam
391:Sangam literature
284:Sangam literature
271:
270:
180:
179:
39:
6564:
6329:Himachal Pradesh
6276:
6268:
6267:
6256:
6249:
6242:
6233:
6228:
6206:
6185:
6164:
6138:
6119:
6098:
6079:
6060:
6048:
6037:
6017:
6008:
5989:
5970:
5950:
5931:
5907:
5888:
5864:
5845:
5824:
5804:
5785:
5764:
5743:
5722:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5671:
5665:
5659:
5653:
5652:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5606:
5596:
5590:
5589:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5491:
5485:
5484:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5416:
5408:
5397:
5391:
5385:
5374:
5368:
5365:Stephanides 1994
5362:
5356:
5350:
5344:
5338:
5332:
5326:
5320:
5314:
5308:
5307:, pp. 39–40
5302:
5296:
5290:
5281:
5275:
5269:
5263:
5257:
5251:
5245:
5239:
5230:
5224:
5218:
5215:
5209:
5195:
5189:
5187:
5180:
5174:
5171:
5165:
5159:
5153:
5150:
5144:
5138:
5132:
5126:
5120:
5114:
5108:
5102:
5096:
5090:
5084:
5078:
5072:
5070:Books.Google.com
5066:
5060:
5057:
5051:
5048:
5042:
5039:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5018:
5012:
5006:
5000:
4994:
4988:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4843:. Translated by
4831:
4825:
4824:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4796:Tamil Literature
4790:
4784:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4755:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4662:Tamil Literature
4656:
4650:
4649:
4629:
4623:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4592:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4488:
4482:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4460:on 17 March 2007
4456:. Archived from
4440:
4434:
4433:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4304:
4295:
4294:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4188:
4182:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4157:. Archived from
4151:
4145:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4113:. Archived from
4107:
4101:
4100:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3970:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3929:
3923:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3892:
3886:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3860:. Archived from
3854:
3848:
3847:
3840:
3834:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3794:
3788:
3787:, pp. 96–98
3782:
3776:
3775:, pp. 91–92
3770:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3703:
3697:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3641:
3632:
3631:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3598:
3589:
3588:
3582:
3574:
3566:
3557:
3556:
3544:
3534:
3525:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3509:
3500:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3448:
3439:
3438:
3425:
3412:
3411:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3254:Tamil Literature
3248:
3242:
3241:
3201:
3192:
3191:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3170:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3105:
3100:
3099:
3098:
2967:Scheduled castes
2963:Green Revolution
2911:
2843:
2835:
2818:
2816:
2807:romanized:
2806:
2804:
2739:
2721:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2701:
2678:
2670:
2577:
2370:and 5th century
2357:
2306:
2304:
2219:, and his lover
2128:
2067:for singing your
1999:
1954:, is the fourth
1948:
1932:
1930:
1865:
1864:
1853:வேதத்து மறை நீ;
1834:
1823:. The verses of
1801:Bhagavata Purana
1693:
1511:Madurai Adheenam
1438:Tirumangai Alvar
1405:in 4000 verses.
1248:
1136:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1116:
1114:
1073:
1049:
1041:
1031:Meenakshi Temple
1015:Nilakanta Sastri
868:Mahendravarman I
800:from before the
738:
731:
727:
724:
718:
716:
675:
651:
643:
185:Total population
170:
156:
142:
126:
112:
98:
82:
68:
54:
46:
45:
35:
33:தமிழ் இந்துக்கள்
29:
6572:
6571:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6547:
6546:
6545:
6540:
6499:Kashmiri Hindus
6474:
6423:
6277:
6262:
6260:
6217:
6214:
6209:
6203:
6188:
6182:
6167:
6161:
6142:
6135:
6122:
6116:
6101:
6095:
6082:
6076:
6063:
6057:
6040:
6034:
6021:
6011:
6005:
5992:
5986:
5973:
5967:
5954:
5947:
5934:
5928:
5910:
5904:
5891:
5885:
5869:Klostermaier, K
5867:
5861:
5848:
5842:
5827:
5821:
5808:
5801:
5788:
5782:
5767:
5761:
5746:
5740:
5725:
5719:
5704:
5700:
5695:
5694:
5684:
5682:
5679:Census of India
5673:
5672:
5668:
5660:
5656:
5649:
5634:
5633:
5629:
5619:
5598:
5597:
5593:
5578:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5543:
5528:
5527:
5523:
5508:
5493:
5492:
5488:
5481:
5466:
5465:
5461:
5454:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5424:
5422:
5419:Census of India
5414:
5410:
5409:
5400:
5392:
5388:
5375:
5371:
5363:
5359:
5351:
5347:
5339:
5335:
5327:
5323:
5315:
5311:
5303:
5299:
5291:
5284:
5276:
5272:
5264:
5260:
5252:
5248:
5240:
5233:
5225:
5221:
5216:
5212:
5196:
5192:
5181:
5177:
5172:
5168:
5160:
5156:
5151:
5147:
5139:
5135:
5127:
5123:
5115:
5111:
5103:
5099:
5091:
5087:
5079:
5075:
5067:
5063:
5058:
5054:
5049:
5045:
5040:
5036:
5026:
5024:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5007:
5003:
4995:
4991:
4983:
4979:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4954:
4952:
4944:
4943:
4939:
4929:
4927:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4904:
4902:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4882:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4855:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4807:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4779:
4775:
4768:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4735:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4700:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4673:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4646:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4618:
4614:
4590:10.5617/ao.4468
4577:Acta Orientalia
4570:
4569:
4565:
4558:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4531:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4504:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4477:
4473:
4463:
4461:
4447:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4398:
4396:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4376:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4315:. p. 170.
4306:
4305:
4298:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4264:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4225:
4223:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4200:
4198:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4178:
4174:
4164:
4162:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4143:Wayback Machine
4134:
4130:
4120:
4118:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4042:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3918:
3914:
3904:
3902:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3881:
3877:
3867:
3865:
3864:on 5 March 2012
3856:
3855:
3851:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3820:
3816:
3806:
3804:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3783:
3779:
3771:
3767:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3721:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3643:
3642:
3635:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3609:
3600:
3599:
3592:
3575:
3568:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3536:
3535:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3511:
3510:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3450:
3449:
3442:
3427:
3426:
3415:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3322:. 23 June 2016.
3314:
3313:
3309:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3265:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3222:10.2307/1178103
3203:
3202:
3195:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3110:
3108:
3103:Hinduism portal
3101:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3043:
3019:anti-Brahminism
2995:backward castes
2987:
2958:
2885:Dasa Mahavidyas
2722:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2691:
2679:
2668:
2654:
2638:
2598:
2562:
2556:
2516:
2466:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2340:
2334:
2287:
2281:
2239:
2233:Aycciyarkuravai
2199:(translated as
2110:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2054:
1916:
1896:
1893:
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1889:
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1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
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1867:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1756:Ranganathaswamy
1752:Vedanta Desikan
1682:
1670:
1664:
1658:Perumal (deity)
1656:Main articles:
1654:
1575:
1541:Thiruvaduthurai
1527:Saiva Siddantha
1508:
1464:
1419:
1414:
1398:Divya Prabandha
1367:were saints of
1327:
1218:
1166:
1160:
1146:
1137:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1074:
1072:
1062:
1050:
1039:
1003:
997:
985:Alauddin Khalji
911:
739:
728:
722:
719:
676:
674:
664:
652:
641:
639:Medieval period
531:in the city of
415:Karikala Cholan
346:
340:
334:
329:
323:
251:
211:
194:
176:
171:
162:
157:
148:
143:
132:
127:
118:
113:
104:
99:
88:
86:Arunagirinathar
83:
74:
69:
60:
55:
40:
34:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6570:
6568:
6560:
6559:
6549:
6548:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6521:Punjabi Hindus
6518:
6513:
6511:Marathi Hindus
6508:
6507:
6506:
6496:
6493:
6491:Bengali Hindus
6488:
6482:
6480:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6431:
6429:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6349:Madhya Pradesh
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6289:Andhra Pradesh
6285:
6283:
6279:
6278:
6261:
6259:
6258:
6251:
6244:
6236:
6230:
6229:
6213:
6212:External links
6210:
6208:
6207:
6201:
6186:
6180:
6165:
6159:
6140:
6133:
6120:
6114:
6099:
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6074:
6061:
6055:
6038:
6032:
6019:
6009:
6003:
5990:
5984:
5971:
5965:
5952:
5945:
5932:
5926:
5912:Michaels, Axel
5908:
5902:
5889:
5883:
5865:
5859:
5846:
5840:
5825:
5819:
5806:
5799:
5786:
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5696:
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5627:
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5556:
5541:
5521:
5506:
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5479:
5459:
5452:
5432:
5398:
5386:
5369:
5357:
5345:
5333:
5321:
5309:
5305:Vasudevan 2000
5297:
5282:
5270:
5258:
5246:
5231:
5219:
5210:
5190:
5175:
5166:
5154:
5145:
5133:
5121:
5117:Vasudevan 2000
5109:
5097:
5093:Vasudevan 2000
5085:
5083:, p. 105.
5081:Vasudevan 2000
5073:
5061:
5052:
5043:
5034:
5013:
5001:
4989:
4977:
4962:
4937:
4912:
4887:
4880:
4860:
4853:
4826:
4823:. 19 May 2022.
4812:
4805:
4785:
4773:
4766:
4740:
4733:
4713:
4698:
4678:
4671:
4651:
4644:
4624:
4612:
4563:
4556:
4536:
4529:
4509:
4502:
4483:
4471:
4435:
4429:
4406:
4380:
4374:
4354:
4348:
4328:
4321:
4296:
4269:
4262:
4233:
4208:
4183:
4172:
4146:
4128:
4102:
4085:
4064:
4047:
4040:
4020:
3999:
3982:
3965:
3954:
3947:
3924:
3922:, p. 208.
3912:
3887:
3885:, p. 255.
3875:
3849:
3835:
3826:
3822:Cotterell 2011
3814:
3789:
3777:
3765:
3753:
3746:
3726:
3719:
3698:
3689:
3676:
3663:
3656:
3633:
3619:
3590:
3558:
3551:
3526:
3517:
3501:
3492:
3483:
3469:
3456:
3440:
3413:
3399:
3385:
3371:
3357:
3354:. 20 May 2022.
3343:
3340:. 5 July 2012.
3325:
3307:
3293:
3279:
3270:
3263:
3243:
3216:(1): 133–140.
3193:
3179:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3149:Tamil calendar
3146:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3120:
3106:
3090:
3087:
3042:
3039:
3011:E. V. Ramasamy
2986:
2983:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2941:
2940:of the Tamils.
2899:
2888:
2829:
2795:Madurai Veeran
2792:
2789:Ayyanar-Shasta
2774:Silappatikaram
2770:Ayyanar-Cattan
2766:Tiruchirapalli
2758:Arcot district
2742:Tamil villages
2724:
2723:
2682:
2680:
2673:
2664:Main article:
2653:
2650:
2637:
2634:
2597:
2594:
2568:Dakshinamurthy
2560:Dakshinamurthy
2558:Main article:
2555:
2554:Dakshinamurthy
2552:
2515:
2512:
2465:
2462:
2456:, established
2407:
2404:
2399:Main article:
2396:
2393:
2336:Main article:
2333:
2330:
2283:Main article:
2280:
2277:
2245:Silappatikaram
2197:Silappatikaram
2106:Main article:
2103:
2100:
2051:
2022:Kamil Zvelebil
1968:Hiranyakashipu
1915:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1898:
1897:
1868:
1861:அனைத்தும் நீ;
1758:, situated at
1710:, Kallalagar,
1653:
1650:
1574:
1571:
1563:Mayiladuthurai
1545:Kuthalam taluk
1507:
1504:
1463:
1460:
1448:Ahobila Matham
1434:Vedanta Desika
1422:Parakala matha
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1389:Uḻavatru padai
1361:Manickavasagar
1326:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1217:
1214:
1210:princely state
1208:remained as a
1162:Main article:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1053:
1051:
1044:
1038:
1035:
999:Main article:
996:
993:
973:Tiruvannamalai
931:Rajendra Chola
927:Rajaraja Chola
910:
907:
798:southern India
741:
740:
655:
653:
646:
640:
637:
503:Vamana Avatara
363:Kamil Zvelebil
336:Main article:
333:
332:Ancient period
330:
325:Main article:
322:
319:
269:
268:
245:
244:
240:
239:
233:
232:
228:
227:
221:Andhra Pradesh
205:
204:
200:
199:
187:
186:
182:
181:
178:
177:
172:
165:
163:
158:
151:
149:
146:Rajaraja Chola
144:
137:
134:
133:
128:
121:
119:
114:
107:
105:
102:Manikkavacakar
100:
93:
90:
89:
84:
77:
75:
70:
63:
61:
56:
49:
42:
41:
37:Tamiḻ intukkaḷ
20:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6569:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6526:Sindhi Hindus
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6516:Nepali Hindus
6514:
6512:
6509:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6500:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6477:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6426:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6414:Uttar Pradesh
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6280:
6275:
6271:
6266:
6257:
6252:
6250:
6245:
6243:
6238:
6237:
6234:
6226:
6225:
6220:
6216:
6215:
6211:
6204:
6202:90-04-03591-5
6198:
6194:
6193:
6187:
6183:
6177:
6174:. Routledge.
6173:
6172:
6166:
6162:
6160:90-04-06498-2
6156:
6152:
6148:
6147:
6141:
6136:
6134:81-7017-431-7
6130:
6126:
6121:
6117:
6115:90-420-1381-8
6111:
6107:
6106:
6100:
6096:
6094:81-7022-857-3
6090:
6086:
6081:
6077:
6075:81-7022-857-3
6071:
6067:
6062:
6058:
6056:0-521-48234-8
6052:
6047:
6046:
6039:
6035:
6029:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6006:
6004:81-7625-226-3
6000:
5996:
5991:
5987:
5985:81-7017-383-3
5981:
5977:
5972:
5968:
5962:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5946:0-19-560686-8
5942:
5938:
5933:
5929:
5923:
5919:
5918:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5903:0-7007-1281-X
5899:
5895:
5890:
5886:
5880:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5860:81-208-1391-X
5856:
5852:
5847:
5843:
5841:90-04-08106-2
5837:
5833:
5832:
5826:
5822:
5820:0-231-07188-4
5816:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5796:
5792:
5787:
5783:
5781:90-279-7632-5
5777:
5773:
5772:
5766:
5762:
5756:
5752:
5751:
5745:
5741:
5739:0-7914-0657-1
5735:
5731:
5730:
5724:
5720:
5718:81-7625-427-4
5714:
5710:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5680:
5676:
5670:
5667:
5664:, p. 126
5663:
5658:
5655:
5650:
5648:0-691-11657-1
5644:
5640:
5639:
5631:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5618:0-7619-3237-2
5614:
5610:
5605:
5604:
5595:
5592:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5577:81-250-2632-0
5573:
5569:
5568:
5560:
5557:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5542:91-24-27645-6
5538:
5534:
5533:
5525:
5522:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5507:81-250-2895-1
5503:
5499:
5498:
5490:
5487:
5482:
5480:0-7619-3420-0
5476:
5472:
5471:
5463:
5460:
5455:
5449:
5445:
5444:
5436:
5433:
5420:
5413:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5390:
5387:
5383:
5382:0-7172-0705-6
5379:
5373:
5370:
5366:
5361:
5358:
5354:
5353:Williams 1981
5349:
5346:
5342:
5341:Williams 1981
5337:
5334:
5330:
5329:Williams 1981
5325:
5322:
5318:
5313:
5310:
5306:
5301:
5298:
5294:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5250:
5247:
5243:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5223:
5220:
5214:
5211:
5207:
5206:0-500-51088-1
5203:
5199:
5194:
5191:
5186:
5179:
5176:
5170:
5167:
5163:
5158:
5155:
5149:
5146:
5142:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5125:
5122:
5119:, p. 105
5118:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5101:
5098:
5095:, p. 106
5094:
5089:
5086:
5082:
5077:
5074:
5071:
5065:
5062:
5056:
5053:
5047:
5044:
5038:
5035:
5023:
5017:
5014:
5010:
5005:
5002:
4998:
4993:
4990:
4986:
4981:
4978:
4973:
4966:
4963:
4950:
4949:
4941:
4938:
4925:
4924:
4916:
4913:
4900:
4899:
4891:
4888:
4883:
4877:
4873:
4872:
4864:
4861:
4856:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4830:
4827:
4822:
4816:
4813:
4808:
4806:9783447015820
4802:
4798:
4797:
4789:
4786:
4782:
4777:
4774:
4769:
4763:
4759:
4754:
4753:
4744:
4741:
4736:
4730:
4726:
4725:
4717:
4714:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4699:0-674-39188-8
4695:
4691:
4690:
4682:
4679:
4674:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4655:
4652:
4647:
4641:
4637:
4636:
4628:
4625:
4621:
4616:
4613:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4567:
4564:
4559:
4553:
4549:
4548:
4540:
4537:
4532:
4526:
4522:
4521:
4513:
4510:
4505:
4499:
4495:
4494:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4479:Matchett 2000
4475:
4472:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4444:Michaels 2004
4439:
4436:
4432:
4426:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4410:
4407:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4367:
4366:
4358:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4341:
4340:
4332:
4329:
4324:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4273:
4270:
4265:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4237:
4234:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4176:
4173:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4132:
4129:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4098:
4097:
4089:
4086:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4068:
4065:
4060:
4059:
4051:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4024:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4003:
4000:
3995:
3994:
3986:
3983:
3978:
3977:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3958:
3955:
3950:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3913:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3876:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3824:, p. 190
3823:
3818:
3815:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3766:
3763:, p. 387
3762:
3757:
3754:
3749:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3730:
3727:
3722:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3608:
3604:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3572:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3552:9780231115629
3548:
3543:
3542:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3264:9783447015820
3260:
3256:
3255:
3247:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3131:Tamils portal
3126:
3121:
3118:
3107:
3104:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3040:
3038:
3037:orientation.
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2955:
2953:
2945:
2944:Sudalai Madan
2942:
2939:
2938:Kaval Deivams
2935:
2931:
2927:
2924:, especially
2923:
2919:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2750:Aiynar-Shasta
2747:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2720:
2717:
2709:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2683:This section
2681:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2658:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2642:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2626:Mahabalipuram
2623:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2602:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2566:
2561:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2540:Chola bronzes
2536:
2532:
2528:
2520:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2504:Lingothbhavar
2501:
2497:
2493:
2492:lingothbhavar
2489:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2470:
2464:Lingothbhavar
2463:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2450:Shaiva agamas
2447:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2405:
2402:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2360:Tamil Kadavul
2353:
2344:
2339:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2286:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2209:Ilango Adigal
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2142:, especially
2141:
2137:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2091:
2079:
2066:
2061:the evil king
2060:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2040:who took the
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1913:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1869:
1866:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1700:Sri Vaishnava
1697:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1426:Sri Vaishnava
1423:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:(2001 census)
1245:
1240:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1226:Tamil country
1223:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:Chanda Shahib
1179:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1135:
1132:
1124:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1082: –
1081:
1077:
1076:Find sources:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1054:This section
1052:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1037:Modern period
1036:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1002:
994:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
946:
942:
938:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
908:
906:
904:
900:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
873:
869:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
842:
838:
834:
829:
827:
823:
822:Vanchi Muthur
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
787:
784:built by the
783:
779:
775:
771:
769:
765:
761:
754:
751:
747:
737:
734:
726:
715:
712:
708:
705:
701:
698:
694:
691:
687:
684: –
683:
679:
678:Find sources:
672:
668:
662:
661:
656:This section
654:
650:
645:
644:
638:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
588:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:
512:
511:Chola dynasty
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:Lunar dynasty
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
386:
382:
380:
375:
371:
369:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:
345:
339:
331:
328:
320:
318:
316:
310:
308:
304:
300:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
280:
276:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
246:
241:
238:
234:
229:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
197:
192:
188:
183:
175:
169:
164:
161:
155:
150:
147:
141:
136:
135:
131:
125:
120:
117:
111:
106:
103:
97:
92:
91:
87:
81:
76:
73:
67:
62:
59:
53:
48:
47:
43:
38:
30:
27:
19:
6536:Tamil Hindus
6495:Dalit Hindus
6398:
6309:Chhattisgarh
6227:. July 2024.
6222:
6191:
6170:
6145:
6124:
6104:
6084:
6065:
6044:
6023:
6013:
5994:
5975:
5956:
5936:
5916:
5893:
5873:
5850:
5830:
5810:
5790:
5770:
5749:
5728:
5707:
5683:. Retrieved
5678:
5669:
5657:
5637:
5630:
5622:
5602:
5594:
5566:
5559:
5531:
5524:
5496:
5489:
5469:
5462:
5442:
5435:
5423:. Retrieved
5418:
5389:
5372:
5360:
5348:
5336:
5324:
5317:Dehejia 1990
5312:
5300:
5273:
5261:
5249:
5222:
5213:
5197:
5193:
5185:Dakṣiṇāmūrti
5178:
5169:
5164:, p. 263-264
5157:
5148:
5136:
5124:
5112:
5100:
5088:
5076:
5064:
5055:
5046:
5037:
5025:. Retrieved
5016:
5009:Clothey 1978
5004:
4992:
4980:
4971:
4965:
4953:. Retrieved
4947:
4940:
4928:. Retrieved
4922:
4915:
4903:. Retrieved
4897:
4890:
4870:
4863:
4839:
4829:
4815:
4795:
4788:
4776:
4751:
4743:
4723:
4716:
4688:
4681:
4661:
4654:
4634:
4627:
4615:
4580:
4576:
4566:
4546:
4539:
4519:
4512:
4492:
4486:
4481:, p. 4.
4474:
4462:. Retrieved
4458:the original
4450:"Henotheism"
4438:
4419:
4409:
4397:. Retrieved
4392:
4389:"Polytheism"
4383:
4364:
4357:
4338:
4331:
4308:
4282:
4272:
4245:
4236:
4224:. Retrieved
4220:
4211:
4199:. Retrieved
4195:
4186:
4180:kamakoti.org
4175:
4163:. Retrieved
4159:the original
4149:
4131:
4119:. Retrieved
4115:the original
4105:
4095:
4088:
4074:
4067:
4057:
4050:
4030:
4023:
4009:
4002:
3992:
3985:
3975:
3968:
3957:
3937:
3927:
3915:
3903:. Retrieved
3899:
3890:
3878:
3866:. Retrieved
3862:the original
3852:
3838:
3829:
3817:
3805:. Retrieved
3801:
3792:
3780:
3768:
3756:
3736:
3729:
3710:
3701:
3692:
3679:
3666:
3646:
3622:
3610:. Retrieved
3606:
3570:
3540:
3520:
3495:
3486:
3472:
3459:
3429:
3402:
3388:
3374:
3360:
3346:
3337:
3328:
3319:
3310:
3296:
3282:
3273:
3253:
3246:
3213:
3209:
3182:
3168:
3117:India portal
3044:
3003:self-respect
2999:human rights
2988:
2959:
2950:
2902:Karuppu Sami
2788:
2772:is found in
2769:
2749:
2712:
2703:
2692:Please help
2687:verification
2684:
2639:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2587:
2575:Dakṣiṇāmūrti
2571:
2530:
2529:or Nataraj,
2525:
2510:and Vishnu.
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2296:
2267:rather than
2260:
2238:
2232:
2200:
2194:
2180:
2168:IlanCetCenni
2158:
2147:
2133:
2095:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2013:
2001:
1987:
1951:
1943:
1918:
1917:
1902:
1892:you are all,
1871:
1838:
1816:
1810:
1799:
1794:
1780:
1764:Divya Desams
1695:
1681:
1619:
1615:henotheistic
1576:
1557:
1535:
1526:
1509:
1484:Kanchi Matha
1480:Kanchi matha
1465:
1447:
1446:
1420:
1407:
1396:
1388:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1243:
1238:
1225:
1222:Madras State
1219:
1198:Polygar wars
1167:
1127:
1118:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1075:
1063:Please help
1058:verification
1055:
1011:Vijayanagara
1004:
991:in 1316 CE.
950:
929:and his son
912:
909:Chola Empire
895:
871:
870:and his son
865:
856:Mamallapuram
852:Shore Temple
830:
791:
757:
729:
720:
710:
703:
696:
689:
677:
665:Please help
660:verification
657:
585:
514:
389:
377:
366:
348:
347:
311:
306:
296:
288:Tamil Hindus
273:
272:
195:
190:
58:Poigai Alvar
36:
26:Tamil Hindus
21:Ethnic group
18:
6479:Communities
6470:Pondicherry
6465:Lakshadweep
6419:West Bengal
6409:Uttaranchal
6354:Maharashtra
6014:Āgama-kosha
5685:10 February
5425:10 February
5396:, p. 6
4987:, p. 1
4448:Gill, N.S.
4252:. pp.
3773:Sastri 2002
3761:Sastri 2002
2997:have equal
2977:and 837 in
2922:South India
2910:கருப்புசாமி
2891:Muneeswarar
2811:Warrior of
2803:மதுரை வீரன்
2754:hero stones
2646:Bikshadanar
2596:Somaskandar
2548:Chidambaram
2544:Chidambaram
2364:Tolkappiyam
2269:Dhanushkodi
2265:Kanyakumari
2241:Manimekalai
2190:Dhanushkodi
2144:Vaishnavism
2065:Prahalathan
1783:Parashurama
1732:Dashavatara
1712:Govindaraja
1603:agnosticism
1587:panentheism
1515:South India
1488:Adi Sankara
1365:Tiruvacakam
1329:The twelve
1254:Population
1206:Pudukkottai
1190:Tipu Sultan
989:Malik Kafur
919:Parantaka I
903:Tirunelveli
571:arose from
483:Parashurama
350:Tolkappiyam
258:Vaishnavism
6440:Chandigarh
6399:Tamil Nadu
6151:E.J. Brill
5293:Ghose 1996
5278:Smith 1996
5266:Ghose 1996
5254:Ghose 1996
5242:Smith 1996
5141:Singh 2009
5105:Anand 2004
4997:Brown 1991
4845:Prasad, RC
4835:Tulasīdāsa
4454:About, Inc
4279:Tamil Nadu
4165:4 December
4121:4 December
3571:Purananuru
3160:References
3155:References
3025:(DMK) and
3015:Tamil Nadu
2926:Tamil Nadu
2865:Bhadrakali
2609:Somaskanda
2388:Pattupattu
2303:பிள்ளையார்
2160:Purananuru
2090:Narasimhan
2044:Avataram.
2000:, meaning
1984:Tamil Nadu
1952:Narasingha
1740:philosophy
1708:Ranganatha
1666:See also:
1634:Lord Shiva
1607:gnosticism
1583:polytheism
1579:monotheism
1553:Tamil Nadu
1251:Parameter
1188:and later
1148:See also:
1091:newspapers
947:in 1010 CE
917:, his son
806:Coimbatore
693:newspapers
621:Brahmanism
565:Gandharvas
537:Thiruvekka
419:Purananuru
342:See also:
279:Tamil Nadu
209:Tamil Nadu
191:63,188,168
6389:Rajasthan
6364:Meghalaya
6339:Karnataka
6334:Jharkhand
5871:(2007) .
5698:Citations
5516:212627760
5143:, p. 1079
4874:. BRILL.
4689:Hindu art
4607:230924123
4599:1600-0439
4583:: 37–90.
4291:0012-9976
3920:Cort 1998
3900:fasrjoint
3607:Akananuru
3579:cite book
3573:. Madras.
3338:The Hindu
3320:The Hindu
3230:0385-2342
3071:Devendrar
2898:families.
2844:) is the
2746:Sri Lanka
2706:June 2023
2636:Bhairavar
2350:Murugan (
2338:Kartikeya
2326:Chalukyas
2225:Poompuhar
2182:Akanaṉūṟu
2123:fighting
2102:Lord Rama
2042:Narasimha
2014:Ettutokai
1989:Paripatal
1946:Narasiṃha
1920:Narasimha
1914:Narasimha
1825:Paripadal
1821:Tamilakam
1806:Harivamsa
1795:Akanaṉūṟu
1760:Srirangam
1591:pantheism
1500:Himalayas
1496:Kedarnath
1442:Hayagriva
1417:Vaishnava
1393:Vaishnava
1318:29743354
1310:10771869
1278:25241725
1270:35011056
1262:54985079
1186:Hyder Ali
1121:July 2023
957:Thanjavur
943:built by
833:Kalabhras
796:ruled in
750:Srirangam
723:July 2023
604:Paripatal
581:Nayanmars
523:village.
475:Narasimha
467:Kartikeya
376:where as
231:Languages
225:Telangana
217:Karnataka
116:Nammalvar
6551:Category
6374:Nagaland
5914:(2004).
5586:59991703
5367:, p. 146
5280:, p. 205
5244:, p. 203
5229:, p. 271
5227:Pal 1988
5131:, p. 820
5107:, p. 132
5027:28 March
5011:, p. 221
4999:, p. 25.
4837:(1999).
4708:25833896
4417:(2002),
4244:(2002).
4139:Archived
3935:(1989).
3435:Archived
3089:See also
3079:Paraiyar
3063:Vanniyar
3031:populist
2975:Buddhism
2947:Ayyanar.
2881:Chamunda
2641:Bhairava
2589:shastras
2527:Nataraja
2514:Nataraja
2441:Rig veda
2322:pulisara
2279:Pillayar
2140:Hinduism
2078:Hiranyan
2059:Hiranyan
2034:Sanskrit
1998:பரிபாடல்
1925:Sanskrit
1744:Ramanuja
1728:Niladevi
1704:Narayana
1696:Thirumal
1692:பெருமாள்
1646:Parvathi
1476:Hinduism
1468:Hinduism
1452:Ahobilam
1428:sect of
1381:Buddhism
1369:Shaivism
1357:Sundarar
1335:Nayanars
1302:1330857
1294:8243512
1286:4895487
1178:Wallajah
1176:. While
1172:and the
915:Aditya I
879:Buddhist
786:Pandyans
768:Pallavas
766:and the
633:Brahmans
625:Buddhism
612:Balarama
491:Balarama
355:Thirumal
303:Nayanars
275:Hinduism
262:Shaktism
254:Shaivism
249:Hinduism
243:Religion
72:Avvaiyar
6404:Tripura
6369:Mizoram
6359:Manipur
6324:Haryana
6319:Gujarat
5551:4465718
5384:page 95
5319:, p. 21
5295:, p. 12
5268:, p. 11
4955:30 July
4930:30 July
4905:22 July
3868:29 June
3612:22 July
3238:1178103
2979:Sikhism
2934:Ayyanar
2877:Parvati
2873:Rudrani
2849:goddess
2822:
2813:Madurai
2762:Uraiyur
2730:Ayyanar
2630:Tevaram
2500:puranic
2458:lingams
2454:shaivas
2356:முருகன்
2332:Murugan
2310:
2285:Ganesha
2257:Madhavi
2253:Kovalan
2229:Ayodhya
2221:Madhavi
2217:Kannagi
2213:Kovalan
2149:avatars
2121:Hanuman
2030:Murugan
1958:of the
1936:
1829:Perumal
1791:Krishna
1775:Perumal
1724:Bhudevi
1720:Lakshmi
1684:Perumal
1652:Perumal
1642:Murugan
1638:Ganesha
1630:Krishna
1599:atheism
1573:Deities
1523:Shakthi
1498:in the
1462:Smartha
1430:Brahmin
1385:Jainism
1373:Cauvery
1344:Tevaram
1105:scholar
872:Mamalla
841:Jainism
782:Madurai
764:Pandyas
707:scholar
616:Mauryas
608:Krishna
521:Brahmin
495:Krishna
455:Lakshmi
359:Murugan
321:History
160:Ellalan
6460:Ladakh
6394:Sikkim
6384:Punjab
6379:Odisha
6344:Kerala
6282:States
6199:
6178:
6157:
6131:
6112:
6091:
6072:
6053:
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5645:
5615:
5584:
5574:
5549:
5539:
5514:
5504:
5477:
5450:
5380:
5355:, p.62
5343:, p.66
5331:, p.67
5256:, p. 3
5204:
4878:
4851:
4803:
4764:
4731:
4706:
4696:
4669:
4642:
4605:
4597:
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4527:
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4464:5 July
4427:
4399:5 July
4372:
4346:
4319:
4289:
4260:
4226:14 May
4201:14 May
4038:
3945:
3905:14 May
3807:14 May
3744:
3717:
3654:
3549:
3261:
3236:
3228:
3077:among
3069:among
3061:among
2930:Kerala
2853:shakti
2738:ஐயனார்
2622:lingam
2618:utsava
2508:Brahma
2496:Shaiva
2488:lingam
2483:Purana
2431:lingam
2421:Lingam
2406:Lingam
2314:Pillai
2273:Ahalya
2176:Ravana
2154:Vishnu
2125:Ravana
2038:Vishnu
2026:Vishnu
1986:. The
1976:dharma
1964:Vishnu
1956:avatar
1929:नरसिंह
1811:Tamil
1750:, and
1726:, and
1716:bhakti
1662:Vishnu
1622:Vishnu
1595:monism
1506:Shaiva
1492:Kaladi
1403:Vishnu
1339:bhakti
1331:Alvars
1325:Saints
1156:, and
1107:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1078:
818:Kerala
802:Sangam
794:Cheras
760:Cholas
709:
702:
695:
688:
680:
629:Ashoka
600:Sangam
591:Alvars
577:Alvars
573:Vishnu
545:Vishnu
533:Kanchi
529:Vishnu
479:Vamana
471:Varaha
463:Varuna
447:Brahma
443:Vishnu
435:Tamils
423:Cholas
403:Yagams
385:Tamils
379:Skanda
374:Tamils
368:Vishnu
307:bhakti
299:Alvars
213:Kerala
196:87.58%
193:(2011)
130:Kambar
6450:Delhi
6304:Bihar
6299:Assam
5415:(PDF)
4603:S2CID
4544:BPI.
3234:JSTOR
3007:caste
2956:Caste
2918:rural
2914:Tamil
2906:Tamil
2895:Hindu
2861:Durga
2857:Shiva
2846:Hindu
2838:Tamil
2826:Tamil
2799:Tamil
2785:Chola
2778:Tamil
2764:near
2734:Tamil
2535:Hindu
2478:linga
2446:linga
2436:linga
2426:Hindu
2401:Shiva
2395:Shiva
2352:Tamil
2299:Tamil
2207:monk
2166:king
2164:Chola
2092:form.
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2006:Tamil
1994:Tamil
1972:earth
1960:Hindu
1817:Mayon
1688:Tamil
1567:Shiva
1472:Tamil
1349:Appar
1112:JSTOR
1098:books
1019:Nayak
837:Tamil
826:Karur
814:Salem
810:Karur
714:JSTOR
700:books
553:Indra
549:Shiva
525:Vedas
459:Indra
451:Durga
439:Shiva
429:King
399:Vedas
237:Tamil
174:Andal
6197:ISBN
6176:ISBN
6155:ISBN
6129:ISBN
6110:ISBN
6089:ISBN
6070:ISBN
6051:ISBN
6028:ISBN
5999:ISBN
5980:ISBN
5961:ISBN
5941:ISBN
5922:ISBN
5898:ISBN
5879:ISBN
5855:ISBN
5836:ISBN
5815:ISBN
5795:ISBN
5776:ISBN
5755:ISBN
5734:ISBN
5713:ISBN
5687:2012
5643:ISBN
5613:ISBN
5582:OCLC
5572:ISBN
5547:OCLC
5537:ISBN
5512:OCLC
5502:ISBN
5475:ISBN
5448:ISBN
5427:2012
5378:ISBN
5202:ISBN
5029:2010
4957:2019
4932:2019
4907:2019
4876:ISBN
4849:ISBN
4801:ISBN
4762:ISBN
4729:ISBN
4704:OCLC
4694:ISBN
4667:ISBN
4640:ISBN
4595:ISSN
4552:ISBN
4525:ISBN
4498:ISBN
4466:2007
4442:See
4425:ISBN
4401:2007
4370:ISBN
4344:ISBN
4317:ISBN
4287:ISSN
4258:ISBN
4228:2021
4203:2021
4167:2011
4123:2011
4036:ISBN
3943:ISBN
3907:2021
3870:2012
3809:2021
3742:ISBN
3715:ISBN
3652:ISBN
3614:2019
3585:link
3547:ISBN
3259:ISBN
3226:ISSN
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2989:The
2879:and
2869:Sati
2842:காளி
2833:Kālī
2820:lit.
2781:Jain
2776:, a
2584:yoga
2580:guru
2490:The
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2316:and
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2261:setu
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2172:Sita
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2028:and
1962:god
1940:IAST
1934:lit.
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