942:
Pashtoons, who claim to have migrated to the Hazara
Division from Afghanistan during the eighteenth century. Many other mother- tongue speakers of Hindko are Swati Pathans, who are said to have formerly spoken Pashto while living in the lower Swat valley. After migrating across the Indus River into Hazara Division, which Ahmed dates around A.D. 1515, the Swatis adopted the Hindko language. There are also Pashtoons belonging to three other groups, the Yusufzai, the Jadun and the Tarin, who have replaced Pashto with Hindko. Many speakers of Hindko belong to groups other than the Pashtoons: Some of these are Saiyids, said to have come to the area in the early centuries of Islamic history, many of whom live in the Peshawar area. Large numbers of Hindko speakers are Avans, particularly in Attock District and Hazara Division. Still, others belong to groups of Mughals, Bulghadris, Turks and Qureshis. In Jammun significant numbers of Gujars have adopted Hindko as their first language.
1124:– has been inhabited constantly since at least 539 BCE. People here mostly speak Hindko, which, after Pashto is the region's most widely spoken language -- a language that also attests to the city's Indo-Aryan origin. Hindko-speakers from the inner city have supplied some of Bollywood's most celebrated screen talent. Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor, and Vinod Khanna were all born here. The whole Kapoor family, which has a long history in Bollywood cinema, traces its origins to the inner city. Peshawar also gave India one of its greatest English language novelists in Mulk Raj Anand.
22:
272:
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region, and potentially from groups who did not adopt Islam as the religion became regionally dominant between the 9th and 13th centuries. The second stream derive from the short-lived Sikh Empire (1799–1849) as it pushed westward, gaining control of territory to the Khyber Pass and Sikh merchants established trading routes into
Kandahar and Kabul. This group speak Hindko, a dialect of Punjabi that is mostly found around Peshawar, in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in north-west Pakistan.
986:
operational in the country: one in Kabul, and another in
Jalalabad. A decade ago the numbers were placed at around 3000 adherents. Yet before the Taliban's ascendance in the mid-1990s, there was a thriving community of around 50,000 people. Documents sighted by Professor Harjot Oberoi of the University of British Columbia indicated that in the 1940s the Sikh community was potentially as large as 200,000.
403:
1267:...is in the hands of a small caste of Hindu merchants. These Hindus are Hindko-speaking and regard Kalat as their homeland, where they generally keep their families and go for some months every year to visit and to obtain supplies. While in the Marri area, they must be under the protection of a local Marri chief or the sardar himself.
1250:...is in the hands of a small caste of Hindu merchants. These Hindus are Hindko-speaking and regard Kalat as their homeland, where they generally keep their families and go for some months every year to visit and to obtain supplies. While in the Marri area, they must be under the protection of a local Marri chief or the Sardar himself.
389:
Kashmiri. In the cities of Kohat and
Peshawar, on the other hand, it is Hindko that is in a weaker position. With the exodus of the Hindko-speaking Hindus and Sikhs after partition and the consequent influx of Pashtuns into the vacated areas of the urban economy, there have been signs of a shift towards Pashto.
1156:
Instead they are exchanging anecdotes and ideas in their native Hindko—literally, "the language of India" – at a conference organized to promote the increasingly marginalised language. It is one of 72 tongues, including the official languages Urdu and
English, spoken by Pakistan's 200 million people,
1040:
The next principal races inhabiting
Afghanistan are the Hindki and Jat. The Hindki people are Hindus of the Kshatrī, or military caste. They are wholly occupied in trade, and form an important and numerous portion of the population of all cities and towns, and are also to be found in the majority of
388:
and number of speakers, Hindko is dominant and growing in the north-east; in Hazara for example, it is displacing Pashto as the language in use among the few Swatis that speak it, and in the Neelam Valley of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, it is gaining ground at the expense of the minority languages like
1586:
Shackle suggests Hindko simply means "Indian language" and describes it as a "collective label for the variety of Indo-Aryan dialects either alongside or in the vicinity of Pushto in the northwest of the country". Hindko is the most significant linguistic minority in the NWFP, represented in nearly
941:
Members of a variety of ethnic groups speak the language called Hindko. A large number of Hindko speakers in Hazara
Division (Mansehra and Abbottabad Districts) are Pashtoons. Some of those speak Hindko as a second language; many others speak it as their mother tongue. These include the Tahir Kheli
848:
The worst of the latter is "Hindko", a term (basically meaning 'the language of the
Indians' – as contrasted with Pathans) applied not only to several forms of "Northern Lahnda" but also to the Siraiki dialects of Dera Ghazi Khan and Mianwali Districts (also called Derawali and Thali respectively),
1381:
The India of the ancient times extended from the
Hindukush (Hindu meaning Indian, Kush meaning Koh or a mountain)... Apart from the names of places and streams there are many other words also which have 'Hind' as their adjectival parts. ... Hindko (the language of Peshawar and Abbotabad), Hindwana
963:
The origin of the Sikh community in
Afghanistan has broadly two streams. There are those who are descendants of converts to the teaching of Guru Nanak –Sikhism's founder – during his trip to Kabul, recorded to be around 1520. These Sikhs are Pashto or Dari speakers, ethnically indigenous to the
875:
Shackle suggests Hindko simply means "Indian language' and describes it as a "collective label for the variety of Indo-Aryan dialects either alongside or in vicinity of Pushto in the northwest of the country'. Hindko is the most significant linguistic minority in the NWFP, represented in nearly
769:
The term Hindki is often used to refer to a speaker of the Hindko language (Shackle 1980: 482), but in popular usage it may refer to the language as well. In older literature it was frequently used for the language--for example, in the Imperial Gazetteer of NWFP, which regularly calls it Hindki
985:
The attack highlighted the current precarious state of the Sikh community in Afghanistan, with dwindling numbers that may soon end the religion's 500-year presence in the country. Current estimates put the Sikh community at around 300 families, with only two gurdwaras (Sikh temples) remaining
1587:
one-fifth (18.7%) of the province's total households. ... The Influence of Pushto on Hazara appears to have become more pronounced, due in part to an influx of Pashtuns replacing the Hindko-speaking Sikhs and Hindus who formerly held key trading positions and who departed at independence.
876:
one-fifth (18.7%) of the province's total households. ... The Influence of Pushto on Hazara appears to have become more pronounced, due in part to an Influx of Pashtuns replacing the Hindko-speaking Sikhs and Hindus who formerly held key trading positions and who departed at independence.
1157:
according to a 2014 parliamentary paper that classed 10 as either "in trouble" or "near extinction". According to scholars, Hindko's decline as the foremost language of Peshawar city began in 1947 when Hindu and Sikh traders left after the partition of British India.
1232:
The real opposition to Pashto came, however, from the speakers of Hindko. A large number of Sikhs and Hindus, all speaking Hindko, lived in the cities of N.W.F.P. and had a voice in the legislative assembly, this was often perceived as the non-Muslim opposition to
1210:
The real opposition to Pashto came, however, from the speakers of Hindko. A large number of Sikhs and Hindus, all speaking Hindko, lived in the cities of N.W.F.P. and had a voice in the legislative assembly, this was often perceived as the non-Muslim opposition to
384:. In most Hindko-speaking areas, speakers of Pashto live in the same or neighboring communities (although this is less true in Abbottabad and Kaghan Valley). The relationship between Hindko and its neighbors is not one of stable bilingualism. In terms of
750:
as used in Pakistan refers to speakers of Indo-Aryan languages who live among the primarily Iranian Pashtuns of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP). The origins of the term refer merely to "Indian speaking" rather than to any particular ethnic
1078:
In India, Hindko is little known, and while there are Hindko speakers in parts of Jammu and Kashmir as well as among other communities who migrated to India post-Partition, by and large it has been absorbed under the broad umbrella of
1192:
Essentially, what has occurred is an occupation by Pashto-speaking Pathans of key areas in the urban economy of the province which before 1947 were traditionally exercised by Hindko- speaking Hindus and
1174:
Essentially, what has occurred is an occupation by Pashto-speaking Pathans of key areas in the urban economy of the province which before 1947 were traditionally exercised by Hindko- speaking Hindus and
1339:
1057:
684:
321:. A portion of Hindko speakers in the Hazara Division claim Pashtun ancestry. Some of those speak Hindko as their mother tongue while others as a second language. These include the
114:. A portion of Hindko speakers in the Hazara Division claim Pashtun ancestry. Some of those speak Hindko as their mother tongue while others as a second language. These include the
2263:
817:
Hindki, a generic term, half contemptuous, applied to all Muhammadans, who being of Hindu origin speak Hindko and have been converted to Islám in comparatively recent times.
239:(Western Punjabi) dialects of very different groups, not all of which are even geographically contiguous, spoken by people of various ethnic backgrounds in several areas in
1360:
Also, scholars post-Grierson understood Hindko to mean the "language of the people of Hind, i.e. India" and not the Hindus, which was a term used for a religious community.
705:
Also, scholars post-Grierson understood Hindko to mean the "language of the people of Hind, i.e. India" and not the Hindus, which was a term used for a religious community.
185:, and the total population of Sikhs, Hindko-speaking or not, was estimated at 300 families (as of 2018). These Hindko-speaking Hindus and Sikhs are commonly known as
1982:
1294:
is a "collective label" which "embraces dialects of very different groups, not all of which are even geographically contiguous.". For the ethnic diversity, see
2122:. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics.
1004:
94:
There is no generic name for the speakers of Hindko because they belong to diverse ethnic groups and tend to identify themselves by the larger families or
287:
2116:
Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.).
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Peshawar, the oldest living city in South Asia, has developed in four phases that correspond to the city's major settlements. The inner city –
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is often used to refer to a speaker of the Hindko language (Shackle 1980: 482), but in popular usage it may refer to the language as well.
255:", but it has developed to denote the Indo-Aryan speech forms spoken in the northern Indian subcontinent, in contrast to the neighbouring
205:
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2193:(1983). "Language, Dialect and Local Identity in Northern Pakistan". In Wolfgang-Peter Zingel; Stephanie Zingel-Avé Lallemant (eds.).
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2015:
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A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province: Based on the Census Report for the Punjab, 1883
2005:
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1382:(water-melon), Indi maran (a wrestling skill), Hindvi (language other than Persian and Arabic spoken or written by locals) etc.
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290:, which took place from the 12th century A.D. onwards, many Hindko speakers historically referred to as Hindki converted to
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2197:. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Orient-Instituts. Vol. 23. Hamburg: Deutsches Orient-Institut. pp. 175–87.
81:
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655:"Indian" here refers to the historic meaning of India as the northern Indian subcontinent, which was known as
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Pakistan in Its Fourth Decade: Current Political, Social and Economic Situation and Prospects for the 1980s
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of colonial India. They were primarily traders and merchants and over time, settled in areas as far as
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Illustration of a Hindki in Peshawar in the book “An Account of the Kingdom of Caubul” (1815) by
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According to the 2017 census of Pakistan, Hindko is spoken by 5 million people in the country.
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1824:"Imran Ashraf Awan Biography, education, age, height, weight, wife and drama | Top News"
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Language, ideology and power: language learning among the Muslims of Pakistan and North India
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in the first half of the 19th century. Most of them have emigrated since the rise of the
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could mean 'Indian language' as opposed to Pashto, which belongs to the Iranian group.
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2234:
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Akhtar, Raja Nasim; Rehman, Khawaja A. (2007). "The Languages of the Neelam Valley".
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The rise and development of Urdu and the importance of regional languages in Pakistan
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The rise and development of Urdu and the importance of regional languages in Pakistan
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939:. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University. pp. 10–11.
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786:. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 4.
767:. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 4.
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538:
322:
115:
2226:
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1951:"Qateel Shifai, Failed Businessman Who Gave New Lease of Life to Urdu Poetry"
1773:
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migrated to the independent republic, occasionally identify with the broader
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Talibanistan: Negotiating the Borders Between Terror, Politics, and Religion
1430:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
657:
621:
318:
252:
111:
1676:"More women are running for office, but the glass ceiling is still intact"
251:. The term "Hindko" literally meant "the Indian language" or "language of
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295:
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119:
45:
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1850:
1847:"Speech of Mr. Iqbal Zafar Jhagra in 2012 Hindko Conference 18 11 2012"
427: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
182:
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Hindko speakers tend to identify themselves by the larger families or
215:, the Hindu and Sikh Hindkowans exercised urban economic power in the
2571:
2485:
2475:
2390:
2355:
2335:
2303:
1912:
933:
Rensch, Calvin Ross; O'Leary, Clare F.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (1992).
763:
Rensch, Calvin Ross; O'Leary, Clare F.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (1992).
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The most common second language for Hindko-speakers in Pakistan is
2620:
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663:
302:
291:
280:
270:
95:
56:(Lahnda). The origins of the term refer merely to the speakers of
20:
1308:
Kachru, Braj B.; Kachru, Yamuna; Sridhar, S. N. (27 March 2008).
2512:
377:
354:
2245:
235:
The word "Hindko" is a collective label for a diverse group of
1512:"Four years on, the voice of Hazara 'martyrs' still resonates"
977:"A Precarious State: the Sikh Community in Afghanistan - AIIA"
955:"A Precarious State: the Sikh Community in Afghanistan - AIIA"
936:
Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan: Hindko and Gujari
901:"Four years on, the voice of Hazara 'martyrs' still resonates"
784:
Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan: Hindko and Gujari
396:
1010:
HINDKI, the name given to the Hindus who inhabit Afghanistan.
279:
Today, most of the Hindko-speaking population in Pakistan is
192:
Those Hindko speakers, mainly Hindu and Sikhs, who after the
64:. The term is not only applied to several forms of "Northern
2079:. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
2140:(1979). "Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab".
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
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and of Dera Ismail Khan (Northwestern Frontier Province).
1891:"PM convinces Sardar Mehtab Abbasi for KPK governorship"
1689:
Bergen, Peter; Tiedemann, Katherine (14 February 2013).
1603:"Ahmed Faraz – the poet of love and revolt | SAMAA"
1937:"Why Hazara province movement has resumed from Karachi"
1462:
Grierson took 'Hindko' to mean 'the language of Hindus'
2207:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
802:
800:
1025:
Journal of a Political Mission to Afghanistan in 1857
2007:
Indo-Pak Relations: Challenges Before New Millennium
1720:"The unending tragedies of Peshawar's Bilour family"
1428:C. Shackle (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar".
1333:
1331:
1329:
807:Ibbetson, Sir Denzil; Maclagan, Sir Edward (1911).
1774:"Firdous Jamal's Blunt Comments About Mahira Khan"
1263:Viking fund publications in anthropology, Issue 43
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
1714:
1712:
1631:"Hindko poet's autobiography launched in Haripur"
1649:Patel, Reply to All | Aakar (25 November 2011).
1051:
1049:
40:, is a contemporary designation for speakers of
1965:"Peshawarites still remember the Kapoor family"
1140:"Pakistan's regional languages face extinction"
1100:Sardar, Ziauddin; Yassin-Kassab, Robin (2012).
732:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania
200:; these Hindkowans reside the Indian states of
836:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–19.
2257:
1651:"Does Pakistan have a saviour in Imran Khan?"
1340:"The strange and little-known case of Hindko"
1058:"The strange and little-known case of Hindko"
1008:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
981:Australian Institute of International Affairs
959:Australian Institute of International Affairs
685:"The strange and little-known case of Hindko"
8:
1552:
1370:
1368:
1170:Papers in language and linguistics, Volume 1
827:
825:
1734:"Ex-CJP Bashir Jehangiri passes away at 83"
1617:"Remembering war veteran: Sir Anwar Shamim"
1597:
1595:
1278:For the heterogeneity of the dialects, see
1246:The social organization of the Marri Baluch
2264:
2250:
2242:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
288:Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent
1134:
1132:
443:Learn how and when to remove this message
317:are sometimes recognized collectively as
110:are sometimes recognised collectively as
2205:(1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar".
2142:Transactions of the Philological Society
1644:
1642:
1640:
1248:. Indus Publications. 1966. p. 11.
1190:. Bahri Publications. 1984. p. 50.
1172:. Bahri Publications. 1986. p. 50.
627:Tribes and clans of the Pothohar Plateau
337:. The other Hindko speakers include the
177:who became established there during the
130:. The other Hindko speakers include the
1568:
1287:
1206:Journal of Asian history, Volumes 35-36
675:
648:
48:, particularly the speakers of various
1584:. Christian Study Centre. p. 38.
1564:
1540:
1528:
1473:
1295:
1283:
1279:
873:. Christian Study Centre. p. 38.
1399:A History of Pakistan and Its Origins
1028:. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 18.
309:-speaking community belonging to the
102:-speaking community belonging to the
7:
2171:Kashmir Journal of Language Research
734:. Infobase Publishing. p. 285.
425:adding citations to reliable sources
2031:@Yasir_HameedQ (26 December 2015).
16:Name of Hindko-speakers in Pakistan
2154:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x
1752:. General Press. 4 December 2018.
1338:Venkatesh, Karthik (6 July 2019).
1056:Venkatesh, Karthik (6 July 2019).
683:Venkatesh, Karthik (6 July 2019).
380:and the second most common one is
165:There is also a small diaspora in
14:
2099:Language and politics in Pakistan
1804:. thenews.com.pk. 28 October 2018
1802:"Son of the soil | Dialogue"
1265:. Viking Fund. 1966. p. 11.
888:https://www.dawn.com/news/1624375
1864:Shāh, Sayyid Vaqār ʻalī (1992).
401:
243:, primarily in the provinces of
169:, which includes members of the
44:who live among the neighbouring
1375:Sumra, Mahar Abdul Haq (1992).
412:needs additional citations for
1312:. Cambridge University Press.
549:Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi
60:rather than to any particular
1:
72:dialects of the districts of
2721:People from Punjab, Pakistan
1379:. Beacon Books. p. 36.
1022:Bellew, H. W. (8 May 2022).
782:Rensch, Calvin Ross (1992).
217:North-West Frontier Province
84:, which border the southern
2101:. Oxford University Press.
2033:"Yes ofc i can speak hinko"
2749:
1922:. Official website of the
1788:"Haji Ghulam Ahmed Bilour"
1749:My Life : Dilip Kumar
770:(1905: 130, 172, 186 ff.).
355:Raja, kumar, khatri, sethi
2279:
2273:Ethnic groups in Pakistan
2219:10.1017/S0041977X00137401
1867:Muslim League in N.W.F.P.
1442:10.1017/s0041977x00137401
1290:, p. 482): the term
1208:. O. Harrassowitz. 2001.
832:Masica, Colin P. (1993).
730:West, Barbara A. (2010).
2077:The Indo-Aryan languages
2004:Chitkara, M. G. (2001).
1913:Sayyid Abul A'la Maududi
1553:Akhtar & Rehman 2007
1188:Language forum, Volume 9
834:The Indo-Aryan Languages
1228:Oxford University Press
1106:Oxford University Press
1005:Encyclopædia Britannica
632:Pahari people (Kashmir)
393:Notable Hindko-speakers
27:Mountstuart Elphinstone
1310:Language in South Asia
998:Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
584:Sardar Muhammad Yousuf
276:
30:
1918:18 April 2014 at the
1230:. 2002. p. 367.
274:
24:
2203:Shackle, Christopher
2191:Shackle, Christopher
2138:Shackle, Christopher
1983:"Senate of Pakistan"
1893:. 11 September 2013.
1395:Christophe Jaffrelot
1041:the larger villages.
813:Indian Civil Service
643:Notes and references
609:Zahirul Islam Abbasi
559:Murtaza Javed Abbasi
421:improve this article
58:Indo-Aryan languages
42:Indo-Aryan languages
36:, also known as the
2366:European Pakistanis
1971:. 29 December 2003.
1633:. 13 February 2018.
1516:The Express Tribune
1286:, pp. 18–19);
905:The Express Tribune
579:Sardar Zahoor Ahmad
519:Ghulam Ahmad Bilour
493:Bashir Ahmad Bilour
206:Jammu & Kashmir
2726:Indo-Aryan peoples
1903:Adams, pp. 100–101
1487:"Hindko, Southern"
589:Salahuddin Tirmizi
534:Iqbal Zafar Jhagra
315:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
277:
245:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
213:partition of India
194:partition of India
108:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
68:" but also to the
31:
2703:
2702:
2119:Hindko and Gujari
2108:978-0-19-577692-8
2086:978-0-521-23420-7
1993:on 9 August 2016.
1619:. 9 January 2013.
1605:. 25 August 2017.
1491:SIL International
1319:978-1-139-46550-2
1298:, pp. 10–11)
1035:978-3-375-01648-7
765:Hindko and Gujari
524:Haider Zaman Khan
488:Baba Haider Zaman
453:
452:
445:
198:Punjabi community
88:-speaking areas.
2738:
2731:Hindkowan tribes
2716:Hindkowan people
2266:
2259:
2252:
2243:
2238:
2198:
2186:
2165:
2133:
2112:
2090:
2073:Masica, Colin P.
2059:
2058:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1989:. Archived from
1979:
1973:
1972:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1927:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1736:. 16 April 2020.
1730:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1707:
1706:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1646:
1635:
1634:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1578:
1572:
1567:, pp. 4–5;
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1518:. 12 April 2014.
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1401:. Anthem Press.
1391:
1385:
1384:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1346:. Archived from
1335:
1324:
1323:
1305:
1299:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1146:. 7 January 2017
1136:
1127:
1126:
1097:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1064:. Archived from
1053:
1044:
1043:
1019:
1013:
1012:
995:
989:
988:
973:
967:
966:
951:
945:
944:
930:
909:
908:
907:. 12 April 2014.
897:
891:
885:
879:
878:
867:
852:
851:
829:
820:
819:
804:
795:
794:
779:
773:
772:
760:
754:
753:
727:
708:
707:
702:
700:
691:. Archived from
680:
668:
653:
498:Bashir Jehangiri
448:
441:
437:
434:
428:
405:
397:
82:Dera Ismail Khan
2748:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2406:Indus Kohistani
2275:
2270:
2201:
2189:
2168:
2136:
2130:
2115:
2109:
2093:
2087:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1924:Jamaat-e-Islami
1920:Wayback Machine
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1845:
1842:Wayback Machine
1835:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1776:. 27 July 2019.
1772:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1543:, pp. 4–5.
1539:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1409:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1353:
1351:
1350:on 30 June 2022
1337:
1336:
1327:
1320:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1282:, p. 53);
1277:
1273:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1149:
1147:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1116:
1099:
1098:
1085:
1071:
1069:
1068:on 30 June 2022
1055:
1054:
1047:
1036:
1021:
1020:
1016:
997:
996:
992:
975:
974:
970:
953:
952:
948:
932:
931:
912:
899:
898:
894:
886:
882:
869:
868:
855:
844:
831:
830:
823:
815:. p. 333.
806:
805:
798:
781:
780:
776:
762:
761:
757:
742:
729:
728:
711:
698:
696:
695:on 30 June 2022
682:
681:
677:
672:
671:
654:
650:
645:
618:
613:
514:Gohar Ayub Khan
483:Azam Khan Swati
463:Ali Khan Jadoon
449:
438:
432:
429:
418:
406:
395:
311:Hazara Division
269:
261:Iranic language
233:
104:Hazara Division
98:. However, the
74:Dera Ghazi Khan
54:Western Punjabi
50:Hindko dialects
17:
12:
11:
5:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2708:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2213:(3): 482–510.
2199:
2187:
2166:
2148:(1): 191–210.
2134:
2128:
2113:
2107:
2091:
2085:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2046:
2039:) – via
2023:
2016:
1996:
1974:
1956:
1942:
1928:
1905:
1896:
1882:
1875:
1856:
1829:
1815:
1793:
1779:
1765:
1758:
1739:
1725:
1708:
1701:
1681:
1667:
1636:
1622:
1608:
1591:
1573:
1557:
1545:
1533:
1521:
1503:
1478:
1476:, pp. 3–4
1466:
1436:(3): 482–510.
1420:
1407:
1386:
1364:
1325:
1318:
1300:
1271:
1254:
1237:
1215:
1197:
1179:
1161:
1128:
1114:
1108:. p. 71.
1083:
1045:
1034:
1014:
990:
968:
946:
910:
892:
880:
853:
842:
821:
796:
774:
755:
740:
709:
674:
673:
670:
669:
647:
646:
644:
641:
640:
639:
634:
629:
624:
617:
614:
612:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
564:Omar Ayub Khan
561:
556:
554:Mulk Raj Anand
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
454:
451:
450:
409:
407:
400:
394:
391:
386:domains of use
268:
267:Social setting
265:
232:
229:
175:Sikh community
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2744:
2743:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2491:Urdu speakers
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
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2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
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2404:
2402:
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2372:
2369:
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2349:
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2344:
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2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
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2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2129:969-8023-13-5
2125:
2121:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2095:Rahman, Tariq
2092:
2088:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2017:9788176482721
2013:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1987:senate.gov.pk
1984:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1876:9789694071350
1872:
1869:
1868:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1759:9789388118927
1755:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1702:9780199893072
1698:
1694:
1693:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1656:
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1645:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1623:
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1612:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1555:, p. 69.
1554:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1534:
1531:, p. 80.
1530:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1467:
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1431:
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1415:
1410:
1408:9781843311492
1404:
1400:
1396:
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1387:
1383:
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1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:Shackle (1980
1285:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1117:
1115:9781849042239
1111:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1001:
994:
991:
987:
982:
978:
972:
969:
965:
960:
956:
950:
947:
943:
938:
937:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
911:
906:
902:
896:
893:
889:
884:
881:
877:
872:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
854:
850:
845:
843:9780521299442
839:
835:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
803:
801:
797:
793:
791:
785:
778:
775:
771:
766:
759:
756:
752:
749:
743:
741:9781438119137
737:
733:
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724:
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710:
706:
694:
690:
686:
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628:
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623:
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619:
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610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
569:Qateel Shifai
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
544:Mehtab Abbasi
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
509:Firdous Jamal
507:
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501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
447:
444:
436:
426:
422:
416:
415:
410:This section
408:
404:
399:
398:
392:
390:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
286:. During the
285:
282:
273:
266:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
230:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
211:Prior to the
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
161:
157:
153:
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137:
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117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
28:
23:
19:
2646:Meghwar Bhil
2400:
2210:
2206:
2194:
2177:(1): 65–84.
2174:
2170:
2145:
2141:
2118:
2098:
2076:
2066:Bibliography
2049:
2026:
2006:
1999:
1991:the original
1986:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1945:
1931:
1908:
1899:
1885:
1866:
1859:
1849:– via
1838:Ghostarchive
1836:Archived at
1832:
1818:
1806:. Retrieved
1796:
1782:
1768:
1748:
1742:
1728:
1691:
1684:
1670:
1658:. Retrieved
1654:
1625:
1611:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1569:Shackle 1983
1560:
1548:
1536:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1496:22 September
1494:. Retrieved
1481:
1469:
1461:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1413:
1412:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1376:
1359:
1352:. Retrieved
1348:the original
1309:
1303:
1296:Rensch (1992
1291:
1284:Masica (1991
1280:Rensch (1992
1274:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1231:
1223:
1218:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1155:
1148:. Retrieved
1144:The National
1121:
1119:
1101:
1077:
1072:24 September
1070:. Retrieved
1066:the original
1039:
1024:
1017:
1009:
1003:
993:
984:
980:
971:
962:
958:
949:
940:
935:
904:
895:
883:
874:
870:
847:
833:
816:
808:
789:
787:
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594:Shibli Faraz
529:Imran Ashraf
468:Anwar Shamim
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2572:Spin Tareen
2481:Rajasthanis
1969:Daily Times
1808:4 September
1565:Rensch 1992
1541:Rensch 1992
1529:Rensch 1992
1474:Rensch 1992
1377:The Soomras
1150:4 September
1122:ander shehr
503:Dilip Kumar
473:Asghar Khan
458:Ahmad Faraz
433:August 2020
323:Tahirkhelis
275:The Tanolis
225:Balochistan
179:Sikh Empire
167:Afghanistan
116:Tahirkhelis
2710:Categories
2589:Rajasthani
2498:Nuristanis
2401:Hindkowans
1354:10 October
699:10 October
574:Raj Kapoor
539:Jalal Baba
34:Hindkowans
2616:Shumashti
2471:Gujaratis
2421:Kashmiris
2235:129436200
2227:0041-977X
2183:1028-6640
2162:0079-1636
1458:129436200
1102:Pakistan?
788:The term
746:The term
658:Hindustan
637:Farsiwans
622:Hazarewal
478:Ayub Khan
365:, Turks,
327:Yusufzais
319:Hazarewal
154:, Turks,
120:Yusufzais
112:Hazarewal
2579:Punjabis
2562:Pashtuns
2545:Shughnan
2540:Sariquli
2461:Muhajirs
2386:Gujarati
2321:Bengalis
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2075:(1991).
2055:"Petaro"
1916:Archived
1840:and the
1655:Livemint
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1079:Punjabi.
1000:"Hindki"
616:See also
367:Qureshis
296:Hinduism
241:Pakistan
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2688:Uyghurs
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2606:Saraiki
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2520:Paharis
2466:Biharis
2456:Marwari
2451:Makrani
2441:Ladakhi
2416:Kalkoti
2396:Hazaras
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2326:Biharis
2309:Khetran
2284:Afghans
2041:Twitter
1851:YouTube
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1233:Pashto.
1211:Pashto.
371:Gujjars
359:Tanolis
347:Mughals
339:Sayyids
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2631:Jadgal
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