Hine's emerald - Knowledge (XXG)

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populations in the Southern Recovery Unit meet this goal. Only one population in the Southern Recovery Unit was quantified at time of publication. Second, there must be at least 2 breeding habitats per subpopulation. Each breeding habitat must be fed by different water sources. As of 2013, this criterion has not been met, and only 12 of 27 subpopulations have more than one breeding site. Third, the habitat to support subpopulations must be formally protected and managed. This includes control of invasive species and restoration of local water sources. Actions to minimize vehicle presence are also suggested. Lastly, the Review requires the creation of a monitoring plan for each population. This must include annual population estimates. This final criterion has not been met due to lack of knowledge of breeding and habitat structure. Many regions are lacking resources needed to evaluate population sites.

374:, forest, and marsh habitats. A few important characteristics are common to typical Hine's emerald habitats. First, Hine's emerald habitats include slow-moving, mineralized streams. Second, they have both open and wooded areas. Open areas provide space for foraging. Wooded areas provide space for resting. Third, they include crayfish burrows, which nymphs use for shelter. Fourth, typical habitats possess exposed or lightly covered bedrock. Finally, they provide pathways for Hine's emerald dispersal. Roadways, forest clearings, streams, and railroads all serve as dispersal pathways. Other characteristics of Hine's emerald habitats, such as vegetation, vary between regions. 362:. These forest edges typically run alongside roads. During the pre-reproductive stage, these flights last 1–3 minutes. During the reproductive stage, these flights last up to 15 minutes. Reproductive adults may fly up to 1.2 miles (1.9 km) during these flights. At times, reproductive adults also forage in large swarms. Hunting in these swarms may protect dragonflies from predators. Nymphs are nocturnal feeders and prey upon other aquatic larvae, such as those belonging to mosquitoes or mayflies Researchers suspect that nymphs prey upon different species throughout their development. While hunting, nymphs remain still and wait for prey to approach them. 538:

populations of the species. The recovery plan explains the habitat loss. Industrial, agricultural, and commercial development caused the most damage. This damage contributed to the decline of the species. A 5-year review was completed in 2013. It includes more recent evaluations of the threats to Hine's emerald populations. It includes a table (pp. 27–29) which details the threats present at each of the Hine's emerald dragonfly sites. There are a few common threats between sites. These threats are fragmentation, changes to water flow, contaminants, vehicle mortality, and invasive animals and plants.

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details the importance of managing existing populations and researching demographic changes. To do this, there must be searches for undiscovered Hine's emerald populations as well as organized education programs. Additionally, the Recovery Plan outlines the importance of protecting and maintaining known populations and habitats. Augmentation programs and evaluations of recovery progress must be conducted. The Recovery Plan's objective is clear: "assure the long-term viability by arresting or reversing the decline of Hine's emerald populations and addressing its threats to survival".

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can harm Hine's emerald populations. Landfills have the potential to leach harmful chemicals and contaminate surface and groundwater. Both surface and groundwater are critical to Hine's emeralds in the larval stage. Recreational activities and agriculture may also impact Hine's emerald populations. The insecticides, herbicides, and fertilizers used in these practices could harm Hine's emerald populations. Fertilizers may lead to changes in Hine's emerald habitats that could impact the species.

613:. They protect the habitat of the population in Ozaukee County, Wisconsin. The WDNR also protects the habitat of the population in Southwest Wisconsin. The U.S. Forest Service or Missouri Department of Conservation protects Hine's emerald habitats in Missouri. These agencies protect most of the habitats for two of the Missouri subpopulations. State and Federal agencies protect habitats in the Northern Recovery Unit. They protect the habitats of five out of the 16 subpopulations. 349:

mating by flying into a male's territory. A male responds to this behavior by chasing after the female. Once the male reaches the female, he latches onto her body. The two then fly to nearby shrubs, and copulation begins. Post-copulation, the female repeatedly dips her abdomen into shallow water to deposit her fertilized eggs. Hine's emeralds reproduce once and die shortly thereafter. Hine's emeralds reproduce during the months of June, July, and August.

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proportions. The following 4-to-6-week-long adult stage consists of three sub-stages. These stages are the pre-reproductive stage, reproductive stage, and post-reproductive stage. Adults spend these stages hunting for prey, establishing territories, and reproducing. Overall, Hine's emerald dragonflies live for 2–4 years.

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Hine's emerald is listed on the Federal list of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. This means that the species is protected under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Hine's emerald is also listed as endangered in Illinois, Wisconsin, Missouri, and Michigan. This provides the species

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Humans can impact Hine's emerald dragonflies in a variety of ways. Most human impact involves habitat destruction/alteration. Reduction in habitat area fragments populations. Quarrying, filling wetlands, and creating landfills are examples of harmful human actions. Contamination is another way humans

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Invasive plants have the potential to affect Hine's emerald habitats, behaviors, movements, and breeding. The invasion of woody vegetation and cattails into Hine's emerald habitats could affect adult flight behaviors. Invasive woody species can decrease the amount of subsurface water. This is a vital

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In the 2006 Critical Habitat Proposed Rule, 27,689 acres were proposed for protection. This proposal considered the exclusion of all Missouri populations and two from Michigan. In 2007, the original ruling designated only 13,221 acres for protection. The 2010 ruling doubles the critical habitat range

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The 2013 Five Year Review suggests future actions that aid conservation efforts. This includes modeling Hine's emerald population dynamics, a high priority. Additionally, more information about key measures of population demographics is required. Areas of research include smallest possible population

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These six populations are made of 27 sub-populations. Thus, there are 69 total sites for Hine's emerald presence. Thirty-five of these sites are fully protected and 21 are partially protected. Eleven sites are not protected, and the remaining two have unknown statuses of legal protection. Information

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Several species prey upon the Hine's emeralds. Crayfish, turtles, amphibians, and other aquatic species prey upon nymphs. Spiders, frogs, birds, and large dragonflies prey upon adults. Some of these predator/prey relationships may benefit the Hine's emeralds. A 2006 paper suggests that devil crayfish

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During their lifespans, Hine's emeralds progress through the egg stage, larval stage, and adult stage. Both the egg and larval stages are aquatic. Hine's emeralds spend the majority of this lifespan in the larval stage, which lasts 2–4 years. The specific length of this stage varies with food supply,

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There are two recovery units in the United States: the Northern Recovery Unit and the Southern Recovery Unit. The Northern Recovery Unit has two populations: Northern Wisconsin and Michigan. The Southern Recovery Unit has four populations. This includes Ozaukee County Wisconsin, Southwest Wisconsin,

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areas make an important contribution to Hine's emerald habitats. Researchers have worked to outline the areas that contribute to many Hine's emerald habitats. However, they have not mapped recharge areas for all Hine's emerald habitat sites yet. More research is necessary to identify recharge areas

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The Hine's emerald dragonfly recovery plan was published in 2001. At that time, the major threats to the species were habitat loss/alteration and contamination. Hine's emerald dragonflies inhabit marsh and wetland habitats, which are already rare. Further loss of habitat would disrupt the surviving

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In the Recovery Plan, the Fish and Wildlife Service suggests various ideas to increase Hine's emerald survivorship. This includes watershed protection and deed restrictions. Land acquisition and nature preserve creation are also potential ways to protect the species. The Fish and Wildlife Service

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cited three main reasons why Hine's emerald warrants federal protection. Fragmented habitats and small, highly-distributed populations were significant concerns. By January 1995, Hine's emerald was officially added to the ESA and listed as an endangered species. Last assessed in 2008, the Hine's

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and completing a final molt. During this molt, the nymph's skin splits longitudinally along its body. The adult then sheds this dead skin and emerges into the wild. Nymphs typically emerge into the wild during June and July. Male and female nymphs appear to progress into the adult stage in equal

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for Hine's emeralds contains 26,531 acres of land. This land is concentrated in various counties in Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, and Wisconsin. Expected costs for protection range from $ 10.5 million to $ 25.2 million over 20 years when adjusted. This version of the critical habitat ruling was

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Before reproduction can occur, a male must first establish a territory. These territories range from 2–4 metres (6.6–13.1 ft) in area and sit close to bodies of water. Male dragonflies patrol these areas and defend them from dragonflies of both their own and other species. Females initiate

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The Hine's emerald's current range includes parts of the United States and Canada. Within the United States, the Hine's emerald's range includes Illinois, Michigan, Missouri and Wisconsin. Within Canada, the Hine's emerald's range includes parts of Ontario. The Hine's emerald historically also

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Hine's emerald dragonfly populations are susceptible to habitat fragmentation. As of 2012, studies were being conducted to investigate barriers to Hine's emerald movement, such as roads and bridges. They studied how these barriers can influence the flight behavior and dispersal ability of the

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The Recovery Plan by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service was published in 2001. Its ultimate recovery goal is " to viable populations". The plan established the Northern Recovery Unit and Southern Recovery Unit. To be downgraded in the Endangered Species Act, certain criteria must be met. Each

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In the Five Year Review conducted in 2013, four major criteria for reclassification are listed. First, each Recovery Unit must meet the population requirements as specified in the initial Recovery Plan. At the time of publishing, some populations in the Northern Recovery Unit exceed this. No

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sizes and current population sizes. Also, the genetic diversity between populations is important to study. Restoring Hine's emeralds to lasting population sizes allows the ESA to downgrade the species from endangered to threatened. To do this, however, up-to-date population data is crucial.

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Kay, Robert T.; Gahala, Amy M.; Bailey, Clinton (2018). Assessment of water resources in areas that affect the habitat of the endangered Hine's emerald dragonfly in the Lower Des Plaines River Valley, Illinois (Report). Scientific Investigations Report. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey.

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Many agencies help protect Hine's emerald habitats. State and County agencies protect the habitats of three subpopulations in Illinois. The University of Wisconsin and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) help protect Hine's emerald habitats, one such being the

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dragonflies. If Hine's emeralds are unable to disperse properly it may lead to isolated populations of lower population size. Poor dispersal also reduces genetic diversity, and low genetic diversity will make the Hine's emeralds more vulnerable to other threats they face.

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states that there are 47 known locations where Hine's emeralds are present. This includes Ontario, Canada, and Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, and Wisconsin. Populations at one point also existed in Ohio, Alabama, and Indiana, though there have been no recent sightings.

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as endangered, having received this status in 2017. It appears to have a small area of occupancy within Ontario, restricted to the Minesing Wetlands. The population's continued existence is jeopardized by urban development and the spread of invasive plants such as

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Hine's emeralds are carnivorous during both the larval and adult stages of their lives. Adult Hine's emeralds feed upon small flying insects such as mosquitoes and gnats. Adults usually forage for their prey while in-flight and appear to favor foraging along

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also impact Hine's emerald habitats when they forage. Armadillos dig up soil looking for insect larvae and forage in burrows as well. The impact of armadillos on Hine's emerald habitats will require monitoring as the armadillo's range continues to expand.

409:) help sustain populations of their Hine's emerald nymph prey. As Hine's emerald habitats dry up in late summer, crayfish burrows remain wet. In inhabiting these burrows, nymphs increase their chances of survival during droughts. Use of digger crayfish ( 742:

Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. (1995). Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of Endangered Status for the Hine's Emerald Dragonfly (Somatochlora hineana). Federal Register, 60(17). Retrieved from

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Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. (2006). Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Proposed Designation of Critical Habitat for the Hine's Emerald Dragonfly; Proposed Rule. Federal Register, 71(143). Retrieved from

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forage for food, they have the potential to damage Hine's emerald habitats. As of 2013, feral hogs were only considered a threat in Missouri. However, their populations have grown in other states with Hine's emerald populations. Lastly,

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Parish, G. and J. Sellar. 2006 Thirsty Plants Dry Soil: Changes in Soil Moisture Content After the Removal of Invasive Species. Chicago Wilderness Journal: Best Practices in Conservation and Restoration. Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 11-17.

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Recovery Unit must contain at least three subpopulations with 500 reproducing adults for at least 10 years. Additionally, there must be two breeding sites per subpopulation. These areas must have federally protected habitat.

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Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior. (2010). Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final Revised Critical Habitat for Hine's Emerald Dragonfly (Somatochlora hineana) . Federal Register, 75(78). Retrieved from

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occupied parts of Ohio, Indiana, and Alabama. Due to habitat modification, the Hine's emerald likely no longer live in these states. Whether the Hine's emerald once lived in parts of other states is currently unknown.

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Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. (1993). Endangered and ThreatenedWildlife and Plants; Proposed Rule To List the Hine's Emerald Dragonfly as Endangered. Federal Register, 58(190). Retrieved from

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Soluk, Daniel A.; Zercher, Deanna S.; Pintor, Lauren M.; Herbert, Matthew E.; Hults, Amy B.; Gittinger, Eric J.; Stalzer, Sarah A. (2000). "Evaluation of Habitat and Ecology of the Larvae of Hine's Emerald Dragonfly

559:, feral hogs, and armadillos are the major potential threats. They can contribute to Hine's emerald habitat destruction. Beaver dams have the potential to flood the wetlands of Hine's emerald populations. When 317:

remain clear with amber coloring at the base until the ends of their lives, at which point they become smoky in color. The average mature Hine's emerald measures 2.5 inches (6.4 cm) in length and has a

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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Midwest Region Chicago Ecological Services Field Office. (2013). Hine's Emerald Dragonfly, Somatochlora hineana 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. Retrieved from

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for all Hine's emerald sites. Sections 7 and 9 of the ESA protect all identified groundwater recharge areas. The Illinois Natural Areas Preservation Act protects identified areas in Illinois.

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Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. (2007). Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation of Critical Habitat for the Hine's Emerald Dragonfly; Final Rule .

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species found in the United States and Canada. Populations exist in Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, Ontario, and Wisconsin. Larvae are found in shallow, flowing water in

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Illinois, and Missouri. Populations are unique when separated by large distances of at least 30 miles. There must be a low chance of genetic exchange between them.

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https://esadocs.defenders-cci.org/ESAdocs/federal_register/citation.result.FR.action?federalRegister.volume=2007andfederalRegister.page=51102andpublication=FR.pdf

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https://esadocs.defenders-cci.org/ESAdocs/federal_register/citation.result.FR.action?federalRegister.volume=2006andfederalRegister.page=42442andpublication=FR.pdf

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possess no features that distinguish them from those of other dragonfly species. A mature nymph measures roughly 0.9 inches (2.3 cm) in length.

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is missing on the number of breeding adults for many of the sub-populations. This makes it difficult to assess progress in conservation efforts.

313:. A Hine's emerald's eyes are brown during the first 1–3 days of adulthood. After the third day, the eyes take on an emerald green color. Their 1737: 932:

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2001. Hine's Emerald Dragonfly (Somatochlora hineana) Recovery Plan. Fort Snelling, MN. 120 p. Retrieved from

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Several characteristics distinguish adult Hine's emeralds from other dragonfly species. An adult Hine's emerald has a distinctive dark-green

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may decrease crayfish populations. Thus, decreasing the number of crayfish burrows that are a place of refuge for Hine's emerald larvae.

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water depth, and temperature. While in this stage, Hine's emerald nymphs live within streamlets and mature by undergoing a series of

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U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. (2008). Recovering Threatened and Endangered Species, Fiscal Years 2005-2006. Retrieved from

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finalized in 2010. However, this ruling differs significantly from the initial proposal and the first critical habitat ruling.

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on June 8, 2018. At this point, it was listed as Least Concern. This contradicts the ESA's older classification of Endangered.

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of Ontario. It is unknown whether the Hine's emeralds have similar mutually beneficial relationships with other species.

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states that current populations are stable, estimating that there are over 30,000 individuals globally. As of 2013 the

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Not much information exists about historical population size for Hine's emerald dragonflies. The

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of 3.5 inches (8.9 cm). On average, female dragonflies are slightly longer than males.

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and alteration, and the species is legally protected in both the United States and Canada.

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Johnson, D. M. (January 1991). "Behavioral ecology of larval dragonflies and damselflies".

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Vogt, Timothy; Cashatt, Everett (1994-09-01). "Distribution, Habitat, and Field Biology of

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Hine's emerald dragonfly was first proposed as an endangered species in October, 1993. The

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with two yellow lateral stripes. Hine's emeralds also have uniquely shaped male and female

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Pulfer, T. L.; Evans, C. G.; Featherstone, D.; Post, R.; McCarter, J. I.; Laverty, J. F.

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emerald dragonfly was the only dragonfly species included in the Endangered Species Act.

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The Hine's emerald's appearance varies across its lifetime. During the larval stage,

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Williamson, E. B. (1931). "A new North American Somatochlora (Odonata-Cordulinae)".

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NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer

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population is the biggest and most significant, with as many as 20,000 individuals.

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https://northbranchrestoration.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/CWJournal-Vol-4-2.pdf

1117:(Hine's emerald dragonfly). Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Lansing, MI. 3 pp. 192: 1281: 1256: 1678: 1626: 314: 182: 579: 578:

component of Hine's emerald larval habitats. The invasion of species like the

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https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2010-04-23/pdf/2010-8808.pdf#page=1

1351:(Report). Ottawa: Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada 1564: 1526: 1489: 1387:

https://esadocs.defenders-cci.org/ESAdocs/misc/summary_2005-6Recovery.pdf

976: 335:. A mature larvae transitions into the adult stage by climbing up onto a 332: 319: 275: 1592: 1307: 952: 1618: 1569: 1479:"Rare dragonfly spotted in Minesing; Hine's emerald on endangered list" 336: 162: 1631: 1141: 787:

https://esadocs.defenders-cci.org/ESAdocs/five_year_review/doc4337.pdf

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https://esadocs.defenders-cci.org/ESAdocs/federal_register/fr2428.pdf

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https://esadocs.defenders-cci.org/ESAdocs/federal_register/fr2777.pdf

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Invasive animal species pose a threat to Hine's emerald habitats.

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Current US range, one additional population is present in Ontario

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In Canada, the Hine's emerald is listed on Schedule 1 of the

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Hine's emerald dragonflies were first described in 1931 near

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The Hine's Emerald Dragonfly: Rare Gem of Wetland and Meadow

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COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Hine's emerald

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with State level protections and Federal protections.

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https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/hedplan.pdf

1255:Pintor, Lauren M.; Soluk, Daniel A. (2006-07-01). 508:Hine's emerald dragonfly was last assessed by the 1134:Illinois Natural History Survey Technical Reports 1113:Cuthrell, D.L. 1999. Special animal abstract for 415:) burrows has additionally been described in the 738: 736: 674:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T20342A129856416.en 370:Hine's emeralds occupy wetland, pond and pool, 1335: 1333: 1172:Annals of the Entomological Society of America 278:burrows. Major threats to the species include 821: 819: 817: 8: 1504: 969:Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 237: 86: 64: 40: 31: 1499:Hine's Emerald Dragonfly Chicago Brochure 1280: 951: 672: 1316:Environmental Conservation Online System 1302: 1300: 833:. Government of Canada. 2 February 2021 827:"Hine's Emerald (Somatochlora hineana)" 802:. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 634: 1109: 1107: 1105: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1081: 1079: 1077: 1075: 1073: 1071: 1069: 1067: 1065: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1057: 1055: 1053: 644: 642: 640: 638: 1416: 1414: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1368: 1366: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1161: 1159: 1157: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1051: 1049: 1047: 1045: 1043: 1041: 1039: 1037: 1035: 1033: 998: 996: 994: 992: 990: 988: 986: 971:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. 928: 926: 924: 922: 920: 918: 916: 914: 912: 910: 908: 906: 904: 902: 900: 898: 896: 894: 892: 890: 888: 886: 884: 882: 880: 878: 876: 874: 872: 870: 868: 7: 866: 864: 862: 860: 858: 856: 854: 852: 850: 848: 1733:IUCN Red List least concern species 765:Michigan Natural Features Inventory 660:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1318:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 1003:O'Brien, Mark F. (October 2002) . 800:"Hine's Emerald Recovery Strategy" 707:. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe 649:Abbott, J.C.; Cashatt, E. (2019). 25: 1199:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 109: 831:Species at risk public registry 1132:) in Wisconsin and Illinois". 462:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1: 1738:NatureServe imperiled species 1477:Rebecca Lander (2007-08-27). 18:Hine's emerald dragonfly 1282:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.01.021 1219:10.1016/0169-5347(91)90140-S 695:NatureServe (7 April 2023). 1494:Wisconsin Public Television 1308:"Hine's emerald dragonfly ( 1005:"Hine's Emerald Dragonfly: 767:. Michigan State University 611:Gardner Swamp Wildlife Area 1774: 353:Diet and feeding behaviors 1748:Insects described in 1931 1471:Hine's Emerald Dragonfly. 1170:(Odonata: Corduliidae)". 1018:. Technical Note Number 3 245: 236: 221: 214: 106:Scientific classification 104: 84: 62: 53: 48: 39: 34: 1753:Odonata of North America 1490:Hine's Emerald Dragonfly 366:Distribution and habitat 1261:Biological Conservation 1016:Michigan Odonata Survey 406:Lacunicambarus diogenes 311:reproductive structures 1758:ESA endangered species 1441:(171). Retrieved from 667:: e.T20342A129856416. 566:nine-banded armadillos 433:Door County, Wisconsin 295: 49:Female Hine's emerald 1473:The Ridges Sanctuary. 1184:10.1093/aesa/87.5.599 293: 1547:somatochlora-hineana 1518:Somatochlora hineana 1344:Somatochlora hineana 1310:Somatochlora hineana 1168:Somatochlora hineana 1130:Somatochlora hineana 1115:Somatochlora hineana 1007:Somatochlora hineana 759:Somatochlora hineana 699:Somatochlora hineana 653:Somatochlora hineana 622:Groundwater recharge 617:Groundwater recharge 595:Conservation efforts 491:Phragmites australis 487:European common reed 259:Somatochlora hineana 225:Somatochlora hineana 27:Species of dragonfly 1273:2006BCons.130..584P 1211:1991TEcoE...6....8J 953:10.3133/sir20185074 482:Species at Risk Act 456:Conservation status 412:Creaserinus fodiens 262:) is an endangered 56:Conservation status 1492:Video produced by 604:Habitat protection 296: 1720: 1719: 1705:Open Tree of Life 1510:Taxon identifiers 417:Minesing Wetlands 250: 249: 99: 79: 16:(Redirected from 1765: 1713: 1712: 1700: 1699: 1687: 1686: 1674: 1673: 1661: 1660: 1648: 1647: 1635: 1634: 1622: 1621: 1609: 1608: 1596: 1595: 1586: 1585: 1573: 1572: 1560: 1559: 1550: 1549: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1505: 1486: 1458: 1451: 1445: 1435:Federal Register 1431: 1425: 1418: 1409: 1402: 1389: 1383: 1377: 1370: 1361: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1350: 1340:COSEWIC (2011). 1337: 1328: 1327: 1325: 1323: 1304: 1295: 1294: 1284: 1252: 1239: 1238: 1194: 1188: 1187: 1163: 1146: 1145: 1124: 1118: 1111: 1028: 1027: 1025: 1023: 1013: 1000: 981: 980: 964: 958: 957: 955: 942: 936: 930: 843: 842: 840: 838: 823: 812: 811: 809: 807: 795: 789: 783: 777: 776: 774: 772: 753: 747: 740: 731: 730: 723: 717: 716: 714: 712: 692: 686: 685: 683: 681: 676: 646: 551:Invasive animals 522:critical habitat 516:Critical habitat 499:glossy buckthorn 274:, and often use 241: 231:Williamson, 1931 227: 114: 113: 93: 90: 89: 73: 68: 67: 44: 32: 21: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1716: 1708: 1703: 1695: 1690: 1682: 1677: 1669: 1664: 1656: 1651: 1643: 1638: 1630: 1625: 1617: 1612: 1604: 1599: 1591: 1589: 1581: 1576: 1568: 1563: 1555: 1553: 1545: 1540: 1531: 1530: 1525: 1512: 1483:Barrie Examiner 1476: 1467: 1462: 1461: 1452: 1448: 1432: 1428: 1419: 1412: 1403: 1392: 1384: 1380: 1371: 1364: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1339: 1338: 1331: 1321: 1319: 1306: 1305: 1298: 1254: 1253: 1242: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1165: 1164: 1149: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1112: 1031: 1021: 1019: 1011: 1002: 1001: 984: 966: 965: 961: 944: 943: 939: 931: 846: 836: 834: 825: 824: 815: 805: 803: 797: 796: 792: 784: 780: 770: 768: 755: 754: 750: 741: 734: 725: 724: 720: 710: 708: 694: 693: 689: 679: 677: 648: 647: 636: 631: 619: 606: 597: 588: 575: 573:Invasive plants 553: 544: 535: 518: 458: 453: 425: 423:Population size 400: 368: 355: 346: 328: 288: 232: 229: 223: 210: 207:S. hineana 108: 100: 91: 87: 80: 69: 65: 58: 35:Hine's emerald 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 1771: 1769: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1725: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1715: 1714: 1701: 1688: 1675: 1662: 1649: 1636: 1623: 1610: 1597: 1587: 1574: 1561: 1551: 1538: 1522: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1496: 1487: 1474: 1466: 1465:External links 1463: 1460: 1459: 1446: 1426: 1410: 1390: 1378: 1362: 1329: 1296: 1267:(4): 584–591. 1240: 1189: 1178:(5): 599–603. 1147: 1119: 1029: 982: 959: 937: 844: 813: 790: 778: 748: 732: 729:. USFWS. 2002. 718: 687: 633: 632: 630: 627: 618: 615: 605: 602: 596: 593: 587: 584: 574: 571: 552: 549: 543: 540: 534: 531: 517: 514: 503:Frangula alnus 457: 454: 452: 449: 424: 421: 399: 396: 367: 364: 354: 351: 345: 342: 327: 324: 287: 284: 254:Hine's emerald 248: 247: 243: 242: 234: 233: 230: 219: 218: 212: 211: 204: 202: 198: 197: 190: 186: 185: 180: 176: 175: 170: 166: 165: 160: 156: 155: 150: 146: 145: 140: 136: 135: 130: 126: 125: 120: 116: 115: 102: 101: 85: 82: 81: 63: 60: 59: 54: 51: 50: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1770: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1728: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1528: 1524: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1457: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1408: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1388: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1347: 1345: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1317: 1313: 1311: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1193: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1110: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1074: 1072: 1070: 1068: 1066: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1058: 1056: 1054: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1017: 1010: 1008: 999: 997: 995: 993: 991: 989: 987: 983: 979:. Number 225. 978: 977:2027.42/56664 974: 970: 963: 960: 954: 949: 941: 938: 935: 929: 927: 925: 923: 921: 919: 917: 915: 913: 911: 909: 907: 905: 903: 901: 899: 897: 895: 893: 891: 889: 887: 885: 883: 881: 879: 877: 875: 873: 871: 869: 867: 865: 863: 861: 859: 857: 855: 853: 851: 849: 845: 832: 828: 822: 820: 818: 814: 801: 794: 791: 788: 782: 779: 766: 762: 760: 752: 749: 746: 739: 737: 733: 728: 722: 719: 706: 702: 700: 691: 688: 675: 670: 666: 662: 661: 656: 654: 645: 643: 641: 639: 635: 628: 626: 623: 616: 614: 612: 603: 601: 594: 592: 585: 583: 581: 572: 570: 567: 562: 558: 550: 548: 542:Fragmentation 541: 539: 532: 530: 526: 523: 515: 513: 511: 510:IUCN Red List 506: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 483: 478: 474: 470: 466: 463: 455: 450: 448: 444: 440: 436: 434: 430: 429:IUCN Red List 422: 420: 418: 414: 413: 408: 407: 397: 395: 392: 391:IUCN Red List 388: 384: 379: 375: 373: 365: 363: 361: 352: 350: 343: 341: 338: 334: 325: 323: 321: 316: 312: 308: 303: 301: 292: 285: 283: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 260: 255: 244: 240: 235: 228: 226: 220: 217: 216:Binomial name 213: 209: 208: 203: 200: 199: 196: 195: 191: 188: 187: 184: 181: 178: 177: 174: 171: 168: 167: 164: 161: 158: 157: 154: 151: 148: 147: 144: 141: 138: 137: 134: 131: 128: 127: 124: 121: 118: 117: 112: 107: 103: 97: 83: 77: 72: 71:Least Concern 61: 57: 52: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 1517: 1449: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1381: 1353:. Retrieved 1343: 1320:. Retrieved 1315: 1309: 1264: 1260: 1202: 1198: 1192: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1133: 1129: 1122: 1114: 1020:. Retrieved 1015: 1006: 968: 962: 956:. 2018–5074. 940: 835:. Retrieved 830: 804:. Retrieved 793: 781: 769:. Retrieved 764: 758: 751: 726: 721: 709:. Retrieved 704: 698: 690: 678:. Retrieved 664: 658: 652: 620: 607: 598: 589: 586:Human impact 576: 554: 545: 536: 527: 520:The current 519: 507: 502: 494: 490: 479: 475: 471: 467: 459: 451:Conservation 445: 441: 437: 426: 410: 404: 401: 389:, Ohio. The 387:Logan County 380: 376: 369: 360:forest edges 356: 347: 344:Reproduction 329: 326:Life history 304: 297: 280:habitat loss 258: 257: 253: 251: 224: 222: 206: 205: 194:Somatochlora 193: 169:Infraorder: 29: 1743:Corduliidae 1679:NatureServe 1627:iNaturalist 1205:(1): 8–13. 1009:Williamson" 580:common reed 383:Indian Lake 286:Description 183:Corduliidae 96:NatureServe 1727:Categories 1142:2142/10654 629:References 561:feral hogs 372:wet meadow 173:Anisoptera 143:Arthropoda 92:Imperiled 1346:in Canada 1291:0006-3207 1227:0169-5347 529:for HED. 495:australis 264:dragonfly 201:Species: 129:Kingdom: 123:Eukaryota 1684:2.115545 1645:10971489 1565:BugGuide 1554:BioLib: 1527:Wikidata 1355:26 April 1322:26 April 1235:21232412 1022:26 April 837:26 April 806:4 August 771:4 August 711:26 April 680:26 April 320:wingspan 276:crayfish 179:Family: 139:Phylum: 133:Animalia 119:Domain: 76:IUCN 3.1 1710:3010195 1697:2070507 1619:1429986 1533:Q144341 1269:Bibcode 1207:Bibcode 557:Beavers 533:Threats 493:subsp. 398:Ecology 337:cattail 272:marshes 189:Genus: 163:Odonata 159:Order: 153:Insecta 149:Class: 94: ( 74: ( 1658:101968 1632:112795 1606:254607 1590:ECOS: 1557:230489 1542:ARKive 1289: 1233: 1225: 497:) and 307:thorax 300:nymphs 1671:20342 1640:IRMNG 1583:4Y8SY 1570:11173 1349:(PDF) 1012:(PDF) 333:molts 315:wings 1692:NCBI 1666:IUCN 1653:ITIS 1614:GBIF 1593:7877 1357:2023 1324:2023 1287:ISSN 1231:PMID 1223:ISSN 1024:2023 839:2023 808:2021 773:2021 713:2023 682:2023 665:2019 294:male 270:and 268:fens 252:The 1601:EoL 1578:CoL 1277:doi 1265:130 1215:doi 1180:doi 1138:hdl 973:hdl 948:doi 669:doi 505:). 385:in 1729:: 1707:: 1694:: 1681:: 1668:: 1655:: 1642:: 1629:: 1616:: 1603:: 1580:: 1567:: 1544:: 1529:: 1481:. 1439:72 1437:, 1413:^ 1393:^ 1365:^ 1332:^ 1314:. 1312:)" 1299:^ 1285:. 1275:. 1263:. 1259:. 1243:^ 1229:. 1221:. 1213:. 1201:. 1176:87 1174:. 1150:^ 1136:. 1032:^ 1014:. 985:^ 847:^ 829:. 816:^ 763:. 735:^ 703:. 663:. 657:. 637:^ 1485:. 1359:. 1326:. 1293:. 1279:: 1271:: 1237:. 1217:: 1209:: 1203:6 1186:. 1182:: 1144:. 1140:: 1128:( 1026:. 975:: 950:: 841:. 810:. 775:. 761:" 757:" 715:. 701:" 697:" 684:. 671:: 655:" 651:" 501:( 489:( 403:( 256:( 98:) 78:) 20:)

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