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Design while completing the
Aerospace Studies program required of all cadets. After graduation, she was commissioned atop the Berkeley campanile by her parents, Arturo and Agustina Tiscareño and received a regular commission as an AFROTC Distinguished Graduate. She completed Undergraduate Navigator Training at Mather Air Force base in March 1991, the only woman in her class. Tiscareño-Sato was promoted to the rank of captain in 1994 and deployed all over the globe in both aircrew and liaison officer roles, including working for NATO in the Combined Air Operations Center in Vicenza, Italy during the Bosnia-Herzegovina conflict. Captain Graciela Tiscareño-Sato served until her separation date in October 1999 after completing her master's degree in international business management and opting for a career change into tech marketing in Silicon Valley. As an active veteran, mother of three, she has won six international book awards for her bilingual Captain Mama children's book which she shares with school children and teachers from coast-to-coast. Her Captain Mama books are the first children's books in Spanish and English featuring women flying military airplanes.
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eligible to receive the award. On March 11, 2004, Colón-López together with his
Advance Force Operations Team and elements of the Afghan National Strike Unit, participated in an operation which required the capture of a high level target and a follow-on site exploitation with the intention of preventing the proliferation of chemical weapons. His helicopter came upon hostile enemy fire, however Colón-López continued on his mission which resulted in the capture of 10 of the enemy and the destruction of multiple rocker propelled grenades and small caliber weapons. In January 2005, after Colón-López returned to the United States, he was named Superintendent of Training and later Commandant of the Pararescue and Combat Rescue Officer School.
765:
285:. The Tuskegee Airmen were the first African-American military aviators in the United States armed forces. Puerto Ricans were also involved in clerical positions with the Tuskegee unit. Among the Puerto Ricans who helped make the Tuskegee experiment a successful one were T/Sgt. Pablo Diaz Albortt, an NCO (Non Commissioned Officer) in charge of the Special Service Office, and Eugene Calderon, who was assigned to the "Red Tail" unit, as the Company Clerk. By the end of the war, the Tuskegee Airmen were credited with 109 Luftwaffe aircraft shot down, a patrol boat run aground by machine-gun fire, and destruction of numerous fuel dumps, trucks and trains.
35:
1517:. During the years which he spent there (1984–1987) he assumed various leadership positions: Deputy Commander for Operations (1984), 410th Bombardment Wing; Vice Commander (September 1984)and Commander(July 1985). While commanding the 410th, General Maldonado won numerous top Air Force awards including the coveted Omaha Trophy (best combat Wing) and the 390th Bombardment Group Memorial Trophy (best Wing Commander). In May 1987, Maldonado was reassigned once more to the Pentagon where he served as Chief, Strategic Operations Division, Operations Directorate, Office of the
1529:, becoming the senior Department of Defense representative to that country. His responsibilities included providing overall direction to U.S. elements in Spain on status of forces, security assistance programs and other defense and base agreement matters. He also provided overall coordination for US offensive operations out of Spain during the 1991 Persian Gulf War. Brigadier General Maldonado retired from the United States Air Force on September 1, 1991, with more than 4,000 hours of flight, after 27 years of service of active duty service.
1553:
gaming within the U. S. Southern
Command. The directorate seeks out new concepts and rigorously tests them both in simulation and as part of operational experiments. The first transformation initiative was the start-up of the Secretary of Defense mandated Standing Joint Force Headquarters (SJFHQ). The SJFHQ, consists of planning, operations, knowledge management, and information superiority experts who form the backbone of the Joint Task Force command structure in the event of contingency operations. Aponte retired July 1, 2007.
579:, USAAF, was a P-51 Mustang pilot from the 435th Fighter Squadron of the 479th Fighter Group. With six aerial victories to his credit, Candelaria was the only pilot in his squadron to make "ace". Most of his victories were achieved on a single mission on April 7, 1945, when he found himself the lone escort protecting a formation of USAAF B-24 Liberators. Candelaria defended the bombers from at least 15 German fighters, single-handedly destroying four before help arrived. He was also credited with a probable victory on an
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courses to 4,000 cadets in 19 academic departments. He led and supervised four support staff agencies and directed the operation of faculty resources involving more than $ 250 million. Cubero established the Air Force
Academy's first Cooperative Research and Development Agreement. On August 3, 1991, Cubero was promoted to the rank of brigadier general. Cubero retired from the Air Force on July 1, 1998. He had more than 6,000 flight hours.
1478:
as a second lieutenant in the U.S. Air Force in
November 1954. In June 1979 he became deputy chief of staff for plans and programs at Headquarters Air Force Logistics Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. Marquez served as commander of Ogden Air Logistics Center, Hill Air Force Base, Utah, from July 1981 to July 1983. Marquez, who retired on August 1, 1987, was promoted to lieutenant general on August 1, 1983.
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the co-equality of ground and air force commanders, centralized command of tactical aircraft to exploit "the inherent flexibility of air power", and the attainment of air superiority over the battlefield as a prerequisite for successful ground operations formed the core of tactical air doctrine. In
October 1943, Quesada assumed command of the IX Fighter Command in England, and his forces provided air cover for the
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107:
1577:
536:
79:
49:
588:
1182:
894:
1427:
93:
669:
63:
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1393:, California. Among his duties was to provide program management to eight flight research programs, liaising with international partners, and providing academic oversight for a Master's level engineering program. He created nation's first system for testing complex military systems in contested cyberspace. Other achievements during his tenure include:
1061:
362:
960:. The U.S. government did not begin keeping separate statistics on Hispanics until 1979. Therefore, the exact number of Hispanics who served in the Air Force during the Vietnam War era is unknown. The statistics that were kept by the Department of Defense, in accordance to the Vietnam War Statistics, included Hispanics among Caucasians.
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alongside the aircraft of Lt. Penney. According to Penney, Sasseville told her: "We don't train to bring down airliners. If you just hit the engine, it could still glide and you could guide it to a target". He also told her that he would take out the cockpit and that she should take the tail. The fighter jets passed over the ravaged
1438:, serving as an aircraft commander, flight commander, assistant operations officer, and wing chief of aircrew training. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1977 and became the Commander of the 3rd Mobile Aerial Port Squadron. In 1978, he was named the chief of liaison for the Joint United States Military Group in
373:" or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat. The term "ace in a day" is used to designate a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more enemy aircraft in a single day. Since World War I, a number of pilots have been honored as "Ace in a Day".
1540:
for combat air operations. A First
Lieutenant at the time, Tiscareño-Sato served as a navigator on board the KC-135R aerial refueling tanker, flying dozens of O-1 sorties over Baghdad refueling combat air patrol fighters during Operation Southern Watch upon the end of Operation Desert Storm. This was
1477:
Lieutenant
General Leo Marquez was the deputy chief of staff for logistics and engineering, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C. He was awarded a commission through the Air Force Reserve Officer's Training Corps program upon graduation from New Mexico State University and entered active duty
1372:
was among 157 women that entered the Air Force
Academy with the Class of 1980. In 1980, Cubero made history when she became a member of the first class of women to graduate from the United States Air Force Academy. There she earned her BS degree in political science and her free-fall parachute wings.
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The mission was to find United
Airlines Flight 93 and destroy it however they could. Since the fighter jets were absent of missiles and packed only with dummy ammunition from a recent training mission, there was only one way to do it and that was by ramming the aircraft. Sasseville, flew his aircraft
917:
Company Ground School and participated in its flight test program. He wrote the first flight curriculum and initial qualification requirements for future SAC pilots. In July 1957, Felices delivered the first KC-135 to SAC Headquarters and he was the first to pilot the first flight of a KC-135 made by
684:
One of the first Hispanic women to serve in the USAAF was Staff Sergeant Eva Romero Jacques. Jacques had three years of college and she spoke both Spanish and English. She spent two years in the Pacific Theater. She spent 1944, in New Guinea and 1945 in the Philippines, as an administrative aide. She
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and the second on July 11, when he dropped reinforcements in the area. His unit was awarded a "DUC" for carrying out this second mission in spite of bad weather and heavy attack by enemy ground and naval forces. González died on November 22, 1943, when his plane crashed during training off the end of
423:
when 38 Thunderbolts of the 507th Fighter Group encountered approximately 50 enemy aircraft. This action was Lt. Perdomo's tenth and final combat mission, and the five confirmed victories made him an "Ace in a Day" and earned him the distinction of being the last "Ace" of World War II. He was awarded
194:
Hispanics, both men and women, have reached the top ranks of the Air Force, serving their country in sensitive leadership positions on domestic and foreign shores. Hispanics, however currently account for a total of 4.9% of the enlisted personnel making the United States Air Force the military branch
1544:
Tiscareño-Sato was born to Mexican immigrants in El Paso, Texas in 1967 and grew up in Colorado as the oldest of five Mexican-America children. She left her family home to attend the University of California at Berkeley on an Air Force ROTC Scholarship. She majored in Architecture and Environmental
1532:
In 1985, Carmelita Vigil-Schimmenti became the first Hispanic female to attain the rank of brigadier general in the Air Force and was the first female general from New Mexico. She received her nursing diploma from Regina School of Nursing in Albuquerque. Because of her work on the base, she decided
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became the Deputy Director for Operations, Headquarters United States Southern Command in Miami, Florida. In October 2004, he was named Director, J-7, of the United States Southern Command. His directorate is the focal point for transformation initiatives, knowledge management, experimentation and
1360:
In 1961, Héctor Andrés Negroni earned a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering with a major in public affairs in the Air Force Academy making him one of the first Hispanics to graduate from said academy. Negroni was commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Air Force and was awarded
336:
forged by Quesada and the Allied leaders became a blueprint for operations incorporated into Army Air Forces field regulations—FM 100-20, "Command and Employment of Air Power", first published on July 21, 1943—and provided the Allies with their first victory in the European war. Principles such as
676:
Corporal Frank Medina, USAAF, was an air crew member on a B-24 that was shot down over Italy. He was the only crew member to evade capture. Medina explained that his ability to speak Spanish had allowed him to communicate with friendly Italians who helped him avoid capture for eight months behind
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obtained a Bachelor of Science in nursing in 1966 and a Masters of Arts in public health in 1974. She attended the Air Force Flight Nurse School, the Air War College and the Inter-Agency Institute. Vigil-Schimmenti served in the Pacific during the Vietnam War. In June 1968, Vigil-Schimmenti, was
598:
Lieutenant Francisco Mercado Jr., USAAF, flew 35 combat missions as a bombardier over enemy occupied Continental Europe as a member of the 853rd Bomb Squadron, 491st Bomb Group, 8th Air Force. He was awarded the Air Medal with four Oak Leaf Cluster and the Distinguished Flying Cross. He flew ten
1376:
In July 1991, Ruben A. Cubero was named dean of the faculty, becoming the first person of Hispanic heritage in that position. As dean of the faculty, Cubero commanded the 865-member dean of the faculty mission element and oversaw the annual design and instruction of more than 500 undergraduate
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was led by Otero. He was promoted to colonel in 2004 and as Chief Coalition Intelligence Center in the Central Command at MacDill Air Force Base. His assignment included multiple trips to the Coalition Intelligence Center in Iraq where he worked on Detainee Interrogation Release Parameters. He
1600:
at the Air Force Memorial, in Washington, DC. The medal was created to recognize Air Force members who are engaged in air or ground combat "outside the wire" in combat zones. Airmen who are under direct and hostile fire, or who personally engaged hostile forces with direct and lethal fire are
751:
on November 23, 1947. The Puerto Rico Air National Guard is a part of the Air Reserve Component (ARC) of the United States Air Force. Both Gilormini and Nido were eventually promoted to brigadier general and served as commanders of PRANG. In 1963, the Air National Guard Base, at the San Juan
1627:
extended that week to a month-long observance. The National Hispanic Heritage Month is a time for Americans to educate themselves about the influences Hispanic culture has had on society. The Air Force has realized that the fastest growing group in both the United States and the Marines are
1072:, was a lieutenant in November 1971, assigned to the 310th Tactical Airlift Squadron, Phan Rang Air Base and Tan Son Nhut Air Base, South Vietnam. In August 1972, was transferred to U-Tapao Royal Thai Naval Airfield in Thailand where he was the Base Operations Officer until November 1972.
874:, was the third-leading American ace in the Korean War. Fernandez had 14.5 kills during his 9 months in Korea. Prior to this Capt Fernandez, who joined the Air Force's predecessor, the USAAF during WW II, was an advanced instructor at Nellis Air Force Base Gunnery School in Las Vegas, NV.
714:
Among the Hispanics who continued to serve in the newly formed Air Force where Major Oscar F. Perdomo, who retired in 1950, Lieutenant Colonel Donald S. Lopez Sr., who was an associate professor of thermodynamics at the United States Air Force Academy, retiring from the Air Force in 1964.
1259:
was to integrate emerging national capabilities into a joint counter terrorism operation. He developed concepts for long-term Information Operations and Space Control activities for the US enabling a multi-spectral combat response. He was also involved in the development of the
776:
between two rival Korean regimes, each of which was supported by external powers, with each trying to topple the other through political and guerrilla tactics. The conflict was expanded by the United States and the Soviet Union's involvement as part of the larger
710:
stripped TAC of its planes and pilots and reduced its status to that of a planning headquarters under the newly formed Continental Air Command. Quesada protested and asked for a reassignment. In 1951, Quesada requested an early retirement from the Air Force.
648:
Technical Sergeant Clement Resto, USAAF, was not an "ace" but served with the 303rd Bomb Group and participated in numerous bombing raids over Germany. During a bombing mission over Duren, Germany, Resto's plane, a B-17, was shot down. He was captured by the
788:
In July 1950, there were about 20,000 Hispanics in the armed forces. Over the next three years, nearly 148,000 Hispanic-Americans volunteered for or were drafted into military service. As in other conflicts, Hispanics fought as members of the Armed Forces.
1482:
680:
When Staff Sergeant Ernest Gallego, USAAF tried to enlist, he was too young and when he was finally of age, he failed the depth perception test and therefore chose gunnery school. Gallego and his crew flew on many missions from their base in Italy.
1079:, as a first lieutenant, was sent to the Republic of Vietnam during the war and participated in numerous combat missions. On June 8, 1972, he was promoted to captain and in September 1972, was reassigned to the 3rd Military Airlift Squadron at
1446:
presented Negroni with its highest Air Force peacetime award, the Aeronautical Merit Cross for his contributions to the successful implementation of the United States-Spain Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation and in 1981 promoted to Colonel.
697:
The United States Air Force was formed as a separate branch of the military on September 18, 1947, under the National Security Act of 1947. That same year Quesada was promoted to lieutenant general and appointed as the first commander of the
527:
aircraft pilot in the European Theater of Operations with the 506th Bombardment Squadron. He was awarded the Air Medal and two oak leaf clusters for bombing missions before being shot down over Germany in March 1944. Despite head wounds from
746:
Colonel Mihiel Gilormini, was named base commander to the 198th Fighter Squadron in Puerto Rico. Gilormini and Colonel Alberto A. Nido, together with Lieutenant Colonel José Antonio Muñiz, played an instrumental role in the creation of the
321:
plus one, and directed his planes in aerial cover and air support for the Allied invasion of the European continent. He was the foremost proponent of "the inherent flexibility of air power", a principle he helped prove during World War II.
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182:
the estimated Hispanic population of the United States is over 50 million, or 16% of the U.S. population, and Hispanics are the nation's largest ethnic minority. The 2010 U.S. census estimate of over 50 million Hispanics in the U.S. does
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during this engagement. Six days later, Candelaria was shot down by ground fire, and spent the rest of the war as a POW. After the war, Candelaria served in the Air National Guard, reaching the rank of Colonel prior to his retirement.
294:
273:
Those who were qualified pilots or had received private flying lesson were assigned to the newly formed United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) and served as active combatants in both the European and Pacific Theaters of war.
726:, was assigned chief test pilot for bomber aircraft and flew all prototypes of that class for the next four years. On October 14, 1947, Cardenas was named officer in charge of operations and was the command pilot for the
3937:
1497:
U.S. military pilot. She holds the distinction of being first Latina to complete U.S. Air Force military pilot training. One of her assignments in the military was that of instructor pilot where she was the first female
1644:
because of the war in Iraq and Afghanistan, yet according to the data provided by the Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense, Hispanic recruiting numbers have not increased into that service. Compared with the
3454:
3861:
3464:
3459:
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However, the number of Hispanics in the Air Force do not represent their percentage of the population. Today the United States Department of Defense faces a nationwide problem in recruiting men for the all volunteer
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building, however it was not until hours later that they would find out that United 93 had already gone down in a field outside Shanksville, Pennsylvania, killing all 44 people aboard including the 4 hijackers.
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became the first man to fly faster than the speed of sound. In 1948, then-Major Cardenas was the Officer in Charge of Flight Test Division at Muroc Air Force Base and was Chief Air Force Test Pilot of the
3771:
3759:
3188:
3469:
1110:
was a captain when he was sent to the Republic of Vietnam in May 1969 and was assigned to the 1st Brigade, 25th Infantry Division, 19th Tactical Air Support Squadron, Tay Ninh West where he flew an
508:
fighter pilot for the RAF. As member of the RAF, he belonged to 67th Reconnaissance Squadron who participated in 275 combat missions. Nido later transferred to the USAAF's 67th Fighter Group as a
325:
In December 1942, Quesada took the First Air Defense Wing to North Africa. Shortly thereafter, he was given command of the XII Fighter Command and in this capacity would work out the mechanics of
1255:, Paterson Air Force Base in Colorado as Deputy Chief of Operations Integration. According to the United States Air Force, Zamot's mission as Deputy Chief of Operations in the aftermath of the
3498:
3638:
3788:
3856:
1121:, was a captain when he participated in combat missions during the war and accumulated over 600 combat hours. During his tour he served in the 553rd Reconnaissance Squadron stationed in
1010:
Major General Salvador E. Felices held various positions within the military. In June 1968, he was named commander of the 306th Bombardment Wing. He flew 39 combat bombing missions over
4127:
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1057:. His active participation in the war included 183 air combat missions over North and South Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia logging more than 400 combat flying hours in the F-4C Phantom.
228:. Hispanic Americans fought on behalf of both of the factions involved, the "Nationalists" as members of the Spanish Army and the "Loyalists" (Republicans) either as members of the
470:
aircraft, Lt. Brezas downed 12 enemy planes within two months. He received the Silver Star Medal, the Distinguished Flying Cross, and the Air Medal with eleven oak leaf clusters.
3590:
1454:. Portela is the only reservist ever to serve as director of mobility forces for Bosnia. Besides the Vietnam War, he also participated in the following military operations: The
1095:
aircraft commander and captain at the age of 22. He served at CAF until July 1973, when he joined the Air Force Reserve as a C-5A Initial Cadre at the 312th Airlift Squadron at
3795:
1615:(Source: Department of Defense, Population Representation in the Military Services, Fiscal Year 2004; and data provided by the Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense).
1386:
3783:
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411:, Japan on August 9, 1945, but while the Allies awaited Japan's response to the demand to surrender, the war continued. On August 13, 1945, 1st Lt. Perdomo shot down four
1521:. In June 1988 he became Deputy Director for Operations, National Military Command Center, the Pentagon. On September 1 of that same year, he was promoted to the rank of
1231:
Four pilots were available for the mission and received authorization to get airborne in their fighter jets, among them Lieutenant Colonel Marc Sasseville and Lieutenant
944:, supported by the United States and other nations. The United States entered the war to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam as part of their wider strategy of
158:
categorizes any citizen or resident of the United States, of any racial background, of any country, and of any religion, who has at least one ancestor from the people of
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her first of many deployments and took place before Congress lifted the Combat Exclusion Law for women and before women were allowed to be assigned to combat aircraft.
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808:. He was assigned in 1952, to the 303rd Bombardment Wing as the 359th Bombardment Squadron operations officer. Felices participated in a bombing competition, using a
392:. After receiving his pilot training, he was assigned to the 464th Fighter Squadron, which was part of the 507th Fighter Group that was sent to the Pacific Island of
451:") was to help defend Chinese nationals against Japanese invaders. During 1943–1944, Lopez was credited with shooting down five Japanese fighters, four in a Curtiss
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Fields of Honor: Hispanic Aggies in Their Country's Service, By Leonardo G. Hernández, Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Ret), Chairman, Texas A&M Hispanic Network
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International airport in Puerto Rico, was renamed "Muñiz Air National Guard Base" in honor of Lt. Col. José Antonio Muñiz who perished on July 4, 1960, when his
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set and a Norden bombsight rate head. This would eventually lead the way to the development of the current techniques of synchronous radar bombing used today.
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1264:(SAP) systems and in the development of new counter-space capabilities which resulted in a more effective counter-terrorism operation across 3 combat zones.
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as a trainer for the F-105. In 1968, Colonel Cardenas was promoted to brigadier general and assigned to command of the Air Force Special Operations Force at
2852:
254:
When the United States officially entered the war on December 7, 1941, Hispanic Americans were among the many American citizens who joined the ranks of the
162:
or is of non-Hispanic origin but has an ancestor from Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Central or South America, or some other Hispanic origin. The three largest
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1284:, Otero was called upon to establish the Intelligence Division which supported the military operations. The first Sensitive Site Exploitation of the
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905:. In January 1957, he participated in a historic project that was given to Fifteenth Air Force by the Strategic Air Command headquarters known as "
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in the Office of the Chief of Air Corps. He became commanding general of the 9th Fighter Command where he established advanced headquarters on the
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1157:. His F-111F was shot down in action over the disputed Gulf of Sidra off the Libyan coast. Ribas-Dominicci and his weapons systems officer, Capt.
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702:(TAC). However, Quesada quickly became disillusioned as he saw how TAC was being ignored while funding and promotions were largely going to the
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and served as a forward air controller. In November 1969, he was reassigned to the 19th Tactical Air Support Squadron, at Bien Hoa Air Base.
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transports. After Llenza retired from active duty he was named Adjutant General of the Puerto Rico National Guard by Puerto Rico's Governor
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missions as the Squadron Lead Bombardier, and one as the Group Lead Bombardier on December 30, 1944, on a mission to the Railroad Bridge at
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Rigg, William, and Blue, Allan et al.: "The Ringmasters, History of the 491st Bombardment Group", page 49. Taylor Publishing Company, 1992.
804:, as combat operation officer for the 344th Bombardment Squadron. In 1954, he was reassigned and stationed at the Castle Air Force Base in
493:. Gilormini was the recipient of the Silver Star Medal, five Distinguished Flying Crosses, and the Air Medal with four oak leaf clusters.
1209:, a trained pilot, then took control of the aircraft and diverted it back toward the east coast of the United States in the direction of
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as a second lieutenant in 1941. During the war, Ximenes flew 50 missions as a lead bombardier in North Africa and was later awarded the
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where he spent the rest of the war as a prisoner of war. Resto, who lost an eye during his last mission, was awarded a Purple Heart, a
262:. Some Hispanics, such as Mihiel "Mike" Gilormini and Alberto A. Nido, served and fought for two different countries as members of the
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where Hispanics comprise 18 percent of the enlisted personnel, the Air Force Hispanics only comprise 4.9 percent of the enlisted men.
249:
171:
2146:
1992:
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Carmelita Vigil-Schimmenti joined the Air Force in 1958 and held clinical, teaching and administrative positions all over the world.
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559:. During the invasion of Sicily, he flew on two night missions, the first on July 9, where his mission was to release paratroops of
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named the charge nurse in the school health program and primary care screening nurse at USAF Dispensary, Kadena Air Base, Okinawa.
983:. In 1968, Colonel Cardenas was promoted to brigadier general and assigned to Command of the Air Force Special Operations Force at
551:, was the first Puerto Rican pilot in the United States Army Air Forces. He was one of the initial participants of the invasion of
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is pararescueman who on June 13, 2007, became the first Hispanic, among the first six airmen, to be awarded the newly created
1161:, were the only U.S. casualties of said operation. Both men's names are engraved in the F-111 "Vark" Memorial Park located in
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1502:(T-38) UPT flight instructor at Laughlin AFB. After retiring in 2003, with the rank lieutenant colonel, she became the first
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1205:. The hijackers breached the aircraft's cockpit and overpowered the flight crew approximately 46 minutes after takeoff.
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was the first around the world flight by an all-jet aircraft. He later completed a course on the KC-135 aircraft at the
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1933:"The Tuskegee Airmen: The Men who Changed a Nation"; By: Charles E. Francis, pg. 370; Publisher: Branden Books, 1997;
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José M. Portela served in the position of Assistant Adjutant General for Air while also serving as commander of the
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Before the United States entered World War II, Hispanic Americans were already fighting on European soil in the
191:, thereby making the people of Hispanic origin the nation's largest ethnic or race minority as of July 1, 2005.
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Among the Hispanics who played an instrumental role as a commander during the conflict was Brigadier General
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signed legislation permitting women to enter the United States service academies. On June 26, 1976, Captain
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in a B-52 aircraft. In 1969, he became the commander of the 823rd Air Division which covered the regions of
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Hispanics, and have joined the rest of the United States in the celebration of the contributions which
1728:
504:, the British Royal Air Force and the USAAF. He flew missions as a bomber pilot for the RCAF and as a
3731:
3726:
3628:
1459:
1434:
In 1973, Héctor Andrés Negroni was assigned to the 317th Tactical Airlift Wing, Pope Air Force Base,
1256:
1202:
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984:
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699:
580:
505:
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at Annapolis, which are often referred to by their respective city names, the Air Force Academy is
1499:
1369:
1346:
1046:
902:
871:
793:
623:
466:
during the summer of 1944, joining the 48th Fighter Squadron of the 14th Fighter Group. Flying the
440:
84:
68:
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for bravery under fire. After serving in the war, he became an Air Force flying instructor at the
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2381:
2359:
2267:
1597:
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nuclear bomber, was assigned in January 1971, to the 432nd Tactical Fighter Reconnaissance Wing,
996:
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840:
809:
727:
630:
486:
408:
179:
133:
3340:
2292:
Derek Horne, "Brigadier General Robert L. 'Bob' Cardenas", Lycos Network Website, available at:
1699:
1125:, Thailand and as Chief of Combat Operation in the 7th Airborne Command and Control Squadron in
1038:. He was responsible for SAC's intercontinental ballistic missile operational testing programs.
98:
2565:
2307:
1533:
to join the military as a nurse. Vigil-Schimmenti retired from the Air Force in October, 1988.
4017:
3706:
3681:
3218:
2638:
1934:
1917:
1620:
1350:
1042:
906:
848:
338:
326:
314:
306:
305:, (1904–1993). Quesada, (who eventually would become a lieutenant general), was assigned as a
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278:
209:
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129:
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2118:
3799:
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3671:
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2436:
2407:
2333:
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1951:
1729:
Hispanic Population of the United States Current Population Survey Definition and Background
1490:
1418:
Zamot retired from the United States Air Force in 2012, after 25 years of military service.
1298:
1277:
1210:
1092:
1069:
1000:
949:
881:
testing new fighters and bombers during the Korean War, he was assigned to Wright Field and
604:
513:
474:
444:
433:
389:
377:
346:
333:
221:
167:
54:
2954:
2408:"The Korean War, June 1950 - July 1953 --Introductory Overview and Special Image Selection"
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3295:
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2775:
2756:
2552:
2393:
2150:
2143:
2046:
2014:
1735:
1623:
designated a week in mid-September as National Hispanic Heritage Week. In 1988, President
1107:
1076:
860:
723:
719:
707:
592:
556:
520:
497:
481:
and USAAF, was a flight commander whose last combat mission was attacking the airfield at
478:
282:
267:
233:
1224:, of Puerto Rican heritage, called Brigadier General David Wherley, the commander of the
1185:
An F-16, the type of aircraft used by Lt. Col. Sasseville during the September 11 attacks
867:, a position which he held from 1977 to 1983. He retired with the rank of major general.
3310:
3253:
3165:
3115:
3089:
3063:
2991:
2671:
1867:
1564:, and dual-hatted as Assistant to the Commander for International Affairs, Headquarters
1536:
In 1992, Graciela Tiscareño-Sato became the first documented Hispanic female to earn an
1034:. In May 1970, Felices was named Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff at the Headquarters of
607:" after he parachuted over England while returning from a mission with a crippled B-24.
443:, USAAF fighter ace was assigned to the 23rd Fighter Group under the command of General
3138:
1707:
1549:
1435:
1365:
1232:
1084:
1027:
988:
976:
897:"Operation Power-Flite' was the first round-the-world nonstop flight by a jet airplane.
856:
820:
740:
685:
survived a plane disaster when the craft in which she was on crashed in the jungles of
524:
412:
397:
381:
259:
2520:
1888:
1742:, Population Division, Ethnic & Hispanic Statistics Branch, Retrieved May 21, 2008
207:. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted
4111:
4056:
4052:
2934:
2737:
2281:
Overlord - General Pete Quesada and the Triumph of Tactical Air Power in World War II
2049:
Hispanics in the Defense of the United States of America. Retrieved on June 27, 2007.
1778:
1624:
1526:
1405:
1338:
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1281:
1011:
968:
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941:
937:
852:
828:
569:
448:
3322:
2602:
1576:
1426:
106:
2007:
1803:"Census: Latino, Asian Population Soars 43 Percent Across U.S. - New America Media"
1641:
1272:
Colonel Evelio Otero Jr. helped establish the U.S. Central Command Headquarters at
1240:
1166:
1158:
832:
735:
662:
535:
509:
420:
416:
214:
137:
78:
2030:
Air Force Magazine Online March 2004, Vol. 87, No. 3. Retrieved on August 4, 2007.
668:
587:
3288:
2931:"Hector Negroni Appointed Chief Executive Officer of VideoChip Technologies, Inc"
2872:
2364:
American Military History, Volume 2: The United States in a Global Era, 1917–2003
1980:
1846:
823:
flew as a pilot in the 9th Air Refueling Squadron. During his career he flew the
3339:. The Philadelphia Veterans Multi Service and Educational Center. Archived from
2468:
2063:
1481:
1285:
1206:
1023:
1015:
945:
797:
404:
188:
2626:. International World History Project. Archived from the original on 2007-12-22
1609:
1525:. In July 1989, Maldonado was named Chief, U.S. Office of Defense Cooperation,
956:
were deployed beginning in 1965. Involvement peaked in 1968 at the time of the
48:
1248:
1225:
1100:
844:
805:
801:
686:
370:
2293:
952:
arrived beginning in 1950. U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s and
3112:"TPS commandant bids farewell to Edwards, retires after 25 years of service"
2492:
1756:
1537:
1181:
934:
893:
824:
782:
781:. The main hostilities were during the period from June 25, 1950, until the
773:
591:
Lt. Francisco Mercado Jr. awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross by General
429:
218:
2787:
Inside 9/11 : Zero Hour, National Geographic Channel documentary, 2005
2469:
Manuel "Pete" Fernandez - The Search for the Hispanic Ace of the Korean War
277:
In 1944, Puerto Rican aviators were sent to the Tuskegee Army Air Field in
3357:
3264:
2853:
TPS commandant bids farewell to Edwards, retires after 25 years of service
2230:
2171:"Relatan hechos en que Participaron"; El Mundo; May 12, 1945; Number 10467
2039:
756:
crashed during takeoff during the 4th of July festivities in Puerto Rico.
293:
92:
2838:
1557:
1514:
1494:
1467:
1455:
1334:
1198:
1054:
987:. Following his assignment to Eglin AFB, he became vice commander of the
975:. Following his assignment to Eglin AFB, he became vice commander of the
778:
731:
600:
393:
154:
2101:
United States Air Force. September 1, 1971. Retrieved on August 4, 2007.
1568:. Brigadier General Ramos retired from the Air Force on August 1, 1999.
1341:, is an institution for the undergraduate education of officers for the
1149:
was one of the pilots who participated in the Libyan air raid, known as
603:, Germany. On July 21, 1944, he earned a membership into the exclusive "
1503:
1289:
1019:
650:
512:
fighter pilot. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross with four
62:
1900:
1060:
1463:
914:
654:
552:
175:
2768:
1981:
Elwood Richard Quesada: Lieutenant General, United States Air Force.
1045:, who in 1967 became the youngest pilot and aircraft commander of a
796:, who joined the Air Force in 1947, flew in 19 combat missions over
361:
3014:"Nation's first drone test pilot trainee has the right-click stuff"
2728:, Official biography, United States Air Force. Retrieved 2006-11-01
1914:
Historia Militar de Puerto Rico (A Military History of Puerto Rico)
1357:. As of 2010, Hispanics made up 10% of the academy's student body.
1608:
1439:
1425:
1387:
Commander of the United States Air Force's elite Test Pilot School
1273:
1122:
1111:
1088:
1059:
1004:
992:
980:
892:
813:
763:
667:
586:
534:
482:
463:
360:
318:
292:
159:
2210:
1485:
Then Lieutenant Custodio climbing down from the cockpit of a T-38
618:. During his tour of duty he flew 20 combat missions against the
1126:
753:
564:
548:
490:
467:
456:
452:
3361:
3242:
2865:"Combat Veterans For Congress - Electing Fiscal Conservatives"
1373:
Upon her graduation she was commissioned a second lieutenant.
1087:
as a C-5 pilot. During his stint there he was assigned to the
353:; Purple Heart and an Air Medal with two silver star devices.
3189:"Our American Dream: Meet the First Latina US Military Pilot"
2233:
Bell's Angels: 303rd Bomb Group. Retrieved on August 8, 2007.
1560:
to serve as commander, Air Force Security Assistance Center,
485:, Italy. His last flight in Italy gave air cover for General
3086:"USAF TPS teaches students to fly, fight, win in cyberspace"
1064:
An F-86H, one of the fighter planes flown by Colonel Negroni
918:
the then joint Chiefs of Staff. In 1958, he was awarded the
3060:"USAF TPS graduates first ever Enlisted Flight Test Course"
3038:"Two RPA pilots graduate top of class at test pilot school"
1301:
Joint Special Operations Commands while he was assigned to
940:, supported by its communist allies, and the government of
2433:
Hispanic Americans and the U.S. Military in the Korean War
1779:"Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin - 2000 Census Brief"
388:(USAAF) as an aviation cadet and was trained to pilot the
2245:"Pentagon Hosts Salute to Hispanic World War II Veterans"
967:
combat missions during the war and was later assigned to
901:
In 1955, Felices completed the instructor course for the
332:
The successful integration of air and land forces in the
2491:. United States Air Force. April 1, 1974. Archived from
1983:
Arlington National Cemetery. Retrieved on July 10, 2007.
1228:, to get permission to use their "war-reserve missiles.
922:
for landing a B-52 without the right rear landing gear.
3337:"Marines Begin to Reverse Sharp Drop in Black Recruits"
380:, (1919–1976), the son of Mexican parents, was born in
3504:
Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces
2153:. World War II Ace Stories. Retrieved on July 4, 2009.
1632:
have made to that military institution by celebrating
1474:. Portela retired with the rank of brigadier general.
462:
Captain Michael Brezas, USAAF fighter ace, arrived in
3487:
House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces
2358:
Stewart, Richard W. Stewart (General Editor) (2005).
2144:
Richard Gomez Candelaria vs. Schulungslehrgang "Elbe"
2017:
Cavanaugh Flight Museum. Retrieved on August 5, 2007.
419:
Type 93 biplane trainer. This action took place near
341:. Among Quesada's many military decorations were the
1509:
In April 1984, Antonio Maldonado was transferred to
539:
2nd Lt. González, the first USAAF Puerto Rican pilot
18:
Hispanics and Latinos in the United States Air Force
3966:
3928:
3812:
3647:
3589:
3563:
3532:
3523:
3395:
1276:. When the United States military began Operations
1007:. Cardenas retired as a brigadier general in 1973.
785:(ceasefire agreement) was signed on July 27, 1953.
572:. He was posthumously promoted to first lieutenant
3482:House Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces
1556:In August 1997, Antonio J. Ramos became the first
270:before joining the United States Army Air Forces.
2691:
2689:
2410:. Naval Historical Center, Department of the Navy
1995:78thfightergroup.com. Retrieved on June 27, 2007.
1381:United States Air Force's elite Test Pilot School
124:can trace their tradition of service back to the
281:to train the famed 99th Fighter Squadron of the
4128:Hispanic and Latino American military personnel
2485:"Biographies: Major General Salvador E. Felice"
2471:Acepilots.com, 2003. Retrieved October 3, 2006.
2099:Brigadier General Robert L. Cardenas Biography.
1345:. Graduates of the four-year program receive a
1251:was assigned to the Directorate of Operations,
516:and the Air Medal with four oak leaf clusters.
1493:made history when she became the first female
244:United States Army Air Forces and World War II
195:with the lowest average of Hispanic recruits.
3373:
3243:bilingual Captain Mama children's book series
3219:"Meet the Creators | Captain Mama Books"
2658:
2656:
2654:
2368:United States Army Center of Military History
706:. In December 1948, Air Force Chief of Staff
384:. When the war broke out, Perdomo joined the
8:
2457:Puerto Rico Herald - Profile: Orlando Llenza
1829:"Hispanic population tops 50 million in U.S"
1755:. Fault Line, September 1996. Archived from
1698:United States Air Force (1 September 2009).
1430:Brigadier General Carmelita Vigil-Schimmenti
428:for extraordinary heroism in action and the
2988:"Test Pilot School Welcomes New Commandant"
2905:normally referred to as "Colorado Springs".
2247:(Press release). U.S. Department of Defense
1659:Hispanics in the United States Marine Corps
144:, which was formed as a separate branch of
3529:
3380:
3366:
3358:
2294:http://derekhorne.tripod.com/cardenas.html
2003:
2001:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1669:Hispanics in the United States Coast Guard
1268:U.S. Central Command Headquarters at Qatar
877:Cardenas was assigned to Wright Field and
532:, he made his way back to Allied control.
3311:Defense Department Honors Hispanic Heroes
3114:. United States Air Force. Archived from
3088:. United States Air Force. Archived from
3062:. United States Air Force. Archived from
2990:. United States Air Force. Archived from
1169:and posthumously promoted to the rank of
718:Captain Robert Cardenas, who piloted the
447:. The mission of the fighter group (the "
2511:
2509:
1575:
1506:to become a commercial airline captain.
1480:
1303:United States Special Operations Command
1180:
122:Hispanics in the United States Air Force
2479:
2477:
2308:"156th Airlift Wing [156th AW]"
1690:
1580:Chief Master Sergeant Ramón Colón-López
1380:
1213:The hijackers' specific target was the
665:after he was liberated from captivity.
140:. The USAAF was the predecessor of the
4123:History of the United States Air Force
3576:Operational Test and Evaluation Center
3440:Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force
3306:
3304:
3289:Seasoned PJ Trains the Next Generation
3134:
3132:
2848:
2846:
2636:
2389:
2379:
2360:"Chapter 8: The Korean War, 1950–1953"
1636:from September 15 through October 15.
1385:In 2010, Colonel Noel Zamot was named
772:The Korean War was an escalation of a
3040:. United States Air Force. 2011-07-06
2925:
2923:
2834:
2832:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2721:
2719:
2706:
2704:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2263:
2261:
2243:Rhem, Kathleen (September 15, 2004).
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2062:. worldwar2pilots.com. Archived from
289:The inherent flexibility of air power
230:Abraham Lincoln International Brigade
187:include the 3.9 million residents of
7:
4118:Hispanic and Latino American history
1349:degree and most are commissioned as
633:graduated from Bombardier School at
164:Hispanic groups in the United States
1868:"Navy Celebrates Hispanic Heritage"
1679:Hispanics in the American Civil War
1664:Hispanics in the United States Navy
734:experimental rocket plane in which
4077:Air & Space Forces Association
3494:Senate Committee on Armed Services
2664:"USAF BIO, retrieved June 7, 2007"
2593:Trujillo, Charley and Sonya Rhee.
1849:. Infoplease by U.S. Census Bureau
1827:Ceasar, Stephen (March 24, 2011).
1674:Hispanic Americans in World War II
1165:. Ribas-Dominicci was awarded the
885:testing new fighters and bombers.
250:Hispanic Americans in World War II
25:
2726:Brigadier General Ruben A. Cubero
1891:. Retrieved on November 12, 2007.
1630:Hispanics in the United Air Force
1619:On September 17, 1968, President
1548:In April 2003, Brigadier General
999:the withdrawal of US forces from
672:Staff Sergeant Eva Romero Jacques
148:on September 18, 1947, under the
4091:
4090:
3989:Division of Military Aeronautics
3514:
3413:Under Secretary of the Air Force
1952:"redtailreborn.com at Directnic"
1634:National Hispanic Heritage Month
1325:), located immediately north of
1091:and in 1972 became the youngest
620:Imperial Japanese Army Air Force
555:on July 10, 1943, also known as
329:and Army-Air Force cooperation.
224:, against the government of the
105:
91:
77:
61:
47:
33:
2986:Thuloweit, Kenji (2010-07-07).
2209:. valerosos.com. Archived from
1704:United States Air Force website
1605:National Hispanic Heritage Week
1399:Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA)
1315:United States Air Force Academy
1309:United States Air Force Academy
933:The war was fought between the
614:served with distinction in the
3900:Reserve Officer Training Corps
3857:Judge Advocate General's Corps
3499:Senate Subcommittee on Airland
3477:House Armed Services Committee
3012:Hennigan, W. J. (2011-02-09).
2895:United States Military Academy
2698:, Retrieved February 16, 2008.
2182:"2005 Memorial text for HM056"
1452:Puerto Rico Air National Guard
1422:Sensitive leadership positions
1414:Systems Test Course introduced
1364:On October 7, 1975, President
1051:Udon Royal Thai Air Force Base
749:Puerto Rico Air National Guard
357:Fighter pilots and bombardiers
1:
4048:Women Airforce Service Pilots
2869:Combatveteransforcongress.org
2296:., Retrieved December 6, 2010
1753:"Who are Hispanic Americans?"
1590:Air Force Combat Action Medal
1572:Air Force Combat Action Medal
768:Capt. Manuel J. Fernandez Jr.
386:United States Army Air Forces
258:as volunteers or through the
150:National Security Act of 1947
136:during and immediately after
126:United States Army Air Forces
3313:, Retrieved January 12, 2008
3298:, Retrieved December 6, 2010
3279:, Retrieved December 6, 2010
3267:, Retrieved December 6, 2010
2976:, Retrieved December 6, 2010
2964:, Retrieved December 6, 2010
2917:, Retrieved December 6, 2010
2778:, Retrieved December 6, 2010
2759:, Retrieved December 6, 2010
2740:, Retrieved December 6, 2010
2713:, Retrieved December 6, 2010
2555:, Retrieved December 6, 2010
2459:, Retrieved December 6, 2010
2270:, Retrieved December 6, 2010
1903:, Retrieved December 6, 2010
1784:. www.census.gov. March 2001
1613:Trend of Hispanic enlistment
1404:2012—Flight test course for
1173:, effective April 15, 1986.
920:Air Force Commendation Medal
872:Manuel John "Pete" Fernandez
455:and one in a North American
297:Brig. Gen. Elwood R. Quesada
3403:Department of the Air Force
3325:Retrieved December 28, 2007
3110:Mowry, Laura (2012-06-20).
3084:Mowry, Laura (2012-05-14).
3058:Mowry, Laura (2012-04-25).
2899:United States Naval Academy
2435:. U.S. Army. Archived from
1916:. Turner Publishing. 1992.
1889:Latinos who fought in Spain
1740:United States Census Bureau
1253:United States Space Command
1147:Fernando L. Ribas-Dominicci
995:. There he negotiated with
963:Then Colonel Cardenas flew
426:Distinguished Service Cross
343:Distinguished Service Medal
4144:
3408:Secretary of the Air Force
2060:"Memories of a Jug Driver"
1647:United States Marine Corps
1566:Air Force Materiel Command
1562:Air Force Materiel Command
1511:K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base
1201:terrorists as part of the
1155:48th Tactical Fighter Wing
1151:Operation El Dorado Canyon
1141:Operation El Dorado Canyon
1134:Carmelita Vigil-Schimmenti
661:and an Air Medal with one
639:Distinguished Flying Cross
351:Distinguished Flying Cross
339:landings on Normandy Beach
256:United States Armed Forces
247:
113:Carmelita Vigil-Schimmenti
4085:
3750:
3512:
3187:Graciela Tiscareño-Sato.
3158:"U.S. Air Force- Marquez"
2643:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2568:. Encyclopædia Britannica
2231:William R. Hartigan Crew.
1489:In 1980, then Lieutenant
1191:United Airlines Flight 93
1145:On April 15, 1986, Major
1081:Charleston Air Force Base
643:Goodfellow Air Force Base
616:China-Burma-India Theater
365:Lt. Oscar Francis Perdomo
3910:Airman Leadership School
3712:Thirteenth Expeditionary
3550:Field Operating Agencies
2624:"Vietnam War Statistics"
2517:"Aviation History Facts"
1912:Negroni, Héctor Andrés.
1594:Air Force Chief of Staff
577:Richard Gomez Candelaria
502:Royal Canadian Air Force
303:Elwood R. "Pete" Quesada
264:Royal Canadian Air Force
222:General Francisco Franco
152:. In the U.S., the term
3895:Officer Training School
3389:United States Air Force
2769:F-111 Aardvark Memorial
2040:Captain Micheal Brezas.
2008:1st. Lt. Oscar Perdomo.
1592:, bestowed upon him by
1468:Operation Desert Shield
1355:United States Air Force
1343:United States Air Force
1189:On September 11, 2001,
812:equipped with an APQ-7
693:United States Air Force
635:Kirtland Air Force Base
475:Mihiel "Mike" Gilormini
226:Second Spanish Republic
199:Prelude to World War II
142:United States Air Force
3938:Awards and decorations
3571:District of Washington
3564:Direct Reporting Units
2897:at West Point and the
2811:www.historycommons.org
2207:"T/SGT. Clement Resto"
1616:
1584:Chief Master Sergeant
1581:
1486:
1431:
1391:Edwards Air Force Base
1262:Special Access Program
1186:
1065:
898:
883:Edwards Air Force Base
879:Edwards Air Force Base
847:D, E, F and H models,
769:
673:
595:
561:82nd Airborne Division
540:
413:Nakajima Ki-84 "Frank"
396:off the west coast of
366:
298:
232:or as aviators in the
41:Elwood Richard Quesada
3981:Aeronautical Division
3254:Captain Mama Products
3139:National Guard Bureau
3018:The Los Angeles Times
2955:Latina Style Magazine
2601:. PBS. Archived from
2112:"worldwar2pilots.net"
1807:Newsamericanmedia.org
1612:
1579:
1519:Joint Chiefs of Staff
1484:
1429:
1361:his navigator wings.
1215:United States Capitol
1184:
1119:Hector Andres Negroni
1097:Travis Air Force Base
1063:
1036:Strategic Air Command
911:Operation Power-Flite
907:Operation Power-Flite
896:
865:Carlos Romero Barceló
837:KC-97 Stratofreighter
767:
704:Strategic Air Command
671:
590:
538:
523:, USAAF, served as a
417:Yokosuka K5Y "Willow"
364:
296:
3852:Aeronautical ratings
3451:Three-star generals
3265:Aponte's Assignments
2142:Flores, Santiago A.
2028:The Nation's Hangar.
1870:. United States Navy
1700:"The U.S. Air Force"
1598:Teed Michael Moseley
1460:Operation Just Cause
1257:September 11 attacks
1203:September 11 attacks
1177:September 11 attacks
985:Eglin Air Force Base
973:Eglin Air Force Base
700:Tactical Air Command
506:Supermarine Spitfire
3649:Numbered Air Forces
3430:Vice Chief of Staff
1500:Northrop T-38 Talon
1370:Linda Garcia Cubero
1347:Bachelor of Science
1220:Lieutenant Colonel
1197:by four members of
1153:, as member of the
1047:B-52 Stratofortress
794:Salvador E. Felices
645:from 1943 to 1946.
624:Mitsubishi A6M Zero
545:César Luis González
441:Donald S. Lopez Sr.
439:Lieutenant Colonel
309:in October 1940 to
178:. According to the
85:Linda Garcia Cubero
69:Salvador E. Felices
4007:The U.S. Air Force
3920:Fitness Assessment
3877:Chief of Chaplains
3796:Civilian auxiliary
3545:Air National Guard
3447:Four-star generals
3294:2012-02-23 at the
3144:2009-04-06 at the
2960:2009-05-16 at the
2774:2009-04-26 at the
2755:2009-12-06 at the
2551:2010-11-26 at the
2392:has generic name (
2338:Globalsecurity.org
2312:Globalsecurity.org
2149:2001-08-16 at the
2045:2007-09-27 at the
2013:2007-09-28 at the
1847:"2005 U.S. Census"
1734:1999-02-19 at the
1617:
1582:
1487:
1444:Spanish Government
1432:
1406:enlisted personnel
1351:second lieutenants
1222:Marc H. Sasseville
1187:
1163:Clovis, New Mexico
1132:Brigadier General
1106:Brigadier General
1075:Brigadier General
1068:Brigadier General
1066:
1041:Brigadier General
997:Muammar al-Gaddafi
965:F-105 Thunderchief
899:
841:T-33 Shooting Star
810:B-29 Superfortress
770:
730:that launched the
728:B-29 Superfortress
674:
631:Vicente T. Ximenes
612:José Antonio Muñiz
596:
547:, a co-pilot of a
541:
521:Robert L. Cardenas
487:George C. Marshall
421:Keijo/Seoul, Korea
367:
315:Normandy beachhead
299:
180:U.S. Census Bureau
134:United States Army
4105:
4104:
3890:Air Force Academy
3808:
3807:
3435:Director of Staff
3277:Stars and Stripes
2933:(Press release).
2807:"Marc Sasseville"
2495:on August 8, 2006
2026:Correll, John T.
1993:Aces of the 78th.
1833:Los Angeles Times
1621:Lyndon B. Johnson
1586:Ramón Colón-López
1523:Brigadier General
1043:Antonio Maldonado
950:Military advisors
849:F-104 Starfighter
514:oak leaf clusters
415:fighters and one
376:First Lieutenant
327:close air support
307:brigadier general
279:Tuskegee, Alabama
205:Spanish Civil War
168:Mexican-Americans
130:military aviation
16:(Redirected from
4135:
4094:
4093:
3993:Army Air Service
3985:Aviation Section
3800:Civil Air Patrol
3530:
3518:
3517:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3359:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3299:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3199:on 16 April 2016
3195:. Archived from
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3164:. Archived from
3154:
3148:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3009:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2927:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2871:. Archived from
2861:
2855:
2850:
2841:
2836:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2813:. Archived from
2803:
2788:
2785:
2779:
2766:
2760:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2714:
2708:
2699:
2696:Antonio J. Ramos
2693:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2670:. Archived from
2660:
2649:
2648:
2642:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2562:
2556:
2543:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2519:. Archived from
2513:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2481:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2387:
2385:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2303:
2297:
2290:
2284:
2277:
2271:
2268:Experiencing War
2265:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2154:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2124:on 25 March 2012
2123:
2117:. Archived from
2116:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2056:
2050:
2037:
2031:
2024:
2018:
2005:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1948:
1942:
1931:
1925:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1749:
1743:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1710:: U.S. Air Force
1695:
1491:Olga E. Custodio
1456:Persian Gulf War
1327:Colorado Springs
1288:Headquarters in
1278:Enduring Freedom
1211:Washington, D.C.
1093:C-141 Starlifter
1070:Antonio J. Ramos
1001:Wheelus Air Base
819:During the war,
622:and shot down a
605:Caterpillar Club
445:Claire Chennault
434:oak leaf cluster
390:P-47 Thunderbolt
378:Oscar F. Perdomo
347:oak leaf cluster
334:Tunisia campaign
266:and the British
213:by parts of the
109:
95:
81:
65:
55:Mihiel Gilormini
51:
37:
21:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4081:
4072:Service numbers
4043:National Museum
4001:Army Air Forces
3968:
3962:
3930:
3924:
3882:Chief Scientist
3872:Medical Service
3867:Security Forces
3814:
3804:
3789:Security Forces
3746:
3643:
3585:
3559:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3391:
3386:
3356:
3355:
3346:
3344:
3335:Philpott, Tom.
3334:
3333:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3309:
3302:
3296:Wayback Machine
3287:
3283:
3275:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3226:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3193:Fox News Latino
3186:
3185:
3181:
3171:
3169:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3146:Wayback Machine
3137:
3130:
3121:
3119:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3095:
3093:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3069:
3067:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3043:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3022:
3020:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2997:
2995:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2962:Wayback Machine
2953:
2949:
2940:
2938:
2929:
2928:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2892:
2888:
2878:
2876:
2875:on 5 March 2016
2863:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2820:
2818:
2805:
2804:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2776:Wayback Machine
2767:
2763:
2757:Wayback Machine
2748:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2724:
2717:
2711:El Hispano News
2709:
2702:
2694:
2687:
2677:
2675:
2662:
2661:
2652:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2608:
2606:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2571:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2553:Wayback Machine
2544:
2535:
2526:
2524:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2498:
2496:
2483:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2442:
2440:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2413:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2388:
2378:
2372:
2370:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2314:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2291:
2287:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2259:
2250:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2216:
2214:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2151:Wayback Machine
2141:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2084:
2078:
2069:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2047:Wayback Machine
2038:
2034:
2025:
2021:
2015:Wayback Machine
2006:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1956:Redtailborn.com
1950:
1949:
1945:
1941:, 9780828320290
1932:
1928:
1911:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1852:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1736:Wayback Machine
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1655:
1614:
1607:
1574:
1424:
1383:
1311:
1270:
1179:
1143:
1108:Ruben A. Cubero
1077:Jose M. Portela
931:
891:
889:Post Korean War
861:C-131 Samaritan
762:
724:XB-43 Jetmaster
720:XB-42 Mixmaster
708:Hoyt Vandenberg
695:
593:Leon W. Johnson
563:on the area of
557:Operation Husky
543:2nd Lieutenant
498:Alberto A. Nido
479:Royal Air Force
407:was dropped on
359:
291:
283:Tuskegee Airmen
268:Royal Air Force
252:
246:
234:Yankee Squadron
201:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
110:
102:
101:
99:José M. Portela
96:
88:
87:
82:
73:
72:
71:
66:
58:
57:
52:
44:
43:
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4141:
4139:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4110:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4018:Airman's Creed
4015:
4013:Air Force Band
4010:
4003:
3997:Army Air Corps
3978:
3972:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3934:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3905:Basic Training
3902:
3897:
3892:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3847:Specialty Code
3844:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3639:USAFE–AFAFRICA
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3595:
3593:
3591:Major commands
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3449:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3425:Chief of Staff
3417:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3353:
3327:
3315:
3300:
3281:
3269:
3257:
3246:
3235:
3224:
3210:
3179:
3149:
3128:
3102:
3076:
3050:
3029:
3004:
2978:
2974:New York Times
2966:
2947:
2919:
2915:College Search
2907:
2886:
2856:
2842:
2828:
2789:
2780:
2761:
2742:
2738:Negroni Family
2730:
2715:
2700:
2685:
2650:
2615:
2585:
2579:
2557:
2533:
2505:
2489:Air Force Link
2473:
2461:
2449:
2420:
2399:
2350:
2324:
2298:
2285:
2272:
2257:
2235:
2223:
2198:
2173:
2164:
2155:
2135:
2103:
2082:
2076:
2051:
2032:
2019:
1997:
1985:
1968:
1943:
1926:
1905:
1893:
1881:
1859:
1838:
1819:
1794:
1770:
1744:
1721:
1708:Washington, DC
1689:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1654:
1651:
1606:
1603:
1573:
1570:
1550:Ricardo Aponte
1436:North Carolina
1423:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1402:
1382:
1379:
1366:Gerald R. Ford
1331:El Paso County
1310:
1307:
1269:
1266:
1233:Heather Penney
1178:
1175:
1142:
1139:
1085:South Carolina
1028:North Carolina
989:16th Air Force
977:16th Air Force
930:
927:
890:
887:
857:C-54 Skymaster
821:Orlando Llenza
761:
758:
741:Northrop YB-49
694:
691:
568:the runway at
382:El Paso, Texas
358:
355:
290:
287:
248:Main article:
245:
242:
200:
197:
111:
104:
103:
97:
90:
89:
83:
76:
75:
74:
67:
60:
59:
53:
46:
45:
39:
32:
31:
30:
29:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4140:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4098:
4097:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4057:Air Force Two
4054:
4053:Air Force One
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3813:Personnel and
3811:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3743:
3742:Twenty-Second
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3555:Installations
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3378:
3376:
3371:
3369:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3343:on 2011-07-21
3342:
3338:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3228:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3180:
3168:on 2013-03-30
3167:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3118:on 2013-03-09
3117:
3113:
3106:
3103:
3092:on 2016-03-04
3091:
3087:
3080:
3077:
3066:on 2016-03-04
3065:
3061:
3054:
3051:
3039:
3033:
3030:
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3008:
3005:
2994:on 2016-03-03
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2839:Zamot profile
2835:
2833:
2829:
2817:on 2015-09-24
2816:
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2751:
2750:Time magazine
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2697:
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2674:on 2013-03-30
2673:
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2651:
2646:
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2616:
2605:on 2007-10-24
2604:
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2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2567:
2566:"Vietnam War"
2561:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2523:on 2008-06-28
2522:
2518:
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2494:
2490:
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2453:
2450:
2439:on 2007-07-16
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2279:Hughes, T.H.
2276:
2273:
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2239:
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2224:
2213:on 2007-03-25
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2016:
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1977:
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1922:84-7844-138-7
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1759:on 2008-05-17
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1622:
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1527:Madrid, Spain
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1282:Iraqi Freedom
1279:
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994:
990:
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664:
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655:Stalag XVII-B
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449:Flying Tigers
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3929:Uniforms and
3581:USAF Academy
3470:2020–present
3345:. Retrieved
3341:the original
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3260:
3249:
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3197:the original
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3053:
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2992:the original
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2937:. 2006-09-26
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2560:
2546:Latina Style
2525:. Retrieved
2521:the original
2497:. Retrieved
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2488:
2464:
2452:
2441:. Retrieved
2437:the original
2432:
2429:"Fact Sheet"
2423:
2412:. Retrieved
2402:
2371:. Retrieved
2363:
2353:
2341:. Retrieved
2337:
2334:"Mu?iz ANGB"
2327:
2315:. Retrieved
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2275:
2249:. Retrieved
2238:
2226:
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2201:
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2185:
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2138:
2126:. Retrieved
2119:the original
2106:
2079:
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2064:the original
2054:
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2022:
1988:
1959:. Retrieved
1955:
1946:
1929:
1913:
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1862:
1851:. Retrieved
1841:
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1810:. Retrieved
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1797:
1786:. Retrieved
1773:
1761:. Retrieved
1757:the original
1747:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1703:
1693:
1642:Armed Forces
1638:
1629:
1618:
1583:
1555:
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1476:
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1322:
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1312:
1293:founded the
1271:
1246:
1237:
1230:
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1188:
1167:Purple Heart
1159:Paul Lorence
1144:
1131:
1129:, Thailand.
1116:
1105:
1074:
1067:
1040:
1009:
962:
954:combat units
932:
924:
910:
900:
876:
869:
833:Boeing KB-29
818:
791:
787:
771:
745:
736:Chuck Yeager
717:
713:
696:
683:
679:
675:
653:and sent to
647:
628:
609:
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574:
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518:
510:P-51 Mustang
495:
489:'s visit to
472:
461:
438:
402:
375:
368:
331:
324:
311:intelligence
300:
276:
272:
253:
208:
202:
193:
184:
153:
146:the military
138:World War II
121:
120:
26:
4062:Honor Guard
4023:Core Values
3967:History and
3232:White House
2893:Unlike the
2332:John Pike.
2306:John Pike.
2186:Nmlegis.gov
1901:Bert Acosta
1714:1 September
1397:2011—First
1286:Baath Party
1207:Ziad Jarrah
1024:Puerto Rico
1016:Vietnam War
1014:during the
946:containment
929:Vietnam War
798:North Korea
663:battle star
610:Lieutenant
575:Lieutenant
405:atomic bomb
238:Bert Acosta
219:Nationalist
210:coup d'état
189:Puerto Rico
132:arm of the
4112:Categories
3969:traditions
3888:Training:
3732:Nineteenth
3727:Eighteenth
3396:Leadership
3347:2007-12-28
3122:2017-04-17
3096:2017-04-17
3070:2017-04-17
3044:2017-04-17
3023:2011-02-10
2998:2017-04-17
2941:2010-01-11
2630:2007-12-28
2609:2007-12-28
2572:19 October
2527:2008-06-18
2499:2006-08-12
2443:2007-12-28
2414:2007-12-28
2373:2007-08-20
2251:2007-08-04
2217:2007-06-27
2070:2007-06-27
1939:0828320292
1853:2008-05-21
1788:2008-05-21
1685:References
1401:test pilot
1249:Noel Zamot
1226:113th Wing
1101:California
851:, and the
845:F-86 Sabre
835:M tanker,
806:California
802:Korean War
760:Korean War
687:New Guinea
371:flying ace
3948:Equipment
3931:equipment
3862:RED HORSE
3822:Personnel
3779:Squadrons
3737:Twentieth
3722:Sixteenth
3717:Fifteenth
3525:Structure
3465:2010–2019
3460:2000–2009
3455:1940–1959
3420:Air Staff
2382:cite book
1538:Air Medal
1323:Air Force
1299:Colombian
1247:In 2001,
935:communist
825:T-6 Texan
792:In 1953,
783:armistice
774:civil war
659:POW Medal
432:with one
430:Air Medal
4096:Category
4038:Memorial
3958:Uniforms
3953:Aircraft
3840:enlisted
3830:officers
3815:training
3702:Eleventh
3533:Commands
3292:Archived
3142:Archived
2958:Archived
2772:Archived
2753:Archived
2639:cite web
2597:Soldados
2549:Archived
2147:Archived
2043:Archived
2011:Archived
1924:. p 486.
1732:Archived
1653:See also
1596:General
1558:Hispanic
1515:Michigan
1495:Hispanic
1335:Colorado
1241:Pentagon
1199:al-Qaeda
1195:hijacked
1117:Colonel
1055:Thailand
839:tanker,
779:Cold War
601:Altenahr
519:Captain
496:Captain
473:Captain
409:Nagasaki
394:Ie Shima
166:are the
155:Hispanic
3976:History
3707:Twelfth
3682:Seventh
3540:Reserve
3203:5 March
3172:9 April
2879:5 March
2821:9 April
2678:9 April
2343:5 March
2317:5 March
2191:5 March
2128:5 March
1961:5 March
1874:May 21,
1812:5 March
1763:May 21,
1353:in the
1290:Baghdad
1032:Georgia
1020:Florida
651:Gestapo
398:Okinawa
236:led by
4033:Symbol
3943:Badges
3835:cadets
3767:Groups
3687:Eighth
3672:Fourth
3662:Second
3162:Af.mil
2668:Af.mil
2283:, 1995
1937:
1920:
1504:Latina
1464:Panama
1442:. The
1295:Polish
1089:C-141s
915:Boeing
870:Capt.
629:Major
581:Me 262
553:Sicily
483:Milano
176:Cubans
174:, and
3826:Rank
3755:Wings
3697:Tenth
3692:Ninth
3677:Fifth
3667:Third
3657:First
3634:PACAF
3624:AFSOC
3609:AFGSC
2122:(PDF)
2115:(PDF)
1782:(PDF)
1472:Storm
1440:Spain
1412:Cyber
1410:2012—
1319:USAFA
1274:Qatar
1171:major
1123:Korat
1112:OV-10
1005:Libya
993:Spain
981:Spain
814:radar
345:with
319:D-Day
260:draft
160:Spain
4028:Flag
3915:SERE
3619:AFRC
3614:AFMC
3604:AETC
3205:2015
3174:2018
2881:2015
2823:2018
2680:2018
2645:link
2574:2009
2394:help
2345:2015
2319:2015
2193:2015
2130:2015
1963:2015
1935:ISBN
1918:ISBN
1876:2008
1814:2015
1765:2008
1716:2009
1466:and
1313:The
1297:and
1280:and
1193:was
1127:Udon
1030:and
903:B-52
754:F-86
722:and
565:Gela
549:C-47
530:flak
525:B-24
491:Pisa
468:P-38
457:P-51
453:P-40
424:the
403:The
215:army
3784:ANG
3772:ANG
3760:ANG
3629:AMC
3599:ACC
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1462:in
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