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quarters in the front portion of this new building, which served as his residence until 1948. The building itself ceased to be used for detention of prisoners shortly after that time. Since 1956, the old jail building has been used for offices of various county agencies, including the juvenile court and probation office, civil defense office, fire board, police dispatcher, and recreation department. In the past century, the traditional courthouse square was altered by the addition of new wings to the historic 1800 building. These additions, constructed in 1929 and 1953, extend the courthouse square southward to form the present large E-shaped building. During these renovations, a small brick office, built in 1870 for the Clerk of the Court and other county officials, was torn down. For a time, all major county offices were housed in the new courthouse addition. In 1969, a fifteen-story county office building was built immediately southwest of the old courthouse building, to provide space for the Board of
Supervisors and many extended county offices. In addition to housing the courts, the courthouse also serves as a place for recording and storing records of deeds and wills. The original wills of George and Martha Washington are currently on display in the County Court Clerk's office. The Historic Fairfax County Courthouse and Jail were added to the
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William
Johnston was accused of stealing one linen shirt, one pair of pantaloons, one shawl, and one pair of stockings, and was sentenced to ten lashes at the public whipping post. One major source of income for Fairfax residents come from selling or hiring out their excess slaves. Frequent slave auctions were also held at the front door of the Fairfax courthouse. In 1800, the Reverend Jeremiah Moore, no longer confined to jail, was granted permission to preach in the courthouse; in 1801 blacks were forbidden to play fives or other games within the enclosure. As construction of turnpike roads linking Alexandria and Washington to the Shenandoah Valley took place, activity that centered in Fairfax County's courthouse square increased. On the courthouse grounds, businessmen mingled with others who came merely to exchange news and see friends. In the nineteenth century, much of the social and economic life of rural Virginia grew up around the monthly or quarterly "court days".
396:, Virginia, had established itself as one of the major ports of the region for coastal and oceangoing ships, and in the year 1752, the courthouse for the Fairfax County court system moved there. In November 1789, realizing the County of Fairfax was in need of a new courthouse building, a legislative petition was arranged in Alexandria. The petition requested the courthouse be placed in the center of Fairfax County, a more convenient location for citizens of the area, in order to promote trade and commerce. Shortly after, the court ordered that the sheriff collect thirty-five cents for each taxable person in Fairfax County to pay for the construction of the new courthouse.
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lookout point and station for
Northern patrols. Other descriptions indicate that the courthouse was ransacked, its furnishings removed, and the interior generally gutted so that only the walls and roof remained. For all practical purposes, the courthouse and its related buildings were, in the years 1863 and 1864, a military outpost and minor headquarters in the Union army's system to protect its supply and communications lines from the irregular troops who kept hostilities constantly smoldering in Northern Virginia. Many important documents related to the legal proceedings of Fairfax County that were held in the courthouse were destroyed during the war years.
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By the beginning of the nineteenth century, the land around the courthouse had been leveled and a fence was erected around the property. By
December 1802 local officials deemed it necessary to create legislation to forbid sellers of liquors to set up booths on the public lot. In 1803 a plan was presented to the court for a poorhouse. One was soon erected, and land was set aside for its use. Gallows were erected at "Race Field" on the east side of the house occupied by Patrick McCarty on land owned by Richard Ratcliffe. In 1810 after the old jail located on the courthouse grounds burned, the new jail was built at a cost of $ 2, 486.
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followed this same layout. It was also customary to separate the portion of the court occupied by the public, which was done by the installation of a wooden railing or a partition. Fireplaces likely heated the courtroom chamber and the second floor jury room. The new courthouse complex gradually became the center of activity for the county, and in 1805 the area around the new structure became known as the Town of
Providence. The location of the new courthouse was ideal, being located at the junction of Little River Turnpike and Ox Road (present day routes 236 and 123) and providing easy access to most parts of the county.
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Richmond, Virginia. Here it was placed for safekeeping with the
Secretary of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Following the end of the Civil War, it was returned to Fairfax. Martha Washington's will, also held at the courthouse, was not removed but remained there during the time it was occupied by Union troops. In late 1862, a group of soldiers were engaged in shoveling out the debris from the floor. According to some recollections, a Union lieutenant grew curious about some of the papers in the building, and upon examination, realized some included the will of
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one (jailers) House twenty four feet by eighteen." The jail would have three rooms on the first floor and two on the second, with an addition on the back. The clerk's office should be "arched over with Slate or Tile," which can be assumed was for fire protection. There was also to be stocks, a pillory and whipping post. Two men, John Bogue and Mungo Dykes were hired as the contractors. The architect of the building was to be
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One item of particular importance to the courthouse was actually spared. When
Confederate troops withdrew from Fairfax Court House in the fall of 1861, the will of George Washington, which was held at the courthouse, was secretly removed from the building by the court clerk, Alfred Moss, and taken to
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Fairfax Court House would come under control of
Southern troops again during a portion of 1862, but by the end of that year, Union troops again had control of the area, and would remain in possession of it until the end of the war. Period photographs of the courthouse building show it being used as a
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was killed. His body was discovered on the courthouse grounds by a local slave the next morning. Much speculation surrounds his death. Some historians believe it was a stray bullet that caused the fatal wound, and others even say the bullet was from friendly fire. Regardless, however, with his death,
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Approximately 300 citizens lived in the vicinity of
Fairfax Court House when the American Civil War began in April 1861. That same month, Company D of the 17th Regiment of Virginia Infantry, which would become known as the Fairfax Rifles, was mustered into service on the courthouse grounds. In May of
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Attorneys generally rented rooms in the
Willcoxon hotel near the courthouse and used them as their offices, advertising their services in the Alexandria Gazette. The town of Providence was called Fairfax Court House during the Civil War years, until it was incorporated as the Town of Fairfax in 1875.
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In general, the cases presented before the county justices were often an indication of the tenor of the times and of a personal nature. For example, John Hugely appeared before the court with two witnesses who testified that the upper part of his left ear had been bitten off in a fight. Another man,
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When Virginia's county court system was established in 1619, important issues handled by it included determining local tax rates, licensing mills and inns, providing for road construction and repair, and generally administering local government. Fairfax County built its first courthouse in 1742 at a
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in 1846, where he was second in his class. He had served as a delegate from Fauquier County to the Virginia Convention that approved the secession resolution the previous April. Captain Marr was in charge of approximately ninety men, known as the Warrenton Rifles, as they camped near the courthouse
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was founded in 1800. In March of that year, following the adjournment of the Court in Alexandria, a notice was released announcing that the County Court would be held at the new courthouse in "the center of the County, where all suitors, and others having business, are hereby notified to attend, on
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for one dollar. In May 1799, after the land had been laid out by a man named William Payne, the court ordered the construction of a courthouse forty by thirty feet "with sixteen feet pitch with a twelve foot Portico, one (jail) forty feet by twenty…one clerks office twenty four feet by eighteen…and
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Company B of the Second United States Cavalry, numbering around eighty men, were scouting the area around Fairfax Court House on the evening of the thirty-first. Around 3 AM, Confederate pickets to the northeast of town engaged the cavalry and the southern troops were routed. As the Union cavalry
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No precise descriptions of the interior of the courthouse have surfaced, but it was customary for a large table to be centered in the main chamber of the courthouse. This table was usually spacious enough to seat the sheriff and justices of the county court, and it is likely that the courthouse
438:, was present at a poll of voters taken two days later. With his design of the new courthouse, James Wren departed from the traditional single-story plan of most Virginia courthouses, and produced a two-story building with the courtroom on the ground floor and jury rooms over the arched arcade.
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During the later years of the Civil War, when Northern Troops occupied the courthouse, the jail adjacent to the building was used as a storehouse and a holding cell for military prisoners. After fire destroyed the jail in 1884, a new structure was built a year later. The jailer had his living
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that year, a small number of Confederates, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Richard Ewell, occupied Fairfax Court House. One group of Confederates was encamped at the Zion Church in town. Another group was camping on the courthouse lot, and another, under command of Captain
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officer casualty of the war took place on the courthouse grounds and the building was occupied by both sides in the conflict. Today, the original courthouse building is part of the larger courthouse site that serves the local government of Fairfax County.
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Businessmen in the vicinity of the proposed site for the new structure were assured its arrival would bring an increase in business to the area. The present location of the courthouse was selected and purchased from
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would become the site of the first major battle of the war. By the spring of 1862 the courthouse had ceased to function as a center for legal business and was simply used as a military outpost.
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approached the courthouse, a firefight ensued with the Confederate troops stationed there. There was much confusion and panic during the skirmish, and at some point during the fight,
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the third Monday of April next." On April 21 the first court session was held at the new building. The first order of business was to record the will of Corbin Washington, nephew of
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Today, the original courthouse building and the subsequent additions serve the Circuit Court, General District Court, and Juvenile and Domestic Relations of Fairfax County.
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The courthouse first came under the control of Northern troops a month later as Union General Irvin McDowell began moving his 37,000 man army west toward
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765:"The Fairfax County Courthouse". (October 1975). Accessed in files of Fairfax County Department of Planning and Zoning.
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late in May 1861. On the evening of May 31, he was sleeping in the clerk's building on the courthouse grounds.
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Netherton, Nan, Ruth Preston Rose, David L. Meyer, Peggy Talbot Wagner, and Mary Elizabeth Cawley DiVencenzo.
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Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Virginia
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Union soldiers at Fairfax County Courthouse in June 1863. Photograph by Timothy H O'Sullivan.
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Confederate prisoners held at Fairfax in June 1863. Photograph by Timothy H. O'Sullivan.
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Netherton, Nan, Donald Sweig, Janice Artemel, Patricia Hickin, and Patrick Reed.
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Marr became the first Confederate officer killed during the American Civil War.
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Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
794:. (Fairfax County, VA: Fairfax County Board of Supervisors, 1978).
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801:(Fairfax, VA: History of the City of Fairfax Roundtable, 1997).
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Fairfax Public School (Old Fairfax Elementary School Annex)
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National Register of Historic Places in Fairfax, Virginia
787:.(Fairfax County Office of Comprehensive Planning, 1977).
392:. By the middle of the eighteenth century, the city of
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site called "Spring Field", which is near present-day
808:. (Fairfax, VA: James River Valley Publishing, 2006).
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History of the National Register of Historic Places
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799:Fairfax, Virginia: A City Travelling Through Time.
824:National Register of Historic Places Nomination
16:Historic courthouse in Virginia, United States
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615:"The Fairfax County Courthouse", October 1975
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1802:Romanesque Revival architecture in Virginia
594:. Virginia Department of Historic Resources
84:View from east of Fairfax County Courthouse
1817:Brick buildings and structures in Virginia
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1782:Government buildings completed in 1799
568:"National Register Information System"
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783:Netherton, Ross D. and Ruby Waldeck.
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870:National Register of Historic Places
780:. (Virginia Cavalcade, Autumn 1977).
681:Netherton, et al., 1978, pp. 222–262
672:Netherton, et al., 1978, pp. 221–222
573:National Register of Historic Places
537:National Register of Historic Places
792:Fairfax County, Virginia: A History
352:October 20, 1973, November 18, 1980
864:City of Fairfax Historic Landmarks
530:End of the war to the 20th century
362:is one of the oldest buildings in
360:Historic Fairfax County Courthouse
284:Early Republic, Roman Revival
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916:City of Fairfax Historic District
882:City of Fairfax Historic District
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663:Netherton, et al., 1978, p. 220
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1787:County courthouses in Virginia
928:First National Bank of Fairfax
829:Richard Ratcliffe: The Founder
771:Richard Ratcliffe: The Founder
539:in 1981. It is located in the
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943:McHugh & Hoffman Building
897:Old Fairfax County Courthouse
806:Civil War: Fairfax Courthouse
804:Trexler Jr., Edward Coleman.
778:Courthouses of Fairfax County
726:Trexler, Jr., 2006, pp. 20–22
627:Netherton, et al., 1997, p. 7
592:"Virginia Landmarks Register"
186:Show map of the United States
136:Show map of Northern Virginia
383:Early days of Fairfax County
258:; 225 years ago
19:United States historic place
1728:National Historic Landmarks
473:Virginia Military Institute
67:Virginia Landmarks Register
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744:Netherton, 1997, pp. 37–38
480:First Confederate casualty
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708:Trexler, Jr., 2006, p. 20
547:Historic courthouse today
304:NRHP reference
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30:Fairfax County Courthouse
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776:Nan and Ross Netherton.
768:Johnson, II, William P.
645:Netherton, 1997, pp. 8–9
494:Courthouse changes hands
281:Architectural style
907:Ratcliffe-Allison House
902:Old Fairfax County Jail
434:. Thomas Mason, son of
1741:Keeper of the Register
1653:Poquoson (no listings)
753:Netherton, 1997, p. 64
717:Netherton, 1997, p. 23
699:Netherton, 1997, p. 20
690:Netherton, Autumn 1977
654:Netherton, 1977, p. 73
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199:4000 Chain Bridge Road
54:U.S. Historic district
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578:National Park Service
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426:and brother of Judge
413:Antebellum courthouse
58:Contributing property
454:During the Civil War
419:District of Columbia
161:Show map of Virginia
349:Designated VLR
229:38.8461°N 77.3071°W
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111:Show map of Fairfax
46:Invalid designation
819:Fairfax County, VA
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502:on July 18, 1861.
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428:Bushrod Washington
372:American Civil War
341:Designated CP
248:less than one acre
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580:. March 13, 2009.
524:Martha Washington
432:Richard Henry Lee
424:George Washington
402:Richard Ratcliffe
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234:38.8461; -77.3071
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1624:Manassas Park
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1375:Prince George
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1370:Prince Edward
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1245:Isle Of Wight
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958:Rust Building
956:
954:
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948:Old Town Hall
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933:Ford Building
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390:Tysons Corner
382:
380:
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373:
369:
365:
361:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
333:Added to NRHP
331:
326:
323:151-0003-0001
322:
315:
312:
309:
302:
298:
294:
291:
287:
283:
279:
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273:
269:
255:
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210:
206:
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173:
148:
123:
98:
88:
81:
76:
72:
68:
63:
59:
55:
50:
43:
39:
34:
27:
23:
1702:Williamsburg
1634:Newport News
1629:Martinsville
1599:Harrisonburg
1574:Falls Church
1475:Westmoreland
1440:Spotsylvania
1390:Rappahannock
1360:Pittsylvania
1265:King William
1120:Chesterfield
1110:Charles City
953:Oliver House
805:
798:
791:
784:
777:
770:
749:
740:
731:
722:
713:
704:
695:
686:
677:
668:
659:
650:
641:
632:
596:. Retrieved
586:
571:
562:
550:
533:
520:
516:
497:
487:Captain Marr
483:
465:
448:
444:
440:
436:George Mason
416:
398:
386:
374:, the first
359:
357:
1716:Other lists
1534:Buena Vista
1435:Southampton
1330:Northampton
1305:Mecklenburg
1260:King George
1215:Greensville
938:Marsh House
376:Confederate
336:May 3, 1974
232: /
208:Coordinates
1776:Categories
1707:Winchester
1697:Waynesboro
1657:Portsmouth
1649:Petersburg
1544:Chesapeake
1524:Alexandria
1470:Washington
1425:Shenandoah
1410:Rockingham
1405:Rockbridge
1315:Montgomery
1250:James City
1195:Gloucester
1140:Cumberland
1090:Buckingham
1045:Appomattox
760:References
407:James Wren
394:Alexandria
275:James Wren
220:77°18′26″W
217:38°50′46″N
1614:Lynchburg
1609:Lexington
1554:Covington
1310:Middlesex
1290:Lunenburg
1270:Lancaster
1200:Goochland
1185:Frederick
1150:Dinwiddie
1145:Dickenson
1115:Charlotte
1080:Brunswick
1075:Botetourt
1050:Arlington
1030:Alleghany
1025:Albemarle
1013:by county
317:VLR
297:ID8700143
271:Architect
1682:Staunton
1667:Richmond
1619:Manassas
1604:Hopewell
1579:Franklin
1559:Danville
1460:Tazewell
1445:Stafford
1395:Richmond
1365:Powhatan
1340:Nottoway
1325:New Kent
1240:Highland
1180:Franklin
1175:Fluvanna
1165:Fauquier
1135:Culpeper
1100:Caroline
1095:Campbell
1085:Buchanan
1020:Accomack
1004:Virginia
892:Blenheim
877:29 Diner
598:19 March
504:Manassas
500:Manassas
368:Virginia
311:74002235
196:Location
1723:Bridges
1687:Suffolk
1672:Roanoke
1662:Radford
1639:Norfolk
1594:Hampton
1569:Fairfax
1564:Emporia
1529:Bristol
1517:by city
1415:Russell
1400:Roanoke
1385:Pulaski
1355:Patrick
1300:Mathews
1295:Madison
1280:Loudoun
1230:Henrico
1225:Hanover
1220:Halifax
1205:Grayson
1160:Fairfax
1105:Carroll
1065:Bedford
1055:Augusta
1040:Amherst
364:Fairfax
289:Part of
261: (
1644:Norton
1465:Warren
1455:Sussex
1345:Orange
1320:Nelson
1285:Louisa
1210:Greene
1125:Clarke
1035:Amelia
1677:Salem
1589:Galax
1515:Lists
1485:Wythe
1450:Surry
1430:Smyth
1420:Scott
1235:Henry
1190:Giles
1170:Floyd
1155:Essex
1130:Craig
1070:Bland
1011:Lists
555:Notes
253:Built
1490:York
1480:Wise
1350:Page
1060:Bath
600:2013
417:The
358:The
263:1799
256:1799
245:Area
1275:Lee
1002:in
319:No.
306:No.
1778::
620:^
608:^
576:.
570:.
543:.
409:.
366:,
992:e
985:t
978:v
857:e
850:t
843:v
602:.
299:)
295:(
265:)
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