1132:
1032:. It originated in the convergence of the most liberal faction of the moderate right and the moderate wing of the democratic left. The party included men from heterogeneous cultural, class, and ideological backgrounds, ranging from British-American individualist liberalism to Neo-Hegelian liberalism as well as liberal-conservatives, from strict secularists to more religiously-oriented reformists. Few prime ministers after 1852 were party men; instead they accepted support where they could find it, and even the governments of the Historical Right during the 1860s included leftists in some capacity.
1237:
3001:
941:
199:
1413:
953:
2115:
2078:
2041:
2004:
1967:
1930:
1893:
1856:
1819:
1782:
1745:
1708:
1671:
1634:
1597:
1390:, together with dissident members from the Right, put the government into a minority because of the tax on grains' question, which damaged the rural economy. Ironically, many Right politicians who sided now with Left were from the North. Since this moment, the Right fell into opposition and
1294:
and high taxation. The taxes, especially the tax on grains, were unpopular among the rural and middle classes. As a result, the Right progressively lost its support. With that, the Right was split, with the original
Northern liberals supporting the taxation and the newly arrived Southern
1278:. Fearing a democratic revolution, Cavour became near to the new Right group in the Italian Parliament and led it until his premature death in June 1861. The Cavourian policies were partially continued by his successors aligned with the Right group like Luigi Farini,
1430:
would be accepted into his government. Surprisingly, Minghetti agreed with this, causing various individuals in the Right to join the Left. After this event, the rest of the anti-compromise Right was called the
2989:
806:
3159:
2982:
3164:
1158:
3250:
1498:
to the United
Kingdom. Constitutional politicians like Luzzatti and Sonnino later formed their own governments, but they were short, and were weakened by the newborn
983:
1494:, a powerful rising socialist protest in Sicily, but also several nationalist groups. After two years, Rudinì was ousted from office after his unpopular ceding of
3245:
2975:
1298:
In the 1870s, in a time of rising tensions inside the Right governments, the group split into different factions for specific goals and territorial composition:
3154:
743:
3225:
1228:. D'Azeglio was forced to resign in November 1852 and Cavour was appointed by the King as the new prime minister, ending the Sardinian phase of the Right.
3220:
2182:
3235:
3240:
1440:
65:
3190:
2967:
3255:
3230:
3210:
3205:
1146:
357:
3195:
2945:
1432:
1403:
753:
728:
773:
1443:. The Constitutionals were not a structured and organized party, but simply a coalition of both Northern and Southern conservatives like
976:
3169:
3149:
160:
3215:
2955:
2894:
2850:
2765:
2684:
2533:
2508:
2475:
2408:
2341:
2278:
2234:
2207:
1131:
2398:
1028:
during the second half of the 19th century. After 1876, the
Historical Right constituted the Constitutional opposition toward the
2267:
Campanelli, Giuseppe; Carducci, Michele; Tondi Della Mura, Vincenzo; Loiodice, Isabella (2 December 2016). Giappichelli (ed.).
748:
552:
532:
1236:
3200:
3132:
1240:
1193:
1182:
969:
180:
45:
2444:
2312:
2094:
2057:
2049:
2020:
2012:
1983:
1975:
1946:
1938:
1909:
1901:
1872:
1835:
1798:
1761:
1724:
1687:
1650:
1613:
1576:
1544:
1423:
1422:
After the fall of
Minghetti, the Right progressively saw splits and disbanded. On 8 October 1882, some weeks before the
1329:
106:
1506:
in 1913, a political alliance between various liberal politicians, many of whom were previously opposed to each other.
1157:
that tried to unify Italy as a federation of states. As the Right dominated the
Parliament, D'Azeglio was appointed as
2601:
1517:
1162:
796:
3031:
2867:
1178:
423:
2224:
2197:
1462:
After ten years in opposition, the
Constitutionals gained the majority thanks to an agreement with dissident Left
1487:
1287:
1201:
758:
2818:
1307:
289:
2701:
2782:
2926:
1568:
1499:
1263:
1255:
1254:. Cavour, who was Prime Minister of Sardinia since November 1852 with brief interruptions, became the first
1205:
880:
821:
115:
1502:
and the first organized political parties. The awareness of that forced the
Constitutionals to join in the
1483:
1154:
816:
811:
696:
562:
2597:
1503:
1407:
1174:
913:
768:
244:
144:
99:
723:
2522:
Sarti, Roland (2009). "The
Politics of the Liberal State (1861-1901)". In Infobase Publishing (ed.).
1356:
1150:
1135:
1103:
1095:
839:
542:
228:
123:
111:
40:
2623:
3042:
1186:
1142:
1025:
1021:
945:
859:
701:
691:
572:
261:
249:
218:
2736:
2502:
2379:
1605:
1475:
1275:
1197:
1066:
923:
908:
885:
854:
801:
685:
654:
443:
165:
134:
1486:. Rudinì was recalled in office after the political fall of Crispi, following the defeat in the
1165:. However, there were tensions inside the group caused by D'Azeglio's assertiveness towards the
2951:
2890:
2846:
2761:
2680:
2529:
2471:
2404:
2337:
2274:
2230:
2203:
1467:
1463:
1391:
1271:
1091:
1077:
918:
675:
634:
619:
599:
478:
458:
155:
2426:
Una voce per l'Opposizione
Costituzionale di Sua MaestĂ : Alle origini del "Giornale d'Italia"
2728:
2649:
2371:
1642:
1471:
1452:
1348:
1279:
1247:
1013:
1001:
865:
763:
639:
604:
594:
503:
468:
463:
448:
382:
309:
294:
50:
3087:
2636:
2086:
1864:
1827:
1790:
1753:
1716:
1491:
1416:
1387:
1383:
1363:
1303:
1283:
1217:
1213:
1212:
In May 1852, Cavour and his supporters left the Right group and moved toward the moderate
1166:
1111:
1029:
733:
680:
614:
609:
513:
488:
483:
377:
334:
60:
1220:. The duo Rattazzi–Cavour made an alliance (pejoratively called "a marriage"), forming a
2549:
3076:
2659:
2123:
1679:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1325:
1251:
1099:
1048:
644:
624:
498:
428:
372:
362:
284:
254:
70:
55:
3184:
2740:
2383:
1474:. During his short government, overthrown after one year, Rudinì worked to reduce to
1456:
1427:
1318:
1314:
1267:
1107:
1061:
711:
649:
629:
508:
493:
473:
453:
235:
2719:
Ragazzoni, David (2019). "Silvio
Spaventa and Marco Minghetti on party government".
2226:
States, Debt, and Power: 'Saints' and 'Sinners' in European History and Integration
1310:
1259:
1081:
1070:
957:
738:
438:
433:
394:
387:
339:
319:
223:
213:
188:
119:
2732:
2673:
Merlini, Stefano; Tarli Barbieri, Giovanni (11 January 2017). Giappichelli (ed.).
890:
844:
2840:
2801:
2755:
2674:
2653:
2523:
2492:
2465:
2331:
2295:
2268:
2251:
2150:
1169:
and the King. The tensions caused the group to split into two separate factions:
1479:
1341:
1086:
1040:
1036:
875:
849:
314:
304:
299:
279:
2464:
Emilio Gentile (2003). "1. Il governo del generale Pelloux". In Laterza (ed.).
2375:
1412:
1375:
1337:
1056:
1044:
791:
403:
329:
324:
198:
127:
2911:
1291:
870:
706:
2449:
2400:
Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview [4 volumes]
1371:
1367:
1333:
1221:
1114:. In the last decades of its history, the Right was often referred to as
1052:
140:
2362:
Donovan, Mark; Newell, James L. (2008). "Centrism in Italian politics".
2168:
Conservatori senza partito. Un tentativo fallito nell'Italia giolittiana
1495:
1386:
was forced to resign after the so-called Parliamentary Revolution. The
1352:
1074:
2152:
Un esperimento liberal-conservatore: i governi di Rudinì (1896-1898)
1470:
and Rudinì was charged to form a new government in substitution of
1270:
refused to recognize the new government, but instead recognize the
2757:
God in Freedom: Studies in the Relations Between Church and State
2624:"La politica del "connubio"; Cavour primo ministro - MuseoTorino"
1286:. Starting in 1861, the Right's government pursued a policy of a
2333:
Il mito dello Stato nuovo: Dal radicalismo nazionale al fascismo
3104:
3059:
3014:
2971:
1394:, leader of the Left, was appointed as the new prime minister.
1435:
or "Constitutional opposition" led by former Finance Minister
1426:, Depretis proclaimed that anyone who was willing to become a
1258:. During the first year after unification, Cavour became more
2525:
Italy: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present
2297:
L'Ideologia della borghesia industriale nell'Italia liberale
2199:
Italy: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present
1204:, who supported the expropriation of the Church's goods, a
1295:
conservatives who opposed the modernization and taxation.
2270:
Lineamenti di diritto costituzionale della regione Puglia
1490:. During this second term, Rudinì worked to repress the
1149:, established in 1849. The Right was at the time led by
1024:
groups of the 20th century, was an Italian conservative
2467:
Le origini dell'Italia contemporanea: L'etĂ giolittiana
1208:
and French intervention to achieve Italian unification.
1185:, who supported compromises with the Church and a slow
2565:
2563:
1065:
policies while on social issues it favoured a strong
1035:
The Right represented the interests of the Northern
2800:Tavallini, Enrico (1887). L. Roux & Co. (ed.).
2655:
Storia d'Italia: Gli anni della destra, (1861-1876)
2598:"Discorsi parlamentari del conte Camillo di Cavour"
133:
105:
95:
87:
79:
33:
21:
2494:Storia d'Italia: Gli anni della destra (1861-1876)
2397:Herb, Guntram H.; Kaplan, David H. (22 May 2008).
2250:Gramsci, Antonio (1966). Gramsci Institute (ed.).
1378:and those favourable to cooperation with the Left.
1359:. Hostile to Minghetti, but vague toward the Left.
2166:Umberto Gentiloni Silveri (2000). Stadium (ed.).
1455:who rejected perceived opportunism and Depretis'
1141:The origins of the Historical Right are in the
2428:(in Italian). Contemporanea. pp. 699–712.
2144:
2142:
2983:
2909:
977:
401:
392:
233:
8:
3160:Early 20th-century Italian political parties
2700:Gherardi, Raffaella (2010). Treccani (ed.).
2439:
2437:
2435:
1098:, primarily aiming for an alliance with the
744:Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity
2754:Luzzatti, Luigi (2006). Cosimo, Inc (ed.).
1355:parochialism, favourable to liberalism and
1020:) by historians to distinguish it from the
3101:
3056:
3011:
2990:
2976:
2968:
2950:(in Italian). Guida Editori. p. 386.
2781:Montaldo, Silvano (2004). Treccani (ed.).
2357:
2355:
2353:
1482:sentiment and keep Italy aligned with the
1317:, moderate liberalism, and alignment with
1055:. On economic issues, the Right supported
984:
970:
175:
18:
2866:Ambrosoli, Luigi (1983). Treccani (ed.).
2491:Montanelli, Indro (1977). Rizzoli (ed.).
3251:Political parties disestablished in 1913
2834:
2832:
2817:Manfredi, Marco (2015). Treccani (ed.).
1513:
1411:
1235:
1130:
2330:Gentile, Emilio (1982). Laterza (ed.).
2149:Mario Belardinelli (1976). ELIA (ed.).
2138:
1153:, who was also a representative of the
187:
3005:19th-century political groups in Italy
2927:"Antonio Starrabba marchese di Rudinì"
2839:Leoni, Francesco (2001). Guida (ed.).
2500:
3246:Political parties established in 1849
3165:1950s–1990s Italian political parties
1206:lesser role of the King in government
1173:The Conservatives, led by D'Azeglio,
358:1946 Italian institutional referendum
16:Historical political faction in Italy
7:
3155:Historical Italian political parties
2947:Storia dei partiti politici italiani
2872:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
2842:Storia dei partiti politici italiani
2823:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
2787:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
2706:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
1441:Antonio Starabba, Marquess of Rudinì
1404:Liberal Constitutional Party (Italy)
2803:La vita e i tempi di Giovanni Lanza
3226:Defunct political parties in Italy
3150:List of political parties in Italy
14:
3170:Current Italian political parties
2721:Journal of Modern Italian Studies
2676:Il governo parlamentare in Italia
1382:On 25 March 1876, Prime Minister
2999:
2637:XII/elenco "Camera dei deputati"
2114:
2113:
2077:
2076:
2040:
2039:
2003:
2002:
1966:
1965:
1929:
1928:
1892:
1891:
1855:
1854:
1818:
1817:
1781:
1780:
1744:
1743:
1707:
1706:
1670:
1669:
1633:
1632:
1596:
1595:
1043:. Its members were mostly large
951:
939:
197:
3236:1913 disestablishments in Italy
1246:In 1861, Italy was united as a
749:Italian Nationalist Association
553:Revolt Against the Modern World
533:The Rise and Fall of the Elites
3241:Centre-right parties in Europe
1324:The Piedmontese clique led by
1106:, but sometimes also with the
1073:and during the Cavour era the
1:
3191:Conservative parties in Italy
2733:10.1080/1354571X.2019.1573023
2507:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1362:The Lombardian clique led by
3256:Right-wing parties in Europe
3231:1849 establishments in Italy
3221:Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
3211:Liberal conservative parties
3206:Conservative liberal parties
2658:(in Italian). Vol. 32.
2602:Chamber of Deputies of Italy
1433:Liberal Constitutional Party
1330:Gustavo Ponza di San Martino
1313:, in addition to supporting
754:Liberal Constitutional Party
729:Conservatives and Reformists
3196:Monarchist parties in Italy
2887:Storia dell'Italia liberale
1232:Unification and governments
797:Foundation for Subsidiarity
3272:
2050:Antonio Starabba di Rudinì
2013:Antonio Starabba di Rudinì
1976:Antonio Starabba di Rudinì
1939:Antonio Starabba di Rudinì
1902:Antonio Starabba di Rudinì
1401:
1302:The Emilian clique led by
1159:Prime Minister of Sardinia
1051:and people related to the
66:Antonio Starabba di Rudinì
3145:
3111:
3100:
3066:
3055:
3021:
3010:
2885:Fulvio Cammarano (2011).
2445:"Destra storica italiana"
2376:10.1080/13532940802367554
2313:"Destra storica italiana"
1538:
1526:
1523:
1516:
1488:First Italo-Ethiopian War
1398:Constitutional opposition
1347:The Tuscan clique led by
1336:parochialism, supporting
1116:Constitutional Opposition
1090:policy of abstention. In
774:People's Monarchist Party
759:Monarchist National Party
224:Italian school of elitism
151:
3216:Liberal parties in Italy
2944:Francesco Leoni (2001).
2294:Baglioni, Guido (1973).
1535:
1532:
1529:
1370:parochialism along with
290:Catholic social teaching
179:This article is part of
2424:Pirett (October 1999).
2300:. Einaudi. p. 191.
2223:Dyson, Kenneth (2014).
1569:Camillo Benso di Cavour
1500:Italian Socialist Party
1256:Prime Minister of Italy
1163:King Victor Emmanuel II
946:Conservatism portal
135:Political position
116:Conservative liberalism
46:Camillo Benso di Cavour
3133:Conservative Catholics
2910:
2311:Treccani, ed. (2010).
2196:Sarti, Roland (2009).
1439:and Interior Minister
1419:
1243:
1138:
1017:
1005:
812:Magna Carta Foundation
563:The Rage and the Pride
402:
393:
234:
3201:Conservatism in Italy
2573:, Bari, 2004, p. 213.
1415:
1408:Liberal Union (Italy)
1402:Further information:
1239:
1192:The Liberals, led by
1134:
1094:, their goal was the
914:Immigrant criminality
769:The People of Freedom
245:Political Catholicism
190:Conservatism in Italy
2586:, Bari, 2000, p. 74.
2554:Encilopedia Treccani
2317:Dizionario di Storia
1147:Sardinian Parliament
1096:unification of Italy
881:L'Italia settimanale
543:The Mind and Society
229:Liberal conservatism
124:Classical liberalism
112:Liberal conservatism
3043:Historical Far Left
2916:historical archive.
2453:(in Italian). 2010.
2183:"La Destra storica"
1518:Chamber of Deputies
1478:, limit the rising
1241:The Count of Cavour
1187:Italian unification
1026:parliamentary group
860:Corriere della Sera
702:Monarchist Alliance
692:Identity and Action
573:The Force of Reason
250:Christian democracy
219:Italian nationalism
2819:"Ubaldino Peruzzi"
2550:"Partito Moderato"
1606:Alfonso La Marmora
1476:public expenditure
1420:
1290:, maintained with
1276:Giuseppe Garibaldi
1244:
1198:Luigi Carlo Farini
1183:Carlo Bon Compagni
1139:
1067:central government
909:European New Right
807:Machiavelli Center
802:Liberal Foundation
724:Common Man's Front
686:Future and Freedom
3178:
3177:
3141:
3140:
3096:
3095:
3051:
3050:
2868:"Cesare Correnti"
2702:"Marco Minghetti"
2130:
2129:
1510:Electoral results
1468:Felice Cavallotti
1464:Giovanni Nicotera
1424:general elections
1392:Agostino Depretis
1366:representing the
1224:group called the
1202:Giovanni Galvagno
1155:moderate movement
1151:Massimo d'Azeglio
1136:Massimo D'Azeglio
1092:foreign relations
1078:Law of Guarantees
1039:and the Southern
994:
993:
919:Politics of Italy
676:Brothers of Italy
174:
173:
161:Political parties
156:Politics of Italy
41:Massimo d'Azeglio
3263:
3131:
3129:
3122:Historical Right
3120:
3118:
3102:
3086:
3084:
3075:
3073:
3057:
3041:
3039:
3030:
3028:
3012:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2969:
2962:
2961:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2836:
2827:
2826:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2783:"Giovanni Lanza"
2778:
2772:
2771:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2650:Indro Montanelli
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2593:
2587:
2580:
2574:
2567:
2558:
2557:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2506:
2498:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2441:
2430:
2429:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2359:
2348:
2347:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2181:Di Mauro, Luca.
2178:
2172:
2171:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2080:
2079:
2071:
2043:
2042:
2034:
2006:
2005:
1997:
1969:
1968:
1960:
1932:
1931:
1923:
1895:
1894:
1886:
1858:
1857:
1849:
1821:
1820:
1812:
1784:
1783:
1775:
1747:
1746:
1738:
1710:
1709:
1701:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1643:Bettino Ricasoli
1636:
1635:
1627:
1599:
1598:
1590:
1558:
1514:
1472:Francesco Crispi
1453:Pasquale Villari
1349:Ubaldino Peruzzi
1280:Bettino Ricasoli
1030:left governments
1010:Historical Right
1008:), later called
986:
979:
972:
958:Italy portal
956:
955:
954:
944:
943:
942:
764:New Centre-Right
578:
568:
558:
548:
538:
407:
398:
383:Kingdom of Italy
368:Historical Right
295:Christian values
239:
201:
191:
176:
147:
96:Merged into
51:Bettino Ricasoli
24:Historical Right
19:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3137:
3127:
3126:
3116:
3115:
3107:
3092:
3088:Historical Left
3082:
3081:
3071:
3070:
3062:
3047:
3037:
3036:
3026:
3025:
3017:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2966:
2965:
2958:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2845:. p. 117.
2838:
2837:
2830:
2825:. Vol. 82.
2816:
2815:
2811:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2789:. Vol. 63.
2780:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2760:. p. 420.
2753:
2752:
2748:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2708:. Vol. 74.
2699:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2631:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2596:Cavour (1865).
2595:
2594:
2590:
2581:
2577:
2568:
2561:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2499:
2497:. Vol. 32.
2490:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2443:
2442:
2433:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2361:
2360:
2351:
2344:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2273:. p. 188.
2266:
2265:
2261:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2229:. p. 223.
2222:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2202:. p. 537.
2195:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2148:
2147:
2140:
2135:
2126:
2119:
2109:
2106:
2089:
2087:Tommaso Tittoni
2082:
2072:
2069:
2052:
2045:
2035:
2032:
2015:
2008:
1998:
1995:
1978:
1971:
1961:
1958:
1941:
1934:
1924:
1921:
1904:
1897:
1887:
1884:
1867:
1865:Silvio Spaventa
1860:
1850:
1847:
1830:
1828:Marco Minghetti
1823:
1813:
1810:
1793:
1791:Marco Minghetti
1786:
1776:
1773:
1756:
1754:Marco Minghetti
1749:
1739:
1736:
1719:
1717:Marco Minghetti
1712:
1702:
1699:
1692:156,784 (1st)
1682:
1675:
1665:
1662:
1645:
1638:
1628:
1625:
1608:
1601:
1591:
1588:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1512:
1484:Triple Alliance
1417:Marco Minghetti
1410:
1400:
1384:Marco Minghetti
1364:Cesare Correnti
1344:foreign policy.
1340:and a moderate
1304:Marco Minghetti
1288:balanced budget
1284:Marco Minghetti
1234:
1218:Urbano Rattazzi
1167:Catholic Church
1145:faction of the
1129:
1124:
1112:Austria-Hungary
990:
952:
950:
940:
938:
931:
930:
904:
896:
895:
835:
827:
826:
822:The Republicans
787:
779:
778:
734:Direction Italy
681:Coraggio Italia
668:
660:
659:
590:
582:
581:
576:
566:
556:
546:
536:
527:
519:
518:
419:
411:
410:
378:Italian fascism
353:
345:
344:
335:Property rights
310:Italian culture
275:
267:
266:
209:
189:
170:
139:
126:
122:
118:
114:
75:
61:Marco Minghetti
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3269:
3267:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3183:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3124:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3079:
3077:Dissident Left
3067:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3034:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3008:
3007:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2972:
2964:
2963:
2956:
2936:
2918:
2902:
2895:
2877:
2874:. Vol. 3.
2858:
2851:
2828:
2809:
2806:. Vol. 2.
2792:
2773:
2766:
2746:
2727:(2): 293–323.
2711:
2692:
2685:
2679:. p. 34.
2665:
2641:
2629:
2615:
2588:
2575:
2571:Vita di Cavour
2559:
2541:
2534:
2514:
2483:
2476:
2456:
2431:
2416:
2409:
2389:
2370:(4): 381–397.
2349:
2342:
2322:
2303:
2286:
2279:
2259:
2256:. p. 703.
2242:
2235:
2215:
2208:
2188:
2173:
2158:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2124:Sidney Sonnino
2122:
2120:
2112:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:108,029 (4th)
2097:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2075:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:212,584 (3rd)
2060:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:271,698 (2nd)
2023:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:242,090 (2nd)
1986:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:263,315 (2nd)
1949:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:309,873 (2nd)
1912:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:138,854 (2nd)
1875:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1853:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:399,295 (2nd)
1838:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1816:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:353,693 (2nd)
1801:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1779:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:135,797 (2nd)
1764:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1705:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1680:Giovanni Lanza
1678:
1676:
1668:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:110,525 (1st)
1653:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:114,208 (1st)
1579:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:110,400 (1st)
1547:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1524:Election year
1521:
1520:
1511:
1508:
1492:Sicilian Fasci
1449:Luigi Luzzatti
1445:Sidney Sonnino
1437:Quintino Sella
1399:
1396:
1380:
1379:
1360:
1345:
1326:Giovanni Lanza
1322:
1252:House of Savoy
1233:
1230:
1210:
1209:
1190:
1175:Luigi Cibrario
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1100:British Empire
1049:industrialists
1018:Destra storica
992:
991:
989:
988:
981:
974:
966:
963:
962:
961:
960:
948:
933:
932:
929:
928:
927:
926:
916:
911:
905:
902:
901:
898:
897:
894:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
857:
852:
847:
842:
836:
833:
832:
829:
828:
825:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
788:
785:
784:
781:
780:
777:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
715:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
688:
683:
678:
669:
666:
665:
662:
661:
658:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
591:
588:
587:
584:
583:
580:
579:
569:
559:
549:
539:
528:
525:
524:
521:
520:
517:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
420:
417:
416:
413:
412:
409:
408:
399:
390:
385:
380:
375:
373:Italian Empire
370:
365:
363:Black nobility
360:
354:
351:
350:
347:
346:
343:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
285:Anti-communism
282:
276:
273:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
259:
258:
257:
255:Ultramontanism
252:
242:
241:
240:
226:
221:
216:
210:
207:
206:
203:
202:
194:
193:
185:
184:
172:
171:
169:
168:
163:
158:
152:
149:
148:
137:
131:
130:
109:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
74:
73:
71:Sidney Sonnino
68:
63:
58:
56:Giovanni Lanza
53:
48:
43:
37:
35:
31:
30:
27:Destra storica
26:
23:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3268:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3134:
3125:
3123:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3080:
3078:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3035:
3033:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3013:
3009:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2981:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2959:
2957:9788871884950
2953:
2949:
2948:
2940:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2906:
2903:
2898:
2896:9788842095996
2892:
2888:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2859:
2854:
2852:9788871884950
2848:
2844:
2843:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2796:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2774:
2769:
2767:9781596054486
2763:
2759:
2758:
2750:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2693:
2688:
2686:9788892105478
2682:
2678:
2677:
2669:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2604:. p. 355
2603:
2599:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2535:9780816074747
2531:
2527:
2526:
2518:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2496:
2495:
2487:
2484:
2479:
2477:9788858118290
2473:
2469:
2468:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2410:9781851099085
2406:
2402:
2401:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2343:9788858121498
2339:
2335:
2334:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2280:9788834847916
2276:
2272:
2271:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2253:Studi storici
2246:
2243:
2238:
2236:9780191023477
2232:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2209:9780816074747
2205:
2201:
2200:
2192:
2189:
2185:. Oilproject.
2184:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1734:
1731:
1729:97,726 (2nd)
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1623:
1620:
1618:84,685 (2nd)
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1504:Liberal Union
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1457:protectionist
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1357:modernization
1354:
1351:representing
1350:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1332:representing
1331:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1315:protectionism
1312:
1309:
1306:representing
1305:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1272:Southern Army
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1108:German Empire
1105:
1104:French Empire
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:, obligatory
1068:
1064:
1063:
1062:laissez-faire
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
987:
982:
980:
975:
973:
968:
967:
965:
964:
959:
949:
947:
937:
936:
935:
934:
925:
922:
921:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
900:
899:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
837:
831:
830:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
789:
783:
782:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
721:
720:
719:
713:
712:Us with Italy
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
673:
672:
664:
663:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
592:
586:
585:
575:
574:
570:
565:
564:
560:
555:
554:
550:
545:
544:
540:
535:
534:
530:
529:
523:
522:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
421:
418:Intellectuals
415:
414:
406:
405:
400:
397:
396:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
355:
349:
348:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
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138:
136:
132:
129:
125:
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117:
113:
110:
108:
104:
101:
100:Liberal Union
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
57:
54:
52:
49:
47:
44:
42:
39:
38:
36:
32:
20:
3121:
3032:Action Party
2946:
2939:
2930:
2921:
2905:
2886:
2880:
2871:
2861:
2841:
2822:
2812:
2802:
2795:
2786:
2776:
2756:
2749:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2705:
2695:
2675:
2668:
2654:
2644:
2632:
2618:
2606:. Retrieved
2591:
2583:
2578:
2570:
2553:
2544:
2524:
2517:
2493:
2486:
2466:
2459:
2448:
2425:
2419:
2403:. ABC-CLIO.
2399:
2392:
2367:
2364:Modern Italy
2363:
2332:
2325:
2316:
2306:
2296:
2289:
2269:
2262:
2252:
2245:
2225:
2218:
2198:
2191:
2176:
2167:
2161:
2151:
1466:and radical
1461:
1421:
1381:
1342:Francophilic
1311:parochialism
1297:
1260:conservative
1245:
1225:
1211:
1140:
1115:
1085:
1082:Pope Pius IX
1071:conscription
1060:
1034:
1009:
997:
995:
739:Forza Italia
717:
716:
670:
571:
561:
551:
541:
531:
395:Risorgimento
388:Papal States
367:
340:Subsidiarity
320:Metapolitics
214:Berlusconism
145:centre-right
120:Conservatism
2889:. Laterza.
1480:imperialist
1428:progressive
1376:secularists
1334:Piedmontese
1268:republicans
1087:Non Expedit
1041:aristocracy
1037:bourgeoisie
876:Il Giornale
850:Il Borghese
786:Think tanks
589:Politicians
315:Maternalism
305:Familialism
300:Clericalism
280:Agrarianism
3185:Categories
3106:Right-wing
2133:References
1459:policies.
1368:Lombardian
1338:liberalism
1250:under the
1179:La Marmora
1177:, General
1143:right-wing
1080:, causing
1057:free trade
1045:landowners
1022:right-wing
862:(formerly)
792:FareFuturo
635:Procaccini
620:De Gasperi
600:Berlusconi
526:Literature
469:Montanelli
404:Sanfedismo
330:Patriotism
325:Monarchism
274:Principles
208:Ideologies
128:Monarchism
3061:Left-wing
2912:La Stampa
2741:151209326
2582:Hearder,
2503:cite book
2384:144016171
2033:116 / 508
1959:104 / 508
1848:145 / 508
1811:147 / 508
1774:171 / 508
1700:276 / 508
1663:233 / 508
1626:151 / 493
1589:183 / 443
1557:342 / 443
1372:centrists
1292:austerity
924:Socialism
891:La VeritĂ
871:Il Foglio
845:L'Armonia
840:Annabella
817:New Italy
707:Lega Nord
655:Tatarella
595:Andreotti
514:Taparelli
454:Longanesi
424:Bresciani
236:Liberismo
166:Elections
88:Dissolved
3016:Far-left
2931:Treccani
2652:(1977).
2450:Treccani
2107:44 / 508
2070:76 / 508
1996:99 / 508
1922:93 / 508
1885:48 / 508
1737:94 / 508
1264:radicals
1262:as many
1226:Connubio
1222:centrist
1110:against
1102:and the
1053:military
640:Salandra
605:Cacciari
504:Salandra
464:Margotti
449:Leopardi
444:Giubilei
262:Populism
181:a series
107:Ideology
2660:Rizzoli
2569:Romeo,
1539:Leader
1496:Kassala
1319:Germany
1308:Emilian
1274:led by
1248:Kingdom
1216:led by
1127:Origins
1122:History
1075:secular
1014:Italian
1002:Italian
1000:group (
903:Related
855:Candido
718:Defunct
667:Parties
645:Salvini
615:Forlani
499:Reghini
479:Mughini
459:Maistre
352:History
80:Founded
34:Leaders
3130:
3128:
3119:
3117:
3085:
3083:
3074:
3072:
3040:
3038:
3029:
3027:
2954:
2893:
2849:
2764:
2739:
2683:
2608:25 May
2584:Cavour
2532:
2474:
2407:
2382:
2340:
2277:
2233:
2206:
1533:Seats
1527:Votes
1353:Tuscan
1194:Cavour
1006:Destra
886:Libero
690:
671:Active
625:Meloni
577:(2004)
567:(2001)
557:(1934)
547:(1916)
537:(1900)
489:Pareto
484:Papini
141:Centre
2737:S2CID
2380:S2CID
2065:13.9
2028:21.4
1991:19.4
1954:21.6
1917:18.3
1843:27.9
1806:28.9
1769:37.9
1732:28.2
1695:53.6
1658:37.2
1621:39.2
1584:41.2
1552:46.1
998:Right
866:Epoca
834:Media
650:Sogno
509:Sogno
474:Mosca
434:Evola
429:Cuoco
2952:ISBN
2891:ISBN
2847:ISBN
2762:ISBN
2681:ISBN
2610:2014
2530:ISBN
2509:link
2472:ISBN
2405:ISBN
2338:ISBN
2275:ISBN
2231:ISBN
2204:ISBN
2102:5.9
2095:1909
2058:1904
2021:1900
1984:1897
1947:1895
1910:1892
1880:9.4
1873:1890
1836:1886
1799:1882
1762:1880
1725:1876
1688:1874
1651:1870
1614:1867
1577:1865
1545:1861
1536:+/–
1451:and
1406:and
1388:Left
1374:and
1328:and
1282:and
1266:and
1214:Left
1200:and
1181:and
1059:and
996:The
697:Lega
630:Pera
610:Fini
494:Pera
439:Gini
91:1913
83:1849
2729:doi
2372:doi
1748:182
1600:159
1161:by
1084:'s
143:to
3187::
2929:.
2870:.
2831:^
2821:.
2785:.
2735:.
2725:24
2723:.
2704:.
2600:.
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2552:.
2528:.
2505:}}
2501:{{
2470:.
2447:.
2434:^
2378:.
2368:13
2366:.
2352:^
2336:.
2315:.
2141:^
2118:32
2081:20
2044:17
1970:11
1933:45
1896:97
1822:24
1785:77
1711:43
1674:82
1637:32
1530:%
1447:,
1196:,
1118:.
1047:,
1016::
1004::
183:on
2991:e
2984:t
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2933:.
2899:.
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2770:.
2743:.
2731::
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2662:.
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2556:.
2538:.
2511:)
2480:.
2413:.
2386:.
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2346:.
2319:.
2283:.
2239:.
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2170:.
2155:.
2007:5
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1012:(
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