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perception evolves and subsequent generations read the biography of a given historical figure in their own way through their own knowledge and experience. In order to determine the popularity of the commercialisation of historical figures, a study was conducted at the beginning of 2014 on the number of trademark protection applications filed with the Patent Office of the
Republic of Poland as a measure of entrepreneurs’ interest in this activity. The names of 300 most prominent Polish historical figures were considered. The study showed that over 21% of the names analysed were recorded in the trademark register. 1,033 trademark protection applications were filed for 64 names out of the 300 historical figures investigated . The greatest number of trademark protection applications were recorded for
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135:
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306:, who was highly influential in the latter half of the nineteenth century, felt that historical figures were relatively unimportant. He wrote to a friend, "I ignore utterly the personal element in history, and, indeed, show little respect for history altogether as it is ordinarily conceived." He wrote, "The births, deaths, and marriages of kings, and other like historic trivialities, are committed to memory, not because of any direct benefits that can possibly result from knowing them: but because society considers them parts of a good education." In his essay
1012:, "The 'world-historical individual' can only figure as a minor character in the novel because of the complexity and intricacy of the whole social-historical process." As Jacobs observes, the "realist aesthetic" of the historical novel "assumes that a recognizable historical figure in fiction must not 'do things' its model did not do in real life; it follows that historical figures can be used only in very limited ways." The author of a traditional historical novel should therefore focus more on the people who have been lost to history. A novelist such as Sir
521:
512:), mainly consist of verbal expositions or discussions that must be considered the work of the author, rather than the character supposedly speaking. It may still be possible to identify a figure in such texts with a historical figure known from some other context, and the text may be taken as informative about this figure, even if not verified by an independent source. On the other hand, a text may include realistic settings and references to historical people, while the central character may or may not be a historical figure.
99:
683:(The so-called historical Jesus, and the historic, biblical Christ). He clearly distinguished between "the Jesus of history" and "the Christ of faith". Some historians openly admit bias, which may anyway be unavoidable. Paul Hollenback says he writes about the historical Jesus, "...in order to overthrow, not simply correct, the mistake called Christianity." Another historian who has written about Jesus, Frederick Gaiser, says, "historical investigation is part and parcel of biblical faith."
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being legendary. However, the legends that can grow up around historical figures may be hard to distinguish from fact. Sources are often incomplete and may be inaccurate, particularly those from early periods of history. Without a body of personal documents, the more subtle aspects of personality of a historical figure can only be deduced. With historical figures who were also religious figures attempts to separate fact from belief may be controversial.
157:
fiction, where fact and fancy are combined. In earlier traditions, before the rise of a critical historical tradition, authors took less care to be as accurate when describing what they knew of historical figures and their actions, interpolating imaginary elements intended to serve a moral purpose to events. More recently there has been a tendency once again for authors to freely depart from the "facts" when they conflict with their creative goals.
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histories, the doings of the king fill the entire picture, to which the national life forms but an obscure background. While only now, when the welfare of nations rather than of rulers is becoming the dominant idea, are historians beginning to occupy themselves with the phenomena of social progress. The thing it really concerns us to know is the natural history of society.
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413:", saying, "Universal History, the history of what man has accomplished in the world ... at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here." An extreme believer in individuality, he also believed that the masses of people should let themselves be guided by the great leaders of men. Talking of poets he said,
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821:, it is only to add dramatic effect to the presentation of his own thought. For this reason, Plato's writings on Socrates tell us little, at least directly, about Socrates. The historical figure is used only as a device for communicating Plato's ideas. In classical Rome, students of rhetoric had to master the
869:. By treating these figures as models, the student is tempted to consider that there can be nobody of such stature today. The antiquarian view examines the past in minute and reverent detail, turning its back on the present. The critical approach challenges traditional views, even though they may be valid.
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William
Shakespeare was a historical figure, but as a biographer said, "Such materials as there are for Shakespeare's personal history, or for the history of anyone connected with him, have been gathered with the most loving and persevering industry. Unhappily, they amount to very little. Entries in
911:
Historical figure is a person who lived in the past and whose deeds exerted a significant impact on other people’s lives and consciousness. These figures are attributed with certain features that are a compilation of the actual values they proclaimed and the manner they were perceived by others. This
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pointed out that even to the person living it, every life "remains in so many points unintelligible". The historian must struggle when writing biographies, "the very facts of which, to say nothing of the purport of them, we know not, and cannot know!" Some psychologists have sought to understand the
417:
That ideal outline of himself, which a man unconsciously shadows forth in his writings, and which, if rightly deciphered, will be truer than any other representation of him, it is the task of the
Biographer to fill-up into an actual coherent figure, and to bring him to our experience, or at least our
249:
It was theirs to know this nascent principle; the necessary, directly sequent step in progress, which their world was to take; to make this their aim, and to expend their energy in promoting it ... They die early like
Alexander; they are murdered, like Caesar; transported to St. Helena, like Napoleon
244:
as a world-historical figure who acted as a destructive force on Greek received views of morality. In Hegel's view, Socrates broke down social harmony by questioning the meaning of concepts like "justice" and "virtue". Eventually, the
Athenians condemned Socrates to death. But they could not stop the
221:
as a world historical figure, who appeared at a stage when Rome had grown to the point it could no longer continue as a republican city state but had to become an empire. Caesar failed in his bid to make himself an emperor, and was assassinated, but the empire came into existence soon afterward, and
152:
The significance of such figures in human progress has been debated. Some think they play a crucial role, while others say they have little impact on the broad currents of thought and social change. The concept is generally used in the sense that the person really existed in the past, as opposed to
856:
wrote an influential essay "On the Uses and
Disadvantages of History for Life". He said "the unhistorical and historical are necessary in equal measure for the health of an individual, of a people and of a culture." Nietzsche identifies three approaches to history, each with dangers. The monumental
991:
The compiler of a survey of historical novels in the 1920s claimed that the "appearance of reality ... is the great charm of the historical novel." He went on to assert, regarding novels about periods of which little is known, that "the danger is that the very elements which add to our interest in
314:
That which constitutes
History, properly so called, is in great part omitted from works on the subject. Only of late years have historians commenced giving us, in any considerable quantity, the truly valuable information. As in past ages the king was everything and the people nothing; So, in past
495:
It is sometimes hard to discern whether apparently historical figures from the earliest periods did in fact exist, due to the lack of records. Even with more recent personages, stories or anecdotes about the person often accumulate that have no basis in fact. Although the external aspects of a
438:
That history is made by men and women is no longer denied except by some theologians and mystical metaphysicians. And even they are compelled indirectly to acknowledge this commonplace truth, for they speak of historical personages as 'instruments' of
Providence, Justice, Reason, Dialectic, the
156:
In education, presenting information as if it were being told by a historical figure may give it greater impact. Since classical times, students have been asked to put themselves in the place of a historical figure as a way of bringing history to life. Historical figures are often represented in
418:
clear undoubted admiration, thereby to instruct and edify us in many ways. Conducted on such principles, the
Biography of great men, especially of great Poets, that is, of men in the highest degree noble-minded and wise, might become one of the most dignified and valuable species of composition.
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the tale as such will go far to mislead us in our conception of the period dealt with". Traditionally the treatment of historical figures in fiction was realistic in style and respectful of fact. A historical novel would be true to the facts known about the period in which the novel is set, a
1076:
Many films have depicted historical figures. Often the way in which the films interpret these figures and their times reflects the social and cultural values of the period in which the film was made. Historical figures are familiar to the general reader and so may be used in
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A writer may be handicapped by his readers' preconceptions about a historical person, which may or may not be accurate, and the facts about the historical person may also conflict with the novelist's plot requirements. According to the
Marxist philosopher
328:
calls "those vast impersonal forces" hold us in their grip. What happens is predetermined. Both Hegel and Marx advocated historical inevitability in contrast to the doctrine of contingency, allowing for alternative outcomes, that was advocated by
341:
believed in the ideas of history that Marx had developed, including the historical inevitability of capitalism followed by a transition to socialism. Despite this, Lenin also believed the transition could be effected faster by voluntary action.
445:, or Spirit of the Times. Men agree more readily about the consequences of the use of 'instruments' in history than they do about the ultimate ends 'instruments' allegedly serve, or the first causes by which they are allegedly determined.
888:
in the perception of historical figures. When modern US schoolchildren were asked to roleplay or illustrate historical stereotypes, boys tended to focus upon male figures exclusively while girls showed more varied family groupings.
482:
has calculated the memorability of historical figures using data such as the number of language editions for which there are articles for each person, the pageviews received, and other factors. These lists are available at MIT's
1060:: "Certain details were so delicious that I was scrupulous about getting them right. Others ... demanded to be mythologized." This reflects a changing attitude about the distinction between "fact" and "truth", expressed by
216:
was such a figure. Hegel proposed that a world-historical figure essentially posed a challenge, or thesis, and this would generate an antithesis, or opposing force. Eventually a synthesis would resolve the conflict. Hegel viewed
449:
Hook recognizes the relevance of the environment within which the "great man" or "hero" acted, but asserts that this can provide the backdrop but never the plot of the "dramas of human history". and distinguish life and species
262:
and others noted that the great historical figures were just representative men, expressions of the material forces of history. Essentially they have little choice about what they do. This is in conflict with the views of
754:
A historical figure may be used to validate a politician's claim to authority, where the modern leader shapes and exploits the ideas associated with the historical figure, which they are presumed to have inherited. Thus,
593:
such as William Runyan, is to explain the personality of the historical figure in terms of their life history. This approach has the advantage of recognizing that personality may evolve over time in response to events.
1135:
1026:) would describe historical events accurately. They would give rein to their imagination only in scenes that were not significant historically, when interactions with fictional characters could safely be introduced.
1000:" would try to give an accurate interpretation of what is known about a public figure's private life. In each genre, the novelist would avoid introducing any elements that were clearly in conflict with the facts.
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in his adventures. They appeared most frequently when the television series first started, as it was directed at children and the use of historical figures in historical settings was intended to be educational.
589:
personalities of historical figures through clues about the way in which they were raised. However, this theoretical psychoanalytic approach is not supported empirically. An alternative approach, favored by
1757:
Lipka Aldona, Ograniczona racjonalność i heurystyki w zachowaniach nabywców G. Wolska (red.), Współczesne problemy ekonomiczne, Zeszyty Naukowe nr 858, Wyd. Uniwersytet Szczeciński, Szczecin 2015. p. 265.(
897:
Using historical figures in marketing communications and in branding is a new area of marketing research but historical figures’ names were used to promote products as early as in the Middle Ages.
363:, also argued forcibly against this view, going as far as to say that some choices are entirely free and cannot be predicted scientifically. Berlin presented his views in a 1953 lecture at the
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explicitly articulated their thoughts and intentions. With religious figures, often the subjects of voluminous literature, separating "fact" from "belief" can be difficult if not impossible.
622:
With historical religious figures, fact and belief may be difficult to disentangle. There are cultural differences in the treatment of historical figures. Thus the Chinese can recognise that
707:, including seven biographies, three plays and an epic poem. Joan had become a symbol of national pride and the Catholic faith, helping unite a country that had been divided by the recent
496:
historical figure may be well documented, their inner nature can only be a subject of speculation. It can also not be only a subject of speculation as many historical figures such as
337:
and others. However, Marx argued against the use of the "historical inevitability" argument when used to explain the destruction of early communes in Russia. As an orthodox Marxist,
508:
With older texts it can be difficult to be sure whether a person in the text is, in fact, a historical figure. "Wisdom literature" from early middle-eastern cultures (such as the
2728:
Use of the Authorizing Figure, Authoritarian Charisma, and National Myth in the Discourse of Hugo Chávez: Toward a Critical Model of Rhetorical Analysis for Political Discourse
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279:, who also felt that individuals can determine their destiny. Engels found that Hegel's system contained an "internal and incurable contradiction", resting as it does on both
884:
for psychology students. When a variety of simulated character types were tried as educational agents, students rated historical figures as the most engaging. There are
1125:
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A historical figure may be interpreted to support political aims. In France in the first half of the seventeenth century, there was an outpouring of writing about
978:. He did not present these people as pure history, but dramatised their lives as a commentary about the people and politics of his own time. Napoleon figured in
254:
men, because they willed and accomplished something great; not a mere fancy, a mere intention, but that which met the case and fell in with the needs of the age.
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municipal records, names in a will, a lease, or an inventory, tell hardly anything of the life or character of the man. That orange has now been squeezed dry."
169:(1770–1831) considered that "world-historical figures" played a pivotal role in human progress, but felt that they were bound to emerge when change was needed.
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711:. The reality of the historical Joan was subordinated to the need for a symbol of feminine strength, Christian virtue and resistance to the English.
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limit enough! But if we have no great men, or do not admire at all,— that were a still worse case." Carlyle's historical philosophy was based on the "
401:
that "No great man lives in vain. The History of the world is but the Biography of great men ... We do not now call our great men Gods, nor admire
245:
evolution of thought that Socrates had begun, which would lead to the concept of individual conscience. Hegel said of world-historical figures,
189:(1820–1903), an early believer in evolution and in the universality of natural law, felt that historical individuals were of little importance.
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say, "I've come as close to the truth as facts would let me ... facts oppress the truth, which can breathe freely only in poetry & art."
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which may dominate or displace the more prosaic historical facts about them. For example, some ancient chroniclers said that the Emperor
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There is a huge body of historical fiction, where the text includes both imaginary and factual elements. In early English literature,
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1999:
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Madow M., Private Ownership of Public Image: Popular Culture and Publicity Rights, vol. 81, California Law Review 125, 1993, p. 152.
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Thomas Carlyle Resartus: Reappraising Carlyle's Contribution to the Philosophy of History, Political Theory, and Cultural Criticism
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Fournier, Janice E.; Wineburg, Samuel S. (1997), "Picturing the Past: Gender Differences in the Depiction of Historical Figures",
668:, as opposed to views distorted by belief. When writing about this subject, a historian who relies only on sources other than the
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in which they wrote the soliloquy of a historical figure who was debating a critical course of action. For example, the poet
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believed in the role of the state in guaranteeing individual liberties, and his views were therefore rejected by the German
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so that readers marvel at their appearance in novel settings or with a fresh perspective. For example, the time traveler
618:. They are all of such antiquity that the historical facts about them are now overlaid with centuries of myth and legend.
1050:, the novelist has felt more free to introduce much larger amounts of purely imaginary detail about historical people.
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The German philosopher Hegel defined the concept of the world-historical figure, who embodied the ruthless advance of
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wrote a number of plays that dramatized the lives of historical figures, but introduced fictional characters such as
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was a historical figure, but there is no evidence that the legend of her riding naked through the streets is true (
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Dictionary of the Old Testament: Wisdom, Poetry & Writings: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship
197:
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747:
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Variation and Change in the Lexicon: A Corpus-based Analysis of Adjectives in English Ending in -ic and -ical
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On heroes, hero-worship, & the heroic in history: six lectures; reported, with emendations and additions
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371:'s views, but the published version speaks approvingly of Karl Popper, which caused a stir among academics.
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disputed this by saying the stories were just malicious rumours. Similarly, there is no good evidence that
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355:, published as a book in 1957, that attacked the doctrine of historical inevitability. The historian
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may be criticized for implying that it is not a sufficient source of information about the subject.
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identified himself as a Hegelian world historical figure, and justified his actions on this basis.
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549:". Great figures of the past have stories told about them which grow in the telling, and so become
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268:
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664:"one of the most important figures in human history". Various writers have struggled to present
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was constrained from making her a "beautiful and romantic figure" by political considerations.
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The significance of historical figures has long been the subject of debate by philosophers.
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The Joy of Reading: A Passionate Guide to 189 of the World's Best Authors and Their Works
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788:, who considered him dangerously liberal and perhaps a proto-Marxist. On the other hand,
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has espoused the "heroic view" of history, famously saying in his essay on the Norse god
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There have been rankings of the significance of major historical figures. For example,
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Napoleon in conversation with Emmanuel Auguste-Dieudonné, comte de Las Cases (1823),
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Temptations of Faust: The Logic of Fascism and Postmodern Archaeologies of Modernity
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Historical figure brand is using famous historical person in branding, for instance
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is thus treated almost exclusively as a lesser god rather than a historical figure.
84:
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Taken to an extreme, one may consider that what Hegel calls the "world spirit" and
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approach describes the glories of the past, often focusing on heroic figures like
17:
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Speculative Fictions: Contemporary Canadian Novelists and the Writing of History
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Jesus As a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee
1119:
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212:'s World Spirit, often overthrowing outdated structures and ideas. To him,
1748:
Grygiel A.(ed.), Encyklopedia sławnych Polaków, Publicat S.A., Poznań 2007.
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would follow the facts that are known about the protagonist's life, and a "
803:
used historical figures in his writing, but only to illustrate his points.
681:
Der sogenannte historische Jesus und der geschichtliche, biblische Christus
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https://scholar.google.pl/citations?user=8g7DDDkAAAAJ&hl=pl&oi=ao
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were historical individuals, while also endowing them with sanctity. In
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240:, generally agrees with Hegel's views, such as his characterization of
37:
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Sartor Resartus and On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History
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of Venezuela frequently identified himself with the historical figure
646:
states: "Do not rely on the man but on the Dharma." A teacher such as
1136:
List of historical films set in Near Eastern and Western civilization
925:
751:"is not about Joan at all, and can hardly be said to pretend to be."
611:
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223:
222:
Caesar's name has become synonymous with "emperor" in forms such as "
298:, who considered events in the lives of kings "historic trivalities"
291:
271:, who praised self-reliance and individualism, and in conflict with
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721:, discussed representations of Joan by other authors. He felt that
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The Character of Truth: Historical Figures in Contemporary Fiction
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The Thirty Years' War and German Memory in the Nineteenth Century
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enjoyed this exercise more than the other final challenge — the
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227:
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Veletsianos, George (2010), "Historical Figure Applications",
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Hidalgo, Cesar (1 November 2012), "Knowledge (XXG)'s top 20",
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The Great Philosophers: An Introduction to Western Philosophy
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The Historical Jesus: Ancient Evidence for the Life of Christ
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The Prospects for Liberal Nationalism in Post-Leninist States
1054:
illustrates this different attitude when discussing his book
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An Obsession with History: Russian Writers Confront the Past
1663:
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2043:
A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography
367:, published soon afterwards. When speaking he referred to
970:
plays about people who were historical figures in his day
766:
often presented himself as following the path defined by
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German History in Modern Times: Four Lives of the Nation
2001:
7 Historical Figures Famous for Something They Never Did
204:
introduced the concept of the "world-historical figure".
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The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare's History Plays
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Rethinking Dislocation and Resettlement in Development
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are seen by the followers as embodiments of gods. The
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A Philosopher's Apprentice: In Karl Popper's Workshop
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From a Philosophical Point of View: Selected Studies
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has encountered numerous historical figures such as
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More recently, however, starting with works such as
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to teach history and foreign culture. An example is
778:, the liberator of South America from Spanish rule.
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On heroes, hero-worship, & the heroic in history
960:was a fictional character, but the historical King
2823:
2754:
2626:Lawrence, Ben; Gee, Catherine (7 September 2012).
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2641:Longman, Tremper III; Enns, Peter (6 June 2008).
839:, in which he was counselled to retire. The poet
2601:The Historical Film: History and Memory in Media
1727:
1126:Historical figures sometimes considered autistic
2797:A Guide to the Best Historical Novels and Tales
2570:Kerry, Paul E.; Hill, Marylu (31 August 2010).
436:
415:
312:
247:
2469:The Cambridge Companion to George Bernard Shaw
811:in the same way. When Plato apparently quotes
2915:Kierkegaard's Relations to Hegel Reconsidered
2757:Creative Conflict in African American Thought
872:Historical figures may today be simulated as
173:(1795–1881) saw the study of figures such as
8:
3120:The Body: Toward an Eastern Mind-Body Theory
3020:. Ardent Media. p. 7. GGKEY:YLJPC0Q8L47
2604:. Continuum International Publishing Group.
2382:Hattaway, Michael (2002), "Historiography",
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547:la fable convenue qu'on appellera l'histoire
2942:Emerging Technologies in Distance Education
2472:. Cambridge University Press. p. 208.
2145:Chakrabarti, Anjan Kumar (11 August 2009).
1941:
1715:
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2992:. Princeton University Press. p. 52.
2009:Anton, John Peter; Preus, Anthony (1971).
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302:The Scottish philosopher and evolutionist
3117:Yuasa, Yasuo; Kasulis, Thomas P. (1987).
1493:
1409:
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1151:Persons of National Historic Significance
741:was also flawed by Voltaire's biases and
462:The crucifixion of Jesus, the founder of
2466:Innes, Christopher (24 September 1998).
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2859:Historical Figures in French Literature
2856:Powers, Ann Bleigh; Gale, John (1981).
2830:. Westminster John Knox Press. p.
1953:
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569:ever said "let them eat cake", or that
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2961:Narrating the Italian Historical Novel
2753:Moses, Wilson Jeremiah (10 May 2004).
2628:"Doctor Who's best historical figures"
2354:Hagen, William W. (13 February 2012).
2119:"Herbert Spencer as an Anthropologist"
2039:"Historical Necessity and Contingency"
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1361:
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2045:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 84.
1917:
1869:
1818:
1782:
1770:
1703:
1691:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1604:
1592:
1470:Napoleon & Auguste-Dieudonné 1823
1313:
1274:
1262:
1238:
1190:
634:, on the other hand, figures such as
541:Napoleon spoke of history as being a
7:
2278:Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics
2037:Ben-Menahem, Yemima (28 June 2011).
1680:Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics
1433:
1421:
1349:
759:has frequently evoked the spirit of
3033:Van Doren, Charles (1 April 2008).
2887:The Logic of Historical Explanation
2647:. InterVarsity Press. p. 335.
2514:Karatani, KĹŤjin (21 October 2011).
2117:Carneiro, Robert L. (Spring 1981).
1141:List of historical opera characters
3061:Wachtel, Andrew (1 January 1995).
2576:. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press.
2126:The Journal of Libertarian Studies
2012:Essays in Ancient Greek Philosophy
573:rode naked through the streets of
349:published an influential paper on
146:Various notable historical figures
25:
3039:. Sourcebooks, Inc. p. 277.
2986:White, Morton (6 December 2004).
2326:Habermas, Gary R. (1 June 1996).
2089:Carlyle, Thomas (1 August 2007).
606:Three great historical figures —
185:as key to understanding history.
3152:
3089:Wyile, Herb (18 February 2002).
2697:Magee, Bryan (18 January 2001).
1998:Andrews, Evan (2 October 2012),
1104:
988:. There are many more examples.
835:wrote a speech for the dictator
422:More recently, in his 1943 book
386:, champion of study of great men
308:What Knowledge Is of Most Worth?
133:
121:
109:
97:
83:
71:
59:
47:
2912:Stewart, Jon (16 August 2007).
2890:. Penn State University Press.
2225:. University of Toronto Press.
2191:Chen, Cheng (1 December 2007).
561:fiddled while Rome burned, but
193:Hegel's world-historical figure
2944:, Athabasca University Press,
2918:. Cambridge University Press.
2761:. Cambridge University Press.
2360:. Cambridge University Press.
658:The Historical Figure of Jesus
545:which had been agreed upon:– "
1:
3067:. Stanford University Press.
2520:. Columbia University Press.
2292:American Journal of Education
2247:Cramer, Kevin (1 July 2007).
1037:The Confessions of Nat Turner
202:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
1728:Fournier & Wineburg 1997
715:, introducing his 1923 play
320:Inevitability or determinism
2822:Powell, Mark Allan (1998).
2703:. Oxford University Press.
2015:. SUNY Press. p. 162.
1122:(the modern-day equivalent)
874:animated pedagogical agents
666:"historical" views of Jesus
283:and idealistic absolutism.
36:is a significant person in
3191:
2958:Waters, Sandra A. (2009).
2392:Cambridge University Press
1131:List of biographical films
952:Realist historical fiction
880:, which acted the part of
365:London School of Economics
352:The Poverty of Historicism
2884:Roberts, Clayton (1996).
2789:, vol. 7, H. Colburn
2786:Mémorial de Sainte Hélène
695:An 1843 view of a heroic
2794:Nield, Jonathan (1929).
2151:. Taylor & Francis.
2073:. James Fraser. p.
2067:Carlyle, Thomas (1841).
1518:Yuasa & Kasulis 1987
1146:List of oldest documents
748:Die Jungfrau von Orleans
361:Historical Inevitability
27:Famous person in history
3014:Smith, Goldwin (1899).
2675:. U of Nebraska Press.
2548:. Rodopi. p. 205.
2542:Kaunisto, Mark (2007).
2283:Charles Scribner's Sons
2253:. U of Nebraska Press.
2219:Cobley, Evelyn (2002).
2173:Chapman, James (2006),
1976:. Rodopi. p. 152.
1970:Agassi, Joseph (2008).
1942:Lawrence & Gee 2012
1458:Longman & Enns 2008
1446:Longman & Enns 2008
852:The German philosopher
735:'s version in his poem
687:Political appropriation
2669:Lukacs, Georg (1937).
2598:Landy, Marcia (2001).
2517:History and Repetition
2494:Jacobs, Naomi (1990),
1807:Powers & Gale 1981
1668:Anton & Preus 1971
1581:Powers & Gale 1981
948:
859:Elizabeth I of England
761:Martin Luther King Jr.
700:
679:is known for his work
619:
538:
478:and colleagues at the
471:
447:
420:
387:
317:
299:
281:dialectical relativism
256:
205:
2725:Mixon, Laura (2009).
2438:Hook, Sidney (1943).
2275:"Education (Roman)".
1494:Kerry & Hill 2010
1410:Kerry & Hill 2010
939:
932:In art and literature
863:King Robert the Bruce
694:
605:
523:
461:
382:
294:
236:, in his early essay
200:
3161:at Wikimedia Commons
3017:Shakespeare: The Man
2672:The Historical Novel
2197:. Penn State Press.
1328:, p. chapter 9.
1010:The Historical Novel
1008:in his 1937 book on
962:Richard I of England
738:La Pucelle d'Orléans
470:in the 17th century.
238:The Concept of Irony
2800:. Ayer Publishing.
2633:The Daily Telegraph
2441:The Hero in History
1079:speculative fiction
966:William Shakespeare
941:William Shakespeare
918:Nicolaus Copernicus
916:(295), followed by
854:Friedrich Nietzsche
723:William Shakespeare
713:George Bernard Shaw
424:The Hero in History
369:Ludwig Wittgenstein
331:Friedrich Nietzsche
269:Ralph Waldo Emerson
179:William Shakespeare
116:William Shakespeare
3159:Historical persons
2420:Historical Figures
1730:, p. 160-185.
1496:, p. 133-134.
1301:, p. 188-189.
1064:when he makes his
994:biographical novel
949:
908:or Café Einstein.
886:gender differences
743:Friedrich Schiller
701:
620:
539:
533:painting, 1897 by
472:
388:
300:
206:
18:Historical figures
3157:Media related to
3130:978-0-88706-469-2
3102:978-0-7735-2315-9
3095:. McGill-Queens.
3074:978-0-8047-2594-1
3046:978-1-4022-1160-7
2999:978-0-691-11959-5
2971:978-1-109-07291-4
2925:978-0-521-03951-2
2897:978-0-271-01443-2
2869:978-90-5183-471-0
2841:978-0-664-25703-3
2807:978-0-8337-2509-7
2768:978-0-521-53537-3
2738:978-1-109-12733-1
2710:978-0-19-289322-2
2682:978-0-8032-7910-0
2654:978-0-8308-1783-2
2611:978-0-485-30096-3
2583:978-0-8386-4223-8
2555:978-90-420-2233-1
2527:978-0-231-15729-2
2479:978-0-521-56633-9
2451:978-1-60520-374-4
2367:978-0-521-19190-6
2339:978-0-89900-732-8
2332:. College Press.
2260:978-0-8032-1562-7
2232:978-0-8020-3657-5
2204:978-0-271-03259-7
2175:Inside the Tardis
2158:978-0-415-49453-3
2102:978-1-4068-4388-0
2052:978-1-4443-5152-1
2022:978-0-87395-623-9
2004:, History Channel
1983:978-90-420-2434-2
1091:Queen Elizabeth I
945:Sir John Falstaff
922:John III Sobieski
662:Jesus of Nazareth
598:Religious figures
591:psychobiographers
234:Søren Kierkegaard
140:Leonardo Da Vinci
34:historical figure
16:(Redirected from
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2095:. Echo Library.
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982:'s 1862 classic
728:Henry VI, Part 1
725:'s depiction in
709:wars of religion
567:Marie Antoinette
491:Historical truth
476:Cesar A. Hidalgo
411:Great Man theory
277:Friedrich Engels
258:However, Hegel,
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2281:. Vol. 9.
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1986:
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1908:, p. xvii.
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675:The theologian
610:presenting the
600:
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504:Ancient figures
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335:Michel Foucault
322:
304:Herbert Spencer
296:Herbert Spencer
289:
287:Spencerian view
265:George Bancroft
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183:Oliver Cromwell
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3147:External links
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3123:. SUNY Press.
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1203:Van Doren 2008
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2568:
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2546:
2540:
2529:
2523:
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2512:
2509:
2507:9780809316076
2503:
2500:, SIU Press,
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2401:9780521775397
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2200:
2196:
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2189:
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2184:9781845111632
2180:
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2065:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1985:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1956:, p. 19.
1955:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1875:
1872:, p. 16.
1871:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1839:
1836:, p. xv.
1835:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1809:, p. 65.
1808:
1803:
1800:
1797:, p. 16.
1796:
1795:Hattaway 2002
1791:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1718:, p. 16.
1717:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1631:, p. 64.
1630:
1625:
1622:
1619:, p. 51.
1618:
1613:
1610:
1607:, p. 60.
1606:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1559:, p. 11.
1558:
1557:Habermas 1996
1553:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1499:
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1471:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1424:, p. xi.
1423:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1391:
1388:, p. 47.
1387:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1355:
1352:, p. 37.
1351:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1316:, p. 52.
1315:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1299:Carneiro 1981
1295:
1292:
1288:
1287:Carneiro 1981
1283:
1280:
1277:, p. xv.
1276:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1217:, p. 20.
1216:
1215:Karatani 2011
1211:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1167:
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1038:
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1024:
1023:War and Peace
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:György Lukács
1001:
999:
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989:
987:
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975:Julius Caesar
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882:Sigmund Freud
879:
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867:Louis Pasteur
864:
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848:
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842:
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783:
779:
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776:SimĂłn BolĂvar
773:
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762:
758:
757:Jesse Jackson
752:
750:
749:
744:
740:
739:
734:
730:
729:
724:
720:
719:
714:
710:
706:
699:at the stake.
698:
693:
686:
684:
682:
678:
677:Martin Kähler
673:
671:
670:New Testament
667:
663:
659:
655:
654:E. P. Sanders
651:
649:
645:
644:Nirvana Sutra
641:
637:
633:
629:
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480:MIT Media Lab
477:
469:
466:, painted by
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261:
255:
253:
250:... They are
246:
243:
239:
235:
231:
229:
225:
220:
219:Julius Caesar
215:
211:
210:Immanuel Kant
203:
199:
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112:
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74:
62:
50:
41:
39:
35:
30:
19:
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3119:
3106:. Retrieved
3091:
3078:. Retrieved
3063:
3050:. Retrieved
3035:
3022:. Retrieved
3016:
3003:. Retrieved
2988:
2975:. Retrieved
2960:
2941:
2929:. Retrieved
2914:
2901:. Retrieved
2886:
2873:. Retrieved
2858:
2845:. Retrieved
2825:
2811:. Retrieved
2796:
2785:
2772:. Retrieved
2756:
2742:. Retrieved
2727:
2714:. Retrieved
2699:
2686:. Retrieved
2671:
2658:. Retrieved
2643:
2631:
2615:. Retrieved
2600:
2587:. Retrieved
2572:
2559:. Retrieved
2544:
2531:. Retrieved
2516:
2496:
2483:. Retrieved
2468:
2455:. Retrieved
2440:
2428:, retrieved
2419:
2409:
2385:
2371:. Retrieved
2356:
2343:. Retrieved
2328:
2295:
2291:
2276:
2264:. Retrieved
2249:
2236:. Retrieved
2221:
2208:. Retrieved
2193:
2174:
2162:. Retrieved
2147:
2134:. Retrieved
2129:
2125:
2106:. Retrieved
2091:
2078:. Retrieved
2069:
2056:. Retrieved
2042:
2026:. Retrieved
2011:
2000:
1987:. Retrieved
1972:
1954:Chapman 2006
1949:
1937:
1925:
1920:, p. 1.
1913:
1901:
1894:Wachtel 1995
1889:
1877:
1865:
1853:
1841:
1814:
1802:
1790:
1785:, p. 7.
1778:
1766:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1723:
1711:
1706:, p. 3.
1699:
1694:, p. 2.
1687:
1675:
1648:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1600:
1588:
1583:, p. 1.
1576:
1571:, p. 4.
1564:
1552:
1547:, p. 3.
1532:, p. 1.
1525:
1513:
1506:Roberts 1996
1501:
1489:
1482:Andrews 2012
1477:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1400:, p. 9.
1398:Carlyle 2007
1393:
1386:Carlyle 1841
1381:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1333:
1321:
1294:
1282:
1270:
1265:, p. 5.
1258:
1246:
1234:
1227:Stewart 2007
1222:
1210:
1198:
1186:
1166:
1075:
1055:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1021:
1014:Walter Scott
1009:
1002:
998:roman Ă clef
990:
983:
973:
955:
910:
899:
896:
871:
851:
846:controversia
844:
827:— a form of
822:
818:The Republic
816:
799:
796:In education
790:Adolf Hitler
780:
764:Fidel Castro
753:
746:
736:
726:
716:
702:
680:
674:
657:
656:, author of
652:
621:
584:
546:
540:
535:John Collier
528:
507:
494:
473:
464:Christianity
448:
440:
437:
423:
421:
416:
406:
402:
398:
397:in his book
389:
360:
359:, author of
350:
344:
323:
313:
307:
301:
257:
251:
248:
237:
232:
207:
164:
161:Significance
155:
151:
128:Isaac Newton
66:Nikola Tesla
54:Jesus Christ
33:
31:
29:
1930:Jacobs 1990
1906:Jacobs 1990
1882:Waters 2009
1858:Waters 2009
1846:Lukacs 1937
1834:Jacobs 1990
1653:Cobley 2002
1569:Powell 1998
1545:Powell 1998
1530:Powell 1998
1374:Agassi 2008
1362:Agassi 2008
1251:Cramer 2007
1072:Other media
1018:Leo Tolstoy
980:Victor Hugo
902:Mozartkugel
893:In branding
829:declamation
782:Georg Hegel
772:Hugo Chávez
705:Joan of Arc
697:Joan of Arc
581:Personality
571:Lady Godiva
530:Lady Godiva
525:Lady Godiva
510:Book of Job
432:Sidney Hook
375:Heroic view
347:Karl Popper
326:T. S. Eliot
104:Virgin Mary
3136:18 October
3108:20 October
3080:18 October
3052:20 October
3024:19 October
3005:22 October
2977:20 October
2931:20 October
2903:18 October
2875:19 October
2862:. Rodopi.
2847:18 October
2813:18 October
2774:20 October
2744:20 October
2716:20 October
2688:20 October
2660:18 October
2617:19 October
2589:22 October
2561:20 October
2533:20 October
2485:19 October
2457:22 October
2430:18 October
2373:20 October
2345:18 October
2266:20 October
2238:20 October
2210:22 October
2164:22 October
2136:22 October
2108:22 October
2080:22 October
2058:22 October
2028:18 October
1989:22 October
1918:Landy 2001
1870:Wyile 2002
1819:Nield 1929
1783:Smith 1899
1771:Nield 1929
1704:Landy 2001
1692:Landy 2001
1641:Mixon 2009
1629:Mixon 2009
1617:Mixon 2009
1605:Mixon 2009
1593:Innes 1998
1314:White 2004
1275:Moses 2004
1263:Moses 2004
1239:Magee 2001
1191:Hagen 2012
1179:References
1087:Marco Polo
1083:The Doctor
972:, such as
958:Robin Hood
786:Nazi Party
768:JosĂ© MartĂ
718:Saint Joan
428:pragmatist
310:he wrote:
2320:144523948
1434:Hook 1943
1422:Hook 1943
1350:Chen 2007
1120:Celebrity
1066:Cassandra
924:(94) and
660:, called
628:Confucius
608:Confucius
487:project.
485:Pantheon
442:Zeitgeist
434:asserts:
273:Karl Marx
78:Cleopatra
3169:Category
1153:(Canada)
1098:See also
878:Freudbot
824:suasoria
813:Socrates
805:Xenophon
745:'s play
733:Voltaire
632:Hinduism
575:Coventry
430:scholar
345:In 1936
242:Socrates
214:Napoleon
175:Muhammad
3175:History
2312:1085617
2285:. 1912.
1963:Sources
1057:Ragtime
920:(250),
914:Mieszko
833:Juvenal
636:Krishna
624:Mencius
616:Lao Tsu
563:Tacitus
555:legends
454:Ranking
403:without
38:history
3127:
3099:
3071:
3043:
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2099:
2049:
2019:
1980:
1040:, and
968:wrote
928:(81).
926:Chopin
612:Buddha
516:Fables
498:Hitler
426:, the
226:" or "
224:kaiser
2411:Wired
2316:S2CID
2308:JSTOR
2122:(PDF)
1158:Notes
837:Sulla
807:used
801:Plato
551:myths
543:fable
252:great
167:Hegel
3138:2012
3125:ISBN
3110:2012
3097:ISBN
3082:2012
3069:ISBN
3054:2012
3041:ISBN
3026:2012
3007:2012
2994:ISBN
2979:2012
2966:ISBN
2946:ISBN
2933:2012
2920:ISBN
2905:2012
2892:ISBN
2877:2012
2864:ISBN
2849:2012
2836:ISBN
2815:2012
2802:ISBN
2776:2012
2763:ISBN
2746:2012
2733:ISBN
2718:2012
2705:ISBN
2690:2012
2677:ISBN
2662:2012
2649:ISBN
2619:2012
2606:ISBN
2591:2012
2578:ISBN
2563:2012
2550:ISBN
2535:2012
2522:ISBN
2502:ISBN
2487:2012
2474:ISBN
2459:2012
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2432:2012
2396:ISBN
2375:2012
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2268:2012
2255:ISBN
2240:2012
2227:ISBN
2212:2012
2199:ISBN
2179:ISBN
2166:2012
2153:ISBN
2138:2012
2110:2012
2097:ISBN
2082:2012
2060:2012
2047:ISBN
2030:2012
2017:ISBN
1991:2012
1978:ISBN
1089:and
841:Ovid
640:Rama
559:Nero
553:and
407:with
395:Odin
275:and
228:czar
181:and
2425:BBC
2300:doi
2296:105
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1016:or
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638:or
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