1677:
57:
1455:
1691:
1444:
42:
163:
73:
1802:
592:
1649:
1663:
492:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
218:
487:
908:
798:
793:
788:
783:
695:
123:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
482:
501:
1615:
1610:
119:
979:
1369:
954:
1730:
1576:
1509:
669:
636:
115:
1404:
857:
1831:
1598:
971:
805:
322:
309:
1450:
528:
63:
1712:
1569:
1519:
1504:
847:
690:
31:
894:
621:
143:
111:
1603:
1352:
852:
1944:
832:
475:
1499:
949:
837:
1539:
1438:
1421:
1155:
650:
570:
48:
1929:
1720:
1551:
1243:
1162:
1119:
1005:
608:
596:
511:
240:
1774:
1411:
1389:
1062:
1000:
348:
1559:
1546:
871:
616:
575:
547:
463:
151:
506:
1628:
1433:
1256:
1174:
1093:
643:
565:
539:
1824:
961:
663:
440:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1851:
1840:
1524:
984:
923:
1623:
1529:
1129:
1032:
918:
816:
700:
1589:
631:
446:
402:
337:
147:
1299:
1168:
1428:
1416:
1347:
1279:
1026:
944:
827:
680:
416:
392:
387:
100:
81:
1805:
452:
1817:
1490:
1380:
1342:
1337:
1305:
1271:
1037:
1016:
625:
523:
1480:
1317:
1211:
1191:
1143:
1105:
1056:
913:
938:
1939:
1469:
1357:
1311:
1291:
1221:
1181:
1149:
1137:
1087:
966:
600:
397:
232:
167:
77:
1696:
1682:
1394:
139:
1285:
1231:
885:
357:
258:
127:
17:
1237:
1123:
1111:
686:
362:
1250:
1934:
1201:
1668:
1454:
1073:
1046:
382:
272:
186:
131:
56:
1263:
1654:
1225:
1215:
1205:
1195:
1185:
1069:
294:
162:
88:
1923:
1778:
377:
372:
326:
317:
246:
104:
41:
1707:
1443:
425:
313:
178:
135:
95:
1761:
1083:
890:
881:
407:
1644:
1275:
344:
299:(officially adopted in 1980 in place of the former nickname of Sunshine State)
228:
875:
72:
591:
367:
278:
255:
1042:
134:, South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889, simultaneously with
1809:
1101:
1052:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
284:
262:
493:
Bridges on the
National Register of Historic Places in South Dakota
1079:
590:
250:
161:
108:
71:
91:
is provided as an overview of and topical guide to South Dakota:
1813:
1775:"U.S. Census Bureau State & County QuickFacts South Dakota"
488:
National
Register of Historic Places listings in South Dakota
207:
201:
192:
799:
United States presidential election in South Dakota, 2008
794:
United States presidential election in South Dakota, 2004
789:
United States presidential election in South Dakota, 2000
784:
United States presidential election in South Dakota, 1972
696:
United States congressional delegations from South Dakota
198:
866:
Legislative branch of the government of South Dakota
204:
189:
779:
United States Senate election in South Dakota, 2010
774:
United States Senate election in South Dakota, 2008
769:
United States Senate election in South Dakota, 2004
764:
United States Senate election in South Dakota, 2002
759:
United States Senate election in South Dakota, 1998
754:
United States Senate election in South Dakota, 1996
749:
United States Senate election in South Dakota, 1992
744:
United States Senate election in South Dakota, 1986
739:
United States Senate election in South Dakota, 1980
195:
822:Executive branch of the government of South Dakota
150:, with a population of 159,000, is South Dakota's
903:Judicial branch of the government of South Dakota
1764:, SHG Resources website, accessed July 7, 2008
1825:
27:Overview of and topical guide to South Dakota
8:
103:of the United States. It is named after the
1577:Vehicle registration plates of South Dakota
670:South Dakota locations by per capita income
560:Natural geographic features of South Dakota
483:National Historic Landmarks in South Dakota
1832:
1818:
1810:
1486:Economy and infrastructure of South Dakota
1405:List of Carnegie libraries in South Dakota
812:Branches of the government of South Dakota
502:National Natural Landmarks in South Dakota
1616:College athletic programs in South Dakota
1611:Colleges and universities in South Dakota
858:South Dakota Department of Transportation
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
980:Law enforcement agencies in South Dakota
806:Political party strength in South Dakota
587:Administrative divisions of South Dakota
1745:
1451:Great Seal of the State of South Dakota
676:Government and politics of South Dakota
64:Great Seal of the State of South Dakota
1713:Index of South Dakota-related articles
848:South Dakota Department of Corrections
472:Abandoned communities in South Dakota
32:Index of South Dakota-related articles
1721:All pages with titles beginning with
895:South Dakota House of Representatives
609:Counties of the State of South Dakota
7:
1353:History of Sioux Falls, South Dakota
955:Individuals executed in South Dakota
853:South Dakota Department of Education
1620:Specific colleges and universities
1510:Television stations in South Dakota
1364:History of South Dakota, by subject
1348:History of Rapid City, South Dakota
1171:, April 25, 1846 – February 2, 1848
909:Federal courthouses in South Dakota
833:Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota
130:. Once the southern portion of the
1370:South Dakota territorial evolution
1343:History of Brookings, South Dakota
1338:History of Beresford, South Dakota
1327:History of South Dakota, by region
1022:History of South Dakota, by period
950:Capital punishment in South Dakota
838:Secretary of State of South Dakota
99:– 40th state located in the
25:
18:Historical outline of South Dakota
1762:South Dakota Symbols, State Names
1731:All pages with titles containing
1570:Numbered highways in South Dakota
1439:Flag of the State of South Dakota
1422:Episcopal Diocese of South Dakota
1156:Anglo-American Convention of 1818
651:List of townships in South Dakota
49:Flag of the State of South Dakota
1800:
1689:
1675:
1661:
1647:
1599:School districts in South Dakota
1453:
1442:
1358:History of Yankton, South Dakota
1320:established on November 10, 1978
1244:Dakota in the American Civil War
1240:, April 12, 1861 – May 13, 1865
1006:South Dakota Army National Guard
976:Law enforcement in South Dakota
469:Historic places in South Dakota
185:
55:
40:
1909:Technology and applied sciences
1806:Wikimedia Atlas of South Dakota
1556:Rail transport in South Dakota
1496:Communications in South Dakota
1063:Treaty of Fontainebleau of 1762
1001:South Dakota Air National Guard
613:Municipalities in South Dakota
529:Superfund sites in South Dakota
351:of the United States of America
1547:Transportation in South Dakota
1520:Power stations in South Dakota
1505:Radio stations in South Dakota
1308:established on January 9, 1903
1257:Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1868
1175:Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1851
872:South Dakota State Legislature
637:City nicknames in South Dakota
630:Largest city in South Dakota:
507:National parks in South Dakota
1:
1884:Natural and physical sciences
1629:South Dakota State University
1434:State symbols of South Dakota
1094:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
934:Law and order in South Dakota
919:Supreme Court of South Dakota
443:: 814,180 (2010 U.S. Census)
237:Abbreviations and name codes
1604:High schools in South Dakota
1536:Health care in South Dakota
1302:, April 25 – August 12, 1898
962:Constitution of South Dakota
664:Demographics of South Dakota
114:tribes. South Dakota is the
1904:Society and social sciences
1899:Religion and belief systems
1525:Solar power in South Dakota
1314:, February 27 – May 8, 1973
985:South Dakota Highway Patrol
924:South Dakota Circuit Courts
518:Environment of South Dakota
512:State parks in South Dakota
476:Ghost towns in South Dakota
124:5th least densely populated
1961:
1945:South Dakota-related lists
1624:University of South Dakota
1530:Wind power in South Dakota
1500:Newspapers in South Dakota
1401:Libraries in South Dakota
1130:Lewis and Clark Expedition
1120:Unorganized U.S. territory
1033:Prehistory of South Dakota
817:Government of South Dakota
705:Elections in South Dakota
701:South Dakota State Capitol
659:Demography of South Dakota
595:An enlargeable map of the
441:Population of South Dakota
166:An enlargeable map of the
29:
1847:
1590:Education in South Dakota
1585:Education in South Dakota
1560:Railroads in South Dakota
1540:Hospitals in South Dakota
1386:Gambling in South Dakota
571:Mountains of South Dakota
533:Wildlife of South Dakota
403:West North Central States
338:Geography of South Dakota
333:Geography of South Dakota
1595:Schools in South Dakota
1552:Airports in South Dakota
1464:The Arts in South Dakota
1429:Scouting in South Dakota
1417:Religion in South Dakota
1280:United States of America
1027:Timeline of South Dakota
995:Military in South Dakota
972:Gun laws in South Dakota
945:Cannabis in South Dakota
828:Governor of South Dakota
681:Politics of South Dakota
417:Midwestern United States
393:Contiguous United States
388:United States of America
290:Land of Infinite Variety
82:United States of America
1930:Outlines of U.S. states
1894:Philosophy and thinking
1516:Energy in South Dakota
1491:Economy of South Dakota
1412:Museums in South Dakota
1390:Casinos in South Dakota
1381:Culture of South Dakota
1376:Culture of South Dakota
1306:Wind Cave National Park
1188:, 1805–(1834–1836)–1837
1017:History of South Dakota
1012:History of South Dakota
582:Regions of South Dakota
524:Climate of South Dakota
1566:Roads in South Dakota
1481:Sports in South Dakota
1476:Sports in South Dakota
1318:Badlands National Park
1212:Territory of Minnesota
1192:Territory of Wisconsin
1144:Territory of Louisiana
1082:(though predominantly
914:Courts of South Dakota
617:Cities in South Dakota
603:
576:Rivers of South Dakota
548:Snakes of South Dakota
536:Fauna of South Dakota
464:Places in South Dakota
459:Places in South Dakota
170:
84:
1879:Mathematics and logic
1470:Music of South Dakota
1312:Wounded Knee Incident
1292:Wounded Knee Massacre
1272:State of South Dakota
1222:Territory of Nebraska
1182:Territory of Michigan
1163:Unorganized Territory
1150:Territory of Missouri
1138:District of Louisiana
967:Crime in South Dakota
691:U.S. state government
644:Towns in South Dakota
601:State of South Dakota
594:
566:Lakes of South Dakota
540:Birds of South Dakota
453:Atlas of South Dakota
398:Central United States
233:State of South Dakota
168:State of South Dakota
165:
78:State of South Dakota
75:
1864:Geography and places
1859:Culture and the arts
1697:United States portal
1683:North America portal
1395:South Dakota Lottery
1300:Spanish–American War
1282:on November 2, 1889
1169:Mexican–American War
447:Area of South Dakota
76:The location of the
1286:Pine Ridge Campaign
1232:Territory of Dakota
939:Law of South Dakota
886:South Dakota Senate
358:Northern hemisphere
343:South Dakota is: a
259:second-level domain
116:17th most extensive
1874:History and events
1869:Health and fitness
1841:Knowledge outlines
1238:American Civil War
1228:, (1854–1861)–1867
1198:, (1836–1838)–1848
1124:Louisiana Purchase
1112:Louisiana Purchase
1076:, (1707–1818)-1870
1038:Indigenous peoples
844:State departments
687:Form of government
604:
363:Western hemisphere
171:
152:most populous city
120:5th least populous
85:
1917:
1916:
1852:General reference
1202:Territory of Iowa
624:of South Dakota:
158:General reference
101:Midwestern region
16:(Redirected from
1952:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1811:
1804:
1803:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1777:. Archived from
1771:
1765:
1759:
1736:
1726:
1704:Topic overview:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1669:Geography portal
1666:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1457:
1447:
1446:
1278:admitted to the
383:Northern America
223:
222:
221:
220:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
132:Dakota Territory
128:50 United States
59:
44:
21:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1889:People and self
1843:
1838:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1784:
1782:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1747:
1743:
1729:
1719:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1587:
1488:
1478:
1466:
1441:
1378:
1366:
1334:
1329:
1264:Black Hills War
1251:Red Cloud's War
1122:created by the
1106:Haute-Louisiane
1024:
1014:
997:
936:
905:
868:
824:
814:
678:
661:
589:
584:
562:
520:
461:
335:
247:ISO 3166-2 code
217:
216:
215:
188:
184:
183:Pronunciation:
160:
112:American Indian
70:
69:
68:
67:
66:
60:
52:
51:
45:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1958:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1922:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1814:
1797:
1796:External links
1794:
1792:
1791:
1766:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1727:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1701:
1700:
1686:
1672:
1658:
1655:History portal
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1618:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1487:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1448:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1333:
1332:Municipalities
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1229:
1226:Missouri River
1219:
1216:Missouri River
1209:
1206:Missouri River
1199:
1196:Missouri River
1189:
1186:Missouri River
1179:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1086:) district of
1077:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1050:
1040:
1035:
1023:
1020:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1003:
996:
993:
992:
991:
990:
989:
988:
987:
974:
969:
964:
959:
958:
957:
947:
935:
932:
931:
930:
929:
928:
927:
926:
911:
904:
901:
900:
899:
898:
897:
888:
867:
864:
863:
862:
861:
860:
855:
850:
842:
841:
840:
835:
823:
820:
813:
810:
809:
808:
803:
802:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
703:
698:
693:
677:
674:
673:
672:
660:
657:
656:
655:
654:
653:
648:
647:
646:
641:
640:
639:
634:
628:
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
578:
573:
568:
561:
558:
557:
556:
555:
554:
553:
552:
551:
550:
542:
531:
526:
519:
516:
515:
514:
509:
504:
499:
498:
497:
496:
495:
485:
480:
479:
478:
460:
457:
456:
455:
450:
444:
438:
437:
436:
435:
434:
433:
432:
431:
430:
429:
428:
423:
422:
421:
420:
419:
414:
413:
412:
411:
410:
380:
360:
352:
334:
331:
330:
329:
320:
307:
306:
305:
304:
303:
302:Sunshine State
300:
295:Mount Rushmore
291:
288:
282:
276:
267:
266:
265:
253:
244:
235:
226:
225:
224:
159:
156:
87:The following
61:
54:
53:
46:
39:
38:
37:
36:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1957:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1795:
1781:on 2008-09-16
1780:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1687:
1684:
1673:
1670:
1659:
1656:
1645:
1640:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1088:Alta Luisiana
1085:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1074:Rupert's Land
1072:territory of
1071:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:Rupert's Land
1045:territory of
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
994:
986:
983:
982:
981:
978:
977:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
956:
953:
952:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
941:
940:
933:
925:
922:
921:
920:
917:
916:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
902:
896:
892:
889:
887:
883:
880:
879:
877:
873:
870:
869:
865:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
843:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
829:
826:
825:
821:
819:
818:
811:
807:
804:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
688:
685:
684:
683:
682:
675:
671:
668:
667:
666:
665:
658:
652:
649:
645:
642:
638:
635:
633:
629:
627:
623:
622:State capital
620:
619:
618:
615:
614:
612:
611:
610:
606:
605:
602:
598:
593:
586:
581:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
559:
549:
546:
545:
543:
541:
538:
537:
535:
534:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
517:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
494:
491:
490:
489:
486:
484:
481:
477:
474:
473:
471:
470:
468:
467:
466:
465:
458:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
427:
424:
418:
415:
409:
406:
405:
404:
401:
400:
399:
396:
395:
394:
391:
390:
389:
386:
385:
384:
381:
379:
378:Anglo America
376:
375:
374:
373:North America
371:
370:
369:
366:
365:
364:
361:
359:
356:
355:
353:
350:
349:federal state
346:
342:
341:
340:
339:
332:
328:
327:South Dakotan
324:
321:
319:
318:South Dakotan
315:
311:
308:
301:
298:
296:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
270:
268:
264:
260:
257:
254:
252:
248:
245:
242:
241:Postal symbol
239:
238:
236:
234:
230:
229:Official name
227:
219:
212:
182:
181:
180:
177:Common name:
176:
175:
173:
172:
169:
164:
157:
155:
153:
149:
145:
144:state capital
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:
92:
90:
83:
79:
74:
65:
58:
50:
43:
33:
19:
1940:South Dakota
1799:
1783:. Retrieved
1779:the original
1769:
1733:South Dakota
1732:
1723:South Dakota
1722:
1708:South Dakota
1588:
1489:
1479:
1379:
1288:, 1890–1891
1253:, 1866–1868
1234:, 1861–1889
1165:, 1821–1854
1152:, 1812–1821
1126:, 1803–1804
1104:district of
1090:, 1764–1803
1059:, 1699–1764
1025:
1015:
937:
815:
679:
662:
462:
426:Great Plains
336:
314:South Dakota
293:
179:South Dakota
136:North Dakota
96:South Dakota
94:
93:
86:
1266:, 1876–1877
1218:, 1849–1858
1208:, 1838–1846
1146:, 1805–1812
1140:, 1804–1805
1132:, 1804–1806
1084:Francophone
1049:, 1670–1707
891:Lower house
882:Upper house
632:Sioux Falls
597:66 counties
408:The Dakotas
310:Adjectivals
148:Sioux Falls
107:and Dakota
1924:Categories
1785:2011-11-18
1741:References
1276:40th State
1055:colony of
345:U.S. state
269:Nicknames
122:, and the
118:, but the
30:See also:
1057:Louisiane
876:bicameral
544:Reptiles
354:Location
1935:Outlines
1641:See also
1274:becomes
1224:west of
1214:east of
1204:east of
1194:east of
1184:east of
368:Americas
279:Blizzard
273:Artesian
256:Internet
1114:of 1803
1108:, 1803
1096:of 1800
1080:Spanish
1070:British
1043:English
607:The 66
599:of the
323:Demonym
142:is the
126:of the
89:outline
80:in the
1294:, 1890
1102:French
1053:French
626:Pierre
285:Coyote
263:.sd.us
174:Names
140:Pierre
105:Lakota
297:State
287:State
281:State
275:State
251:US-SD
243:: SD
214:
109:Sioux
347:, a
146:and
62:The
47:The
261::
249::
1926::
1748:^
893::
884::
878:)
689::
325::
316:,
312::
231::
202:oʊ
154:.
138:.
1833:e
1826:t
1819:v
1788:.
874:(
449::
211:/
208:ə
205:t
199:k
196:ˈ
193:ə
190:d
187:/
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
