657:. As a result, Copenhagen has become the centre of a larger metropolitan area spanning both nations. The construction of the bridge has brought about significant changes in the public transportation system and the extensive redevelopment of Amager, south of the main city. The bridge has not yet been as widely used by motorists as was originally hoped, likely due to the high road tolls, allegedly slowing the planned integration of the region. Train passengers, however, are plentiful and increasing in numbers. The lack of a commonly acceptable currency throughout the area is another hindrance to the integration of the region, even though a growing number of shops, restaurants etc., if not usually encouraged, accept payment with either nation's currency in the other country.
587:
163:. The surrounding area consisted of moist beach meadows and signs of cattle grazing have been found. The city probably had a harbour located at present day Højbro Plads. Details of the existence of a small town as early as the 11th century have recently been published by Videnskab.dk with a series of articles documenting new archeological finds. These provide evidence of a large estate at today's Kongens Nytorv, a church close to the later St Clemens, a market, at least two wells and many smaller habitations spread over a fairly wide area.
562:
275:, providing it with power and wealth but also threatening its very existence. The city was fortified with a city wall of stone during the 13th century, and from about 1290 until the middle of the 19th century all traffic entering and leaving Copenhagen had to pass through one of Copenhagen's four city gates or the harbour. Although several Danish towns had ramparts at the time, the majority of them were earth ramparts possibly with palisades on top and a moat. Copenhagen was the second Danish town after
37:
510:
because of bad sanitation in the old city. As the area within the ramparts had been almost constant since the reign of
Christian IV despite a fourfold increase in the population, the buildings had become taller and the amount of space available to residents had decreased. By relaxing the demarcation line introduced as a result of the defences, unrestricted permission to build property outside the lakes was introduced in 1852. This caused a considerable growth in
369:
25:
496:
250:
576:
626:
The city has grown greatly since the war. In the 1970s, the so-called five-finger-plan provided commuter train links to the surrounding towns and suburbs. Conditions in the central city deteriorated rapidly in the 1980s and 1990s. Financially the city verged on bankruptcy. Negative factors included
115:
of the city opened to allow new housing to be built around the lakes which bordered the old defence system to the west. This dramatic increase of space was long overdue, not only because the old ramparts were out of date as a defence system, but also because of bad sanitation in the old city. Before
110:
in order to take control of the Danish navy, thus denying it to nascent French plans to invade
Britain, the city suffered great damage and hundreds of people were killed. The main reason for the extensive devastation was that Copenhagen relied on an old defence line rendered virtually useless by the
509:
Roughly at the same time the ramparts of the city opened to allow new housing to be built around the lakes ("Søerne") which bordered the old defence system to the west. This dramatic increase in space was long overdue, not only because the old ramparts were out of date as a defence system, but also
82:
after his coronation in 1596 by the addition of new city districts and modern fortifications with earthworks and bastions. The king commissioned German and Dutch architects and craftsmen to construct magnificent edifices designed to enhance his prestige. By the time of
Christian IV's death in 1648,
139:) for both rail and road traffic. As a result, Copenhagen has become the centre of a larger metropolitan area which spans both nations. The construction of the bridge has effected many changes to the public transportation system and the extensive redevelopment of Amager, south of the main city.
116:
this relaxation, the historic centre of
Copenhagen was inhabited by approximately 125,000 people, peaking in the census of 1870 (140,000); today the figure is around 25,000. In 1901, Copenhagen expanded further, incorporating communities with 40,000 people, and in the process making
602:
along with the rest of the country from April 9, 1940, until May 4, 1945. In August 1943, when the government's collaboration with the occupation forces collapsed, several ships were sunk in
Copenhagen Harbour by the Royal Danish Navy to prevent them being used by the Germans.
479:
The political after-effects of the conflict did even greater damage to the city and the nation. If the previous 25 years had been a heyday for
Copenhagen, the next 25 years became a period of poverty. Surprisingly science, literature and art blossomed. Following the
236:
In the years that followed, the town grew tenfold in size. Churches and abbeys were founded. Copenhagen's economy blossomed as a result of the hugely prosperous herring fishery trade, which provided large parts of Roman
Catholic Europe with salted herring for
468:. The British landed 30,000 man and surrounded Copenhagen. The attack continued for the next three days and resulted in the death of at least 2,000 civilians and destruction of most of the city. The devastation was so great because Copenhagen relied on an
440:
led the main attack. He famously disobeyed Parker's order to withdraw, destroying many of the Dano-Norwegian ships before a truce was agreed. Copenhagen is often considered to be Nelson's hardest fought battle, surpassing even the heavy fighting at
344:
Apart from the new earthworks
Christian IV commissioned German and Dutch architects and craftsmen to construct magnificent edifices designed to enhance his prestige. To this day, the buildings make their mark on the cityscape of Copenhagen.
150:
Archaeological excavations indicate that the first town dates back to the 11th century and consisted of two settlements, one in the western part of the medieval city encircled by what are now the streets of Mikkel
Bryggersgade, Vestergade,
348:
By the time of
Christian IV's death in 1648, Copenhagen had become Denmark's principal fortification and naval port, and the town formed a framework for the administration of the Danish kingdom and as a centre of trade in Northern Europe.
627:
de-industrialization, flight to the suburbs, high unemployment, escalating welfare, dilapidated housing, and ethnic strong segregation. The city recovered rapidly by 2010, thanks to its service- and knowledge-based economy.
297:
Despite centuries of power struggles and warring, the town grew increasingly rich. Copenhageners did a brisk trade with friend and foe alike. Foreign merchants came to the town. Craft guilds were established and in 1479 the
325:
region. The king established the first trading companies with sole rights to trade with lands overseas. In order to restrict imports, factories were set up so that as many goods as possible could be manufactured at home.
1165:
289:
Time and again the town was besieged and laid waste by the Hanseatic League. At the same time the Danish king was also attempting to take Copenhagen back from the bishop. The crown succeeded in 1416, when
1072:
83:
Copenhagen had become Denmark's principal fortification and naval port, and the town formed a framework for the administration of the Danish kingdom and as a centre of trade in Northern Europe.
98:. In 1728 and again in 1795, the city was ravaged by large fires, which destroyed most of the medieval part of town. In 1801, a British fleet under Admiral Parker fought a major battle, the
1105:
DahlstrÜm, Hanna, Bjørn Poulsen, and Jesper Olsen. "From a port for traders to a town of merchants: exploring the topography, activities and dynamics of early medieval Copenhagen."
413:
destroyed about a quarter of the city and rendered 3,500 homeless, the damage was relatively quickly repaired and most of the city was rebuilt by the turn of the 19th century.
321:
coronation in 1596, Copenhagen had become rich and powerful. The new king decided to make the town the economic, military, religious, and cultural centre for the whole of the
187:), which laid the basis for further development in those regional centres. As Copenhagen was midway between the two cities, it was centrally located for traffic and trading.
668:
participated in the end of this meeting it was the fourth time an American President had visited Copenhagen during his term (Obama also visited Copenhagen in October 2009,
67:
and the excellent possibilities for herring fishing contributed to Copenhagen's growth and development into an important trading centre. It was repeatedly attacked by the
1291:
Kristiansen, Mette Svane (1999). "Den middelalderlige bybefĂŚstning pĂĽ Kongens Nytorv". In Gautier, E.; Skaarup. B.; Gabrielsen, K.; Kristiansen, M.; Ejlersen, T. (eds.).
1245:
Gabrielsen, Karsten (1999). "Københavns arkÌologi og den historiske topografi". In Gautier, E.; Skaarup. B.; Gabrielsen, K.; Kristiansen, M.; Ejlersen T. (eds.).
59:
dates back to the first settlement at the site in the 11th century. From the middle of the 12th century it grew in importance after coming into the possession of
586:
619:
was also mistakenly bombed resulting in the death of many children. On 8 May 1945 Copenhagen was officially liberated by British troops led by Field Marshal
309:
supervised the largest expansion of the ramparts in the history of the city, as with the invention of cannons vastly extended earth ramparts were required.
526:
was moved to Nyholm, and large parts of Nyboder were changed into ordinary residences. In 1868 it was decided to remove the ramparts and from 1872 the old
422:
329:
Christian IV expanded Copenhagen by adding two new districts: Nyboder (New Booths) for the large numbers of navy personnel and the merchants' new district
233:. Whereas other cities in the Danish realm were under the governance of the king, Copenhagen was given to the Bishop of Roskilde as its lord and master.
376:
In July 1700, Copenhagen underwent a bombardment from a British-Dutch-Swedish navy but did not suffer much damage. From June 1711 to March 1712, it was
757:
ArkÌologer graver ny teori om København op af mulden (Archeologists develop new theory about Copenhagen from their digs), Videnskab.dk, 5 November 2008
377:
1339:
Skaarup, Bi (1999). "Strandenge og kystlinien i den ĂŚldste tid". In Gautier, E.; Skaarup. B.; Gabrielsen, K.; Kristiansen, M.; Ejlersen T. (eds.).
1064:
34.3 (2010): 693-700. Resurged in the mid-1990s with growth in jobs, income and population, based on a service- and knowledge-based economy
530:
were converted into residential areas. By the construction of Frihavn harbour in 1894 another neighbourhood was founded stretching towards
446:
437:
147:
Signs of human activity dating back to about 4000 BCE have been found, but there are no signs of permanent settlements from that time.
623:
who supervised the surrender of 250,000 German armed forces across Denmark of which near on 30,000 were situated around the capital.
1371:
1352:
1304:
1281:
1258:
1221:
1202:
1160:
Lund Hansen, Anders, Hans Thor Andersen, and Eric Clark. "Creative Copenhagen: globalization, urban governance and social change."
106:"put the telescope to the blind eye" in order not to see Admiral Parker's signal to cease fire. When a British expeditionary force
409:
Near the end of the 18th century, Copenhagen's trade and the wealth that followed reached its so far highest level. Although the
820:
1402:
911:
387:
about a third of the city (the entire northern part), 1,600 houses and five churches burned down in the course of four days.
1153:
Kolbe, Laura. "Symbols of civic pride, national history or European tradition? City halls in Scandinavian capital cities."
756:
492:
on June 5, 1849. On January 1, 1840, the city was given a new municipal constitution which was expanded on March 4, 1857.
1387:
469:
1268:
Gautier, E.; Skaarup. B.; Gabrielsen, K.; Kristiansen, M.; Ejlersen, T. (1999). "Den tidligste bebyggelse og Absalon".
1091:
Brock, Aske Laursen, and Jelle Van Lottum. "Rural maritime labour migration to Copenhagen and Stockholm (1700â1800)."
958:
550:
457:
159:
and LøngangsstrÌde, roughly corresponding to the coastline of the time, and another smaller settlement at what is now
107:
99:
1067:
Andersen, Hans Thor, Frank Hansen, and John Jørgensen. "The fall and rise of metropolitan government in Copenhagen."
1054:
357:
43:
650:
465:
433:
95:
299:
279:
to be fortified with a wall and towers. This is a strong indication that it was an important town at the time.
549:
in 1864 (where Denmark lost a third of its area) was the primary reason the old ramparts were replaced by the
171:
In the 12th century Copenhagen assumed increasing importance and the town was reinforced with earthworks. The
1344:
1296:
1273:
1250:
860:
654:
546:
489:
410:
388:
384:
318:
112:
79:
685:
590:
Field Marshal Montgomery salutes hundreds of Danes lining the streets shortly after liberation in May 1945
579:
396:
306:
283:
1127:
111:
long ranged bombard ships and mortar batteries employed by the British. But not until the 1850s were the
1171:
Meyer, Henrik J. "The distribution of income in Copenhagen at the beginning of the nineteenth century."
612:
599:
515:
426:
392:
222:
172:
561:
71:
as the Germans became aware of its expansion. In 1254, it received its charter as a city under Bishop
36:
1098:
Coninck-Smith, Ning de. "Copenhagen Children's Lives and the Impact of Institutions, c. 1840â1920."
485:
442:
91:
430:
620:
604:
403:
230:
638:, began on the island of Amager. The metro underground train system opened for traffic in 2002.
1060:
Andersen, Hans Thor, and Lars Winther. "Crisis in the resurgent city? The rise of Copenhagen."
1367:
1348:
1300:
1277:
1254:
1217:
1198:
1178:
Munck, Thomas. "Keeping the Peace: âGood policeâ and civic order in 18thâcentury Copenhagen."
1038:
Hans Thor Andersen, and Lars Winther, "Crisis in the resurgent city? The rise of Copenhagen."
646:
523:
368:
294:
took over control of the town. Thereafter Copenhagen came under the rule of the Danish Crown.
291:
136:
449:
famously "put the telescope to the blind eye" in order not to see Admiral Parker's signal to
631:
322:
272:
191:
68:
1193:
Raabyemagle, Hanne (1998). "Harsdorff shows the way". In Raabyemagle, H.; Smidt C. (eds.).
979:
495:
481:
399:
203:
72:
24:
1366:(in Danish and English). The Orestad Development Corporation and Copenhagen City Museum.
1212:
Smidt, Claus M. (1998). "Bourgeois architecture". In Raabyemagle, H.; Schmidt C. (eds.).
881:
484:
of 1830 the Danish liberal and national movement gained momentum, and after the European
1077:
Bayliss, Darrin. "The rise of the creative city: Culture and creativity in Copenhagen."
1314:
1124:
The Two Battles of Copenhagen 1801 and 1807: Britain and Denmark in the Napoleonic Wars
669:
535:
473:
461:
330:
211:
160:
103:
1396:
616:
519:
338:
195:
117:
582:
riding through Copenhagen on his birthday on 26 September 1940, during World War II.
673:
665:
595:
341:
with earthworks and bastions was built to surround the whole of the extended town.
249:
1141:
Educating Middle Class Daughters: Private Girls Schools in Copenhagen, 1790-1820
931:
511:
460:(or the Bombardment of Copenhagen) (16 August â 5 September 1807) was a British
821:
DigerdÜden, pestvügor och Üdeläggelse. Ett perspektiv pü senmedeltidens Sverige
635:
276:
264:
190:
The earliest written mention of the town dates back to the 12th century, when
152:
55:
1364:
ArkĂŚologien i metroens spor â The archaeology in the tracks of the metro
1318:
450:
334:
63:, and the city was fortified with a stone wall during the 13th century. The
1322:
642:
531:
176:
128:
575:
102:, with the Danish navy in Copenhagen harbour. It was during this battle
1117:
608:
464:
on Copenhagen, targeting the civilian population in order to seize the
268:
226:
121:
64:
60:
522:. A new neighbourhood arose in 1861â77 on the island of Gammelholm as
959:"Copenhagen's second battle remembered - 200 years on - Times Online"
649:, for both rail and road traffic. It was inaugurated in July 2000 by
527:
353:
184:
156:
132:
87:
1146:
Johansen, Hans Christian, and M. Phohl. "Danish banking history."in
661:
585:
574:
560:
539:
494:
391:
tore the old Copenhagen Castle down in 1731â32 to replace it with
367:
248:
218:, but this is probably just a shortened version of the full name.
660:
In December 2009 Copenhagen hosted the worldwide climate meeting
729:
Gautier; Skaarup; Gabrielsen; Kristiansen; Ejlersen, pp. 159â60.
238:
180:
1112:
Friedmann, Karen J. "Food Marketing in Copenhagen 1250-1850."
1157:
35.3 (2008): 382-413, covers Copenhagen, Stockholm, and Oslo.
607:(the bombardment of the Shellhouse, the headquarters of the
263:
Copenhagen is located at the most important approach to the
286:
is likely to have taken place in the late summer of 1350.
352:
During 1658â59 the city withstood a severe siege by the
641:
Since the summer of 2000, the cities of Copenhagen and
1134:
Women in Business in Early Modern Copenhagen 1740â1835
402:, the most distinguished district of Copenhagen, with
1084:
Birkelund, Palle. "The Royal Library of Copenhagen,"
202:, which translates into Merchants' Harbour or in the
1062:
International Journal of Urban and Regional Research
1040:
International Journal of Urban and Regional Research
127:
Since the summer 2000, the cities of Copenhagen and
86:During 1658-59 it withstood a severe siege by the
615:bombers. During this attack the French School at
634:and in 1993 development of a new city area, the
372:Copenhagen, 1728. Up is approximately southeast.
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
333:(Christian's Harbour), which is modelled after
16:Chronologial history of the Danish capital city
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
472:rendered virtually useless by the increase in
380:which killed about a third of the population.
716:
714:
8:
1388:History og Copenhagen - Copenhagen-portal.dk
805:
803:
882:"Napoleonic War: Battle of Copenhagen 1801"
766:
764:
611:) took place on March 21, 1945, by British
436:anchored just off Copenhagen. Vice-Admiral
645:have been connected by a toll bridge, the
78:The town was significantly enlarged under
1362:Skaarup, Bi; Jensen, Johan R. M. (2002).
1327:(in Danish and Latin). Copenhagen: Thiele
1148:Handbook on the History of European Banks
1341:Historiske Meddelelser om København 1999
1293:Historiske Meddelelser om København 1999
1270:Historiske Meddelelser om København 1999
1247:Historiske Meddelelser om København 1999
534:. In 1900â01, the large developments of
1102:33#1 (1992), pp 57â72. focus on schools
1029:(Purnell Books Services, 1973), p. 168.
1014:The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book
701:
936:The Great Gamble: Nelson at Copenhagen
1234:(Manchester UP, 1998), city's history
7:
1173:Scandinavian Economic History Review
1319:"Pope Urban III's letter from 1186"
253:Reconstruction of Copenhagen as of
809:Skaarup; Jensen (2002), pp. 30â31.
708:Skaarup; Jensen (2002), pp. 14â15.
445:. It was during this battle that
94:and successfully repelled a major
14:
832:Skaarup; Jensen (2002), pp. 34â35
770:Skaarup; Jensen (2002), pp. 14â15
282:The plague disaster known as the
1189:(Oxford University Press, 2013).
861:"History of THE NAPOLEONIC WARS"
35:
30:The seal of Copenhagen from 1296
23:
1180:Scandinavian Journal of History
912:"History of NAPOLEON BONAPARTE"
1016:. Greenhill Books, 1998, p.204
406:at its center, was developed.
225:gave control of Copenhagen to
131:have been connected by a toll
1:
1107:Danish Journal of Archaeology
797:Skaarup; Jensen (2002), p. 46
566:
500:
254:
957:Davies, Peter (2007-09-03).
630:In 1992 construction on the
108:bombarded Copenhagen in 1807
961:. London: timesonline.co.uk
551:Fortification of Copenhagen
458:Second Battle of Copenhagen
425:fleet under the command of
1419:
1321:. In Nielsen, Oluf (ed.).
1187:Kierkegaard and Copenhagen
1055:Bibliography of Copenhagen
1052:
980:"The Battle of Copenhagen"
720:Skaarup (1999), pp. 76â77.
476:available to the British.
395:, and during the reign of
44:Coat of arms of Copenhagen
1343:(in Danish). Copenhagen:
1324:Kjøbenhavns Diplomatarium
1295:(in Danish). Copenhagen:
1272:(in Danish). Copenhagen:
1249:(in Danish). Copenhagen:
1162:European Planning Studies
1079:European planning studies
651:Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden
600:occupied by German troops
245:Behind the new earthworks
210:. In a letter from 1186,
42:1894 illustration of the
1214:Classicism in Copenhagen
1195:Classicism in Copenhagen
1100:History Workshop Journal
788:Kristiansen, pp. 159â60.
300:University of Copenhagen
1345:Copenhagen Municipality
1297:Copenhagen Municipality
1274:Copenhagen Municipality
1251:Copenhagen Municipality
1230:Woodward, Christopher.
1003:, Pimlico (1987), p.229
655:Margrethe II of Denmark
565:Havnegade, Copenhagen,
547:Second War of Schleswig
490:constitutional monarchy
427:Admiral Sir Hyde Parker
80:Christian IV of Denmark
1216:. Denmark: Gyldendal.
1197:. Denmark: Gyldendal.
1116:50.2 (1976): 400-413.
1086:Library History Review
914:. www.historyworld.net
884:. www.historyofwar.org
863:. www.historyworld.net
747:Skaarup (1999), p. 80.
738:Gabrielsen, pp. 67â71.
686:Timeline of Copenhagen
591:
583:
572:
506:
429:fought and defeated a
373:
307:Christopher Valkendorf
260:
214:refers to the city as
175:erected cathedrals in
1403:History of Copenhagen
1150:(Edward Elgar, 1994).
1095:34.2 (2019): 231-252.
1093:Continuity and Change
1081:15.7 (2007): 889-903.
1042:34.3 (2010): 693-700.
613:de Havilland Mosquito
589:
578:
564:
498:
393:Christiansborg Palace
378:haunted by the plague
371:
271:trading towns of the
252:
173:Roman Catholic Church
1164:9.7 (2001): 851-869
1114:Agricultural History
1088:(1974) 1#1 pp 83â96.
1071:58.1 (2002): 43-52.
982:. Britishbattles.com
664:. When US President
466:Dano-Norwegian fleet
166:
100:Battle of Copenhagen
1182:32.1 (2007): 38-62.
1175:45.1 (1997): 30-57.
1109:7.1 (2018): 69-116.
841:Raabyemagle, p. 16.
486:Revolutions of 1848
267:and the rich North
124:within Copenhagen.
1185:Pattison, George.
621:Bernard Montgomery
605:Operation Carthage
592:
584:
573:
507:
421:On 2 April 1801 a
404:Amalienborg Palace
374:
261:
231:Bishop of Roskilde
524:Holmen Naval Base
488:Denmark became a
462:preemptive attack
292:Eric of Pomerania
200:Portus Mercatorum
143:First settlements
1410:
1377:
1358:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1310:
1287:
1264:
1227:
1208:
1122:Glover, Gareth.
1043:
1036:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1010:
1004:
997:
991:
990:
988:
987:
976:
970:
969:
967:
966:
954:
939:
929:
923:
922:
920:
919:
908:
893:
892:
890:
889:
878:
872:
871:
869:
868:
857:
851:
848:
842:
839:
833:
830:
824:
816:
810:
807:
798:
795:
789:
786:
780:
777:
771:
768:
759:
754:
748:
745:
739:
736:
730:
727:
721:
718:
709:
706:
632:Copenhagen Metro
571:
568:
505:
502:
470:old defence-line
431:Danish-Norwegian
358:Charles X Gustav
273:Hanseatic League
259:
256:
221:In around 1160,
198:refers to it as
192:Saxo Grammaticus
183:(in what is now
69:Hanseatic League
39:
27:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1393:
1392:
1384:
1374:
1361:
1355:
1338:
1330:
1328:
1313:
1307:
1290:
1284:
1267:
1261:
1244:
1241:
1224:
1211:
1205:
1192:
1143:(1996), 243pp.
1057:
1051:
1049:Further reading
1046:
1037:
1033:
1024:
1020:
1011:
1007:
998:
994:
985:
983:
978:
977:
973:
964:
962:
956:
955:
942:
930:
926:
917:
915:
910:
909:
896:
887:
885:
880:
879:
875:
866:
864:
859:
858:
854:
849:
845:
840:
836:
831:
827:
818:Janken Myrdal:
817:
813:
808:
801:
796:
792:
787:
783:
779:Pope Urban III.
778:
774:
769:
762:
755:
751:
746:
742:
737:
733:
728:
724:
719:
712:
707:
703:
699:
694:
682:
676:in the 1990s).
598:Copenhagen was
569:
559:
503:
482:July Revolution
419:
400:Frederiksstaden
366:
317:By the time of
315:
257:
247:
169:
145:
73:Jakob Erlandsen
50:
49:
48:
47:
46:
40:
32:
31:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1416:
1414:
1406:
1405:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1382:External links
1380:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1359:
1353:
1336:
1315:Pope Urban III
1311:
1305:
1288:
1282:
1265:
1259:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1228:
1222:
1209:
1203:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1120:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1065:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1031:
1027:George Canning
1018:
1005:
1001:Horatio Nelson
992:
971:
940:
924:
894:
873:
852:
843:
834:
825:
811:
799:
790:
781:
772:
760:
749:
740:
731:
722:
710:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
688:
681:
678:
670:George W. Bush
647:Ăresund Bridge
558:
555:
474:shooting range
438:Horatio Nelson
418:
415:
365:
362:
331:Christianshavn
319:Christian IV's
314:
311:
246:
243:
212:Pope Urban III
168:
167:Absalon's town
165:
161:Kongens Nytorv
144:
141:
137:Ăresund Bridge
61:Bishop Absalon
41:
34:
33:
29:
22:
21:
20:
19:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1415:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1373:87-90143-15-9
1369:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1354:87-89457-13-7
1350:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1306:87-89457-13-7
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1283:87-89457-13-7
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1260:87-89457-13-7
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1223:87-00-34356-0
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1204:87-00-34356-0
1200:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1155:Urban History
1152:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1139:Gold, Carol.
1138:
1135:
1132:Gold, Carol.
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1048:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1025:Wendy Hinde,
1022:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1002:
996:
993:
981:
975:
972:
960:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
925:
913:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
895:
883:
877:
874:
862:
856:
853:
850:Smidt, p. 43.
847:
844:
838:
835:
829:
826:
823:
822:
815:
812:
806:
804:
800:
794:
791:
785:
782:
776:
773:
767:
765:
761:
758:
753:
750:
744:
741:
735:
732:
726:
723:
717:
715:
711:
705:
702:
696:
691:
687:
684:
683:
679:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
637:
633:
628:
624:
622:
618:
617:Frederiksberg
614:
610:
606:
601:
597:
588:
581:
577:
563:
556:
554:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
520:Frederiksberg
517:
513:
497:
493:
491:
487:
483:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
439:
435:
432:
428:
424:
416:
414:
412:
407:
405:
401:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
379:
370:
363:
361:
359:
355:
350:
346:
342:
340:
339:fortification
336:
332:
327:
324:
320:
312:
310:
308:
303:
302:was founded.
301:
295:
293:
287:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
251:
244:
242:
240:
234:
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:Gesta Danorum
193:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
164:
162:
158:
154:
148:
142:
140:
138:
134:
130:
125:
123:
119:
118:Frederiksberg
114:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
81:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
57:
45:
38:
26:
1363:
1340:
1329:. Retrieved
1323:
1292:
1269:
1246:
1231:
1213:
1194:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1123:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1068:
1061:
1039:
1034:
1026:
1021:
1013:
1008:
1000:
999:Tom Pocock,
995:
984:. Retrieved
974:
963:. Retrieved
935:
927:
916:. Retrieved
886:. Retrieved
876:
865:. Retrieved
855:
846:
837:
828:
819:
814:
793:
784:
775:
752:
743:
734:
725:
704:
674:Bill Clinton
672:in 2005 and
666:Barack Obama
659:
640:
629:
625:
596:World War II
593:
557:20th century
544:
508:
478:
455:
420:
417:19th century
411:fire of 1795
408:
389:Christian VI
385:fire of 1728
382:
375:
364:18th century
351:
347:
343:
328:
316:
304:
296:
288:
281:
262:
235:
220:
215:
208:Købmannahavn
207:
206:of the time
199:
189:
170:
149:
146:
126:
85:
77:
53:
51:
932:Dudley Pope
580:Christian X
570: 1900
504: 1888
499:Copenhagen
447:Lord Nelson
397:Frederick V
383:During the
337:. A modern
313:Renaissance
284:Black Death
258: 1500
104:Lord Nelson
54:history of
1331:2007-04-06
1232:Copenhagen
1069:GeoJournal
1053:See also:
1012:Smith, D.
986:2013-03-26
965:2010-01-13
918:2010-01-12
888:2010-01-12
867:2010-01-12
692:References
542:followed.
451:cease fire
277:Kalundborg
265:Baltic Sea
223:Valdemar I
153:Gammeltorv
56:Copenhagen
1239:In Danish
516:Vesterbro
443:Trafalgar
335:Amsterdam
135:/tunnel (
92:Charles X
1397:Category
680:See also
536:Brønshøj
532:Hellerup
528:glacises
512:Nørrebro
305:In 1581
177:Roskilde
113:ramparts
1128:excerpt
1126:(2018)
636:Ărestad
609:Gestapo
594:During
423:British
227:Absalon
179:and in
122:enclave
96:assault
65:harbour
1370:
1351:
1303:
1280:
1257:
1220:
1201:
1166:online
1136:(2018)
1118:online
1073:online
938:(1972)
356:under
354:Swedes
323:Nordic
269:German
204:Danish
185:Sweden
157:Nytorv
133:bridge
90:under
88:Swedes
697:Notes
662:COP15
643:MalmĂś
540:Valby
434:fleet
129:MalmĂś
1368:ISBN
1349:ISBN
1301:ISBN
1278:ISBN
1255:ISBN
1218:ISBN
1199:ISBN
653:and
545:The
538:and
518:and
456:The
239:Lent
216:Hafn
181:Lund
52:The
194:in
120:an
1399::
1347:.
1317:.
1299:.
1276:.
1253:.
943:^
934:,
897:^
802:^
763:^
713:^
567:c.
553:.
514:,
501:c.
453:.
360:.
255:c.
241:.
229:,
75:.
1376:.
1357:.
1334:.
1309:.
1286:.
1263:.
1226:.
1207:.
1168:.
989:.
968:.
921:.
891:.
870:.
155:/
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
