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1082:, a procedure in which a state could in effect repeal a Federal law, directed against the most recent tariff acts. Soon Federal soldiers were dispensed to Charleston's forts and began to collect tariffs by force. A compromise was reached by which the tariffs would be gradually reduced, but the underlying argument over state's rights would continue to escalate in the coming decades. Charleston remained one of the busiest port cities in the country, and the construction of a new, larger United States
1041:, a free black man, was discovered in 1822, such hysteria ensued among white Charlestonians and Carolinians that the activities of free blacks and slaves were severely restricted. Hundreds of blacks, free and slave, and some white supporters involved in the planned uprising were held in the Old Jail. It also was the impetus for the construction of a new State Arsenal in Charleston. Recently, historians have debated the veracity of the accounts that detail the nature of the Vesey affair (See
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regionalism of the time provided a supportive context for
Charleston's reaction against glaring manifestations of modernity. Landscape preservationists in Charleston shared ideas with regionalists across the South. They argued that preservation activities in Charleston served as a way of coping with perceived negative aspects of modern urban industrial society, and allow people to take pride, despite their relative poverty compared to rich Yankee cities.
155:
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1275:. The William Enston Homes, a planned community for the city's aged and infirmed, was built in 1889. J. Taylor Pearson, a freed slave, designed the Homes, and passed peacefully in them after years as the maintenance manager post-reconstruction. An elaborate public building, the United States Post Office and Courthouse, was completed in 1896 and signaled renewed life in the heart of the city (this was called the bottleneck of society).
56:
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rule was undermined by its inconsistent and arbitrary policies, together with disputes between military and civilian officials, authorities and the unwillingness of
British officials to restore full civil government. As a result, South Carolinians lost faith in Charleston's restored royal administration long before British defeat at Yorktown and the departure of the British in late 1782.
587:, was built in Charleston in 1736, but was later replaced by the 19th-century Planter's Hotel where wealthy planters stayed during Charleston's horse-racing season (now the Dock Street Theatre, known as one of the oldest active theaters built for stage performance in the United States). While the activity of the Dock Street Theatre was only temporary, the city was often visited by the
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775:. When the fleet fired cannonballs, the shot failed to penetrate the fort's unfinished, yet thick palmetto log walls. Additionally, no local Loyalists attacked the town from behind as the British had hoped. The Loyalists were too poorly organized to be affected, but as late as 1780, senior officials in London, misled by Loyalist exiles, placed their confidence in their rising.
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856:'s militia to fall back towards Charlestown. His men didn't see resistance until they reached within 10 miles (16 km) of the city and begun to invest it, but an intercepted message alerted Prévost that Lincoln had been informed of the assault and was returning from Augusta. Prévost began an orderly withdrawal and the major engagement of the affair was his rearguard's
1311:, central Ohio, eastern Kentucky, southern Virginia, and western West Virginia). It was felt as far away as Boston to the north, Chicago and Milwaukee to the northwest, as far west as New Orleans, as far south as Cuba, and as far east as Bermuda. It damaged 2,000 buildings in Charleston and caused $ 6 million worth of damage ($ 133 million, 2006
1101:, who it was hoped would bridge the gap between the northern and southern delegates on the issue of extending slavery to the territories. The convention disintegrated when delegates were unable to summon a two-thirds majority for any candidate. This divisiveness resulted in a split in the Democratic Party, and the election of
1362:. High wages rejuvenated the economy, although restrictions on new housing construction led to severe overcrowding. For the first time women and African Americans were recruited on a large scale to work in the Navy Yard and related industries in a full range of jobs, including well-paid skilled positions.
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Market Hall and Sheds, where fresh meat and produce were brought daily, became the commercial hub of the city. The slave trade also depended on the port of
Charleston, where ships could be unloaded and the slaves sold at markets. Contrary to popular belief, slaves were never traded at the Market Hall areas.
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On
December 11, 1861, a massive fire burned 164 acres of Charleston, including the Cathedral of St John and St Finbar, South Carolina Institute Hall, the Circular Congregational Church, and many of the city's finest homes. This fire was responsible for much of the destruction visible in Charleston at
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By 1788, Carolinians were meeting at the
Capitol building for the Constitutional Ratification Convention, and while there was support for the Federal Government, division arose over the location of the new state capitol. A suspicious fire broke out in the Capitol building during the Convention, after
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was a major proponent of reviving
Charleston's economic and cultural heritage. The last thirty years of the 20th century saw major new reinvestment in the city, with a number of municipal improvements and a commitment to historic preservation. These commitments were not slowed down by Hurricane Hugo
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After the defeat of the
Confederacy, Federal forces remained in Charleston during the city's reconstruction. The war had shattered the prosperity of the antebellum city. Freed slaves were faced with poverty and discrimination. Industries slowly brought the city and its inhabitants back to a renewed
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with 8000 men to rally
Loyalists, build forts across the state, and demand oaths of allegiance to the King. Many of these forts were taken over by the Patriot militias. The occupation forces exaggerated the power of the Loyalists and the willingness of the people to obey Royal authority. British
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St. Philips
Episcopal Church, Charleston's oldest and most noted church, was built on the southeast corner in 1752. The following year, the capitol of the colony was erected across the square. Because of its prominent position within the city and its elegant architecture, the building signaled to
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were also located in
Charleston in 1800 and 1817. While the First Bank was converted to City Hall by 1818, the Second Bank proved to be a vital part of the community as it was the only bank in the city equipped to handle the international transactions so crucial to the export trade. By 1840, the
1026:, a language based on African American structures which combined African, French, German, Jamaican, English, Bahamian and Dutch words. In 1807, the Charleston Market was founded. It soon became a hub for the African-American community, with many slaves and free people of color staffing stalls.
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On June 28, 1776, General Henry Clinton, with 2000 men and a naval squadron, tried to seize Charleston, hoping for a simultaneous Loyalist uprising in South Carolina. It seemed a cheap way of waging the war, but it failed as the naval force was defeated by the Continental Army, specifically, the
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By 1750, Charleston had become a bustling trade center, the hub of the Atlantic trade for the southern colonies, and the wealthiest and largest city south of Philadelphia. By 1770, it was the fourth largest port in the colonies, after only Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, with a population of
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In the first half of the 19th century, South Carolinians became more devoted to the idea that state's rights were superior to the Federal government's authority. Buildings such as the Marine Hospital ignited controversy over the degree in which the Federal government should be involved in South
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The city became a national leader in the historic preservation movement, 1920 to 1940. The city council introduced the nation's first historic district zoning laws in 1931. The immediate grievance was the invasion of antebellum residential neighborhoods by "modernistic" gasoline stations. The
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Nostalgia for the historic neighborhoods was suspended briefly during World War II, as the city became one of the nation's most important naval bases. It was overwhelmed by sailors, servicemen, construction workers, and new families. Peak employment of 26,000 was reached in July 1943 at the
575:, until the upcountry population was larger than the coastal population. The upcountry people were viewed by Charlestonians as being unpolished in many ways, and had different interests, setting the stage for several generations of conflicts between the upcountry and the Charleston elite.
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As Charleston's government, society and industry grew, commercial institutions were established to support the community's aspirations. The Bank of South Carolina, the second oldest building constructed as a bank in the nation, was established in 1798. Branches of the First and
737:; and South Carolina declared its independence from the crown on the steps of the Exchange. Soon, the church steeples of Charleston, especially St. Michael's, became targets for British warships causing rebel forces to paint the steeples black to blend with the night sky.
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industries coupled with substantial expansions of all the major hospitals. Additionally, more expansions are planned or underway at several other major hospitals located in other portions of the city and the metropolitan area: Bon Secours-St Francis Xavier Hospital,
691:. Even with the decade-long moratorium, its customs processed around 40% of the African slaves brought to North America between 1700 and 1775. and about half up until the end of the African trade in 1808 (although many enslaved were smuggled in after that date).
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lent his support to the conversion of the United States Arsenal into the Porter Military Academy, an educational facility for former soldiers and boys left orphaned or destitute by the war. Porter Military Academy later joined with Gaud School and is now a
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Carolina's government, society, and commerce. During this period over 90 percent of Federal funding was generated from import duties, collected by custom houses such as the one in Charleston. In 1832, South Carolina passed an ordinance of
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were exported in an extremely profitable shipping industry. It was the cultural and economic center of the South. As time went on, they developed a creolized Gullah language and culture, retaining many elements from West Africa.
352:
A 1680 plan for the new settlement, the Grand Modell, laid out "the model of an exact regular town," and the future for the growing community. Land surrounding the intersection of Meeting and Broad Streets was set aside for a
1331:, who repeatedly attacked and ridiculed the city in the name of upstate poor farmers. Well-organized factions within the Democratic Party in Charleston gave the voters clear choices and played a large role in state politics.
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Charleston's citizens and visitors its importance within the British colonies. Provincial court met on the ground floor while the Commons House of Assembly and the Royal Governor's Council Chamber met on the second floor.
229:
saw a boom in the arts sector as artists, writers, architects, and historical preservationists came together to improve the city. Preservation efforts of historic buildings and sites had been put into place by the 1940s.
548:
224:
economy. In the ensuing decades of the late 19th century, upstate politicians would routinely attack its aristocratic and undemocratic tone. By the 1900s, Charleston was emerging as a cultural center. In the 1920s, the
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advised Gen. Lincoln's surrender, as the rebels had only about 5500 men and inadequate fortifications to repel the forces against them. As the British cut his supply lines and lines of retreat through skirmishes at
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hit Charleston in 1989, and though the worst damage was in nearby McClellanville, the storm damaged three-quarters of the homes in Charleston's historic district. The hurricane caused over $ 2.8 billion in damage.
282:, in 1663. It took seven years before the Lords could arrange for settlement, the first being that of "Charles Town," the original name for the city. The community was established in 1670 by English colonists from
437:, like the "Rice Coast," the "Windward Coast," the "Gambia," and "Sierra-Leon", and forced to work in the surrounding coastal low-country. The South Carolina and Georgia colonists ultimately adopted a system of
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stems from a religious group organized solely by African Americans, free and slave, in 1791. It is the oldest A.M.E. church in the south, and the second oldest A.M.E. church in the country. The first American
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in the 1860s. The city grew wealthy through the export of rice and, later, sea island cotton and it was the base for many wealthy merchants and landowners. Charleston was the capital of American slavery.
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1972:. The Charlestonian Greek community has its origins in immigration from Greece to the area to find work in local industry. Charleston has an annual Greek Festival hosted by this community. 2007.
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D. Moore. (1997) "A General History of Blackbeard the Pirate, the Queen Anne's Revenge and the Adventure". In Tributaries, Volume VII, 1997. pp. 31–35. (North Carolina Maritime History Council)
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plantations relied heavily on slave labor. Slaves were also the primary labor force within the city, working as domestics, artisans, market workers or laborers. Many black Charlestonians spoke
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302:, leader of the Lords Proprietor, to become a "great port towne", a destiny which the city fulfilled. By 1681, the settlement had grown, joined by settlers from England, Barbados, and
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migrated to the city in such numbers that Charleston eventually was home to, by the beginning of the 19th century and until about 1830, the largest and wealthiest Jewish community in
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1219:, which was used as a federal garrison for over 17 years, until its return to the state and reopening as a military college in 1882 under the direction of Lawrence E. Marichak.
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supporters who would rally to the King given some military support, but the loyalty of the white southerners had largely been forfeited by British legal cases (such as the 1772
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around the small settlement to aid in its defense. Two buildings remain from the Walled City: the Powder Magazine, where the city's supply of gunpowder was stored, and the
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was established in 1748 by some wealthy Charlestonians who wished to keep up with the scientific and philosophical issues of the day. This group also helped establish the
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1007:. The grandeur and number of buildings erected in the following century reflect the optimism, pride, and civic destiny that many Charlestonians felt for their community.
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As Charleston grew, so did the community's cultural and social opportunities, especially for the elite merchants and planters. The first theater building in America, the
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also comprised a major portion of the population, and were active in the city's religious community. Free black Charlestonians and slaves helped establish the Old Bethel
241:. A Naval presence, shipyards, the surrounding medical industry, and tourism, would help the city grow economically through the 20th century. In contemporary Charleston,
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By the mid-18th century, Charlestown, described as "the Jerusalem of American slavery, its capital and center of faith", was the hub of the Atlantic trade of England's
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over the winter was used by local slaveholders to excuse themselves from sending men to assist the effort. After reinforcement, Gen. Clinton approached the town via
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In the early 20th century strong political machines emerged in the city, reflecting economic, class, racial, and ethnic tensions. Nearly all opposed U.S. Senator
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Census of the city of Charleston, South Carolina, for the year 1848: exhibiting the condition and prospects of the city, illustrated by many statistical details
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The devastation of the Civil War and the ruin of the Charleston's hinterland lost the city its regional dominance. However, it would remain the center of the
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While the earliest settlers primarily came from England, colonial Charleston was also home to a mixture of ethnic and religious groups. In colonial times,
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in Charleston with around 3000 troops to consolidate British control and then move north against Virginia. These troops were responsible for Cornwallis's
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transformed the Indian slave trade during the late 17th and early 18th centuries by treating slaves as a trade commodity to be exported, mainly to the
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of the 1710s did not quite reach it. An example of an assault is the 1706 failed expedition during Queen Anne's War. Charleston's colonists erected a
85:
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2005:
Mould, David R., and Missy Loewe. Historic Gravestone Art of Charleston, South Carolina, 1695–1802. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 2006., p251)
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in 1770, the oldest college in South Carolina, the oldest municipal college in the United States, and the 13th oldest college in the United States.
105:
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471:, and Charleston were sister cities, and people of means spent summers in Boston and winters in Charleston. There was a great deal of trade with
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on June 20. The expedition's major effect was the antagonism its indiscriminate raiding provoked from ally and enemy alike. The same year, the
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Gallay, Alan. (2002) The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South 1670–1717. Yale University Press: New York.
383:. Receiving it, they released their nearly naked hostages and sailed up the coast for North Carolina. The wreck of Blackbeard's flagship, the
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1000:. Upon its completion, the city possessed all the public buildings necessary to be transformed from a colonial capitol to the center of the
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1148:, entering Charleston's harbor with supplies for Fort Sumter. On April 12, 1861, shore batteries under the command of Confederate General
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vitality and growth in population. As the city's commerce improved, Charlestonians also worked to restore their community institutions.
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in 1775) that threatened the emancipation of the planter's slaves. The same practices, however, did win the allegiance of thousands of
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and nearby ruined buildings in Charleston, with a shell-damaged carriage and the remains of a brick chimney in the foreground (1865)
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south from New England in October 1779. Gen. Lincoln was aware of the attack and set about fortifying the city, but an outbreak of
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over the course of a day's fighting on June 28, 1776. Moultrie had been forced to ignore the order to retreat from his general,
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in 1737; the German Friendly Society, founded in 1766; and the Hibernian Society, founded by Irish immigrants in 1801. The
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1861:
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813:. In the end, the spongy palmetto-and-sand defenses completely neutralized the British naval bombardment and gave the
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and several playhouses was founded for their use, until the city was given its first permanent theatre in the famous
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By 1820, Charleston's population had grown to 23,000, with a black majority. When a massive slave revolt planned by
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On Monday, May 4, 1761, a large tornado temporarily emptied the Ashley River and sank five warships lying offshore.
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Hamer, Fritz. "Giving a Sense of Achievement: Changing Gender and Racial Roles in Wartime Charleston: 1942-1945."
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Datel, Robin Elisabeth. "Southern regionalism and historic preservation in Charleston, South Carolina, 1920–1940."
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Robin Elisabeth Datel, "Southern regionalism and historic preservation in Charleston, South Carolina, 1920-1940."
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As the relationship between the colonists and England deteriorated, Charleston became a focal point in the ensuing
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Benevolent societies were formed by several different ethnic groups: the South Carolina Society, founded by French
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Fritz Hamer, "Giving a Sense of Achievement: Changing Gender and Racial Roles in Wartime Charleston: 1942-1945."
1315:), while in the whole city the buildings were only valued at approximately $ 24 million ($ 531 million, 2006
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that drew heavily on the labor patterns and technical knowledge of their African slaves. Cotton, rice, indigo and
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2077:
1981:
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959:. These militias used hit-and-run tactics and targeted solitary Loyalists. Clinton returned to New York, leaving
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people who survived the Middle Passage as enslaved planters. They were captured from the Congo-Angola border and
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1511:(1863–1911), first African-American woman physician in South Carolina, also first woman physician on Charleston
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567:, some of it coming from abroad through Charleston, but also much of it a southward movement from Virginia,
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In 1867, Charleston's first free secondary school for blacks was established, the Avery Institute. General
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1307:(over 60 miles away) and structural damage was reported several hundred miles from Charleston (including
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It was thrice the target of British attacks. At every stage the British strategy assumed a large base of
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Bridenbaugh, Carl. Cities in the Wilderness-The First Century of Urban Life in America 1625–1742 (1938)
2521:"9 dead in shooting at historic Charleston African American church. Police chief calls it 'hate crime.'"
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1476:, tried, and sentenced to death, later changed to life imprisonment. The shooting was investigated as a
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With the British and Loyalist leaders gone, the city officially changed its name in 1783 to Charleston.
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Johnson, Donald F. "The Failure of Restored British Rule in Revolutionary Charleston, South Carolina."
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Donald F. Johnson, "The Failure of Restored British Rule in Revolutionary Charleston, South Carolina."
1603:
1600:: Childhood home of Sarah Moore Grimké (1792–1873) and Angelina Emily Grimké (1805–1879), abolitionists
278:, King Charles II granted the chartered Carolina territory to eight of his loyal friends, known as the
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1964:, January – February 2003. Retrieved June 11, Charleston also possesses a large and influential
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372:, for nearly a week. His pirates plundered merchant ships and seized the passengers and crew of the
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in 1793 revolutionized this crop's production and it quickly became South Carolina's major export.
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729:. Representatives from all over the colony came to the Exchange in 1774 to elect delegates to the
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310:, Charles Town was a base for colonial expansion and was the southernmost point of settlement by
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2499:"Charleston church shooter: 'I would like to make it crystal clear, I do not regret what I did'"
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The Urban Establishment: Upper Strata in Boston, New York, Charleston, Chicago, and Los Angeles
2587:"Upcoming lecture for "Slavery to Civil Rights: A Walking Tour of African-American Charleston""
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Charleston was the site of the first successful submarine attack on February 17, 1864 when the
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convened in Charleston. Hibernian Hall served as the headquarters for the delegates supporting
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Nash, R. C. "Urbanization in the Colonial South Charleston, South Carolina, as a Case Study."
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the new state capitol. By 1792, the Capitol had been rebuilt and became the Charleston County
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537:, was built in 1682, although later destroyed by fire and relocated to its current location.
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On April 14, 1865, thousands travelled to Charleston to watch Brevet Major General Anderson
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Charleston in Black and White: Race and Power in the South after the Civil Rights Movement
2387:"For Charleston's Emanuel AME Church, shooting is another painful chapter in rich history"
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Marching in Step: Masculinity, Citizenship & the Citadel in Post-World War II America
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The web of progress: private values and public styles in Boston and Charleston, 1828–1843
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on April 1, 1780, with about 14,000 troops and 90 ships. Bombardment began on March 11.
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Fitchett, E. Horace. "The traditions of the free Negro in Charleston, South Carolina."
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Building Charleston: Town and Society in the Eighteenth Century British Atlantic World
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1949:
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began in 1849, but its construction was interrupted by the events of the Civil War.
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Ladies, Women, and Wenches: Choice and Constraint in Antebellum Charleston and Boston
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The settlement was often subject to attack from sea and from land. Countries such as
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for more). Making the capture of Charlestown their chief priority, the British sent
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was trapped and surrendered his entire 5400 men force after a long fight, and the
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Slavery To Civil Rights: A Walking Tour of African-American Charleston Paperback
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Slavery To Civil Rights: A Walking Tour of African-American Charleston Paperback
2413:"Charleston church shooting: Multiple fatalities in South Carolina, source says"
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colonies occurred with the founding of Charleston (originally Charles Town) and
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852:. In April 1779, Prévost instead sent 2500 men towards South Carolina, forcing
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In late May 1718, Charles Town was besieged by Edward Teach, commonly known as
18:
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641:. Alan Gallay estimates that between 1670 and 1715, between 24,000 and 51,000
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2754:(University of Virginia Press 2010, University of South Carolina Press, 2015)
306:; and it was moved to the current peninsular location. As the capital of the
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Denmark Vesey's Garden: Slavery and Memory in the Cradle of the Confederacy
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Denmark Vesey's Garden. Slavery and Memory in the Cradle of the Confederacy
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in downtown Charleston on the evening of June 17, 2015. The senior pastor,
684:, who brought relatively large numbers of African slaves from that island.
2021:. Internet Archive. Cincinnati, Ohio: Writer's Digest Books. p. 217.
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1014:-dominated economy of the post-Revolutionary years. The invention of the
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514:
390:
2876:
2766:
Very Charleston: A Celebration of History, Culture, and Lowcountry Charm
1890:
1624:(1839–1915): Escaped slavery by stealing a Confederate ship; Congressman
1415:
and continue to this day. Joe Riley did not run for reelection in 2016.
1203:
troops moved into the city, and took control of many sites, such as the
932:, Lincoln held out until May 12, when his surrender became the greatest
3160:
3147:
3138:
3134:
3121:
3108:
3083:
2633:
1992:
948:
868:
714:
508:
496:
472:
394:
283:
242:
204:, spanning hundreds of years of physical settlement beginning in 1670.
2329:
1489:
Slavery To Civil Rights: A Walking Tour of African-American Charleston
1965:
1582:: Site where approximately 30,000 captive Africans imported to the US
1019:
553:
540:
426:
334:
298:
a few miles northwest of the present city. It was soon designated by
2745:
The Union is Dissolved!: Charleston and Fort Sumter in the Civil War
1464:, was among the nine people killed. The shooter, a white male named
2738:
Charleston Reborn: A Southern City, Its Navy Yard, and World War II
2270:
Charleston Reborn: A Southern City, Its Navy Yard, and World War II
1224:
raise at Fort Sumter the same flag he had lowered on April 13, 1861
1543:
1398:
1374:
1344:
1250:
1238:
1173:
1118:
1060:
1028:
979:
698:
456:
398:
17:
2440:"Charleston church shooting suspect Dylann Roof in custody in NC"
947:
Several Americans escaped the carnage and joined up with several
421:
11,000, slightly more than half of that slaves. Cotton, rice and
3096:
2990:
891:
Clinton returned in 1780 with 14,000 soldiers. American General
499:
migrated to the developing seacoast town, representing numerous
2887:
2242:
Doyle W. Boggs, "Charleston Politics, 1900-1930: An Overview,"
2134:
From Savannah to Yorktown: The American Revolution in the South
479:, and some people came to live in Charleston from these areas.
329:'s claim to the region launched periodic assaults on the town.
200:
is one of the longest and most diverse of any community in the
3125:
3112:
3087:
2720:
Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical Association: 1997
2417:
2283:
Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical Association: 1997
1418:
The downtown medical district is experiencing rapid growth of
825:
and the victory's anniversary continues to be commemorated as
722:
1710:"Charleston - Atlantic History - Oxford Bibliographies - obo"
1594:(1874–1951), civil rights pioneer and teacher of Bahá'í faith
621:, it was difficult to acquire enslaved Africans north of the
1737:
Confederate Cities: The Urban South During the Civil War Era
2356:"East Cooper Medical Center Home Page - Mount Pleasant, SC"
2610:
Timeline of Charleston, South Carolina § Bibliography
2154:
Slavery, Disease, and Suffering in the Southern Lowcountry
992:
which the delegates relocated to the Exchange and decreed
2661:
Charleston Business on the Eve of the American Revolution
2193:"Charleston at War: Charleston beaten down by Great Fire"
1862:"Blackbeard's Booty: Pirate Ship Yields Medical Supplies"
1563:: Jones was a Lutheran minister who had been born a slave
2244:
Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical Association
1618:, "folk opera", as Gershwin called it, set in Charleston
1498:: Five African-Americans murdered in downtown Charleston
556:
opened to the public on January 12, 1773 in Charleston.
2696:
Charleston! Charleston!: The History of a Southern City
2018:
The writer's guide to everyday life in Colonial America
1813:
A Brief History Of Charleston | Palmetto Carriage Works
672:, beginning in 1670. The colony was settled mainly by
2231:
Department of the Navy – Naval Historical Center
821:
used by Moultrie's men formed the basis of the later
1734:
Slap, Andrew L.; Towers, Frank (November 17, 2015).
361:, referring to the various arms of governmental and
3404:
3368:
3335:
3295:
3242:
3235:
3202:
3174:
3069:
3030:
2977:
2940:
2922:
2782:(University of North Carolina Press, 2015). 222 pp.
2448:. WorldNow and WISTV. June 18, 2015. Archived from
1045:entry for description of the debate). In 1849, the
245:and other service industries have led the economy.
2640:Cities in Revolt: Urban Life in America, 1743–1776
2615:Simkins, Francis Butler, and Robert Henley Woody.
1215:also confiscated the grounds and buildings of the
3222:Charleston Area Regional Transportation Authority
1674:History of the Jews in Charleston, South Carolina
899:was the greatest American defeat of the war (see
3447:St. Matthew's German Evangelical Lutheran Church
1570:(1949–1968): posthumously awarded Medal of Honor
1033:List of exports to Europe from Charleston (1787)
365:presiding over the square and the growing city.
349:, believed to have been an old colonial tavern.
208:was one of leading cities in the South from the
2809:Cooley, Alec; Miller, Ruth (November 1, 2018).
2547:Cooley, Alec; Miller, Ruth (November 1, 2018).
2519:Bever, Lindsey; Costa, Robert (June 17, 2015).
1542:(1882–1931), painter, co-founder of Charleston
1468:, was captured the morning after the attack in
766:Fort Sullivan (renamed later to Fort Moultrie)
2899:
527:their long-standing presence in the community
177:
8:
2773:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
2179:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
2107:. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 67.
1303:). Major damage was reported as far away as
1243:Confederate Memorial at White Point Gardens.
559:From the mid-18th century a large amount of
1431:, and East Cooper Regional Medical Center.
1211:had seized at the outbreak of the war. The
3422:Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church
3239:
2906:
2892:
2884:
2833:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2656:(University of South Carolina Press, 1970)
2647:Robert Barnwell Rhett: Father of Secession
2571:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2157:. Cambridge University Press. p. 89.
1996:, March 25, 2002. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
1550:Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church
1451:Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church
1134:General Assembly voted to secede from the
901:Henry Clinton "Commander in Chief" section
840:in the closing days of 1778, forces under
184:
170:
28:
2673:Pease, William Henry, and Jane H. Pease.
1556:Freedman's Savings Bank and Trust Company
1155:opened fire on the US Army forces inside
1010:Charleston became more prosperous in the
733:, the group responsible for drafting the
653:slaves imported into the colonies of the
376:while demanding a chest of medicine from
3054:The Charleston Regional Business Journal
2786:Kytle, Ethan J.; Roberts, Blain (2018).
2687:Pease, Jane H. and William Henry Pease.
2300:"Bon Secours-St Francis Xavier Hospital"
1768:Kytle, Ethan J.; Roberts, Blain (2018).
1606:: Trained generations of black musicians
782:saw the 9 ships and 2000 soldiers under
525:, first established in 1762, attests to
257:
1701:
792:partially-constructed palmetto palisade
717:of 1773, which embodied the concept of
314:settlers during the late 17th century.
63:
42:
31:
2826:
2564:
1690:Timeline of Charleston, South Carolina
198:history of Charleston, South Carolina,
22:A 1733 map of Charleston published by
3496:History of Charleston, South Carolina
3313:American College of the Building Arts
1797:A Historic Overview of Charleston, SC
1491:(2018) includes the following sites:
1410:Since his election as mayor in 1975,
1379:Much of Charleston was devastated by
563:was taking place in the upcountry of
547:in 1797, and the congregation of the
7:
3437:St. John's Reformed Episcopal Church
3323:Medical University of South Carolina
2617:South Carolina During Reconstruction
2151:McCandless, Peter (April 11, 2011).
1679:List of newspapers in South Carolina
1663:Charleston in the American Civil War
1291:. The shock was estimated to have a
1115:Charleston in the American Civil War
1047:Charleston Workhouse Slave Rebellion
357:. Over time, it became known as the
3412:Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist
2508:– via www.WashingtonPost.com.
2497:Zapotosky, Matt (January 4, 2017).
1504:, prominent African-American school
1182:, Charleston, South Carolina, 1865.
817:its first defeat in a century. The
794:from the few hundred men composing
3417:Cathedral of St. Luke and St. Paul
2654:The Siege of Charleston, 1861–1865
1142:cadets fired on the merchant ship
858:successful defense of the crossing
14:
1940:(David & Charles 1966), p. 49
1887:"South Carolina Rice Plantations"
270:Restored to the throne following
3470:
3469:
3442:St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church
2472:"Dylann Roof Sentenced To Death"
1860:Owen, Jarus (January 26, 2015).
1839:Charleston County Public Library
1612:(1912–2009): Artisan in ironwork
1480:by local and federal officials.
1055:Second Bank of the United States
748:) and military tactics (such as
425:were successfully cultivated by
153:
54:
2862:City government annual report.
2682:Journal of Historical Geography
2385:Kaplan, Sarah (June 18, 2015).
2257:Journal of Historical Geography
2130:"Prevost's Siege of Charleston"
1740:. University of Chicago Press.
1285:Charleston was nearly destroyed
1163:. After a 34-hour bombardment,
719:taxation without representation
649:– many more than the number of
3452:St. Michael's Episcopal Church
2764:Gestler, Diana Hollingsworth.
2330:"Home - Trident Health System"
1095:National Democratic Convention
695:American Revolution: 1775–1783
453:Ethnic and religious diversity
1:
3457:St. Philip's Episcopal Church
2731:A Short History of Charleston
1982:"The Jews of South Carolina,"
1819:. Retrieved January 26, 2022.
1803:. Retrieved January 26, 2022.
1644:called her the mother of the
1167:agreed to evacuate the fort.
721:, Charlestonians confiscated
645:were captured and sold, from
619:During the early 17th century
535:St. Philip's Episcopal Church
3286:Charleston Collegiate School
1968:community, most of whom are
1950:"A 'portion of the People',"
1913:"Geechee and Gullah Culture"
1105:, the Republican candidate.
842:Brig. Gen. Augustine Prévost
237:, Charleston became a major
2411:Payne, Ed (June 18, 2015).
2334:www.TridentHealthSystem.com
2060:Origins of American Slavery
1576:(1883–1941), cell biologist
1255:King Street circa 1910–1920
938:Lt. Gen. Charles Cornwallis
780:Battle of Sullivan's Island
762:2nd South Carolina Regiment
735:Declaration of Independence
337:both raided it, though the
254:Founding and initial growth
3512:
2916:Charleston, South Carolina
2740:(The History Press, 2005).
2607:
2272:(The History Press, 2005).
2233:. Retrieved June 13, 2007.
1841:. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
1685:Mississippian shatter zone
1668:Charleston, South Carolina
1630:: Slave auction site (see
1586:Kress Lunch Counter Sit-in
1534:Denmark Vesey Slave Revolt
1441:Charleston church shooting
1438:
1435:Charleston church shooting
1323:Early 20th century to 1945
1130:On December 24, 1860, the
1112:
942:decisive victory at Camden
934:American defeat of the war
850:Maj. Gen. Benjamin Lincoln
806:, under commands from his
604:Charleston Library Society
503:denominations, as well as
294:, on the west bank of the
292:governor of South Carolina
249:Colonial period: 1660–1750
3465:
3227:Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge
2747:(The History Press, 2009)
2221:, Confederate Submarine,"
2104:South Carolina: A History
2101:Edgar, Walter B. (1998).
2078:Farrar, Straus and Giroux
1987:October 29, 2013, at the
1955:December 1, 2008, at the
1757:– via Google Books.
1360:Charleston Naval Shipyard
1351:Charleston Naval Shipyard
727:Exchange and Custom House
660:A major establishment of
136:Economy of South Carolina
3432:Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim
3318:Charleston School of Law
2987:South Carolina Stingrays
2715:(1994), covers 1822-1885
2706:Journal of Urban History
2684:(1990) 16#2 pp: 197–215.
2630:Journal of Negro History
2360:www.EastCooperMedCtr.com
1917:New Georgia Encyclopedia
1714:OxfordBibliographies.com
1515:Brown Fellowship Society
1484:African-American history
1366:Modern-day: 1945–present
1217:Citadel Military Academy
657:during the same period.
413:for preparing medicine.
160:United States portal
3382:Edmondston–Alston House
3060:The Catholic Miscellany
2733:(1997), Popular history
2711:Powers Jr., Bernard E.
2128:Lumpkin, Henry (1987),
1834:March 11, 2007, at the
1336:Charleston riot of 1919
1150:Pierre G. T. Beauregard
676:from the overpopulated
625:. To meet labor needs,
545:United Methodist Church
359:Four Corners of the Law
146:State of South Carolina
3017:Charleston Outlaws RFC
2775:(2014) 42#1 pp: 22–40.
2181:(2014) 42#1 pp: 22–40.
1658:American urban history
1642:Martin Luther King Jr.
1429:Trident Medical Center
1407:
1384:
1354:
1256:
1244:
1183:
1138:. On January 9, 1861,
1127:
1069:
1034:
988:
987:in downtown Charleston
976:Commerce and expansion
955:, the 'Swampfox,' and
750:Dunmore's Proclamation
706:
523:Coming Street Cemetery
464:
433:-producing regions of
267:
262:The hanging of pirate
227:Charleston Renaissance
26:
3303:College of Charleston
3048:Charleston City Paper
2757:Macaulay, Alexander.
2691:(Haworth Press, 1990)
2645:White, Laura Amanda.
2259:16.2 (1990): 197-215.
2072:Ball, Edward (2014).
2015:Taylor, Dale (1997).
1646:Civil Rights Movement
1402:
1378:
1348:
1305:Tybee Island, Georgia
1295:of 7.0 and a maximum
1254:
1242:
1230:Postbellum: 1865–1945
1205:United States Arsenal
1177:
1165:Major Robert Anderson
1153:Battle of Fort Sumter
1124:The Mills House Hotel
1122:
1064:
1032:
983:
968:Antebellum: 1783–1861
951:, including those of
844:contested control of
796:Col. William Moultrie
788:General Henry Clinton
771:under the command of
725:and stored it in the
702:
608:College of Charleston
549:Emanuel A.M.E. Church
469:Boston, Massachusetts
460:
325:that still contested
300:Anthony Ashley Cooper
261:
233:Beginning and during
126:Civil Rights Movement
21:
3360:2015 church shooting
3041:The Post and Courier
3007:Charleston RiverDogs
2743:Bostick, Douglas W.
2713:Black Charlestonians
2638:Bridenbaugh, Carl.
2074:Slaves in the Family
1893:on September 4, 2014
1817:palmettocarriage.com
1524:Cigar workers strike
1458:Clementa C. Pinckney
1283:On August 31, 1886,
1178:Ruins seen from the
1171:the end of the war.
1109:Civil War: 1861–1865
936:. Gen. Clinton left
848:with the army under
784:Admiral Peter Parker
731:Continental Congress
713:. In protest of the
655:future United States
589:Old American Company
386:Queen Anne's Revenge
266:in Charleston (1718)
2813:. Charleston, S.C.
2595:. January 24, 2019.
2551:. Charleston, S.C.
2526:The Washington Post
2452:on January 31, 2017
2391:The Washington Post
2366:on February 1, 2009
1574:Ernest Everett Just
897:Siege of Charleston
823:South Carolina flag
711:American Revolution
633:for some time. The
585:Dock Street Theatre
462:St. Philip's Church
86:American Revolution
3350:American Civil War
3281:Porter-Gaud School
3184:Court House Square
2997:Charleston Battery
2708:19.1 (1992): 3–29.
2694:Fraser, Walter J.
2663:(Arno Press, 1970)
2652:Burton, E. Milby.
2478:. January 10, 2017
2226:2007-10-14 at the
2197:PostAndCourier.com
2062:(1997), pp. 64–65.
1829:"Chalmers Street,"
1519:Mutual aid society
1408:
1385:
1355:
1297:Mercalli intensity
1273:Porter-Gaud School
1261:William T. Sherman
1257:
1245:
1184:
1161:American Civil War
1128:
1099:Stephen A. Douglas
1070:
1035:
989:
961:Charles Cornwallis
790:fail to capture a
707:
627:European colonists
593:Charleston Theatre
465:
343:fortification wall
286:, under the first
268:
116:Reconstruction era
27:
3483:
3482:
3331:
3330:
3288:(in Johns Island)
3276:Bishop England HS
3217:Executive Airport
3194:Washington Square
2970:Cainhoy Peninsula
2736:Hamer, Fritz P.
2729:Rosen, Robert N.
2666:Jaher, Frederic.
2632:(1940): 139–152.
2310:on April 20, 2009
2164:978-1-139-49914-9
2114:978-1-57003-255-4
2028:978-0-89879-772-5
1938:The Elements Rage
1801:charlestoncvb.com
1628:Ryan's Slave Mart
1552:, founded in 1816
1528:We Shall Overcome
1509:Lucy Hughes Brown
1091:the 1860 election
1073:Political changes
888:on September 11.
689:southern colonies
680:island colony of
505:Roman Catholicism
411:mortar and pestle
397:(used to provide
280:Lords Proprietors
194:
193:
144:
143:
96:Antebellum period
3503:
3473:
3472:
3240:
2932:John Tecklenburg
2908:
2901:
2894:
2885:
2848:City Directory.
2838:
2832:
2824:
2805:
2659:Sellers, Leila.
2597:
2596:
2583:
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2425:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2362:. Archived from
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2306:. Archived from
2304:CareAlliance.com
2296:
2290:
2279:
2273:
2268:Fritz P. Hamer,
2266:
2260:
2253:
2247:
2240:
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2214:
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2012:
2006:
2003:
1997:
1979:
1973:
1961:Harvard Magazine
1947:
1941:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1889:. Archived from
1883:
1877:
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1857:
1851:
1848:
1842:
1826:
1820:
1810:
1804:
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1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1706:
1616:Porgy & Bess
1568:Ralph H. Johnson
1561:Jehu Jones Hotel
1424:medical research
1293:moment magnitude
1209:Confederate army
1145:Star of the West
893:Benjamin Lincoln
800:militia regiment
773:William Moultrie
704:William Moultrie
643:Native Americans
439:rice cultivation
331:Native Americans
312:English American
186:
179:
172:
158:
157:
156:
72:
71:
59:
58:
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47:
29:
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3502:
3501:
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3486:
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3479:
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3427:Huguenot Church
3400:
3364:
3355:1886 earthquake
3327:
3291:
3231:
3198:
3170:
3072:
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3026:
2973:
2936:
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2912:
2873:
2845:
2843:Primary sources
2825:
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2808:
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2785:
2612:
2606:
2604:Further reading
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2254:
2250:
2246:49 (1979) 1-13.
2241:
2237:
2228:Wayback Machine
2215:
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2009:
2004:
2000:
1989:Wayback Machine
1980:
1976:
1957:Wayback Machine
1948:
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1919:
1911:
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1884:
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1866:livescience.com
1859:
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1845:
1836:Wayback Machine
1827:
1823:
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1807:
1795:
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1708:
1707:
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1698:
1654:
1580:Gadsden's Wharf
1540:Edwin Harleston
1526:: First use of
1486:
1443:
1437:
1397:
1373:
1368:
1325:
1309:central Alabama
1281:
1279:1886 earthquake
1237:
1232:
1180:Circular Church
1159:, starting the
1117:
1111:
1103:Abraham Lincoln
1075:
978:
970:
886:off Charlestown
754:Black Loyalists
697:
662:African slavery
616:
581:
455:
409:), and a brass
308:Carolina colony
272:Oliver Cromwell
256:
251:
190:
154:
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76:Colonial period
55:
53:
45:
38:
12:
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5:
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3264:
3262:West Ashley HS
3259:
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953:Francis Marion
944:on August 16.
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832:Following the
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670:South Carolina
666:North American
647:South Carolina
631:Indian slavery
629:had practiced
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2965:Johns Island
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2750:Hart, Emma.
2744:
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2548:
2542:
2530:. Retrieved
2524:
2514:
2502:. Retrieved
2492:
2480:. Retrieved
2475:
2466:
2454:. Retrieved
2450:the original
2443:
2434:
2422:. Retrieved
2416:
2406:
2394:. Retrieved
2390:
2380:
2368:. Retrieved
2364:the original
2359:
2349:
2337:. Retrieved
2333:
2324:
2312:. Retrieved
2308:the original
2303:
2294:
2282:
2277:
2269:
2264:
2256:
2251:
2243:
2238:
2230:
2219:H. L. Hunley
2218:
2212:
2200:. Retrieved
2196:
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2133:
2123:
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2073:
2067:
2059:
2054:
2037:
2017:
2010:
2001:
1991:
1977:
1959:
1945:
1937:
1932:
1920:. Retrieved
1916:
1907:
1895:. Retrieved
1891:the original
1881:
1869:. Retrieved
1865:
1855:
1846:
1838:
1824:
1816:
1808:
1800:
1792:
1772:. New York:
1769:
1763:
1751:. Retrieved
1736:
1729:
1717:. Retrieved
1713:
1704:
1681:: Charleston
1502:Avery School
1488:
1487:
1444:
1417:
1409:
1386:
1356:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1300:
1282:
1258:
1246:
1221:
1207:, which the
1195:
1187:
1185:
1169:
1143:
1129:
1088:
1084:Custom House
1076:
1065:Homes along
1051:
1036:
1009:
990:
971:
946:
913:James Island
905:Gen. Clinton
890:
880:
872:
831:
827:Carolina Day
819:Liberty Flag
777:
758:
739:
708:
686:
659:
617:
597:
582:
573:Pennsylvania
558:
539:
529:. The first
513:
466:
448:
443:naval stores
419:
415:
407:bloodletting
384:
373:
367:
358:
355:Civic Square
351:
316:
296:Ashley River
276:Protectorate
269:
264:Stede Bonnet
235:World War II
232:
219:
210:colonial era
197:
195:
15:
3396:Rainbow Row
3378:The Battery
3308:The Citadel
3271:Ashley Hall
3165:MyNetworkTV
2955:West Ashley
1936:Lane, F.W.
1466:Dylann Roof
1404:Rainbow Row
1329:Ben Tillman
1269:prep school
1199:. In 1865,
1189:H.L. Hunley
1157:Fort Sumter
1067:The Battery
985:City Market
862:Stono Creek
804:Charles Lee
639:West Indies
635:Carolinians
561:immigration
521:The Jewish
485:Scots-Irish
435:West Africa
339:Yamasee War
44:History of
24:Herman Moll
3391:Public art
3386:Pink House
3071:Television
3032:Newspapers
2608:See also:
1696:References
1478:hate crime
1289:earthquake
1196:Housatonic
1016:cotton gin
1012:plantation
1002:antebellum
998:Courthouse
915:and began
815:Royal Navy
501:Protestant
370:Blackbeard
347:Pink House
239:naval base
206:Charleston
3370:Landmarks
3236:Education
3204:Transport
3021:USA Rugby
2942:Districts
2829:cite book
2567:cite book
2140:: toExcel
2049:, pg. 299
1871:April 26,
1412:Joe Riley
1194:USS
1192:sank the
1089:Prior to
921:De Laumoy
917:his siege
878:post ship
808:president
623:Caribbean
600:Huguenots
595:of 1793.
477:Caribbean
403:porringer
214:Civil War
140:1651–2021
130:1954–1968
120:1865–1877
110:1861–1865
100:1812–1860
90:1775–1788
80:1562–1774
3490:Category
3475:Category
3405:Religion
3345:Timeline
3296:Tertiary
3073:stations
2950:Downtown
2914:City of
2722:(1997)
2634:in JSTOR
2532:June 18,
2456:June 19,
2424:June 18,
2396:June 18,
2285:(1997)
2224:Archived
1985:Archived
1953:Archived
1832:Archived
1652:See also
1455:the Rev.
994:Columbia
949:militias
909:smallpox
854:Moultrie
838:Savannah
742:Loyalist
682:Barbados
674:planters
569:Maryland
533:church,
531:Anglican
489:Scottish
475:and the
395:clysters
393:), pump
391:syphilis
378:Governor
304:Virginia
65:Timeline
35:a series
33:Part of
3337:History
3176:Squares
3161:WMMP-TV
3148:WTAT-TV
3135:WLCN-CD
3122:WITV-TV
3109:WCSC-TV
3084:WCBD-TV
2967:(parts)
2700:excerpt
2698:(1991)
2476:NPR.org
2138:Lincoln
1993:NPR.org
1546:chapter
1406:in 2003
1301:Extreme
1140:Citadel
873:Amazone
869:frigate
846:Augusta
834:capture
715:Tea Act
664:in the
651:African
614:Slavery
579:Culture
509:Judaism
497:Germans
473:Bermuda
374:Crowley
335:pirates
327:Britain
284:Bermuda
243:tourism
212:to the
2817:
2798:
2768:(2013)
2761:(2011)
2724:online
2677:(1985)
2670:(1982)
2649:(1965)
2642:(1955)
2619:(1932)
2555:
2287:online
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1536:, 1822
1470:Shelby
1383:(1989)
1353:(1941)
1299:of X (
1287:by an
1093:, the
1024:Gullah
1020:Cotton
866:French
554:museum
541:Slaves
495:, and
481:French
427:Gullah
423:indigo
399:enemas
323:France
37:on the
2924:Mayor
1966:Greek
1544:NAACP
1201:Union
1136:Union
1005:South
882:Ariel
678:sugar
493:Irish
401:), a
319:Spain
3252:CCSD
3244:K–12
3097:WCIV
2991:ECHL
2864:1870
2858:1888
2854:1882
2850:1852
2835:link
2815:ISBN
2796:ISBN
2573:link
2553:ISBN
2534:2015
2506:2017
2484:2017
2458:2015
2426:2015
2398:2015
2372:2017
2354:RC.
2341:2017
2316:2017
2204:2017
2159:ISBN
2109:ISBN
2082:ISBN
2043:ISBN
2023:ISBN
1924:2017
1899:2014
1873:2016
1778:ISBN
1755:2017
1742:ISBN
1721:2017
1566:PFC
1530:song
1507:Dr.
1460:, a
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928:and
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778:The
571:and
507:and
431:rice
333:and
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196:The
3152:Fox
3139:RTN
3126:PBS
3113:CBS
3101:ABC
3088:NBC
3011:SAL
3001:USL
2445:WIS
2418:CNN
1319:).
1317:USD
1313:USD
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