42:
749:
the community. Because the concept of ‘community’ itself was poorly, if at all defined, non-members were deemed to be so on a case-by-case basis, based on community opinion and, where available, on precedent. In order to become a member of the community, an outsider usually needed to prove that he was born in the territory, and culturally
Spanish (Spanish speaking and writing, Catholic, etc.). In this way Spanish America tended towards jus soli (right by birthplace). Foreigners could apply to the
783:) to become citizens. Only foreigners who could provide a useful service to the city and who were considered culturally Spanish were granted the status. These individuals were almost always of non-Spanish European ancestry, and where rarely (if ever) indigenous or African. In the 1610s, an oath for citizenship candidates was created that required them to possess a house and arms; however, the number of applicants dropped in subsequent years and the oath fell out of use.
1007:’s populist, participatory government encouraged a greater link between subject and state. His vision was inclusive and collective, based on the idea that all of Argentina needed to be involved in the project of national development. Ethnic, racial, or other national identities were made secondary to the new collective Argentine identity. He was the first to frame Argentine citizenship in terms of political rights, rather than community membership.
472:
1054:
juntas attacked
Peronism as a threat to the true capitalist Argentine values, conceiving a more, individualist, and exclusive model of citizenship in which only the qualified had the right to rule, and all others must trust their decisions. The collective Argentine identity was replaced with a more individualist, favour-based model, where the citizen's role was in service of the state rather than vice versa
995:(Law of Social Security), 1910 – This law provided for the expulsion of anarchists and persons convicted of capital crimes in Argentina. It was also established for ship captains who allowed passengers to violate the law. It represents a further backlash against the immigration population. Membership in the Argentine nation was still contingent on being useful to it.
1191:(1) Legal residency (2) Legal work (3) That you speak, read and write Spanish (4) That you renounce your native citizenship (5) DNI with permanent residency (6) Birth certificate apostilled and translated by public notary (7) Certificate of a clean criminal record from your home country (8) Certificate of a clean criminal record in Argentina (9) CUIT or CUIL number
1063:
groups were eventually joined by women's groups and trade unions in early 1982, beginning the return to democracy and civilian rule. By voicing their concerns in terms of citizenship rights, the dissent movement refashioned the model of the
Argentine citizen into one of an active participator with high expectations, willing to make demands of his or her government.
983:(Law of Disembarkment), 1872 – Containing the first legal definition of ‘immigrant,’ the law allowed inspection of ships to prevent the entry of those ill or otherwise unable to work. The bill did not pass the Committee on Legislation, but was reworked and included in an 1876 law after an outbreak of yellow fever on an immigrant ship spread throughout Buenos Aires.
1019:(Evita), officially enfranchised women and involved the lower classes, particularly workers, in national politics for the first time. Through their social welfare programs, Peron and Evita became father and mother figures for the Argentine masses, building a collective national identity instead of a country of sovereign individuals.
637:. Throughout Spanish America, citizenship was both a legal and a social status that was implicit rather than formal, and largely informed by one's racial and class background. As in the Inca Empire, the colonising power's concepts were combined with the unique dictates of the situation in the colony itself.
1136:
Foreigners enjoy within the territory of the Nation all the civil rights of citizens... They are not obliged to accept citizenship nor to pay extraordinary compulsory taxes. They may obtain naturalization papers residing two uninterrupted years in the Nation; but the authorities may shorten this term
1062:
Though freedom of expression was nonexistent under the juntas and dissent was a punishable offence, a strong social movement grew out of the military rule. Though each group had its own concerns, most used the rhetoric of citizenship to fight for a return of their political rights. These human rights
748:
The presence of non-Spanish
Europeans in the Viceroyalties of Peru and Rio de La Plata was, officially, illegal. Though “insiders” and “outsiders” were not explicitly defined in the viceroyalties, Spanish law did differentiate between the two by granting privileges only to those considered members of
659:
were never defined in legislation, but rather conceived of as a natural, general rule. It is a nuanced, personal status directly related to a person's standing within the community. Shaped by the conditions in the colony, the term took on a broader meaning in the
Americas than it had in Spain itself,
887:
administration, the
Generation of 1830 proposed a new, modern Argentina built on economic partnerships with Europe and European immigrants. Sarmiento's “civilization or barbarism” and Alberdi's “civil liberty for all, political liberty for a few” and "to rule is to populate" characterize the society
549:
meaning "four corners." Modern northern and western
Argentina was a part of Kollasuyu. The Inca elite imposed their own institutions on conquered territories, while at the same time incorporating local customs on a case-by-case basis. Because the Argentine portion of Kollasuyu was on the edge of the
1071:
Present day
Argentine citizenship law is derived, in the most part, from the National Constitution. Until recently, in 1994, the document did not contain any definition of citizenship and the related rights; instead, clauses were worded in terms of "residents" and "the people." The 'New Rights and
1053:
which followed Peron were exceptionally repressive, and the systematic targeting of ordinary citizens created a climate of fear and silence that was the opposite of the mass political participation of the Peron era. Still, they too built their governments around concepts of
Argentine identity. The
1121:
The
Argentine Nation admits neither blood nor birth prerogatives: there are neither personal privileges nor titles of nobility. All its inhabitants are equal before the law, and admissible to employment without any other requirement than their ability. Equality is the basis of taxation and public
1098:
All the inhabitants of the Nation have the following rights according to the laws that rule their enforcement; namely: to work and run any legal industry; sell and trade; demand authorities; get in, stay, traverse and go out of the Argentine territory; make ideas public through the press with no
941:
This clause reflects the Generation of 1830s immigration policies. European immigrants, particularly those from developed Northern European countries, were meant to have a civilizing and modernizing effect on Argentine society, and to forge a new Argentine identity based on hard work, merit, and
554:
system of reciprocity. At the same time, Inca statebuilding was based on the threat of violence. This interplay of threat and promise, combined with the ethnic diversity of the conquered groups, created an Inca citizenship that was not ethnic but territorial and administrative, and based on a
1175:
Due to the fact that the citizenship law has existed unchanged since 1869 in its present form, the Supreme Court have issued many precedents on which there is a solution to almost every immigration situation an immigrant might face. Citizenship has been granted to immigrants who lacked legal
896:
No matter how close economic and cultural ties were (or were desired to be) with Europe, political discourse in the mid-nineteenth century up to Peronism after the Second World War made Europeans the counterpoint “other” to Argentine collective identity. Argentina was developing on the same
1131:
This section is a reaction to Spanish colonial rule, under which an individual's legal and practical rights were determined by their blood (both in terms of race and nobility). The stipulation that "equality is the basis of taxation and public burdens" reflects that, in practice, Argentine
1187:
For historic reasons, federal courts are still reluctant to recognize the rights of ¨irregular¨ immigrants, They usually request the following requirements related to the abolished law 21.795 (enacted in 1978 by Dictator Jorge Rafael Videla, was abolished in 1984 and Law 346 re-enacted):
1179:
Recently, the Federal Chamber of Parana established that illegals doesn't exist in Argentina. Illegality is regarding actions that violates the criminal law. The violation of the immigration law is a simple administrative issue that can be healed applying for residency or citizenship.
931:
The Federal Government shall foster European immigration; and may not restrict, limit or burden with any tax whatsoever, the entry into the Argentine territory of foreigners who arrive for the purpose of tilling the soil, improving industries, and introducing and teaching arts and
909:, the new republic's first constitution, does not contain any explicit references to citizenship, though as a product of its framers liberal thought it is very universalist in spirit, speaking of broad, universal rights that apply to all men. This contrasts with the practice of
1031:(motherland) to which one is always, and ultimately, loyal. Later, this Hispanic tradition was replaced by a Latin one in order to incorporate the large Italian immigrant community. Public holidays like the ‘’Día de la Raza’’ and new school textbooks glorified the conquest.
528:
These periods, in which political rights were often denied to both citizens and non-citizens, encouraged the development of resistance movements. This history of resistance and fighting for political rights is deeply imbedded in the modern Argentine notion of citizenship.
577:
The Inca state functioned through a complex system of labour extraction and tribute which consolidated their power over conquered regions. This tribute always took the form of people and their time, and was couched in kinship terms. Censuses were conducted using the
778:
was a relatively small frontier settlement threatened by the indigenous and Portuguese presence in the area, which gave the city's residents an especially acute sense of their Spanishness. To this end, city officials only allowed "natives of the kingdoms of Spain"
950:
Along with changing the demographic makeup of the country by increasing the number of Europeans, the immigration drives of the nineteenth and early twentieth century were meant to populate the Argentine interior which was, to this point, largely undeveloped.
1183:
The continuous 2 years means that you have your home in this country. Foreigners have the same civil rights than Argentines, among others, to travel. It means that the continuity of the 2 years doesn't mean that the solicitant cannot leave the country.
1116:
Argentina extends its civil rights to "all inhabitants" of the Nation, not just those with full citizenship status. (see "section 20" below) This provision was added in 1957, with the state taking responsibility for its inhabitants' well-being.
765:
was a lengthier process requiring more proof of cultural Spanishness, and usually a monetary payment to a Crown office or official. It was considered a personal grant, and therefore a personal relationship with a Crown official was invaluable.
1199:
The DNI is Argentina's Documento Nacional de Identidad, or National Identity Document. It is a small book of personal information that includes a unique number, used to obtain social services, to vote, in renting, opening bank accounts, etc.
654:
was the blanket term for community member in Spain and colonial and independent Spanish America, and is rather more extensive than the modern "citizen", implying ownership of property and respectability. The criteria for being a
671:
meaning "naturaleness" or "nativeness," was a second term for citizenship in Spain and Spanish America. It usually applied to "natives of the kingdoms of Spain," and was more closely linked to the Crown and subjecthood. Like
888:
they envisioned – one of order and progress, in which those qualified to run the state were men of European intellectual tradition. This more elitist approach to governance effectively proposed two tiers of citizenship.
1072:
Guarantees' section added in 1994 was a reaction to authoritarian rule, and clearly regulates Argentine political rights; however, the Constitution still does not contain a definition of citizenship itself.
970:
were driven out or killed to make room for immigrant farmers. The indigenous were considered a problem, and not true Argentines in the new vision, and therefore had no citizenship rights in the first place.
582:, and individual ethnic groups were assigned unique goods and public services to provide as their tax. In return, citizens received immediate rewards (like feasts), as well as the promise that their
1034:
He also encouraged immigrant and minority groups, especially Jews, to participate in public life through labour unions, officially recognized cultural associations and wings of political parties.
791:
By the eighteenth century, Indians were receiving citizenship statuses of their own. Initially classified as members of indigenous communities by birth, this status helped determine their labour (
823:
in Spanish America was a key point of contention in the debates over independence, particularly in the highly-literate city of Buenos Aires. Though they legally belonged to the same kingdom as
599:
was the official spoken language of all governance (the Inca had no written language), and became a symbol of Inca presence through contact with officials and the renaming of local landmarks.
1328:
Morris, Craig. “Inka Strategies of Incorporation and Governance.” In Archaic States, ed. Gary m. Feinman and Joycee Marcus, pp293-309. School of American Research, Santa Fe, New Mexico.
1535:
Castro, Donald S. The Development and Politics of Argentine Immigration Policy 1852-1914: To Govern Is To Populate. San Francisco: Mellen Research University Press, 1991: 80-81.
863:
was declared, giving freedom and citizenship to slaves' children born within the territory. It also states that the Argentine Indians were ruled by the Pampas in the 1800s.)
1218:
Though non-citizens cannot vote in federal elections, some provinces allow non-citizen residents (those with DNIs) to vote in provincial and/or municipal elections:
181:
500:
432:
422:
1622:
1490:
255:
1653:
1521:
550:
empire the communities there had even more local autonomy than elsewhere in the empire, but were still subject to Inca protection and duties through the
525:
Empire) have changed with distinct periods of its history, including but not limited to periods of indigenous, colonial, republican, and military rule.
1081:
The citizens of each province shall be entitled to all rights, privileges, and immunities inherent in the condition of citizen in the other provinces...
302:
136:
1099:
prior censorship; use and dictate about own real estate; entire into associations with meaningful purposes; practice religion freely; teach and learn.
176:
427:
1699:
1679:
1038:
856:
634:
518:
119:
104:
90:
1726:
1756:
1237:- municipal only, with DNI and four years' residence in Catamarca and having registered with the municipal authorities as a foreign voter
1566:
Taylor, Lucy. Citizenship, Participation and Democracy: Changing Dynamics in Chile and Argentina. New York: St Martin’s Press, 1998: 35.
1553:
Senkman, Leonardo. “The Transformation of Collective Identities: Immigrant Communities under the Populist Regimes Vargas and Peron,” in
761:
granted most rights afforded to other members (with some exceptions, including the right to own and operate a business). Obtaining the
221:
493:
387:
41:
1281:
1112:
also includes a provision granting the benefits of social security, "which shall be of an integral nature and may not be waived."
407:
363:
859:
in July 1816, but is the republic's first attempt at a constitution. Though the delegates could not agree on many major points,
1751:
315:
206:
97:
58:
906:
201:
194:
989:(Law of Residence), 1902 - Legalised the expulsion of immigrants who "compromise national security or disturb public order."
1291:
486:
452:
412:
392:
131:
21:
1413:
Herzog, Tamar. “’A Stranger in a Strange Land’: The Conversion of Foreigners into Members in Colonial Latin America,” in
1243:- provincial and municipal, having registered specially with and obtained a voters' card from the provincial authorities
83:
1094:
to uphold provinces' rights, while still maintaining that Argentine citizenship is a national, pan-provincial status.
1255:- municipal intendents and councilpersons only, having registered specially with municipal and provincial authorities
1151:
The valid laws governing citizenship (Ley 346, Ley 23.059, and Decreto 3.213/84) set forth very simple requirements:
872:
457:
283:
1629:
1497:
1462:
Spektorowski, Alberto. “Collective Identity and Democratic Construction: The Cases of Argentina and Uruguay,” in
1271:
835:), and thus felt that they had a unique claim to the land, its administration, and the rights that would follow.
691:
system of racial classification was the foundation of social order, and thus rights, throughout Spanish America.
402:
273:
545:- ruled by ethnic Inca from the Cuzco-Lake Titicaca Basin in what is now central Peru. They called their empire
1276:
1172:(3) do not have an honest way of income. To work without a legal permit is considered an honest way of living.
922:
897:
economically liberal model as European powers (particularly Spain, Britain, and France), but improving on it.
660:
where citizenship and nationality were not concerns for most, and where the racial makeup was more homogenous.
1176:
residency or entered the country illegally, or even to immigrants with criminal records in exceptional cases.
852:
1222:
166:
955:
211:
141:
616:
The Inca resettled conquered peoples for a variety of administrative reasons. Often, the moving of these
876:
754:
555:
reciprocal relationship of rights and duties. Though citizens were ultimately loyal to their particular
884:
293:
288:
216:
171:
161:
154:
30:
1703:
1676:
1252:
1027:
Peron built his new Argentine identity around its Hispanic and creole roots and the concept of the
630:
353:
358:
1723:
1234:
880:
76:
1647:
1515:
1212:
596:
563:), the Inca Empire's formal structures were a clear and unifying presence, even at its edges.
397:
51:
1296:
860:
698:
586:
would be provided protection from enemies and food if, for example, their harvests failed.
476:
1137:
in favor of those so requesting it, alleging and proving services rendered to the Republic.
1730:
1683:
753:
for a license to remain in the viceroyalty, or they could apply to the Crown (through the
679:
was never clearly defined in the law, and took on a broader meaning than in Spain itself.
278:
226:
757:
for naturalization. The former did not grant the foreigner any rights, while the latter
1286:
126:
1745:
1265:
847:
movement, and thus the citizenship laws made in its aftermath primarily affected the
792:
606:
leaders, thus incorporating them into the empire's broader, administrative structure.
327:
246:
1415:
Constructing collective identities and shaping public spheres: Latin American paths.
1384:
Defining Nations: Immigrants and Citizens in Early Modern Spain and Spanish America.
1555:
Constructing collective identities and shaping public spheres: Latin American paths
1477:
Constructing collective identities and shaping public spheres: Latin American paths
1464:
Constructing collective identities and shaping public spheres: Latin American paths
1249:- provincial and municipal, having registered specially with provincial authorities
1228:
775:
694:
954:
These two aims - Europeanization and population of the interior - combined in the
250:
572:
551:
368:
63:
1246:
1203:
New residents are legally required to obtain a DNI within 90 days of arrival.
1004:
298:
1050:
1016:
967:
514:
322:
1090:
In this way, Argentina's federal system uses a version of the principle of
1240:
706:
620:
settlers was purely an expression of power over newly conquered subjects.
602:
Imperial, administrative titles were given to local officials and ethnic/
239:
927:
The Constitution of 1853 did include a clause regarding immigration:
513:
Ideas and practices of nationality and citizenship in the Republic of
1091:
959:
646:
629:
After being colonised by the Spanish, Argentina was made part of the
717:
and were the most esteemed in society and therefore were the ideal
1475:
Waisman, Carlos H. “The Dynamics of National Identity Frames,” in
963:
688:
610:
603:
583:
579:
560:
633:. In 1776 it became part of the new, and ultimately short-lived,
1166:(1) have been in jail for more than 3 year in the last 5 years;
1041:(ISI) also fostered national pride and a sense of independence.
613:. Inclusion on the census made one, officially, an Inca subject.
538:
522:
609:
As mentioned, the Inca conducted detailed censuses using the
1142:
Suffrage shall be universal, equal, secret and compulsory...
740:
were, initially, excluded from citizenship status entirely.
917:
Immigration in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
705:, and the growing group of mixed-race inhabitants (usually
1386:
New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2003, p. 7.
541:
Empire was a conglomeration of conquered ethnic groups -
1677:"Instructivos par documentación" Ministerio del Interior
1157:(2) to have been living in Argentina for 2 years; and
1557:. Portland: Sussex Academic Press, 1998, pp. 123-145.
1479:. Portland: Sussex Academic Press, 1998, pp. 147-167.
1466:. Portland: Sussex Academic Press, 1998, pp. 103-122.
1160:(3) to apply for citizenship before a federal judge.
843:
The Independence movement in Argentina was primarily
1488:Section 25, Constitution of the Argentine Nation,
1700:"Re.Na.Per. | Instructivos de documentación"
1417:Portland: Sussex Academic Press, 1998, pp.45-65.
1037:Peron's initially successful economic policy of
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1211:As mentioned in Section 37, Argentina enforces
1140:
1134:
1132:citizenship flows from both rights and duties.
1119:
1096:
1079:
958:, where the remaining indigenous groups of the
929:
724:were the most common in Buenos Aires, and were
855:, or Assembly of 1813, precursed the official
913:, which is by nature individual and nuanced.
732:too, though with an implicitly lower status.
494:
8:
182:Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata
1319:Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003 (87-88).
1011:Enfranchisement and political participation
501:
487:
15:
799:) duties to the Crown. Still, the terms
709:) all had different citizenship rights.
1724:Dirección Nacional Electoral, Electores
1308:
851:population. ( A notable exception: The
137:United Provinces of the Río de la Plata
29:
18:
1652:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1645:
1620:Constitution of the Argentine Nation,
1520:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1513:
1015:Peron, with the influence of his wife
713:had the full rights and privileges of
177:French blockade of the Río de la Plata
1076:Relevant sections of the Constitution
1039:Import substitution industrialization
857:Argentine Declaration of Independence
7:
1453:Herzog, "Defining Nations," 148-149.
1169:(2) are under criminal prosecution;
1000:Perón and a new collective identity
1426:Herzog, "Defining Nations," 49-50.
839:Independence and the new Republic
831:had been born in the Americas (as
635:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
590:Other expressions of Inca presence
519:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
105:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
91:Governorate of the Río de la Plata
14:
1215:- it is both a right and a duty.
1282:History of the Jews in Argentina
1023:Building the collective identity
625:Colonisation and the Viceroyalty
470:
40:
1444:Herzog, "Defining Nations," 61.
1435:Herzog, "Defining Nations," 50.
1404:Herzog, "Defining Nations," 54.
1195:Documento Nacional de Identidad
807:were never officially applied.
316:National Reorganization Process
256:General Confederation of Labour
207:British investment in Argentina
98:Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires
59:Indigenous peoples in Argentina
1395:Herzog, "Defining Nations," 8.
1045:Guerra Sucia and Military Rule
907:Argentine Constitution of 1853
892:Exclusion in the “New Country”
1:
1292:Welsh settlement in Argentina
1163:And it can be denied if you:
744:Immigration and the foreigner
1049:The military juntas and the
84:Governorate of New Andalusia
1757:Social history of Argentina
1773:
1697:"To reside in Argentina,"
1225:- provincial and municipal
920:
873:Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
644:
570:
284:1963 Argentine Navy revolt
195:Rise of Argentine Republic
1272:Demographics of Argentina
811:Criollo versus Peninsular
517:(and before that, in the
268:Post-WW II (1955 to 1976)
1277:Immigration to Argentina
1154:(1) to be 18 years old;
923:Immigration to Argentina
815:The implicit valuing of
101:(1661-1671), (1759-1788)
1223:Buenos Aires (province)
993:Ley de Seguridad Social
946:Populating the Interior
595:The spoken language of
222:Radical Phase (1916–30)
1752:History of nationality
1144:
1139:
1129:
1106:
1088:
956:Conquest of the Desert
939:
433:Science and technology
333:Guerra de las Malvinas
274:Revolución Libertadora
212:Conquest of the Desert
1315:D'Altroy, Terence N.
877:Juan Bautista Alberdi
853:Asamblea del Año XIII
755:Council of the Indies
1593:Taylor, 35 & 45.
901:Constitution of 1853
477:Argentina portal
294:Argentine Revolution
289:Arturo Umberto Illia
172:Juan Manuel de Rosas
162:Bernardino Rivadavia
1231:(city)- local only
942:economic progress.
883:in response to the
763:carta de naturaleza
759:carta de naturaleza
631:Viceroyalty of Peru
364:December 2001 riots
354:Trial of the Juntas
348:Return to democracy
227:The Infamous Decade
142:Congress of Tucumán
132:War of Independence
1729:2007-10-24 at the
1682:2007-10-22 at the
1364:D'Altroy, 234-235.
1337:D'Altroy, 268/280.
881:Esteban Echeverria
867:Generation of 1830
770:Early Buenos Aires
458:Years in Argentina
77:Colonial Argentina
1575:Senkman, 123-145.
1213:compulsory voting
987:Ley de Residencia
981:Ley de Desembarco
699:Criollo (people)s
559:and communities (
511:
510:
408:Jewish Argentines
336:
217:Generation of '80
202:1853 Constitution
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1496:. Archived from
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1346:D'Altroy, 47-48.
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1297:Asian-Argentines
1127:
1104:
1086:
1058:Social movements
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861:Freedom of Wombs
795:) and taxation (
533:Inca nationality
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1149:
1128:
1126:
1105:
1103:
1087:
1085:
1078:
1069:
1060:
1047:
1025:
1013:
1002:
977:
975:Immigration Law
948:
938:
936:
925:
919:
903:
894:
869:
841:
813:
789:
772:
746:
685:
666:
649:
643:
627:
592:
575:
569:
535:
507:
471:
469:
464:
463:
462:
447:
439:
438:
437:
382:
374:
373:
349:
341:
340:
329:
318:
308:
307:
279:Arturo Frondizi
269:
261:
260:
242:
232:
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197:
187:
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157:
147:
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122:
112:
111:
107:
100:
93:
86:
79:
69:
68:
54:
32:
25:
12:
11:
5:
1770:
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1595:
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1546:
1537:
1528:
1481:
1468:
1455:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1419:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1375:
1373:D'Altroy, 248.
1366:
1357:
1355:D'Altroy, 177.
1348:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1287:Afro Argentine
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
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1012:
1009:
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990:
984:
976:
973:
947:
944:
934:
918:
915:
902:
899:
893:
890:
868:
865:
840:
837:
812:
809:
788:
785:
771:
768:
745:
742:
684:
681:
665:
662:
645:Main article:
642:
639:
626:
623:
622:
621:
614:
607:
600:
591:
588:
571:Main article:
568:
565:
534:
531:
509:
508:
506:
505:
498:
491:
483:
480:
479:
466:
465:
461:
460:
455:
449:
448:
445:
444:
441:
440:
436:
435:
430:
428:Rail transport
425:
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410:
405:
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384:
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185:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
158:
153:
152:
149:
148:
145:
144:
139:
134:
129:
127:May Revolution
123:
118:
117:
114:
113:
110:
109:
102:
95:
88:
80:
75:
74:
71:
70:
67:
66:
61:
55:
50:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
27:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1769:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1717:
1706:on 2007-10-22
1705:
1701:
1694:
1691:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1635:on 2011-11-29
1631:
1624:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1602:Taylor, 50-51
1599:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1503:on 2011-11-29
1499:
1492:
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1423:
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1410:
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1334:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1266:Pre-Columbian
1264:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
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1219:
1216:
1214:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1194:
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1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1123:
1118:
1111:
1110:Section 14bis
1108:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1082:
1075:
1073:
1066:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1010:
1008:
1006:
999:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
978:
974:
972:
969:
966:valleys, and
965:
961:
957:
952:
945:
943:
933:
928:
924:
916:
914:
912:
908:
900:
898:
891:
889:
886:
882:
878:
874:
866:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
838:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
810:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
793:repartimiento
786:
784:
782:
777:
769:
767:
764:
760:
756:
752:
743:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
690:
682:
680:
678:
675:
670:
663:
661:
658:
653:
648:
640:
638:
636:
632:
624:
619:
615:
612:
608:
605:
601:
598:
594:
593:
589:
587:
585:
581:
574:
566:
564:
562:
558:
553:
548:
547:Tiwantinsuyu,
544:
540:
532:
530:
526:
524:
520:
516:
504:
499:
497:
492:
490:
485:
484:
482:
481:
478:
468:
467:
459:
456:
454:
451:
450:
443:
442:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
385:
378:
377:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
359:Raúl Alfonsín
357:
355:
352:
351:
345:
344:
337:
334:
328:Falklands War
326:
324:
321:
320:
317:
312:
311:
304:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
271:
265:
264:
257:
254:
252:
248:
245:
244:
241:
236:
235:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
199:
196:
191:
190:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
167:Confederation
165:
163:
160:
159:
156:
151:
150:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
121:
116:
115:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
81:
78:
73:
72:
65:
62:
60:
57:
56:
53:
52:Pre-Columbian
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
28:
23:
17:
1734:(in Spanish)
1719:
1708:. Retrieved
1704:the original
1693:
1687:(in Spanish)
1672:
1663:
1637:. Retrieved
1630:the original
1598:
1589:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1554:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1505:. Retrieved
1498:the original
1484:
1476:
1471:
1463:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1414:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1383:
1378:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1342:
1333:
1324:
1316:
1311:
1229:Buenos Aires
1217:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1141:
1135:
1130:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1097:
1089:
1080:
1070:
1061:
1051:Guerra Sucia
1048:
1036:
1033:
1029:Madre Patria
1028:
1026:
1014:
1003:
992:
986:
980:
953:
949:
940:
930:
926:
910:
904:
895:
870:
848:
844:
842:
832:
828:
824:
820:
817:peninsulares
816:
814:
804:
800:
796:
790:
780:
776:Buenos Aires
773:
762:
758:
750:
747:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
718:
714:
711:Peninsulares
710:
702:
695:Peninsulares
693:
686:
683:Casta system
676:
673:
668:
667:
656:
651:
650:
628:
617:
576:
556:
546:
542:
536:
527:
512:
417:
332:
120:Independence
1667:Taylor, 65.
1584:Taylor, 44.
1147:Citizenship
1067:Present day
825:naturalezas
787:The Indians
715:naturaleza,
669:Naturaleza,
573:Mita (Inca)
418:Nationality
369:Kirchnerism
108:(1776–1814)
94:(1549-1776)
87:(1534-1542)
64:Inca Empire
31:History of
1746:Categories
1710:2007-10-31
1639:2014-07-14
1507:2014-07-14
1317:The Incas.
1005:Juan Perón
921:See also:
805:naturaleza
677:naturaleza
664:Naturaleza
618:mitmaqkuna
388:Corruption
299:Montoneros
247:Juan Perón
155:Civil Wars
1235:Catamarca
1207:Elections
1017:Eva Peron
968:Patagonia
932:sciences.
781:naturales
774:Colonial
751:audiencia
726:naturales
674:vecindad,
515:Argentina
398:Etymology
323:Dirty War
251:Eva Perón
33:Argentina
1727:Archived
1680:Archived
1648:cite web
1516:cite web
1260:See also
1253:Santa Fe
1241:Misiones
1125:—
1122:burdens.
1102:—
1084:—
935:—
911:vecindad
829:criollos
821:criollos
738:mestizos
722:Criollos
719:vecinos.
707:mestizos
641:Vecindad
521:and the
453:Timeline
446:See also
413:Military
240:Peronism
22:a series
20:Part of
1268:America
1247:Neuquén
871:Led by
849:criollo
845:criollo
833:vecinos
827:, only
797:tributo
730:vecinos
597:Quechua
393:Economy
1092:comity
960:pampas
879:, and
801:vecino
734:Indios
703:Indios
657:vecino
652:Vecino
647:Vecino
584:ayllus
561:ayllus
557:etnías
543:etnías
423:Postal
381:Topics
24:on the
1633:(PDF)
1626:(PDF)
1501:(PDF)
1494:(PDF)
1303:Notes
964:Andes
885:Rosas
819:over
689:Casta
611:quipu
604:ayllu
580:quipu
1654:link
1522:link
905:The
803:and
736:and
728:and
687:The
567:Mita
552:mita
539:Inca
537:The
523:Inca
403:LGBT
301:and
249:and
303:ERP
1748::
1650:}}
1646:{{
1607:^
1518:}}
1514:{{
962:,
875:,
701:,
697:,
1713:.
1658:.
1656:)
1642:.
1526:.
1524:)
1510:.
779:(
502:e
495:t
488:v
335:)
331:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
