1155:(1936–37) overthrew President Tejada in a military coup. Because the officer corps wanted to avoid a civilian investigation of the military's wartime leadership, backing for the coup came from all ranks. The main backers were a group of younger officers who wanted to bring profound change to Bolivia. Toro, the leader of this group, hoped to reform the country from the top down. His program of "military socialism" included social and economic justice and government control over natural resources. He also planned to set up a corporate-style political system to replace the democratic system established in 1825.
1507:
845:
731:. Serious strategic errors, poor intelligence, and logistical problems reaching the distant battle lines contributed to the losses. In addition, the morale of the Bolivian troops was low, and the highland Indian troops could not adapt to the extreme climate in the low-lying Chaco. Despite the high command's decision to end the war, Salamanca was determined to continue at all costs. In 1934, when he traveled to the Chaco to take personal command over the war, Salamanca was arrested by the high command and forced to resign. His vice-president,
249:
1870:, which threatened to destroy an already disrupted economy; the strike was called off only after passionate appeals by the president. To quell the unrest, Zuazo decided to rebuild the armed forces. During his administration, the strength of the armed forces grew due to a new concern for professionalism and training, technical assistance from the United States, and an increase in the size and budget of the military. In addition, the military's role in containing unrest increased its influence within the MNR government.
1431:. Ore content had declined, and the richer veins were depleted, increasing tin production costs; at the same time, tin prices on the international market fell. A disagreement with the United States over tin prices temporarily halted exports and caused a decline in income, further hurting the economy. The agricultural sector lacked capital, and food imports had increased, reaching 19% of total imports in 1950. The land was unequally distributed - 1,000 hectares or more estates held 92% of the cultivable land.
1476:
814:
218:
1733:). On April 9, the MNR launched the rebellion in La Paz by seizing arsenals and distributing arms to civilians. This included a large number of indigenous miners and peasants. Armed miners marched on La Paz and blocked troops on their way to reinforce the city. After three days of fighting, the desertion of Seleme, and the loss of some 600 lives, the army surrendered, and Paz Estenssoro assumed the presidency on April 16, 1952. The 1952 revolution influenced the supporters of Chilean President
1705:
1680:
1120:
1095:
509:
484:
44:
181:. Even as the quality of the ores fell, the U.S. built a smelter that could handle low-grade Bolivian ores and continued to buy Bolivian tin. Following the nationalization of the mines, tin prices fell with the Korean War over, and the U.S. no longer needed tin to support a war effort. Additionally, when the mines were nationalized, the foreign mining engineers and managers left the country, leaving the mines lacking skilled replacements.
1311:(1943–46) became president, and three MNR members, including Paz Estenssoro, joined his cabinet. The MNR ministers resigned, however, when the United States refused to grant its recognition, repeating its charge of ties between the MNR and Nazi Germany. The ministers returned to their posts in 1944 after the party had won a majority in the election and the United States had recognized the government.
95:
688:
669:(1931–34) was elected as a candidate of the Republican and Liberal coalition. Although he was an esteemed economist before taking office, Salamanca was unable to suppress social unrest and to solve the severe economic problems caused by the Great Depression. Criticism of his administration mounted in all sectors of Bolivian society. Initially reluctant to enter into an armed conflict with
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828:
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armistice; a definite settlement was finally reached in 1938. Bolivia lost the Chaco but retained the petroleum fields, which
Paraguay had failed to reach. Both countries suffered heavy losses in the war. Bolivia lost an estimated 65,000 people killed and 35,000 wounded or captured out of a population of just under 3 million.
1178:
time by issuing a decree that would prevent the mining companies from removing capital from the country. None of his policies, however, resulted in significant popular and military support and completely alienated the conservative forces. Frustrated by his inability to bring about change, Busch committed suicide in 1939.
1391:, the party, despite its predominantly middle-class background, repeatedly took the side of the workers and adopted their radical ideology. The MNR also came to support the defense of Indian rights, as violence in the countryside increased when the promises given at the National Indigenous Congress were not fulfilled.
1823:
During the revolution's first years, miners wielded extraordinary influence within the government. This influence was based on miners' decisive role in the fighting of April 1952. In addition, armed militias of miners formed by the government to counterbalance the military had become a powerful force
1371:
and violent armed struggle for the working class. As the labor sector became more radical, the government resorted more and more to oppression, and confrontations increased. The dismissal of 7,000 miners and the brutal suppression of yet another uprising in Catavi in 1949 made any cooperation between
1314:
Villarroel's government emphasized continuity with the reformist regimes of Toro and Busch. Paz
Estenssoro, who served as finance minister, hoped to get popular support with a budget emphasizing social spending over economic development. However, the salary increase for miners did not bring about the
738:
Salamanca's overthrow proved a turning point in the Chaco War. New, more capable
Bolivian officers stopped the Paraguayan troops, who fought closer to Bolivian supply lines. On June 14, 1935, a commission of neutral nations (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru, and the United States) declared an
1892:
as vice presidential candidate. Because most opposition groups abstained, Paz
Estenssoro was reelected with the support of the military and the peasants. Paz Estenssoro had come to rely increasingly on the military, whose role as a peacekeeper had made it a political arbiter. But this support was to
1800:, Comibol) as a semi-autonomous enterprise to run state-owned mines. On October 31, 1952, the government nationalized the three big tin companies, leaving the medium-sized mines untouched and promising compensation. In this process, two-thirds of Bolivia's mining industry was turned over to Comibol.
1335:
Villarroel was overthrown in 1946. He had been unable to organize popular support and faced opposition from conservative groups and increasing political terrorism that included murders of the government's opponents. Rivalry between the MNR and the military in the governing coalition also contributed
1181:
Despite the weakness of the Toro and Busch regimes, their policies had a profound impact on
Bolivia. Reformist decrees raised expectations among the middle class, but when they failed to be implemented, they contributed to the growth of the left. The constitutional convention gave the new forces for
1177:
was promulgated in 1938, stressing the primacy of the common good over private property and favoring government intervention in social and economic relations. It also legalized the Indian communities and included a labor code. In 1939, Busch challenged the interests of the mine owners for the first
722:
President
Salamanca used one of the border incidents to break diplomatic relations with Paraguay and to increase Bolivia's military budget, even though the country had severe economic problems. Convinced that Bolivia's better-equipped, German-trained troops outnumbered the Paraguayan army and could
1858:
fell from 60 to 12,000 to the United States dollar between 1952 and 1956, affecting primarily the urban middle class, which began to support the opposition. The bankrupt economy increased the factionalism within the MNR. Whereas the left wing demanded more government control over the economy, the
1398:
were unsuccessful. Its 1949 coup attempt failed, although, with the support of the workers and some military officers, it gained control of most major cities except La Paz. The MNR's attempt to gain power by legal means in 1951 also failed. In the presidential election of May 1951, the MNR's Paz
1815:
or small parcels of land where individual families or small villages could work. The reforms were also meant to provide farmers with credit with which to buy tools, seed, and any other materials needed to operate their farms. Further, the reforms were intended to include technical assistance to
619:
The rule of the
Republican Party and its President Saavedra initially did not indicate any profound changes in Bolivian politics. The 1920s, however, was a period of political change. During the 1920s, Bolivia faced growing social turmoil. Saavedra legalized the right to strike and introduced
1280:
As the leader of the congressional opposition, the MNR denounced Peñaranda's close cooperation with the United States and was especially critical of his agreement to compensate
Standard Oil for its nationalized holdings. The MNR members of Congress also began an investigation of the
1866:(1956–60), who won the election with 84% of the vote, United States aid reached its highest level. In 1957, the United States subsidized over 30% of Bolivia's budget. Siles Zuazo's stabilization plan seriously damaged the coalition of MNR and COB. The COB called immediately for a
620:
government arbitration in labor disputes. In 1922, he caused a general strike after banning night taxis. The strikers won, taxi services were resumed, and the railroad federation was recognized as representative of railroad workers. Labor unrest, such as the miners' strike in
1336:
to his downfall. In 1946, mobs of students, teachers, and workers seized arms from the arsenal and moved to the presidential palace. They captured and shot
Villarroel and suspended his body from a lamppost in the main square while the army remained aloof in the barracks.
1885:", which called for a restructuring of the tin-mining industry. The plan demanded the end of the workers' control over Comibol operations, the firing of workers, and a reduction in their salaries and benefits; it was strongly opposed by the COB and Lechín's MNR faction.
1211:
The trend toward reform, however, could not be halted, and several new groups gained control of the
Congress during Peñaranda's presidency. Although very different in ideological outlooks, these groups agreed on the need to change the status quo. They included the
627:
The unrest reached new heights of violence after the drastic workforce reduction during the Great Depression. Indian peasants continued to rebel in the countryside. However, they had been disarmed, and their leaders had been executed after participating in the
1438:
through La Paz attracted most sectors of society. The military was severely demoralized, and the high command called unsuccessfully for unity in the armed forces; many officers assigned themselves abroad, charged each other with coup attempts, or deserted.
640:, was Bolivia's most important Indianist. He saw in the Inca past the first successful socialism and the model to solve rural problems. As Indian uprisings continued during the Liberal rule, Siles Reyes promised to improve their situation and organized the
714:
in Paraguay. The Chaco, which Bolivia traditionally regarded as its province, became more significant to Bolivia after it lost its Pacific coastline to Chile in 1879. Bolivia hoped to access the Atlantic Ocean with an oil pipeline across the Chaco to the
746:
was discredited because of its inept civilian and military leadership in the war. Unable to deal with growing criticism, its members blamed the loss of the war on the low potential of the Bolivians and saw the earlier pessimistic assessment in
1268:
workers. It was founded in 1941 by a small group of intellectual dissidents from the middle and upper classes. It represented persons from various political persuasions united by their discontent with the status quo. Among its leaders were
772:
on behalf of the tin-mining entrepreneurs. It criticized Standard Oil Co., which had delivered oil to Paraguay clandestinely through Argentine intermediaries during the war. The Chaco Generation was convinced of the need for social change.
726:
The war raged for the next three years. The Bolivians experienced defeat in all major battles. By the end of 1934, they had been driven back 482 kilometers from their original positions deep in the Chaco to the foothills of the
1304:, Radepa). Radepa was founded in 1934 by Bolivian prisoners of war in Paraguay. It sought mass support, backed military intervention in politics, and hoped to prevent excessive foreign control over Bolivia's natural resources.
1765:, with neither literacy nor property requirements. In the first postrevolutionary elections in 1956, eligible voters increased from approximately 200,000 to nearly 1 million. The government also moved quickly to control the
657:
magnates' political representatives). Siles Reyes's four years of inconsistent rule and unfulfilled promises of radical changes frustrated workers and students. In 1930, he was overthrown when he tried to bypass the
777:, now more radical than during the 1920s, proclaimed the famous slogan "land to the Indians, mines to the state". The military, which came to power in 1936, tried to bring about change with popular support.
1426:
had been reluctant to increase taxes for the upper class and to reduce social spending, resulting in high inflation. The tin industry had stagnated since the Great Depression despite short revivals during
148:. Significant loss of life and territory discredited the traditional ruling classes, while service in the army produced stirrings of political awareness among the indigenous people. Many of the contested
1352:. During this period, members of the Conservative Party tried to stem the growth of the left. Still, they failed because they could not halt the economic decline and control the growing social unrest.
1360:
but also the PIR. He hoped to retain the backing of the Conservative Party forces by not increasing taxes, but he also tried to gain labor support, relying on the PIR to mobilize the workers.
1162:
the holdings of Standard Oil without compensation and called for convening a constitutional congress that would include the traditional parties, new reformist groups, and the labor movement.
1780:
The government then began nationalizing all mines of the three great tin companies. First, it made the export and sale of all minerals a state monopoly to be administered by the state-owned
1182:
the first time a nationwide platform and the possibility of forming alliances. The military socialist regimes also prompted the conservatives to join forces to stem the growth of the left.
719:. Despite mediation attempts by various countries, the increased number of border incidents led the military high commands of Bolivia and Paraguay to prepare for the inevitability of war.
1328:
was created to discuss the problems in the countryside and improve the peasants' situation. However, most of the social legislation, such as abolishing the labor obligation of the
1277:, the son of former President Siles Reyes; and several influential writers. The party's program included nationalizing Bolivia's natural resources and far-reaching social reforms.
1202:(1940–43) was elected president in the spring of 1940. Peñaranda's support came from the traditional parties, the Liberals, and the two wings of the Republicans, who had formed a
1363:
The labor sector did not cooperate with the government, and the PIR became discredited because of its alliance with the conservative forces. In 1946, the workers endorsed the
601:
nearly destroyed the international tin market. This decline was also caused by the decrease in the tin content of ore and the end of new investment in the mines in Bolivia.
578:. Saavedra, President between 1920 and 1925, had the support of the urban middle class, while Salamanca was more conservative. Several minor political parties influenced by
742:
The humiliating disaster of the Chaco War had a profound impact on Bolivia, which saw the conflict as a watershed event in the history of the 20th century. The traditional
1816:
farmers by teaching them to increase the productivity of their farms. However, many of these reforms were never put into place, and as a result, many of the new
616:
aroused national indignation because it gave the United States control over Bolivia's tax collections in return for a private banking loan of US$ 33 million.
1769:, purging many officers associated with past Conservative Party regimes and drastically reducing the forces' size and budget. The government also closed the
248:
166:
123:
1158:
Toro attempted to get civilian support with far-reaching social legislation and nominated a print worker as the first labor secretary in Bolivia. He also
2067:
2062:
764:
After the war, middle-class professionals, writers, and young officers questioned the traditional leadership. This group, which came to be known as the
1213:
1803:
A far-reaching agrarian reform was the final important step taken by the revolutionary government. In January 1953, the government established the
1356:(1947–49), who was elected president in 1947 after the interim rule of a provisional junta, formed a coalition cabinet that included not only the
1757:, for example. But during the first year of Paz Estenssoro's presidency, the radical faction in the party, which had gained strength during the
559:, a Bolivian writer, commented on the change: "Twenty years of privilege for one group ends, and ten years of privilege for another begins."
83:
2195:
2126:
567:
1698:
489:
647:
The social legislation of the Republican governments was weak, however, because neither Saavedra nor Siles Reyes wanted to challenge the
1761:
when the party embraced the workers and their ideology, forced the MNR leaders to act quickly. In July 1952, the government established
612:
to finance major development projects, despite opposition by Bolivian nationalists to the favorable terms for the lender. The so-called
629:
78:
68:
1434:
The social unrest that resulted from this economic decline increased during the last weeks before the 1952 National Revolution when a
1253:
1293:
in 1942. MNR's influence with the miners increased when Paz Estenssoro led the congressional interrogation of government ministers.
1260:, MNR). The first party with widespread support in Bolivian history, the MNR had a membership that included intellectuals and both
1506:
844:
1796:
116:
1403:
ran for vice president, both on a platform of nationalization and land reform. With the support of the POR and the newly formed
636:
in 1899. Now, for the first time, the Indians found support for their cause among the elite. Gustavo Navarro, who took the name
1878:
1412:
1411:, PCB), the MNR won with a clear plurality. The outgoing president persuaded the military to remove the MNR from taking power.
552:
403:
1419:(1951–52). Under Ballivián, the government made a last futile attempt to suppress the growing unrest throughout the country.
1380:
1165:
Toro was unable to secure lasting popular support. A group of more radical officers resented his reluctance to challenge the
1791:
1734:
1308:
1199:
641:
1873:
Conflicts within the MNR increased during Paz Estenssoro's second term of 1960–64. Together with the United States, the
1325:
633:
171:
43:
1889:
1874:
1475:
1233:
813:
217:
109:
23:
732:
348:
1945:
1808:
1726:
1353:
1221:
548:
160:
was founded, and, with this, free access to the Atlantic Ocean through international waters was possible. In 1936,
63:
1375:
The MNR emerged as the dominant opposition group. Although most of its leaders, including Paz Estenssoro, were in
2169:
1840:
1825:
1601:
1582:
1026:
1007:
378:
359:
1804:
1404:
1296:
The MNR had contacts with reformist military officers, who were organized in a secret military lodge named the
575:
1549:
1270:
984:
300:
1786:
556:
1781:
1495:
1416:
1297:
1174:
1170:
833:
659:
540:
237:
673:, he nevertheless led Bolivia into the Chaco war, a move supported by the military and traditional groups.
1315:
consistent backing of the government and only managed to strengthen the ties between the MNR and miners.
2063:""Nacional y Popular": Vínculos y transferencias entre la Revolución boliviana y el ibañismo, 1952-1956"
1525:
1204:
864:
860:
336:
324:
264:
58:
1863:
1832:, COB), which demanded radical change, participation in the government, and benefits for its members.
1561:
1274:
597:
prices started to decline in the 1920s. After peaking in 1929, tin production fell dramatically as the
765:
1882:
1368:
948:
936:
924:
605:
312:
1722:
753:
174:, the emergence of contending ideologies and the demands of new groups convulsed Bolivian politics.
2166:
1766:
1738:
1517:
1261:
855:
613:
259:
1749:
The "reluctant revolutionaries", as some called the leaders of the multiclass MNR, looked more to
1286:
1850:
The country faced severe economic problems as a result of the changes enacted by the government.
1811:
the following August. These reform programs were meant to include breaking up large estates into
1762:
1364:
1191:
1152:
912:
604:
As economic growth slowed, Republican presidents relied on foreign loans. Saavedra (1920–25) and
590:
145:
53:
32:
2122:
1936:
Maria Luise Wagner. "The Republican Party and the Great Depression". In Hudson & Hanratty.
1384:
996:
711:
563:
288:
2076:
1770:
1721:
By the beginning of 1952, the MNR again tried to gain power by force, plotting with General
1454:
792:
748:
666:
598:
571:
196:
1489:
1415:(1949–51), who succeeded the ailing Hertzog in 1949, backed a military junta under General
827:
768:, searched for new ways to deal with the nation's problems. It resented the service of the
231:
1918:, James M. Malloy and Richard S. Thorn, eds, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1971, p. 173.
1481:
1282:
972:
819:
774:
223:
900:
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region. This vast area was largely undeveloped except for some minor oil discoveries by
1867:
1851:
1522:
1195:
960:
716:
153:
99:
2189:
2179:
1855:
637:
609:
2081:
1422:
By 1952, the Bolivian economy had deteriorated even further. The governments of the
2043:
1754:
1435:
1428:
1159:
707:
621:
161:
157:
1859:
right-wing hoped to solve the nation's problems with aid from the United States.
1318:
The Villarroel government also tried for the first time to get the support of the
2007:
Maria Luise Wagner. "The rise of new political groups". In Hudson & Hanratty.
1847:. Peasants were granted land, and their militias were given large arms supplies.
1888:
In 1964, Paz Estenssoro decided to run again for president and accepted General
1400:
1307:
In December 1943, the Radepa-MNR alliance overthrew the Peñaranda regime. Major
1265:
687:
1854:, caused by increased social spending, also hurt the economy. The value of the
152:
region was surrendered to Paraguay. In return, Bolivia was given access to the
1844:
888:
703:
654:
178:
149:
2050:(Second ed.). Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 234.
1983:
Maria Luise Wagner. "Radical military government". In Hudson & Hanratty.
1229:
743:
702:
originated in a long-standing dispute between Bolivia and Paraguay over the
699:
692:
682:
579:
426:
141:
2162:
2148:
Maria Luise Wagner. "The unfinished revolution". In Hudson & Hanratty.
2121:(2nd ed.). Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 234.
547:, one of the most stable periods in the country's history, ended when the
1285:
of striking miners and their families by government troops at one of the
670:
531:
137:
177:
Bolivian tin enjoyed high demand and prices during World War II and the
1399:
Estenssoro, who remained in exile in Argentina, ran for president, and
1320:
1138:
583:
544:
527:
1893:
prove unreliable; the military was already planning to overthrow him.
1348:
The six years preceding the 1952 National Revolution are known as the
735:, who was known to favor peace, was installed as president (1934–36).
1750:
1290:
1240:, PIR) was founded in 1940 by a coalition of radical Marxist groups.
164:'s Bolivian operations were nationalized, and the state-owned firm
1376:
1100:
728:
686:
649:
2178:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1725:, the junta member in control of internal administration and the
170:(YPFB) was created. From the end of the Chaco War until the 1952
2100:
Maria Luise Wagner. "Radical reforms". In Hudson & Hanratty.
1685:
665:
A military junta ruled until March 1931, when Republican leader
502:
1190:
After a few months under the provisional presidency of General
1967:
Maria Luise Wagner. "The Chaco War". In Hudson & Hanratty.
1220:, POR), which had already been formed in 1934, as well as the
594:
1820:
farms were eventually taken over again by rich landowners.
1379:
in Argentina, the party continued to be represented in the
1208:
to stem the growth of the movement toward further reforms.
1113:
662:
provision forbidding reelection by resigning to run again.
562:
Republican Party soon split into two parties - one led by
691:
A machine gun manned by Paraguayan soldiers during the
2119:
A History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present
2048:
A History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present
1777:) and required that officers take an oath to the MNR.
723:
win the war, Salamanca went to war in September 1932.
1824:
in their own right. Miners immediately organized the
1914:
Richard S. Thorn, "The Economic Transformation," In
1643:
1633:
1623:
1611:
1595:
1581:
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1555:
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191:
1843:was created and when peasants were organized into
144:of 1932–1936 marked a turning point in the modern
2061:Avendaño, Octavio; Herníquez, María José (2020).
253:Bolivian territorial losses between 1867 and 1938
1807:, using advisers from Mexico, and decreed the
1228:, FSB), founded in 1937 and patterned on the
185:The Republican Party and the Great Depression
117:
8:
1394:The MNR's attempts to gain power during the
167:Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
1372:the government and the workers impossible.
1332:to their landlords, was never implemented.
781:Prelude to the National Revolution, 1935–52
1505:
1446:
843:
784:
247:
188:
124:
110:
17:
2080:
1916:Beyond the Revolution: Bolivia Since 1952
1835:MNR eventually gained the support of the
1907:
1169:, and they supported a coup by Colonel
31:
20:
2161:Rex A. Hudson and Dennis M. Hanratty.
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1443:The Bolivian National Revolution, 1952
1258:Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario
1214:Trotskyist Revolutionary Workers Party
2096:
2094:
2092:
2033:(1946–52)". In Hudson & Hanratty.
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1642:
1632:
1622:
1618:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1248:The most important opposition to the
1057:
1047:
1043:
1019:
1015:
1005:
989:
977:
965:
953:
941:
929:
917:
905:
893:
881:
877:
869:
551:seized the presidency in a bloodless
446:
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329:
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7:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
642:National Crusade in Favor of Indians
1946:Bolivia: The Uncompleted Revolution
1238:Partido de Izquierda Revolucionaria
1254:Nationalist Revolutionary Movement
624:in 1923, was brutally suppressed.
608:(1926–30) borrowed heavily in the
14:
1367:, in which the miners called for
1198:during the Busch regime, General
2173:
1703:
1678:
1488:
1474:
1186:The rise of new political groups
1118:
1093:
826:
812:
589:During the Republican rule, the
507:
482:
230:
216:
93:
42:
2082:10.4067/S0717-71942020000200337
1881:, Paz Estenssoro endorsed the "
1879:Inter-American Development Bank
1413:Mamerto Urriolagoitia Harriague
1790:, Bamin). Then, it set up the
1:
1797:Corporación Minera de Bolivia
1792:Mining Corporation of Bolivia
1218:Partido Obrero Revolucionario
593:underwent a profound change.
2196:History of Bolivia by period
1409:Partido Comunista de Bolivia
1326:National Indigenous Congress
1273:, a professor of economics;
1226:Falange Socialista Boliviana
172:Bolivian National Revolution
1875:Federal Republic of Germany
1841:Ministry of Peasant Affairs
1625:• National Revolution
1234:Leftist Revolutionary Party
1147:Radical military government
568:Republican Socialist Party
2212:
1805:Agrarian Reform Commission
1354:Enrique Hertzog Garaizabal
1309:Gualberto Villarroel López
1222:Bolivian Socialist Falange
1200:Enrique Peñaranda Castillo
680:
2170:Federal Research Division
2029:Maria Luise Wagner. "The
1862:During the presidency of
1826:Bolivian Labor Federation
1737:who saw it as a model of
1657:
1653:
1619:
1607:
1591:
1577:
1539:
1504:
1470:
1465:
1151:On May 17, 1936, Colonel
1072:
1068:
1044:
1032:
1016:
1002:
878:
842:
808:
803:
677:The Chaco War (1932-1935)
461:
457:
404:1920 Bolivian coup d'état
396:
384:
368:
354:
278:
246:
212:
207:
2163:Bolivia: a country study
1830:Central Obrera Boliviana
1405:Bolivian Communist Party
733:José Luis Tejada Sorzano
576:Genuine Republican Party
349:José Luis Tejada Sorzano
1787:Banco Minero de Bolivia
1735:Carlos Ibáñez del Campo
557:Fernando Díez de Medina
2117:Meade, Teresa (2016).
1890:René Barrientos Ortuño
1782:Mining Bank of Bolivia
1645:• Disestablished
1458:
1060:• Disestablished
796:
695:
586:thought also emerged.
574:, who established the
449:• Disestablished
439:• Chaco War ends
200:
1573:Víctor Paz Estenssoro
1550:Víctor Paz Estenssoro
1526:presidential republic
1271:Víctor Paz Estenssoro
1173:(1937–39) in 1937. A
985:Mamerto Urriolagoitía
865:military dictatorship
861:Presidential republic
690:
337:Daniel Salamanca Urey
325:Carlos Blanco Galindo
301:Felipe Segundo Guzmán
265:Presidential republic
59:Pre-Columbian Bolivia
1459:República de Bolivia
1417:Hugo Ballivián Rojas
1369:permanent revolution
1171:Germán Busch Becerra
937:Gualberto Villarroel
797:República de Bolivia
606:Hernando Siles Reyes
313:Hernando Siles Reyes
201:República de Bolivia
136:Bolivia's defeat by
2167:Library of Congress
1809:Agrarian Reform Law
1635:• Established
1511:Location of Bolivia
1451:Republic of Bolivia
1381:Chamber of Deputies
1050:• Established
849:Location of Bolivia
789:Republic of Bolivia
570:and another led by
553:coup d'état in 1920
415:• Established
193:Republic of Bolivia
1864:Hernán Siles Zuazo
1763:universal suffrage
1562:Hernán Siles Zuazo
1365:Thesis of Pulacayo
1298:Fatherland's Cause
1275:Hernán Siles Zuazo
1192:Carlos Quintanilla
1153:David Toro Ruilova
913:Carlos Quintanilla
710:in Bolivia and by
696:
634:Conservative Party
146:history of Bolivia
100:Bolivia portal
2172:(December 1989).
2128:978-1-118-77248-5
1739:national populism
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1691:
1690:
1597:• 1952-1964
1569:• 1960-1964
1557:• 1956-1960
1545:• 1952-1956
1144:
1143:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1106:
1105:
1022:• 1936-1952
992:• 1951-1952
980:• 1949-1951
968:• 1947-1949
956:• 1946-1947
932:• 1943-1946
925:Enrique Peñaranda
920:• 1940-1943
908:• 1939-1940
896:• 1937-1939
884:• 1936-1937
712:Royal Dutch Shell
564:Bautista Saavedra
537:
536:
519:
518:
515:
514:
495:
494:
374:• 1920-1936
344:• 1934-1936
332:• 1931-1934
320:• 1930-1931
308:• 1926-1930
296:• 1925-1926
289:Bautista Saavedra
284:• 1920-1925
134:
133:
2203:
2177:
2176:
2149:
2146:
2133:
2132:
2114:
2101:
2098:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2040:
2034:
2027:
2008:
2005:
1984:
1981:
1968:
1965:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1919:
1912:
1771:Military Academy
1731:Policía Nacional
1707:
1706:
1695:
1694:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1659:
1658:
1509:
1492:
1478:
1447:
1175:new constitution
1122:
1121:
1110:
1109:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1074:
1073:
847:
830:
816:
785:
766:Chaco Generation
751:'s famous novel
749:Alcides Arguedas
667:Daniel Salamanca
599:Great Depression
591:Bolivian economy
572:Daniel Salamanca
543:'s long rule of
511:
510:
499:
498:
486:
485:
479:
478:
463:
462:
433:9 September 1932
251:
234:
220:
189:
126:
119:
112:
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46:
36:
18:
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2115:
2104:
2099:
2090:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2028:
2011:
2006:
1987:
1982:
1971:
1966:
1951:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1922:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1883:Triangular Plan
1775:Colegio Militar
1747:
1745:Radical reforms
1727:National Police
1704:
1679:
1649:4 November 1964
1646:
1636:
1626:
1598:
1570:
1558:
1546:
1512:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1461:
1452:
1445:
1346:
1324:. In 1945, the
1302:Razón de Patria
1283:Catavi Massacre
1246:
1244:The rise of MNR
1230:Spanish Falange
1194:(1939–40), the
1188:
1149:
1119:
1094:
1061:
1051:
1023:
993:
981:
973:Enrique Hertzog
969:
957:
945:
933:
921:
909:
897:
885:
850:
838:
837:
836:
831:
823:
822:
817:
799:
790:
783:
775:Gustavo Navarro
685:
679:
530:
508:
483:
450:
440:
430:
416:
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375:
345:
333:
321:
309:
297:
285:
254:
242:
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194:
187:
130:
94:
92:
34:
27:
12:
11:
5:
2209:
2207:
2199:
2198:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2134:
2127:
2102:
2088:
2075:(2): 337–374.
2071:(in Spanish).
2053:
2035:
2009:
1985:
1969:
1949:
1938:
1920:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1868:general strike
1852:High inflation
1746:
1743:
1723:Antonio Seleme
1717:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1692:
1689:
1688:
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1671:
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1627:
1624:
1621:
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1613:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1583:Vice President
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1523:Dominant-party
1520:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1345:
1338:
1252:came from the
1245:
1242:
1196:chief of staff
1187:
1184:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1107:
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1059:
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1038:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1008:Vice President
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
997:Hugo Ballivián
994:
991:
988:
987:
982:
979:
976:
975:
970:
967:
964:
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958:
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951:
949:Néstor Guillén
946:
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800:
791:
788:
782:
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754:Pueblo Enfermo
717:Paraguay River
681:Main article:
678:
675:
660:constitutional
535:
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360:Vice President
356:
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154:Paraguay River
132:
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106:
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48:
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39:
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29:
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21:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2208:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2181:
2180:public domain
2171:
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2159:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2141:
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2135:
2130:
2124:
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2103:
2097:
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2093:
2089:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2044:Meade, Teresa
2039:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1933:
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1929:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1869:
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1857:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1833:
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1793:
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1760:
1756:
1752:
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1661:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1639:11 April 1952
1638:
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1614:
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1606:
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1600:
1586:
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1576:
1572:
1563:
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1524:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1508:
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1456:
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1437:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1387:. During the
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1333:
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1322:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1303:
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1284:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
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1243:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1135:Today part of
1133:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1064:11 April 1952
1063:
1053:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1011:
1009:
1001:
998:
995:
986:
983:
974:
971:
962:
959:
950:
947:
938:
935:
926:
923:
914:
911:
902:
899:
890:
887:
873:
866:
862:
859:
857:
853:
846:
841:
835:
829:
821:
815:
807:
802:
798:
794:
786:
780:
778:
776:
771:
767:
762:
761:) confirmed.
760:
759:A Sick People
756:
755:
750:
745:
740:
736:
734:
730:
724:
720:
718:
713:
709:
705:
701:
694:
689:
684:
676:
674:
672:
668:
663:
661:
656:
652:
651:
645:
643:
639:
638:Tristan Marof
635:
631:
625:
623:
617:
615:
614:Nicolaus loan
611:
610:United States
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
541:Liberal Party
533:
529:
526:
524:Today part of
522:
506:
504:
501:
500:
497:
491:
488:
481:
480:
477:
476:
473:
470:
468:
465:
464:
460:
456:
452:
442:
432:
428:
418:
408:
405:
391:
387:
383:
380:
377:
363:
361:
353:
350:
347:
338:
335:
326:
323:
314:
311:
302:
299:
290:
287:
273:
266:
263:
261:
257:
250:
245:
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233:
225:
219:
211:
206:
202:
198:
190:
184:
182:
180:
175:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
127:
122:
120:
115:
113:
108:
107:
105:
104:
101:
91:
90:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
60:
57:
55:
52:
51:
50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
30:
25:
19:
16:
2118:
2072:
2066:
2056:
2047:
2038:
2030:
1941:
1915:
1910:
1887:
1872:
1861:
1849:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1802:
1795:
1785:
1779:
1774:
1767:armed forces
1758:
1755:Soviet Union
1753:than to the
1748:
1741:to follow.
1730:
1720:
1668:Succeeded by
1667:
1662:
1629:9 April 1952
1496:Coat of arms
1436:hunger march
1433:
1429:World War II
1423:
1421:
1408:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1374:
1362:
1358:concordancia
1357:
1349:
1347:
1341:
1334:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1287:Patiño mines
1279:
1262:white-collar
1257:
1250:concordancia
1249:
1247:
1237:
1225:
1217:
1210:
1205:concordancia
1203:
1189:
1180:
1166:
1164:
1160:nationalized
1157:
1150:
1083:Succeeded by
1082:
1077:
944:• 1946
901:Germán Busch
834:Coat of arms
769:
763:
758:
752:
741:
737:
725:
721:
708:Standard Oil
697:
664:
648:
646:
626:
618:
603:
588:
561:
538:
472:Succeeded by
471:
466:
443:12 June 1935
419:13 July 1920
409:12 July 1920
238:Coat of arms
176:
165:
162:Standard Oil
158:Puerto Busch
135:
84:1982–present
73:
15:
2156:Works cited
1663:Preceded by
1401:Siles Zuazo
1266:blue-collar
1078:Preceded by
1054:17 May 1936
961:Tomás Monje
549:Republicans
467:Preceded by
453:17 May 1936
33:History of
1897:References
1877:, and the
1845:syndicates
1837:campesinos
1818:minifundio
1813:minifundio
1518:Government
1330:campesinos
1321:campesinos
889:David Toro
856:Government
704:Gran Chaco
655:tin mining
260:Government
179:Korean War
150:Gran Chaco
1839:when the
1532:President
1466:1952–1964
1344:, 1946–52
871:President
804:1936–1952
744:oligarchy
700:Chaco War
693:Chaco War
683:Chaco War
630:overthrow
580:socialist
566:with his
427:Chaco War
271:President
208:1920–1936
142:Chaco War
79:1964–1982
74:1920–1964
69:1809–1920
64:1532–1809
2190:Category
2068:Historia
2046:(2016).
1383:and the
863:under a
671:Paraguay
532:Paraguay
138:Paraguay
54:Overview
24:a series
22:Part of
2031:sexenio
1759:sexenio
1699:Bolivia
1686:Bolivia
1612:History
1455:Spanish
1424:sexenio
1396:sexenio
1389:sexenio
1350:sexenio
1342:sexenio
1139:Bolivia
1114:Bolivia
1101:Bolivia
1037:History
793:Spanish
632:of the
584:Marxist
545:Bolivia
528:Bolivia
503:Bolivia
490:Bolivia
429:begins
425:•
402:•
389:History
197:Spanish
140:in the
35:Bolivia
2125:
1751:Mexico
1615:
1587:
1535:
1385:Senate
1291:Catavi
1232:. The
1040:
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156:where
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1902:Notes
1377:exile
1167:rosca
770:rosca
729:Andes
650:rosca
622:Uncia
2123:ISBN
1856:peso
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1482:Flag
1340:The
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2077:doi
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