Military dictatorship in Brazil

1982: 2370: 1781: 2180: 1682: 95: 2031:, the "Brazilian death toll from government torture, assassination and 'disappearances' for 1964–81 was 333, which included 67 killed in the Araguaia guerrilla front in 1972–74". According to the Brazilian Army, 97 military and civilians were killed by terrorist and guerrilla actions made by leftist groups during the same period. In a 2014 report by Brazil's National Truth Commission, which documented the human rights abuses of the military government, it was noted that the United States "had spent years teaching the torture techniques to the Brazilian military during that period". 947:, being systematized by the so-called "National Security Doctrine", which was used to justify the military's actions as operating in the interest of national security in a time of crisis, creating an intellectual basis upon which other military regimes relied. In 2014, nearly 30 years after the regime collapsed, the Brazilian military recognized for the first time the excesses committed by its agents during the dictatorship, including the torture and murder of political dissidents. In May 2018, the United States government released a memorandum, written by 2249:" process that had begun in 1974. The Amnesty Law, signed by Figueiredo on 28 August 1979, amnestied those convicted of "political" or "related" crimes between 1961 and 1978. In the early 1980s, the military regime could no longer effectively maintain the two-party system established in 1966. The Figueiredo administration dissolved the government-controlled ARENA and allowed new parties to be formed. The president was often incapacitated by illness and took two prolonged leaves for health treatment in 1981 and 1983, but the civilian vice president 80: 167: 751: 726: 1633:

situation. Military hard-liners wanted a complete purge of left-wing and populist influences while civilian politicians obstructed Castelo Branco's reforms. The latter accused him of hard-line actions to achieve his objectives, and the former accused him of leniency. On 27 October 1965, after victory of opposition candidates in two state elections, he signed the Second Institutional act which purged Congress, removed objectionable state governors and expanded president's arbitrary powers at the expense of the legislative and

1362: 1923: 955:), confirming that the leadership of the Brazilian military regime was fully aware of the killing of dissidents. It is estimated that 434 people were either confirmed killed or went missing and 20,000 people were tortured during the military dictatorship in Brazil. While some human rights activists and others assert that the true figure could be much higher, and should include thousands of indigenous people who died because of the regime's negligence, the armed forces have always disputed this. 1557: 1840: 2055:. There had been intense behind-the-scenes maneuvering by the hard-liners against him, but also by the more moderate supporters of Castelo Branco in his support. Geisel's older brother, Orlando Geisel, was the Minister of Army, and his close ally, general João Batista Figueiredo, was chief of Médici's military staff. Once in power, Geisel adopted a more moderate stance with regard to political opposition than his predecessor Médici. 2133: 1575: 1521: 1539: 2301: 1010: 2469: 969: 1593: 3626: 1479:...the big press and other institutions made a strong discursive dam in favor of the fall of Goulart, in which they mobilized to exhaustion the theme of red danger (communists) to increase the climate of panic. What is certain is that on leaving the HQs the Armed Forces unbalanced the situation and promoted the overthrow of Goulart, so their role was essential in the coup. 1262:, who based his electoral campaign on criticizing Kubitschek and government corruption. Quadros' campaign symbol was a broom, with which he would "sweep away the corruption". In his brief tenure as president, Quadros made moves to resume relations with Socialist countries and approved controversial laws, but without legislative support, he could not follow his agenda. 2354: 1902:

surpass censorship barriers through unconventional ways. Musicians would rely on word play to publish songs with veiled criticisms towards the government while famous newspapers would fill in empty spaces left blank due to censored articles with random cake recipes, a way to indicate to the population that the content had been censored by the government.

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government borrowed billions of dollars to see Brazil through the oil crisis. This strategy was effective in promoting growth, but it also raised Brazil's import requirements markedly, increasing the already large current-account deficit. The current account was financed by running up the foreign debt. The expectation was that the combined effects of

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pretext, an inter-ministerial system was created by Itamaraty and the Ministry of Planning, whose function was to select and coordinate international cooperation projects. To foster these innovations, in 1972 foreign minister Gibson Barboza visited Senegal, Togo, Ghana, Dahomey, Gabon, Zaïre, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Côte d'Ivoire.

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and the military intervention aimed at defending democracy against totalitarianism (I reiterate that I consider such arguments unfounded). If so, what justification, then, for having installed a dictatorship and ending up in power for two decades? Why did they not hand over power to civilians after the "threat" had been defeated?

1277: 2281:. The opposition vigorously struggled for passing a constitutional amendment that would allow direct popular presidential elections in November 1984, but the proposal failed to win passage in Congress. The opposition candidate Tancredo Neves succeeded Figueiredo when Congress held an election for the new president. 1238:, Júlio de Mesquita Filho), the Church, landowners, businessmen, and the middle class called for a coup d'état by the Armed Forces to remove the government. The old "hard-line" army officers, seeing a chance to impose their economic program, convinced the loyalists that Goulart was a Communist menace. 2263:

However, the political developments were overshadowed by increasing economic problems. As inflation and unemployment soared, the foreign debt reached massive proportions making Brazil the world's biggest debtor, owing about US$ 90 billion to international lenders. The austerity program imposed by the

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If the political regime established in 1964 was popular and had the majority support of the population, why the hell did it need authoritarian mechanisms to stay in power?". And he adds: "Let us consider for a moment, just to construct hypothetical reasoning, that there was a serious communist threat

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The presence of J.A. de Araújo Castro as ambassador to Washington contributed to the re-definition of relations with the American government. The strategic move was to try to expand the negotiation agenda by paying special attention to the diversification of trade relations, the beginning of nuclear

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Fending off nationalist objections, he opened Brazil to oil prospecting by foreign firms for the first time since the early 1950s. Geisel also tried to reduce Brazil's reliance on oil by signing a US$ 10 billion agreement with West Germany to build eight nuclear reactors in Brazil. During this time,

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was created in 2011 attempting to help the nation face its past and honor those who fought for democracy, and to compensate the family members of those killed or disappeared. Its work was concluded in 2014. It reported that under military regime at least 191 people were killed and 243 "disappeared".

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Despite the regime's efforts to censor any and all pieces of media that could hurt the government, the population found ways to get around it as much as possible. Even though artists and journalists needed permission from the counsel to publish any piece of communication, they sometimes were able to

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João Goulart's fall worried many citizens. Many students, Marxists, and workers formed groups that opposed military rule. A minority of these adopted direct armed struggle, while most supported political solutions to reverse the mass suspension of human rights in the country. In the first few months

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The Brazilian Army could not find an acceptable civilian politician to all of the factions that supported the ouster of João Goulart. On 9 April 1964, coup leaders published the First Institutional Act, which greatly limited the civil liberties of the 1946 constitution. The act granted the president

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This new emphasis of Brazil's international policy was followed by an appraisal of relations maintained with the United States in the previous years. It was observed that the attempted strengthening of ties had yielded limited benefits. A revision of the Brazilian ideological stand within the world

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of the international system. Interest in expanding state presence in the economy was accompanied by policies intended to transform Brazil's profile abroad. The relationship with the United States was still valued, but policy alignment was no longer total. Connections between Brazilian international

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elections, and the MDB won more votes than ever. When the opposition MDB party won more seats in the 1976 Congress elections, Geisel used the powers granted to him by AI-5 to dismiss Congress in April 1977, and introduced a new set of laws (April Package), that made gubernatorial elections indirect

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The armed forces' officer corps was divided between those who believed that they should confine themselves to their barracks, and the hard-liners who regarded politicians as willing to turn Brazil to Communism. The victory of the hard-liners dragged Brazil into what political scientist Juan J. Linz

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This new Brazilian stance served as a base for the revival of its relationship with the United States. Differentiation from other Latin American countries was sought, to mean special treatment from the United States. Nevertheless, not only was this expectation not fulfilled but military assistance

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A hardliner, Médici sponsored the greatest human rights abuses of the regime. During his government, persecution and torture of dissidents, harassment against journalists and press censorship became ubiquitous. The succession of kidnappings of foreign ambassadors in Brazil embarrassed the military

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Castelo Branco had intentions of overseeing a radical reform of the political-economic system and then returning power to elected officials. He refused to remain in power beyond the remainder of Goulart's term or to institutionalize the military in power. However, competing demands radicalized the

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provided the ideology that the authoritarians used to justify their hold on power. Washington also preached liberal democracy, which forced the authoritarians to assume the contradictory position of defending democracy, while destroying it. Their concern for appearances caused them to abstain from

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New demands and intentions appeared, related to the idea that the nation was strengthening its bargaining power in the world system. At international forums, its main demand became "collective economic security". The endeavor to lead Third World countries made Brazil value multilateral diplomacy.

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Brazil shifted its foreign policy to meet its economic needs. "Responsible pragmatism" replaced strict alignment with the United States and a worldview based on ideological frontiers and blocs of nations. Because Brazil was 80% dependent on imported oil, Geisel shifted the country from uncritical

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Despite the dictatorship's fall, no individual has been punished for the human rights violations, due to the 1979 Amnesty Law written by the members of the government who stayed in place during the transition to democracy. The law granted amnesty and impunity to any government official or citizen

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During this period, Brazil began to devote more attention to less-developed countries. Technical cooperation programs were initiated in Latin America and in Africa, accompanied in some cases by state company investment projects – in particular in the fields of energy and communication. With this

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in 1971 was followed by internal modernization. New departments were created, responding to the diversification of the international agenda and the increasing importance of economic diplomacy. Examples include the creation of a trade promotion system (1973) and the Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation

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The Higher Counsel of Censorship was overseen by the Ministry of Justice, which was in charge of analyzing and revising decisions put forward by the director of the Federal Police department. The ministry was also responsible for establishing guidelines and norms to implement censorship at local

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has been named the "patron of torturers" in Brazil. Advisors from the United States and United Kingdom trained Brazilian forces in interrogation and torture. To extinguish its left-wing opponents, the dictatorship used arbitrary arrests, imprisonment without trials, kidnapping, and most of all,

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After the military coup, the new government put forward a series of measures to strengthen its rule and weaken the opposition. The complex structure of the state's repression reached several areas of Brazilian society, and involved the implementation of measures of censorship, persecutions, and

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Brazil suffered drastic reductions in its terms of trade as a result of the oil crisis. In the early 1970s, the performance of the export sector was undermined by an overvalued currency. With the trade balance under pressure, the oil shock led to a sharply higher import bill. Thus, the Geisel

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fought terrorism in the region. The second one criticized the distension process between the two superpowers, condemning the effects of American and Soviet power politics. The third requested support for development, considering that Brazil, with all its economic potential, deserved greater

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When the 1964 coup occurred, the most influential authorities of the Catholic Church in Brazil supported military intervention in politics, believing that the government of the deposed president, João Goulart (PTB), was a threat to the current social order because of its alleged reformist

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and João Goulart from taking office due to their supposed support for Communism. While Kubitschek proved to be friendly to capitalist institutions, Goulart promised far-reaching reforms, expropriated business interests, and promoted economical-political neutrality with the United States.

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However, the prospect of economic interests and the establishment of cooperation programs with these countries was not followed by a revision of the Brazilian position on the colonial issue. Traditional loyalty was still with Portugal. Attempts were made to consolidate the creation of a

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As early as 1964, the military government was already using the various forms of torture it devised systematically not only to gain information it used to crush opposition groups, but also to intimidate and silence any further potential opponents. This radically increased after 1968.

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The mainstream media, initially cooperating with the military intervention on the eve of the coup, later opposed the government and thus fell under heavy censorship. The management of all sectors of the country's communication was overseen by the Special Counsel of Public Relations

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called "an authoritarian situation". However, because the hard-liners could not ignore the counterweight opinions of their colleagues or resistance IN society, they were unable to institutionalize their agenda politically. In addition, they did not attempt to eliminate liberal

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Washington remained aloof at the time of President Médici's visit to the United States in 1971. In response, especially in the military and diplomatic spheres, nationalist ideas were kindled and raised questions about the alignment policy with the United States.

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Amendment limited American military assistance to countries with human rights violations. Brazilian right-wingers and military viewed this as an incursion on Brazilian sovereignty and Geisel renounced any future military aid from the United States in April 1977.

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later admitted that the embassy had given money to anti-Goulart candidates in the 1962 municipal elections, and had encouraged the plotters; many extra U.S. military and intelligence personnel were operating in four U.S. Navy oil tankers and the aircraft carrier

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Through the Institutional Acts, Castelo Branco gave the executive the unchecked ability to change the constitution and remove anyone from office as well as to have the president elected by Congress. A two-party system was created: the ruling government-backed

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Geisel sought to maintain the high economic growth rates of the Brazilian Miracle which were tied to maintaining the prestige of the regime, even while seeking to deal with the effects of the 1973 oil crisis. Geisel removed the long-time Minister of Finance

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By the end of his presidency Geisel had allowed exiled citizens to return, restored habeas corpus, repealed the extraordinary powers, ended the Fifth Institutional Act in December 1978, and imposed general João Figueiredo as his successor in March 1979.

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of 1964–80. Each of these structural changes forced a realignment in society and caused a period of political crisis. A period of right-wing military dictatorship marked the transition between the populist era and the current period of democratization.

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that gave the president dictatorial powers, dissolved Congress and state legislatures, suspended the constitution, and imposed censorship. On 31 August 1969 Costa e Silva suffered a stroke. Instead of his vice president, all state power was assumed by

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and the Amazon. The results of his economic policy consolidated the option for the national-development model. Because of these results, the country's foreign economic connections were transformed, allowing its international presence to be broadened.

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In this context, it became possible to think of substituting the concept of limited sovereignty for full sovereignty. Development was made a priority for Brazilian diplomacy. These conceptual transformations were supported by the younger segments of

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In November 1970 federal, state, and municipal elections were held. Most of the seats were won by ARENA candidates. In 1973, an electoral college system was established and in January 1974 general Ernesto Geisel was elected to be the next president.

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Brazil's intention to build nuclear reactors with West Germany's help created tensions with the U.S. which did not want to see a nuclear Brazil. After the election of Jimmy Carter as president, a greater emphasis was put on human rights. The new

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the authority to remove elected officials, dismiss civil servants, and revoke for 10 years the political rights of those found guilty of subversion or misuse of public funds. On 11 April 1964, Congress elected the Army Chief of Staff, marshal

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President João Figueiredo steered the country back to democracy and promoted the transfer of power to civilian rule, facing opposition from hardliners in the military. Figueiredo was an army general and former head of the secret service, the

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Goulart had low parliamentarian support, due to the fact that his centrist attempts to win support from both sides of the spectrum gradually came to alienate both. Over time, the president was forced to shift to the left of his mentor

6694: 2160:. He maintained massive state investments in infrastructure—highways, telecommunications, hydroelectric dams, mineral extraction, factories, and nuclear energy. All this required more international borrowing and increased state debt. 1953:

The military government murdered hundreds of others, although this was done mostly in secret and the cause of death often falsely reported as accidental. The government occasionally dismembered and hid the bodies. French general

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went down to US$ 40 a month, and the more than one-third of Brazilian workforce which had their wages tied to it lost about 50% of its purchasing power in relation to the 1960 levels of the Juscelino Kubitschek administration.

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levels. Institutionalized censorship affected all areas of communication in Brazilian society: newspaper, television, music, theater, and all industries related to mass communication activities, including marketing companies.

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Although not immediately understood by civilians, Ernesto Geisel's accession signaled a move toward a less oppressive rule. He replaced several regional commanders with trusted officers and labeled his political programs

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Washington immediately recognized the new government in 1964, and hailed the coup as one of the "democratic forces" that had allegedly staved off the hand of international communism. American mass media outlets such as

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With Quadros' resignation, the high ranking military ministers tried to prevent Goulart, who was on a trip to China, from assuming the presidency, accusing him of being a Communist. The military's actions triggered the

2260:(43.22% of the vote), while the opposition Brazilian Democratic Movement Party received 42.96% of votes. The governorship of three major states, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Minas Gerais, was won by the opposition. 2089:, Geisel devised a plan of gradual, slow democratization that would eventually succeed despite threats and opposition from the hard-liners. However, the torture of the regime's left-wing and Communist opponents by 1423:, the military dictatorship established in Brazil, the fifth most populous nation in the world, "played a crucial role in pushing the rest of South America into the pro-Washington, anticommunist group of nations." 6701: 1815:, the U.S. ambassador to Brazil. The resistance fighters demanded the release of imprisoned dissidents who were being tortured in exchange for Elbrick. The government responded by adopting more brutal measures of 2401:(UNCTAD) in 1968, in defense of non-discriminatory and preferential treatment for underdeveloped countries' manufactured goods, was noteworthy. The same level of concern distinguished the Brazilian stand at the 6680: 2444:

in the years 1968–69. Brazil tried to strengthen its position with nuclear cooperation negotiated settlements with countries such as Israel (1966), France (1967), India (1968) and the United States (1972).

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Foreign policy during the Gibson Barboza mandate (1969–74) united three basic positions. The first one, ideological, defended the existence of military governments in Latin America. To achieve that, the

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accused of political crimes during the dictatorship. Because of a certain "cultural amnesia" in Brazil, the victims have never garnered much sympathy, respect, or acknowledgement of their suffering.

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During this period Brazil's international agenda incorporated new perceptions. With nationalist military — who were state-control devotees — in power, there was increased energy for questioning the

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In 1977 and 1978 the presidential succession issue caused further political confrontation with the hard-liners. In October 1977 Geisel suddenly dismissed the far-right Minister of the Army, general

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The total number of deaths probably measures in the hundreds, not reaching but could be nearing one thousand, while more than 50,000 people were detained and 10,000 forced to go into exile.

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While other dictatorships in the region at the time killed more people, Brazil saw the widespread use of torture, as it also had during the Estado Novo of Getúlio Vargas. Vargas's enforcer

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of enterprises in various economic sectors. The reforms were considered Communist and Goulart sought to implement them regardless of assent from established institutions such as Congress.

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Essentially, this was the epic of the rise and fall of Brazilian populism from 1930 to 1964: Brazil witnessed over the course of this time period the change from export-orientation of the

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In 1981 Congress enacted a law on the restoration of direct elections of state governors. The general election of 1982 brought a narrow victory to ARENA's successor, pro-government

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Castelo Branco was succeeded to the presidency by general Artur da Costa e Silva who was a representative of the hard-line elements of the regime. On 13 December 1968 he signed the

3827: 2078:(decompression), meaning a gradual relaxation of authoritarian rule. It would be, in his words, "the maximum of development possible with the minimum of indispensable security". 1823:, a guerrilla leader, two months after Elbrick's kidnapping. This marked the beginning of the decline of armed opposition. In 1970, Nobuo Okuchi, the Japanese consul general in 1147:. Vargas' dictatorship and the presidencies of his democratic successors marked different stages of Brazilian populism (1930–1964), an era of economic nationalism, state-guided 1880: 815: 6048: 2717: 936:

was held, this time to indirectly elect a new president, being contested between civilian candidates for the first time since the 1960s and won by the opposition. In 1988, a

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Instead, Motta argued that the assertion of a "Communist threat" was fabricated to unify the Brazilian armed forces and increase their support among the general population.

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because they feared disapproval of international opinion and damage to their alignment with the United States. The United States as bastion of anticommunism during the

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by resigning from the presidency, apparently with the intention of being reinstated by popular demand. Quadros' vice president, João Goulart, was a member of the

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Efforts in this direction can be observed at the UN Conference on Environment (1972), the GATT meeting in Tokyo (1973) and the Law of the Sea Conference (1974).

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The changes in Brazilian diplomacy were to be also reflected in other matters on the international agenda, such as the moderate stance taken with regard to the "

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But this is no military dictatorship. If it were, Carlos Lacerda would never be allowed to say the things he says. Everything in Brazil is free — but controlled.

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Based on the priorities of its foreign policy, Brazil adopted new positions in various international organizations. Its performance at the II Conference of the

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activity and its economic interests led foreign policy, conducted by foreign minister José de Magalhães Pinto (1966–67), to be labeled "Prosperity Diplomacy".

5012: 4930: 4658:[The coup of '64 didn't save the country from the communist threat because there was never any threat] (in Brazilian Portuguese). 22 September 2018. 3540: 1726:

government. The anti-government demonstrations and the action of guerrilla movements generated an increase in repressive measures. Urban guerrillas from the

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took over the country and epitomized the newly regained freedoms of assembly and expression, but the movement's primary objective was not attained, and the

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magazine also gave positive remarks about the dissolution of political parties and salary controls at the beginning of Castelo Branco's term. According to

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disputes the assertion that communism was of sufficient strength in Brazil to threaten the democratic system in 1964. In an interview, Motta stated that:

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In the security sphere, disarmament was defended and the joint control system of the two superpowers condemned. Brazil was particularly critical of the

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to a more neutral stance on Middle Eastern affairs. His government also recognized the People's Republic of China and the new socialist governments of

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The argument used to justify the establishment of a military dictatorship in Brazil was the imminence of a "Communist threat" in 1964. The historian

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and had been active in politics since the Vargas Era. At that time, Brazil's president and vice president were elected from different party tickets.

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system was added to this perception. This state of affairs was further enhanced by the momentary relaxation of the bipolar confrontation during

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after the coup, thousands of people were detained, while thousands of others were removed from their civil service or university positions.

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The expansion of Brazil's international agenda coincided with the administrative reform of the Ministry of External Relations. Its move to

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The systematic repression during this period in the Brazilian history was dependent on and alternated between the so-called "moderates" ("

1094: 1086: 6876: 6297: 5581: 4043: 3923: 3571: 2871: 2437: 2113: 685: 5936: 4904: 4692: 4583: 2665: 2394:(Ministry of External Relations), identified with the tenets of the Independent Foreign Policy adopted by country in the early 1960s. 1731: 1626: 1530: 336: 1967: 1757:. In 1971 Médici presented the First National Development Plan aimed at increasing the rate of economic growth, especially in remote 1143:

Brazil's political crisis stemmed from the way in which the political tensions had been controlled in the 1930s and 1940s during the

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Schneider, Nina (2013). "'Too little too late' or 'Premature'? The Brazilian Truth Commission and the Question of 'Best Timing.'".

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and export expansion eventually would bring about growing trade surpluses, allowing the service and repayment of the foreign debt.

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in case rebel Brazilian troops required military assistance during the 1964 coup. A document from Gordon in 1963 to U.S. president

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for political crimes committed for and against the regime. While combating the "hardliners" inside the government and supporting a

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and received the support of almost all high-ranking members of the military, along with conservative sectors in society, like the

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and anti-communist civilian movements among the Brazilian middle and upper classes. The military regime, particularly after the

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After Goulart suddenly assumed power in 1961, society became deeply polarized, with the elites fearing that Brazil would, like

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Nevertheless, Médici was popular, as his term was met with the largest economic growth of any Brazilian president as the

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In 1968 there was a brief relaxation of the nation's repressive policies. Experimental artists and musicians formed the

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Geisel allowed the opposition Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB) to run an almost free election campaign before the

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Work is underway to alter the Amnesty Law, which has been condemned by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. The

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also describes the ways João Goulart should be put down, and his fears of a communist intervention supported by the

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trade policies. Vargas' policies were intended to foster an autonomous capitalist development in Brazil, by linking

6603: 6433: 6348: 6333: 4991: 3640: 3556: 3521: 3333: 3114: 2886: 2739: 2452: 1328: 5394: 5387:"Between Reparations, Half Truths and Impunity: The Difficult Break with the Legacy of the Dictatorship in Brazil" 4466: 2311: 1637:

branches. This gave him the latitude to repress the populist left but also provided the subsequent governments of

1039: 1024: 6866: 6674: 6628: 6618: 6358: 6282: 6169: 6149: 6068: 5884: 4987: 4711: 4655: 3911: 3164: 3067: 3017: 3012: 2841: 2628: 2020: 1666: 1332: 807: 731: 214: 127: 4844:"Em meio à celebração do Sesquicentenário e do crescimento econômico, governo Médici experimentou apoio popular" 2149: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6419: 6179: 6115: 6058: 5961: 5920: 4180: 3285: 2964: 2951: 2362: 2086: 2082: 1758: 1490: 1294: 1167: 324: 5306: 4304:"Human Rights Watch: ditadura no Brasil torturou 20 mil pessoas; 434 foram mortas ou desapareceram - Política" 4281: 2680: 1308:, and, as Goulart's powers grew, it became evident that he would seek to implement his "base reforms" such as 6726: 6505: 5971: 3867: 3611: 3401: 2257: 2157: 1447: 1361: 1175: 662: 505: 220: 4421: 2981: 2168:

was promoted as an alternative to gasoline and the first ethanol fueled cars were produced in the country.

1922: 1574: 1324:

and was forced to mobilize the working class and even the peasantry amid falling urban bourgeois support.

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The "ideological frontiers" of Brazilian foreign policy were reinforced. By the end of 1970, the official

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The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World

3822: 3709: 3421: 3005: 2931: 2576: 2557: 2530: 1812: 1511:

personal dictatorship by requiring each successive general-president to hand over power to a successor.

1386: 1352: 890: 843: 839: 296: 278: 257: 177: 4625: 3411: 2112:, who had tried to become a candidate for the next presidency. In May 1978 Geisel had to deal with the 1592: 4116:[Military dictatorship - The role of the Catholic Church] (in Portuguese). Educacao.UOL.com.br 2564: 943:

Brazil's military government provided a model for other military regimes and dictatorships throughout

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and created an electoral college for electing the next president, thus safeguarding ARENA positions.

1215: 1211: 878: 428: 229: 5683: 2986: 2208:, both former Portuguese colonies. The government moved closer to Latin America, Europe, and Japan. 6623: 6598: 6490: 6470: 6411: 6302: 6272: 6235: 6122: 6088: 5779: 4082: 3931: 3496: 3426: 3381: 3366: 3356: 3351: 3305: 2846: 2645: 2640: 2618: 2542: 1754: 1634: 1171: 1152: 772: 292: 274: 250: 197: 4371:"Índios, as maiores vítimas da ditadura - 31/03/2014 - Leão Serva - Colunistas - Folha de S.Paulo" 1214:) joined the elite and middle classes, and right-wing activists in attempts to prevent presidents 6738: 6666: 6648: 6613: 6563: 6445: 6391: 6363: 6213: 6194: 5862: 5715: 5441: 5158:

Telles, Janaina (2014). "DITADURA E REPRESSÃO. PARALELOS E DISTINÇÕES ENTRE BRASIL E ARGENTINA".

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We Cannot Remain Silent: Opposition to the Brazilian Military Dictatorship in the United States

2569: 1202:. Tensions escalated again in the 1950s, as important military circles (the "hard-liners", old 6791: 6784: 6578: 6540: 6401: 6386: 6316: 6174: 6144: 6110: 6025: 6017: 5915: 5874: 5802: 5691: 5659: 5651: 5554: 5365: 5286: 5263: 5196: 5140: 4847: 4688: 4579: 4352: 4213: 4162: 4092: 4033: 3961: 3953: 3945: 3935: 3231: 3181: 3000: 2941: 2911: 2581: 2510: 2460: 2421: 2278: 1963: 1942: 1917: 1844: 1820: 1750: 1503: 1336: 1321: 1290: 1286: 1156: 921: 901: 882: 862: 835: 823: 584: 452: 4682: 4237: 4021: 900:

The dictatorship reached the height of its popularity in the early 1970s with the so-called "

17: 6573: 6568: 6525: 6475: 6368: 6353: 6053: 5761: 5722:

The Political System of Brazil: Emergence of a "Modernizing" Authoritarian Regime, 1964–1970

5433: 5253: 5186: 5130: 5071: 4342: 4152: 3927: 3361: 2787: 2655: 2250: 1986: 1955: 1489:

reported that the asserted threat of Jango's "guerrillas", the weapons in possession of the

1435: 1259: 1235: 1191: 847: 476: 247: 6800: 6733: 6633: 6593: 6530: 6460: 6043: 5797: 4829: 4554: 4470: 4260:"Em documento, Forças Armadas admitem pela primeira vez tortura e mortes durante ditadura" 3341: 2926: 2891: 2596: 2523: 2137: 2094: 2048: 1415: 1394: 1366: 1313: 1231: 948: 2406: 796: 2409:

in 1969. On this occasion, Brazil voiced its support of a Latin American union project.

1714: 6373: 6184: 5966: 5951: 4737: 4656:"O golpe de 64 não salvou o país da ameaça comunista porque nunca houve ameaça nenhuma" 4483:"Kennedy in 1963 considered a military intervention in Brazil; a coup followed in 1964" 3809: 3531: 3062: 3042: 3032: 2921: 2861: 2851: 2821: 2806: 2764: 2670: 2002: 1839: 1801: 1690: 1584: 1420: 1390: 1374: 1298: 1227: 1183: 866: 851: 803: 388: 271: 85: 4282:"Documento da CIA relata que cúpula do Governo militar brasileiro autorizou execuções" 2132: 904:", even as the regime censored all media, and tortured, killed and exiled dissidents. 6820: 6805: 6558: 6277: 5910: 5731: 5445: 4825: 4575: 4550: 4347: 4330: 3630: 3241: 3186: 2916: 2425: 2374: 2269: 2230: 1998: 1975: 1805: 1793: 1484: 1379: 1148: 944: 925: 792: 697: 268: 254: 5258: 5241: 5135: 5118: 4157: 4140: 2029:

Comissão de Direitos Humanos e Assistência Jurídica da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil

1950:

provides accounts of only a fraction of the atrocities committed by the government.

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List of people killed by and disappeared during the Brazilian military dictatorship

3280: 2995: 2896: 2633: 2608: 2477: 2433: 2184: 2109: 1959: 1828: 1797: 1742: 1431: 1398: 874: 440: 6753: 2946: 1824: 5437: 4207: 141: 6588: 5629: 5336:"Brazil president weeps as she unveils report on military dictatorship's abuses" 4741: 3675: 3668: 2936: 2906: 2759: 2650: 2500: 2353: 2300: 1971: 1851:

agents in 1969, having previously survived a DOPS assassination attempt in 1964.

1796:

movement during this time. However, some of the major popular musicians such as

1309: 1258:

After the presidency of Juscelino Kubitschek, the right wing opposition elected

1160: 1009: 909: 894: 514: 499: 187: 5191: 5175:""Ou vocês mudam ou acabam": aspectos políticos da censura teatral (1964-1985)" 5174: 4329:

Demetrio, André; Kozicki, Katya; Demetrio, André; Kozicki, Katya (March 2019).

2468: 2140:

was the first prototype engineered with an ethanol-only engine. Exhibit at the

6500: 6063: 5798:

Declassified documents from US Department of State and CIA about the 1964 coup

4908: 4141:"'Proíbo a publicação e circulação...' - censura a livros na ditadura militar" 3300: 3092: 3085: 3022: 2383: 2213: 2205: 1994: 1657: 1410: 1203: 1144: 286: 265: 244: 5267: 5200: 5144: 4870:"'Salve-nos, Seleção': a relação entre a ditadura de Médici e a Copa de 1970" 4525: 4504: 4356: 4166: 3965: 3949: 6758: 4623:[1964: "Brazil was not on the verge of communism," says historian]. 4065:"Document No. 12. U.S. Support for the Brazilian Military Coup d'État, 1964" 4029: 3072: 2856: 2429: 2391: 2052: 1990: 1195: 917: 924:

and concurrent fall of other military dictatorships in South America. Amid

5461:"Truth Commission in Brazil: Individualizing Amnesty, Revealing the Truth" 3915: 2225: 1706:, which then chose general Emílio Garrastazu Médici as the new president. 1327:

On 1 April 1964, after a night of conspiracy, rebel troops led by general

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October 1965 - political parties abolished, creation of two party system.

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In the last days of August 1961, Quadros tried to break his impasse with

830:. Despite initial pledges to the contrary, the military regime enacted a 692: 530: 5757:

Brazil, 1964-1985: The Military Regimes of Latin America in the Cold War

5460: 3707:

In 1971 the military dictatorship helped rig Uruguayan elections, which

1469:

Rodrigo Patto Sá Motta, 1964: "O Brasil não estava à beira do comunismo"

799:. The Brazilian dictatorship lasted for 21 years, until 15 March 1985. 6763: 4712:"Brazil - Military intervention and dictatorship - history - geography" 4463: 2325: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1656:– Minister of Transportation and colonel Mario Andreazza to journalist 1645:(1969–74) with a "legal" basis for their hard-line authoritarian rule. 1340: 802:

The coup was planned and executed by the most senior commanders of the

4931:"Governo Médici (1969-1974) - "Milagre econômico" e a tortura oficial" 3696:

and the MEC-USAID educational cooperation agreement were interrupted.

1912:

Human rights abuses of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964–1985)

1847:, a Marxist–Leninist guerrilla fighter. He was ambushed and killed by 1280:

João Goulart was the left-leaning president ousted by the Armed Forces

6013: 2201: 2197: 1931: 1918:

Torture in Brazil § During the Military Dictatorship (1964–1985)

932:

in 20 years were held for the national legislature in 1982. In 1985,

1182:

The Brazilian Armed Forces acquired great political clout after the

4621:"1964: "O Brasil não estava à beira do comunismo", diz historiador" 3704:

cooperation, and the inclusion of new international policy themes.

2264:

government brought no signs of recovery for the Brazilian economy.

2051:. Geisel was a well-connected army general and former president of 5982: 5750:

Eroding Military Influence in Brazil: Politicians Against Soldiers

5504:"Brazil's torture report brings President Dilma Rousseff to tears" 3805:

April 1984 - amendment for direct presidential elections defeated.

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were suppressed, and military operations undertaken to finish the

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Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart government

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Presidents Emílio Médici (left) and Richard Nixon, December 1971

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became president in March 1979; in the same year he passed the

2294: 1427: 1186:. The politicization of the Armed Forces was evidenced by the 1069: 1003: 962: 5582:"Ernesto Geisel, 88, Is Dead; Eased Military Rule in Brazil" 4443:"Brazil - Kubitschek's administration - history - geography" 1827:, was kidnapped, while Curtis C. Cutter, the U.S. consul in 4331:"Transitional Injustice For Indigenous Peoples From Brazil" 4091:]. 12. Vol. 1. Revista Akropolis. pp. 49–51. 1304:

Brazil returned to presidential government in 1963 after a

893:

and thereafter supported the regime through its embassy in

5035:"1969 e 1973/74: Duas sucessões presidenciais da ditadura" 3802:

November 1982 - opposition wins Lower house of Parliament.

2436:. Its initial detailing was influenced by the presence of 1776:

Armed struggle against the Brazilian military dictatorship

5160:

Revista de Sociedad, Cultura y Política en América Latina

5119:"Versões e controvérsias sobre 1964 e a ditadura militar" 4779:"Situation in Brazil. CIA analysis and full text of AI-5" 4026:

State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South

1811:

In 1969 the 8th October Revolutionary Movement kidnapped

5285:. Durham and London: Duke University Press. p. 89. 5057: 3799:

November 1979 - two party system of ARENA and MDB ended.

2416:, with a view to guarantee the right to develop its own 940:

was passed and Brazil officially returned to democracy.

612: 5063:

European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies

3679:(1971) to develop studies and research foreign policy. 1804:, for instance, were arrested, imprisoned, and exiled. 1174:

of the populist era (1930–1964) and then to a moderate

5744:

Mission in Mufti: Brazil's Military Regimes, 1964–1985

1946:

torture, which included rape and castration. The book

1784:

Students march against the military dictatorship, 1966

928:

on the streets of the main cities of the country, the

5728:

The Military in Politics: Changing Patterns in Brazil

3828:

Films depicting Latin American military dictatorships

3775:

June 1973 - Medici announces Geisel as his successor.

3748:

October 1965 - Presidential elections to be indirect.

1289:

in support of Goulart. The crisis was solved by the "

4905:"A seleção que 'presenteou' a ditadura com uma taça" 1881:

Censorship under the military dictatorship in Brazil

951:, dating back to April 1974 (when he was serving as 6647: 6539: 6432: 6410: 6315: 6212: 6087: 6024: 5929: 5893: 5654:. In John J. Crocitti; Monique M. Vallance (eds.). 3757:

November 1967 - opposition starts armed resistance.

2116:. Over 500,000 workers led by the future president 2093:was still ongoing as demonstrated by the murder of 869:(who had already participated in the conspiracy to 691: 681: 661: 647: 637: 626: 609: 594: 581: 566: 553: 540: 526: 511: 496: 486: 470: 458: 446: 434: 422: 410: 394: 382: 368: 354: 342: 330: 318: 306: 238: 203: 193: 183: 173: 34: 5329: 5327: 3790:October 1977 - Head of the Armed Forces dismissed. 2399:United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 1629:as president for the remainder of Goulart's term. 5712:The Politics of Military Rule in Brazil 1964-1985 5013:"LEI COMPLEMENTAR Nº 15, DE 13 DE AGOSTO DE 1973" 4955:. São Paulo:Cia. da Letras, 2002; ISBN 8535902996 4706: 4704: 4238:"Brazil Shatters Its Wall of Silence on the Past" 3793:January 1979 - Institutional Act Nr. 5 dismissed. 2047:with Médici's approval in 1974, a year after the 5553:. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. 4526:"Brazil Marks 50th Anniversary of Military Coup" 4505:"Brazil Marks 40th Anniversary of Military Coup" 4231: 4229: 3688:responsibility within the international system. 2245:As president, Figueiredo continued the gradual " 2006: 828:extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances 4240:. International Center for Transitional Justice 4114:"Ditadura militar - O papel da Igreja católica" 4046:from the original on 26 April 2023 – via 3725:) in the assassination of political opponents. 1647: 1476: 1459: 1434:campaign against left-wing dissidents known as 5426:Journal of Iberian and Latin American Research 4422:"Janio da Silva Quadros - president of Brazil" 3766:September 1969 - Medici selected as president. 1389:. These ships had positioned off the coast of 5998: 5818: 5408:Marie-Moniques de la mort - l'école française 4892:O Milagre Brasileiro - Causas e Conseqüências 3784:November 1974 - MDB wins in Senate elections. 3781:August 1974 - political relaxation announced. 3648: 2422:Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 2043:Retired general Ernesto Geisel (1974–79) was 8: 5173:Souza, Miliandre Garcia de (December 2010). 4600:"Jair Bolsonaro, Brazil's Would-be Dictator" 1962:, came to Brazil in 1973. Aussaresses used " 1808:left the country, in self-proclaimed exile. 1669:(ARENA) and the mild not-leftist opposition 5608:"Geisel - Brazil: Five Centuries of Change" 5215:"O Ministério da Justiça no regime militar" 4262:(in Portuguese). O Globo. 19 September 2018 4181:"Brazil: Prosecute Dictatorship-Era Abuses" 3772:January 1973 - armed resistance suppressed. 3760:March 1968 - beginning of student protests. 1515:Presidents during the military dictatorship 1242:Goulart and the fall of the Fourth Republic 1038:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 997:Learn how and when to remove these messages 783:, was established on 1 April 1964, after a 6438: 6321: 6218: 6093: 6005: 5991: 5983: 5825: 5811: 5803: 5527:"Get to Know a Brazilian – Ernesto Geisel" 5391:Sur: International Journal on Human Rights 4396:"Massacre de índios pela ditadura militar" 3655: 3641: 2686:Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil 2447: 2377:riding horses in Brasília, 1 December 1982 1206:whose origins could be traced back to the 873:in 1945), then governors of the states of 822:. Those abuses included institutionalized 165: 31: 5364:. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. 5257: 5219:Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Pública 5190: 5134: 5075: 4797:"Brazil: Love It, Leave It, or Change It" 4629:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 1 April 2019. 4346: 4156: 3787:April 1977 - National Congress dismissed. 2341:Learn how and when to remove this message 1970:, including the systemic use of torture, 1930:, dedicated to the victims of torture in 1131:Learn how and when to remove this message 1113:Learn how and when to remove this message 1058:Learn how and when to remove this message 5901:March of the Family with God for Liberty 5465:The Yale Review of International Studies 4894:, Caderno Cebrap, nº 6, 1972, São Paulo. 4402:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 13 April 2017 3992:"5ª República (09.04.1964 - 05.10.1988)" 3754:March 1967 - Costa e Silva takes office. 1888:Assessoria Especial de Relações Públicas 1343:, where his family owned large estates. 1254:1964 vacancy in the Presidency of Brazil 5738:Brazil and the Quiet Intervention: 1964 4615: 4613: 4462:"Brasil: Uma Historia - Eduardo Bueno" 4209:Brazil and the Quiet Intervention, 1964 3868:"Brazil's Changing Religious Landscape" 3859: 3763:December 1968 - Institutional Act Nr.5. 2459: 1610:Establishing the regime, Castelo Branco 1513: 625: 510: 5489: 5477: 4988:"Relatório Final das Eleições de 1970" 4968:. Folha de Sao Paulo. 14 November 2020 4650: 4648: 4633:from the original on 26 September 2019 4059: 4057: 3972:from the original on 27 September 2006 2120:demanded and won a 11% wage increase. 1677:Hardening of the regime, Costa e Silva 48:República dos Estados Unidos do Brasil 5525:Snider, Colin M. (24 February 2013). 5112: 5110: 4758:"Brazil - The Political Party System" 4662:from the original on 21 February 2020 4284:(in Portuguese). El País. 10 May 2018 4236:Gonzalez, Eduardo (6 December 2011). 4089:The Catholic Church and the 1964 Coup 3796:March 1979 - Figueiredo takes office. 2403:Economic Commission for Latin America 2253:did not enjoy major political power. 2174:import substitution industrialization 646: 636: 632: 608: 593: 580: 565: 552: 539: 535: 495: 469: 457: 445: 433: 421: 417: 409: 393: 381: 367: 353: 341: 329: 317: 313: 305: 7: 5334:Watts, Jonathan (10 December 2014). 5037:. Folha de Sao Paulo. September 2018 4464:http://www.brasilumahistoria.com.br/ 4206:Parker, Phyllis R. (4 August 2014). 4015: 4013: 2323:adding citations to reliable sources 2277:was held indirectly, via a selected 1426:Brazil actively participated in the 1036:adding citations to reliable sources 6079:Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present) 4084:A Igreja Católica e o Golpe de 1964 4081:Gonçalves, Angelo Barreiro (2012). 3870:. Pew Research Center. 18 July 2013 2872:Declaration of majority of Pedro II 2221:Transition to democracy, Figueiredo 916:, Figueiredo could not control the 779:), occasionally referred to as the 27:1964–1985 military regime in Brazil 5937:Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco 5459:Filho, Paulo Coelho (March 2012). 4828:. 21 December 1970. Archived from 4822:"Brazil: Raising the Ransom Price" 4553:. 31 December 1965. Archived from 3769:October 1969 - a new Constitution. 3751:January 1967 - a new Constitution. 2676:Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777) 2661:Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737) 1819:, leading to the assassination of 1732:8th October Revolutionary Movement 1627:Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco 1497:Divisions within the officer corps 1085:tone or style may not reflect the 857:The military coup was fomented by 25: 6074:Military dictatorship (1964–1985) 5906:March of the One Hundred Thousand 5360:Archdiocese of São Paulo (1998). 4795:Lewitzke, Chris (16 April 2014). 4022:"Decolonisation and the Cold War" 3778:March 1974 - Geisel takes office. 3227:March of the One Hundred Thousand 2442:president of the Security Council 1753:unfolded and the country won the 978:This article has multiple issues. 6837:1985 disestablishments in Brazil 6059:First (Old) Republic (1889–1930) 5724:, by Ronald M. Schneider (1973). 5502:Adam Taylor (12 December 2014). 4872:. Revista Esquinas. 21 June 2022 4112:Cancian, Renato (9 March 2014). 3916:"The Military Republic, 1964-85" 3848:Brazilian Military Criminal Code 3733:Portuguese-Brazilian community. 3624: 2467: 2414:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 2299: 2142:Memorial Aeroespacial Brasileiro 1721:a slogan of the military regime. 1591: 1573: 1555: 1537: 1519: 1198:(lieutenants' movement) and the 1095:guide to writing better articles 1074: 1008: 967: 749: 724: 139: 93: 78: 6827:Military dictatorship in Brazil 5834:Military dictatorship in Brazil 5746:, by Wilfred A. Bacchus (1990). 5259:10.1590/s0104-87752009000100014 5136:10.1590/S0102-01882004000100003 4158:10.1590/S0103-40142014000100008 3890:"Human Development Report 2014" 3685:Organization of American States 2310:needs additional citations for 2267:In 1984, the movement known as 986:or discuss these issues on the 769:military dictatorship in Brazil 5740:, by Phyllis R. Parker (1979). 5123:Revista Brasileira de História 3996:Portal da Câmara dos Deputados 3296:1993 Constitutional referendum 3286:Impeachment of Fernando Collor 2735:Conquest of the Banda Oriental 2705:Invasion of the Banda Oriental 2114:first labor strikes since 1964 926:massive popular demonstrations 795:government, against president 62:República Federativa do Brasil 1: 6832:1964 establishments in Brazil 5550:Dictatorship in South America 4733:"A Troubling Trend in Brazil" 4212:. University of Texas Press. 4139:Reimão, Sandra (April 2014). 3910:Hudson, Rex A.; et al. ( 3316:Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff 2548:Letter of Pero Vaz de Caminha 2536:Pedro Álvares Cabral's voyage 2438:João Augusto de Araújo Castro 1964:counter-revolutionary warfare 1671:Brazilian Democratic Movement 1385:, in an operation code-named 832:new, restrictive Constitution 814:in 1968, practiced extensive 52:Federative Republic of Brazil 18:History of Brazil (1964–1985) 6872:Far-right politics in Brazil 5438:10.1080/13260219.2013.806017 5412:See here, starting at 24 min 5240:Biroli, Flávia (June 2009). 4348:10.1590/2179-8966/2017/28186 3838:Nuclear activities in Brazil 3105:Constitutionalist Revolution 2972:Proclamation of the Republic 2817:Confederation of the Equator 2718:United Kingdom with Portugal 2440:as ambassador to the UN and 2240:National Information Service 1892:Conselho Superior de Censura 1856:violations of human rights. 1719:Brazil: love it or leave it, 1620:Presidency of Castelo Branco 1442:The alleged Communist threat 1339:, and then went to exile in 1208:Brazilian Integralist Action 1188:Proclamation of the Republic 465:Adalberto Pereira dos Santos 6882:Political history of Brazil 6521:Water supply and sanitation 6069:Fourth Republic (1946–1964) 6044:Colonial Brazil (1500–1815) 5506:. The Sydney Morning Herald 2775:Recognition of Independence 2765:Declaration of Independence 2291:Foreign relations of Brazil 2065:Political opening of Brazil 1894:) later on that same year. 1689:tanks along the streets of 1333:their way to Rio de Janeiro 889:supported the coup through 134:"Brazilian National Anthem" 6903: 6877:Military history of Brazil 6049:United Kingdom (1815–1822) 5192:10.1590/2237-101x011021013 4687:. Penguin UK. p. 34. 3207:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 3130:1937 Brazilian coup d'état 3115:Communist uprising of 1935 2887:Liberal rebellions of 1842 2740:Constituent Cortes of 1820 2288: 2275:1985 presidential election 2166:ethanol production program 2062: 1915: 1909: 1878: 1773: 1728:National Liberation Action 1613: 1350: 1251: 1248:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 1245: 6778: 6441: 6324: 6303:President of the Republic 6221: 6096: 5885:National Truth Commission 5843: 5752:, by Wendy Hunter (1997). 5690:. New York: Basic Books. 5658:. ABC-CLIO. p. 396. 5221:(in Brazilian Portuguese) 4547:"BRAZIL Toward Stability" 4310:(in Brazilian Portuguese) 3998:(in Brazilian Portuguese) 3912:Federal Research Division 3267:1988 Constituent Assembly 3212:Vacancy in the Presidency 3152:Ousting of Getúlio Vargas 3093:Second Brazilian Republic 3018:Coffee with milk politics 2952:Post–abolition of slavery 2802:1823 Constituent Assembly 2730:Conquest of French Guiana 2045:elected to the presidency 2021:National Truth Commission 1667:National Renewal Alliance 1347:United States involvement 885:, respectively. The U.S. 732:Fourth Brazilian Republic 703: 657: 633: 622: 536: 482: 418: 406: 314: 164: 133: 121: 109: 74: 69: 6862:Anti-communism in Brazil 6226:Administrative divisions 5962:Golbery do Couto e Silva 5947:Emílio Garrastazu Médici 5921:Death of Vladimir Herzog 5650:Nobile, Rodrigo (2012). 5307:"Filinto Müller - CPDOC" 5281:Green, James N. (2010). 4992:Regional Electoral Court 4801:Georgia Political Review 4568:Bevins, Vincent (2020). 4335:Revista Direito e Práxis 3177:Construction of Brasília 3172:Lott's preventative coup 2087:Golbery do Couto e Silva 2039:, and the 1973 oil shock 2011:protest in February 1968 1643:Emílio Garrastazu Médici 1567:Emílio Garrastazu Médici 1168:First Brazilian Republic 914:redemocratization policy 791:, with support from the 781:Fifth Brazilian Republic 745:Sixth Brazilian Republic 376:Emílio Garrastazu Médici 128:Hino Nacional Brasileiro 5853:List of the disappeared 5652:"Military Dictatorship" 4020:Blakeley, Ruth (2009). 3920:Brazil: A Country Study 2681:Minas Gerais Conspiracy 2258:Democratic Social Party 2035:Geisel administration, 1906:Human rights violations 1699:Fifth Institutional Act 1089:used on Knowledge (XXG) 859:José de Magalhães Pinto 812:Institutional Act No. 5 571:Institutional Act No. 5 38:United States of Brazil 6887:Military dictatorships 6857:20th century in Brazil 6382:Science and technology 6064:Vargas Era (1930–1946) 5942:Artur da Costa e Silva 5547:Dávila, Jerry (2013). 5179:Topoi (Rio de Janeiro) 4953:A Ditadura Escancarada 4681:Chomsky, Noam (2011). 3742:April 1964 - the coup. 3311:Car Wash investigation 3222:Araguaia Guerrilla War 2902:Eusébio de Queirós Law 2378: 2358: 2234: 2233:demonstration in 1984. 2192: 2152: 2012: 2008:Cultura contra Censura 2007: 1934: 1863:) and "hard-liners" (" 1852: 1785: 1736:Araguaia Guerrilla War 1722: 1694: 1653: 1639:Artur da Costa e Silva 1482: 1472: 1448:Rodrigo Patto Sá Motta 1370: 1297:, which was filled by 1291:parliamentary solution 1281: 1271:Brazilian Labour Party 1190:, which overthrew the 1093:See Knowledge (XXG)'s 789:Brazilian Armed Forces 776: 5393:. Sur. Archived from 5117:Fico, Carlos (2004). 5056:Goes, Iasmin (2013). 4738:Youngstown Vindicator 4557:on 12 September 2012. 3823:Corinthians Democracy 3200:Military dictatorship 3006:Federalist Revolution 2982:Republic of the Sword 2932:Revolt of the Muckers 2827:Abdication of Pedro I 2619:Quilombo dos Palmares 2531:Treaty of Tordesillas 2372: 2356: 2228: 2182: 2135: 1984: 1966:" methods during the 1925: 1842: 1813:Charles Burke Elbrick 1783: 1717: 1710:Years of Lead, Médici 1684: 1364: 1353:Operation Brother Sam 1279: 891:Operation Brother Sam 871:depose Getúlio Vargas 842:. The regime adopted 834:in 1967, and stifled 297:military dictatorship 293:presidential republic 279:military dictatorship 275:presidential republic 258:military dictatorship 251:presidential republic 194:Common languages 178:Military dictatorship 6200:World Heritage Sites 6133:Environmental issues 6106:Brazilian Antarctica 5972:Antônio Delfim Netto 5766:Francisco Vidal Luna 5688:Revolution in Brazil 5077:10.18352/erlacs.8395 4746:. 17 September 1967. 4469:26 June 2014 at the 3843:Volkswagen do Brasil 3321:Coronavirus pandemic 3142:Integralist Uprising 2947:Abolition of Slavery 2691:Opening of the ports 2319:improve this article 2158:Antônio Delfim Netto 2059:Decompression policy 1373:The U.S. ambassador 1329:Olímpio Mourão Filho 1216:Juscelino Kubitschek 1032:improve this section 930:first free elections 848:economic development 840:political opposition 544:Military coup d'état 116:"Order and Progress" 6749:Syncretic Religions 6657:Freedom of religion 6339:Automotive industry 5780:Beyond Citizen Kane 5630:"Uruguay - English" 5588:. 13 September 1996 5385:Mezarobba, Glenda. 4684:How the World Works 3932:Library of Congress 3437:Rio Grande do Norte 2847:1834 Additional Act 2770:War of Independence 2646:War of the Emboabas 2150:São José dos Campos 1958:, a veteran of the 1172:import substitution 1170:(1889–1930) to the 1153:import substitution 854:as its guidelines. 820:human rights abuses 521:Chamber of Deputies 113:"Ordem e Progresso" 6709:Eastern Orthodoxy 6702:Ukrainian Catholic 6397:Telecommunications 6054:Empire (1822–1889) 6039:Indigenous peoples 5863:Institutional Acts 5773:Film documentaries 5716:Thomas E. Skidmore 5586:The New York Times 5467:. Yale University. 4850:. 11 December 2008 4832:on 5 January 2013. 4606:. 12 October 2018. 4400:ISTOÉ Independente 4375:m.folha.uol.com.br 4185:Human Rights Watch 3721:and the Argentine 3397:Mato Grosso do Sul 3334:By federative unit 3217:Institutional Acts 3100:Revolution of 1930 3073:Lieutenant revolts 3058:Revolt of the Lash 3038:Annexation of Acre 3028:Amazon rubber boom 2624:France Equinoxiale 2604:France Antarctique 2543:European discovery 2496:Indigenous Peoples 2418:nuclear technology 2405:(ECLA) meeting in 2379: 2359: 2235: 2193: 2189:Brazilian Congress 2153: 2081:Together with his 2013: 1935: 1928:Tortura Nunca Mais 1853: 1817:counter-insurgency 1786: 1723: 1695: 1687:M41 Walker Bulldog 1616:Institutional Acts 1371: 1282: 1200:Revolution of 1930 953:Secretary of State 613:Democracy restored 6814: 6813: 6774: 6773: 6716: 6704: 6697: 6690: 6683: 6681:Armenian Catholic 6486:Income inequality 6428: 6427: 6311: 6310: 6298:Political parties 6293:National Congress 6256:Freedom of speech 6241:Foreign relations 6208: 6207: 5980: 5979: 5916:Riocentro bombing 5880:Political opening 5838: 5697:978-0-19-506316-5 5480:, pp. 269 and 395 5397:on 26 April 2014. 5371:978-0-292-70484-8 5362:Torture in Brazil 5292:978-0-8223-4735-4 5125:(in Portuguese). 5098:Pattern of Terror 4219:978-1-4773-0162-3 4147:(in Portuguese). 4145:Estudos Avançados 3665: 3664: 3631:Brazil portal 3552:Jewish Brazilians 3442:Rio Grande do Sul 3274:1988 Constitution 3237:Redemocratization 3232:Brazilian Miracle 3182:Legality Campaign 3165:Populist Republic 3135:1937 Constitution 3110:1934 Constitution 3048:Taubaté Agreement 2977:1891 Constitution 2942:Military Question 2880:Reign of Pedro II 2812:1824 Constitution 2725:Pernambuco Revolt 2511:Marajoara culture 2461:History of Brazil 2351: 2350: 2343: 2285:Foreign relations 2279:electoral college 2027:According to the 1968:Battle of Algiers 1948:Torture in Brazil 1845:Carlos Marighella 1821:Carlos Marighella 1751:Brazilian Miracle 1661: 1600: 1582: 1564: 1546: 1528: 1504:constitutionalism 1337:Rio Grande do Sul 1287:Legality Campaign 1157:industrialization 1141: 1140: 1133: 1123: 1122: 1115: 1087:encyclopedic tone 1068: 1067: 1060: 1001: 922:chronic inflation 918:crumbling economy 902:Brazilian Miracle 863:Adhemar de Barros 836:freedom of speech 765: 764: 761: 760: 757: 756: 737: 736: 491:National Congress 472:• 1979–1985 460:• 1974–1979 453:Augusto Rademaker 448:• 1969–1974 436:• 1967–1969 429:José Maria Alkmin 424:• 1964–1967 396:• 1979–1985 384:• 1974–1979 370:• 1969–1974 344:• 1967–1969 332:• 1964–1967 157: 117: 64: 58: 50: 44: 16:(Redirected from 6894: 6867:Authoritarianism 6794: 6787: 6712: 6700: 6693: 6686: 6679: 6604:National symbols 6439: 6377: 6349:Economic history 6334:Animal husbandry 6322: 6219: 6094: 6007: 6000: 5993: 5984: 5875:Economic miracle 5848:1964 coup d'état 5836: 5827: 5820: 5813: 5804: 5762:Herbert S. Klein 5701: 5670: 5669: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5628:Evans, Michael. 5625: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5421: 5415: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5331: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5261: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5194: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5138: 5114: 5105: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5079: 5070:(April): 83–96. 5053: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5009: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4962: 4956: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4901: 4895: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4708: 4699: 4698: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4652: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4617: 4608: 4607: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4578:. pp. 1–2. 4565: 4559: 4558: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4485:. 8 January 2014 4479: 4473: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4350: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4233: 4224: 4223: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4160: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4123: 4121: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4061: 4052: 4051: 4017: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3894: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3864: 3657: 3650: 3643: 3629: 3628: 3627: 3372:Federal District 2990: 2795:Reign of Pedro I 2788:Empire of Brazil 2699: 2666:Treaty of Madrid 2656:Vila Rica Revolt 2573: 2565:Brazilwood cycle 2471: 2448: 2346: 2339: 2335: 2332: 2326: 2303: 2295: 2251:Aureliano Chaves 2074:" (opening) and 2010: 1956:Paul Aussaresses 1655: 1598: 1595: 1580: 1577: 1562: 1559: 1544: 1541: 1526: 1523: 1470: 1456: 1436:Operation Condor 1192:Brazilian Empire 1136: 1129: 1118: 1111: 1107: 1104: 1098: 1097:for suggestions. 1078: 1077: 1070: 1063: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1043: 1012: 1004: 993: 971: 970: 963: 938:new Constitution 934:another election 887:State Department 777:ditadura militar 753: 752: 741: 740: 728: 727: 721: 720: 705: 704: 677: 676: 668: 601: 585:Economic Miracle 577:13 December 1968 573: 557:New Constitution 477:Aureliano Chaves 378: 325:Ranieri Mazzilli 302: 284: 263: 169: 159: 158: 135: 115: 97: 82: 60: 57: 54: 46: 43: 40: 32: 21: 6902: 6901: 6897: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6892: 6891: 6852:1980s in Brazil 6847:1970s in Brazil 6842:1960s in Brazil 6817: 6816: 6815: 6810: 6797: 6790: 6783: 6770: 6643: 6629:Science fiction 6619:Public holidays 6535: 6496:Life expectancy 6424: 6406: 6375: 6307: 6283:Law enforcement 6204: 6190:Water resources 6170:Protected areas 6083: 6020: 6011: 5981: 5976: 5957:João Figueiredo 5925: 5889: 5839: 5831: 5794: 5775: 5708: 5706:Further reading 5698: 5684:Kirsch, Bernard 5682: 5679: 5674: 5673: 5666: 5649: 5648: 5644: 5634: 5632: 5627: 5626: 5622: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5605: 5601: 5591: 5589: 5580: 5579: 5575: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5546: 5545: 5541: 5531: 5529: 5524: 5523: 5519: 5509: 5507: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5488: 5484: 5476: 5472: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5406: 5402: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5372: 5359: 5358: 5354: 5344: 5342: 5333: 5332: 5325: 5315: 5313: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5293: 5280: 5279: 5275: 5252:(41): 269–291. 5239: 5238: 5234: 5224: 5222: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5185:(21): 235–259. 5172: 5171: 5167: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5116: 5115: 5108: 5096: 5092: 5082: 5080: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5040: 5038: 5033: 5032: 5028: 5018: 5016: 5015:. Camara.leg.br 5011: 5010: 5006: 4996: 4994: 4986: 4985: 4981: 4971: 4969: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4951:GASPARI, Elio. 4950: 4946: 4936: 4934: 4929: 4928: 4924: 4914: 4912: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4889: 4885: 4875: 4873: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4853: 4851: 4842: 4841: 4837: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4805: 4803: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4762: 4760: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4702: 4695: 4680: 4679: 4675: 4665: 4663: 4654: 4653: 4646: 4636: 4634: 4626:Agência Pública 4619: 4618: 4611: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4509: 4507: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4488: 4486: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4471:Wayback Machine 4461: 4457: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4405: 4403: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4379: 4377: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4328: 4327: 4323: 4313: 4311: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4287: 4285: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4243: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4227: 4220: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4190: 4188: 4187:. 14 April 2009 4179: 4178: 4174: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4119: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4099: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4062: 4055: 4040: 4019: 4018: 4011: 4001: 3999: 3990: 3989: 3985: 3975: 3973: 3942: 3924:Country Studies 3909: 3908: 3904: 3892: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3873: 3871: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3819: 3739: 3661: 3625: 3623: 3618: 3617: 3616: 3612:Years in Brazil 3596: 3588: 3587: 3586: 3512:Catholic Church 3492:Afro-Brazilians 3486: 3478: 3477: 3476: 3336: 3326: 3325: 3257: 3247: 3246: 3202: 3192: 3191: 3167: 3157: 3156: 3119: 3088: 3078: 3077: 3053:Naval arms race 2984: 2967: 2957: 2956: 2927:Religious Issue 2912:Christie Affair 2892:Praieira revolt 2876: 2831: 2790: 2780: 2779: 2755: 2745: 2744: 2720: 2710: 2709: 2693: 2629:Dutch invasions 2614:Jesuit missions 2597:State of Brazil 2593: 2567: 2554: 2526: 2524:Colonial Brazil 2516: 2515: 2491: 2481: 2373:Figueiredo and 2347: 2336: 2330: 2327: 2316: 2304: 2293: 2287: 2223: 2191:, 30 March 1978 2183:U.S. President 2130: 2095:Vladimir Herzog 2067: 2061: 2041: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1883: 1877: 1837: 1778: 1772: 1712: 1679: 1662: 1622: 1614:Main articles: 1612: 1605: 1603:João Figueiredo 1601: 1596: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1499: 1491:Peasant Leagues 1471: 1468: 1450: 1444: 1395:John F. Kennedy 1367:John F. Kennedy 1365:U.S. President 1359: 1349: 1314:nationalization 1256: 1250: 1244: 1232:Roberto Marinho 1137: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1108: 1102: 1099: 1092: 1083:This section's 1079: 1075: 1064: 1053: 1047: 1044: 1029: 1013: 972: 968: 961: 949:Henry Kissinger 906:João Figueiredo 808:Catholic Church 750: 725: 674: 673: 672: 666: 650: 640: 615: 602: 597: 587: 574: 569: 562:24 January 1967 559: 546: 517: 502: 473: 461: 449: 437: 425: 401:João Figueiredo 397: 385: 374: 371: 357: 345: 333: 321: 300: 299: 285: 282: 281: 264: 261: 260: 234: 207: 160: 140: 137: 131: 114: 105: 104: 103: 98: 90: 89: 83: 65: 59: 55: 53: 51: 45: 41: 39: 37: 36:Republic of the 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6900: 6898: 6890: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6819: 6818: 6812: 6811: 6809: 6808: 6803: 6796: 6795: 6788: 6780: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6730: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6718: 6717: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6698: 6691: 6684: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6653: 6651: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6545: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6442: 6436: 6430: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6420:Rail transport 6416: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6325: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6266:Women's rights 6263: 6258: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6222: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6155:Largest cities 6152: 6147: 6142: 6140:Extreme points 6137: 6136: 6135: 6125: 6120: 6119: 6118: 6116:Climate change 6108: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6030: 6028: 6022: 6021: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6002: 5995: 5987: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5974: 5969: 5967:Roberto Campos 5964: 5959: 5954: 5952:Ernesto Geisel 5949: 5944: 5939: 5933: 5931: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5897: 5895: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5871: 5870: 5860: 5858:Armed struggle 5855: 5850: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5832: 5830: 5829: 5822: 5815: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5793: 5792:External links 5790: 5789: 5788: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5769: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5725: 5719: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5696: 5678: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5664: 5642: 5620: 5599: 5573: 5559: 5539: 5517: 5494: 5482: 5470: 5451: 5432:(1): 149–162. 5416: 5400: 5377: 5370: 5352: 5323: 5298: 5291: 5273: 5246:Varia Historia 5232: 5206: 5165: 5150: 5106: 5090: 5058:"Explorations" 5048: 5026: 5004: 4979: 4957: 4944: 4933:. Educação UOL 4922: 4896: 4890:SINGER, Paul. 4883: 4861: 4835: 4813: 4787: 4770: 4749: 4724: 4700: 4694:978-0241961155 4693: 4673: 4644: 4609: 4591: 4585:978-1541742406 4584: 4560: 4538: 4517: 4496: 4474: 4455: 4434: 4413: 4387: 4362: 4341:(1): 129–169. 4321: 4295: 4273: 4251: 4225: 4218: 4198: 4172: 4131: 4104: 4097: 4073: 4053: 4038: 4032:. p. 94. 4009: 3983: 3940: 3902: 3881: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3813: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3738: 3735: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3659: 3652: 3645: 3637: 3634: 3633: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3572:Rail transport 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3457:Santa Catarina 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3432:Rio de Janeiro 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3377:Espírito Santo 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3332: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3264: 3258: 3253: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3203: 3198: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3168: 3163: 3162: 3159: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3138: 3137: 3126: 3125: 3118: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3089: 3084: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3076: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3063:Contestado War 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3043:Vaccine Revolt 3040: 3035: 3033:War of Canudos 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2979: 2974: 2968: 2963: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2922:Paraguayan War 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2875: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2862:Ragamuffin War 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2835:Regency Period 2830: 2829: 2824: 2822:Cisplatine War 2819: 2814: 2809: 2807:Night of Agony 2804: 2798: 2797: 2791: 2786: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2756: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2721: 2716: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2702: 2701: 2700: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2637: 2636: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2589: 2579: 2574: 2561: 2560: 2553: 2552: 2551: 2550: 2539: 2538: 2533: 2527: 2522: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2492: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2474:Terra Brasilis 2472: 2464: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2349: 2348: 2307: 2305: 2298: 2289:Main article: 2286: 2283: 2229:Pro-democracy 2222: 2219: 2187:addresses the 2129: 2126: 2083:Chief of Staff 2060: 2057: 2040: 2033: 2003:Cacilda Becker 1943:Filinto Müller 1910:Main article: 1907: 1904: 1879:Main article: 1876: 1873: 1869:Anos de Chumbo 1836: 1833: 1802:Caetano Veloso 1774:Main article: 1771: 1768: 1755:1970 World Cup 1711: 1708: 1704:military junta 1693:in April 1968. 1691:Rio de Janeiro 1678: 1675: 1654: 1641:(1967–69) and 1611: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1597: 1590: 1588: 1585:Ernesto Geisel 1579: 1572: 1570: 1561: 1554: 1552: 1543: 1536: 1534: 1531:Castelo Branco 1525: 1518: 1516: 1498: 1495: 1466: 1443: 1440: 1421:Vincent Bevins 1391:Rio de Janeiro 1375:Lincoln Gordon 1348: 1345: 1322:Getúlio Vargas 1299:Tancredo Neves 1295:prime minister 1246:Main article: 1243: 1240: 1228:Communist Bloc 1184:Paraguayan War 1139: 1138: 1121: 1120: 1082: 1080: 1073: 1066: 1065: 1016: 1014: 1007: 1002: 976: 975: 973: 966: 960: 957: 867:Carlos Lacerda 852:anti-communism 818:and committed 804:Brazilian Army 763: 762: 759: 758: 755: 754: 747: 738: 735: 734: 729: 717: 716: 711: 701: 700: 695: 689: 688: 683: 679: 678: 669: 659: 658: 655: 654: 651: 648: 645: 644: 641: 638: 635: 634: 631: 630: 624: 623: 620: 619: 616: 610: 607: 606: 603: 599:Liberalization 595: 592: 591: 588: 582: 579: 578: 575: 567: 564: 563: 560: 554: 551: 550: 547: 541: 538: 537: 534: 533: 528: 527:Historical era 524: 523: 518: 512: 509: 508: 506:Federal Senate 503: 497: 494: 493: 488: 484: 483: 480: 479: 474: 471: 468: 467: 462: 459: 456: 455: 450: 447: 444: 443: 438: 435: 432: 431: 426: 423: 420: 419: 416: 415: 412: 411:Vice President 408: 407: 404: 403: 398: 395: 392: 391: 389:Ernesto Geisel 386: 383: 380: 379: 372: 369: 366: 365: 362:Military Junta 358: 355: 352: 351: 346: 343: 340: 339: 337:Castelo Branco 334: 331: 328: 327: 322: 319: 316: 315: 312: 311: 308: 304: 303: 272:dominant-party 242: 236: 235: 233: 232: 226: 223: 217: 210: 208: 205: 201: 200: 195: 191: 190: 185: 181: 180: 175: 171: 170: 162: 161: 138: 119: 118: 107: 106: 99: 92: 91: 84: 77: 76: 75: 72: 71: 67: 66: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6899: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6798: 6793: 6789: 6786: 6782: 6781: 6777: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6728: 6727:Protestantism 6725: 6723: 6720: 6715: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6703: 6699: 6696: 6692: 6689: 6685: 6682: 6678: 6677: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6671:Christianity 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6646: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6511:States by HDI 6509: 6507: 6506:Social issues 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6431: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6409: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6372: 6370: 6367: 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5904: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5892: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5842: 5835: 5828: 5823: 5821: 5816: 5814: 5809: 5808: 5805: 5799: 5796: 5795: 5791: 5786: 5782: 5781: 5777: 5776: 5772: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5758: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5733: 5732:Alfred Stepan 5729: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5667: 5665:9780313346729 5661: 5657: 5653: 5646: 5643: 5631: 5624: 5621: 5609: 5603: 5600: 5587: 5583: 5577: 5574: 5562: 5560:9781118290798 5556: 5552: 5551: 5543: 5540: 5528: 5521: 5518: 5505: 5498: 5495: 5491: 5490:Kirsch (1990) 5486: 5483: 5479: 5478:Kirsch (1990) 5474: 5471: 5466: 5462: 5455: 5452: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5420: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5404: 5401: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5378: 5373: 5367: 5363: 5356: 5353: 5341: 5337: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5312: 5308: 5302: 5299: 5294: 5288: 5284: 5277: 5274: 5269: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5236: 5233: 5220: 5216: 5210: 5207: 5202: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5169: 5166: 5161: 5154: 5151: 5146: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5129:(47): 29–60. 5128: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5094: 5091: 5078: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5052: 5049: 5036: 5030: 5027: 5014: 5008: 5005: 4993: 4989: 4983: 4980: 4967: 4961: 4958: 4954: 4948: 4945: 4932: 4926: 4923: 4911:. 7 June 2020 4910: 4906: 4900: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4884: 4871: 4865: 4862: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4836: 4831: 4827: 4826:Time Magazine 4823: 4817: 4814: 4802: 4798: 4791: 4788: 4780: 4774: 4771: 4759: 4753: 4750: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4728: 4725: 4713: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4677: 4674: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4632: 4628: 4627: 4622: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4592: 4587: 4581: 4577: 4576:PublicAffairs 4573: 4572: 4564: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4551:TIME Magazine 4548: 4542: 4539: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4506: 4500: 4497: 4484: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4459: 4456: 4444: 4438: 4435: 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3720: 3716: 3712: 3711: 3710:Frente Amplio 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3672: 3670: 3658: 3653: 3651: 3646: 3644: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3635: 3632: 3622: 3621: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3592: 3591: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3541:Football Team 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3482: 3481: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3329: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3256: 3251: 3250: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3201: 3196: 3195: 3188: 3187:Plano Trienal 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3166: 3161: 3160: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3087: 3082: 3081: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2966: 2961: 2960: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2917:Uruguayan War 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2832: 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2367: 2364: 2355: 2345: 2342: 2334: 2331:November 2023 2324: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2308:This section 2306: 2302: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2271: 2265: 2261: 2259: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2232: 2227: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2175: 2169: 2167: 2161: 2159: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2119: 2118:Lula da Silva 2115: 2111: 2106: 2103: 2102:November 1974 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2066: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2038: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2025: 2022: 2017: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1999:Norma Bengell 1996: 1992: 1988: 1987:Tônia Carrero 1983: 1979: 1977: 1976:death flights 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1913: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1882: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1806:Chico Buarque 1803: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1782: 1777: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1720: 1716: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1700: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1659: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1630: 1628: 1621: 1617: 1609: 1604: 1594: 1589: 1586: 1576: 1571: 1568: 1558: 1553: 1550: 1549:Costa e Silva 1540: 1535: 1532: 1522: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1487: 1486:The Intercept 1481: 1480: 1475: 1465: 1464: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1383: 1376: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1354: 1346: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1278: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1261: 1260:Jânio Quadros 1255: 1249: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1236:Octávio Frias 1233: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1177: 1176:structuralism 1173: 1169: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1149:modernization 1146: 1135: 1132: 1117: 1114: 1106: 1096: 1090: 1088: 1081: 1072: 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