2076:(UNP) in 1946, when a new constitution was agreed on, based on the behind-the-curtain lobbying of the Soulbury Commission. At the elections of 1947, the UNP won a minority of the seats in Parliament but cobbled together a coalition with the Sinhala Maha Sabha of Solomon Bandaranaike and the Tamil Congress of G.G. Ponnambalam. The successful inclusions of the Tamil-communalist leader Ponnambalam, and his Sinhala counterpart Bandaranaike were a remarkable political balancing act by Senanayake. However, the vacuum in Tamil Nationalist politics created by Ponnamblam's transition to a moderate opened the field for the Tamil Arasu Kachchi, a Tamil sovereignist party (rendered into English as the "Federal" party) led by S. J. V. Chelvanaykam, the lawyer son of a Christian minister.
88:
74:
153:
759:
1972:. They also demanded the replacement of English as the official language by Sinhala and Tamil. The Marxist groups were a tiny minority and yet their movement was viewed with grave suspicion by the British administration. The concerted (but ineffective) attempts to rouse the public against the British Raj in revolt would have led to certain bloodshed and a delay in independence. British state papers released in the 1950s show that the Marxist movement had a very negative impact on the policy makers at the Colonial office.
720:
1996:, and claimed that the protection of Tamil rights requires the Tamils (45% of the population in 1931) having an equal number of seats in parliament to that of the Sinhalese (about 72% of the population). This "50-50" or "balanced representation" policy became the hallmark of Tamil politics of the time. Ponnambalam also accused the British of having established colonization in "traditional Tamil areas", and having favoured the Buddhists by the Buddhist temporalities act. The
162:
2008:. His dispatches and a telegram to the Colonial office supporting Independence for Ceylon have been cited by historians as having helped the Senanayake government to secure the independence of Sri Lanka. The shrewd cooperation with the British as well as diverting the needs of the war market to Ceylonese markets as a supply point, managed by Oliver Goonatilleke, also led to a very favourable fiscal situation for the newly independent government.
734:
7947:
7540:
5687:
4861:
2028:
Ceylon was minuscule, limited to the
English educated intelligentsia and trade unions, mainly in the urban centres. These groups were led by Robert Gunawardena, Philip's brother. In stark contrast to this "heroic" but ineffective approach to the war, the Senanayake government took advantage of the war to further its rapport with the commanding elite. Ceylon became crucial to the British Empire in the war, with
2378:
1091:
2364:
7957:
7550:
5697:
4871:
815:
2243:
11.0% respectively. The censuses show that during a large period of time in the history of Ceylon, Indian Tamils outnumbered Ceylon Tamils until between 1971 and 1981 when more than 50 per cent of the Indian Tamil population were repatriated as Indian citizens back to India. However, many Indian Tamils were also granted Sri Lankan citizenship whereupon declared themselves as Sri Lankan Tamils.
706:
5707:
1883:, that the British used geographical knowledge to defeat the Kandyan holdouts in the mountainous and jungle areas in the centre of Ceylon. They used local informants and British surveyors to map the island, and then built a network of roads to open the central region. This made possible export production of plantation agriculture, as well as tighter military control.
1726:, and their leaders became refugees in London. No longer able to govern their part of the island effectively, the Dutch transferred the rule of it to the British, although this was against the wishes of the Dutch residing there. The capture of the island immediately yielded £300,000 of money in goods, as well as the acquisition of the
1920:
independence by gradual modification of the status of Ceylon, and the more radical groups associated with the
Colombo Youth League, Labour movement of Goonasinghe, and the Jaffna Youth Congress. These organizations were the first to raise the cry of Swaraj, or outright independence, following the Indian example, when
1919:
historian has pointed out that the refusal of the Ceylon Tamils to accept minority status to be one of the main causes which broke up the CNC. The CNC did not seek independence or "Swaraj". What may be called the independence movement broke into two streams, viz., the "constitutionalists", who sought
2242:
grouped together. By 1911 Indian Tamils were shown as a separate category. The population statistics reveal that by 1911, Indian Tamils constituted 12.9%, whereas Sri Lankan Tamils formed 12.8% of the population of 4,106,400; in 1921, 13.4% and 11.5%; in 1931, 15.2% and 11.3%, and in 1946, 11.7% and
1863:
Sinhalese and the Tamils who were mainly concentrated to the north of the country while ignoring the other ethnic groups on the island. Nevertheless, the
British also introduced democratic elements to Sri Lanka for the first time in its history. The Burghers were given some degree of self-government
2027:
bombed
Colombo, which led to the flight of Indian merchants, dominant in the Colombo commercial sector. This flight removed a major political problem facing the Senanayake government. Marxist leaders also escaped, to India, where they participated in the independence struggle there. The movement in
2230:
Censuses in Ceylon began in 1871 and continued every ten years. The 1881 census shows a total population of 2.8 million, consisting of 1.8 million
Sinhalese; 687,000 Ceylon and Indian Tamils; 185,000 Moors; as well as 4,800 Europeans; 17,900 Burghers and Eurasians; 8,900 Malays; 2,200 Veddhas; and
2062:
The constitutionalists, led by D. S. Senanayake, (the first prime minister) succeeded in winning independence. The
Soulbury constitution was essentially what Senanayake's board of ministers had drafted in 1944. The promise of Dominion status, and independence itself, had been given by the Colonial
2000:
rejected these submissions by
Ponnambalam, and even noted their unacceptable communal character. Sinhalese writers pointed out the large immigration of Tamils to the southern urban centres, especially after the opening of the Jaffna-Colombo railway. Meanwhile, Senanayake, Baron Jayatilleke, Oliver
1794:
It took the ruling families of Kandy less than two years to realise that the authority of the
British government was a fundamentally different one to that of the (deposed) Nayakkar dynasty. Soon the Kandyans rebelled against the British and waged a guerrilla war. Discontent with British activities
1771:
The rule of King Sri
Vikrama Rajasinghe was not favoured by his chieftains. The king, who was of South Indian ancestry, faced powerful chieftains and sought cruel measures to repress their popularity with the people. A successful coup was organised by the Sinhala chiefs in which they accepted the
2211:
The multiracial population of Ceylon was numerous enough to support the
European colonists; the Portuguese and the Dutch offspring of the past 440 odd years of colonial history was large enough to run a stable government. Unlike the previous rulers, the British embarked on a plantation programme
2032:
using Colombo as his headquarters for the Eastern Theater. Oliver Goonatilleka successfully exploited the markets for the country's rubber and other agricultural products to replenish the treasury. Nonetheless, Sinhalese continued to agitate for independence and Sinhalese sovereignty, using the
1748:
a protectorate, an offer initially refused by the King of Kandy. Although the previous Dutch administration had not been powerful enough to threaten the reign of the Kandyan Kings, the British were much more powerful. The Kandyan refusal to accept a protectorate led eventually (1803) to the 1st
1710:
when they were invited by the Sinhalese King to fight the Portuguese. It was in 1639 that the Dutch attacked in earnest but ended with an agreement (which was disrespected by both parties), and not until 1656 that Colombo fell. By 1660 the Dutch controlled the whole island except the kingdom of
2314:(CDF) was the military of British Ceylon. Established in 1881 as the Ceylon Volunteers, as the military reserve in the British Crown colony of Ceylon, by 1910 it grew into the Ceylon Defence Force, a regular force responsible for the defence of Ceylon. The CDF was under the command of the
134:
140:
2022:
During World War II, Sri Lanka was a front-line British base against the Japanese. Opposition to the war in Sri Lanka was orchestrated by Marxist organizations. The leaders of the LSSP pro-independence agitation were arrested by the Colonial authorities. On 5 April 1942, the
142:
141:
128:
1711:
Kandy. The Dutch (who were Protestants) persecuted the Catholics (the left-over Portuguese settlers) but left the Buddhists, Hindus and Muslims alone. However, they taxed the people far more heavily than the Portuguese had done. A mixed Dutch-Sri Lankan people known as
132:
133:
139:
138:
135:
129:
127:
2266:
Between 1796 and 1948, Ceylon was a British Crown colony. Although the British monarch was the head of state, in practice his or her functions were exercised in the colony by the colonial Governor, who acted on instructions from the British government in London.
1983:
who had rejected the "Ceylonese identity". Ponnamblam had declared himself a "proud Dravidian", and attempted to establish an independent identity for the Tamils. Ponnamblam was a politician who attacked the Sinhalese, and their historical chronicle known as the
136:
125:
124:
123:
122:
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137:
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2044:, crewed by Ceylonese, attempted to expel the British. It has been claimed that the LSSP had some hand in the action, though this is far from clear. Three of the participants were the only British Subject Peoples to be shot for "mutiny" during World War II.
1780:, and Christianity would not be imposed on the population, as had happened during Portuguese and Dutch rule. The Kandyan Convention is an important legal document because it specifies the conditions which the British promised for the Kandyan territory.
1772:
British Crown as their new sovereign. This ended the line of the kingdom of Kandy and King Rajasinghe was taken as a prisoner, ending his hope that the British would allow him to retain power. The Kandyan treaty which was signed in 1815 was called the
1806:
of the kind the Kandyans had fought against European powers for centuries, was centred on the Kandyan nobility and their unhappiness with developments under British rule since 1815. However it was the last uprising of this kind and in the
1847:
cultivation, and by the mid-19th century Ceylon tea had become a staple of the British market, bringing great wealth to a small class of European tea planters. To work the estates, the planters imported large numbers of Tamil workers as
1799:, also known as the Third Kandyan War. The main cause of the rebellion was the British authorities' failure to protect and uphold the customary Buddhist traditions, which were viewed by the islanders as an integral part of their lives.
4034:
2071:
The Sinhalese leader Don Stephen Senanayake left the CNC on the issue of independence, disagreeing with the revised aim of 'the achieving of freedom', although his real reasons were more subtle. He subsequently formed the
1668:
while some of them desired to leave the country. The Buddhist majority disliked Portuguese occupation and its influences and welcomed any power who might rescue them and defeat the Portuguese. In 1602, therefore, when the
2040:, chose a path of agitation disproportionate to their negligible combat strength and diametrically opposed to the "constitutionalist" approach of Senanayake and other Ethnic Sinhalese leaders. A small garrison on the
7527:
121:
2793:
1831:, the Kandyan peasantry was stripped of their lands by the Crown Lands (Encroachments) Ordinance No. 12 of 1840 (sometimes called the Crown Lands Ordinance or the Waste Lands Ordinance), a modern
5632:
7338:
8023:
2001:
Gunatilleke and others lobbied the Soulbury Commission without confronting them officially. The unofficial submissions contained what was to later become the draft constitution of 1944.
1864:
as early as 1833. It was not until 1909 that constitutional development began with a partly elected assembly, and not until 1920 that elected members outnumbered official appointees.
8018:
5743:
4907:
1235:
into the hands of the British Empire. It ended over 2300 years of Sinhalese monarchy rule on the island. The British rule on the island lasted until 1948 when the country regained
8063:
6197:
2223:
and made them indentured labourers in the Hill Country. This was in addition to the several hundred thousand Tamils already living in the Maritime provinces and another 30,000
8038:
5482:
2714:
8053:
5161:
1139:
1886:
With its trading ports of Trincomalee and Colombo, the colony was one of the very few sources of cinnamon in the world. The spice was extremely valuable, and the British
1744:
In 1803, as soon as Great Britain gained the European-controlled parts of Ceylon from the Dutch, they wanted to expand their new sphere of influence by making the native
6911:
4131:
2029:
2005:
120:
1944:(LSSP), which grew out of the Youth Leagues in 1935, made the demand for outright independence a cornerstone of their policy. Its deputies in the State Council,
7912:
7070:
4136:
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7359:
5672:
5385:
3441:
1644:
arrived in 1505, finding the island divided into seven warring kingdoms and unable to fend off intruders. The Portuguese founded a fort at the port city of
6950:
5487:
4076:
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5736:
4900:
3581:
2927:
2803:
6696:
3009:
1897:. Other major works of the British include road-building projects and the establishment of coffee and tea plantations, hospitals, and maternity homes.
8068:
7586:
4827:
4666:
3859:
8033:
5612:
3692:
1615:
1589:
1048:
8028:
7861:
7505:
Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the
5657:
5558:
2278:
of 1931–1947, one of a series of attempts to create a workable solution that would allow for inter-communal differences. This was replaced by the
2664:
1979:
was the most important result of the agitation for constitutional reform in the 1930s. The Tamil leadership had by then fallen into the hands of
8058:
7922:
6544:
5667:
4230:
4126:
4029:
4022:
1132:
6905:
5729:
5293:
4893:
4265:
3939:
1868:
was introduced in 1931, over the protests of the Sinhalese, Tamil and Burgher elite who objected to the common people being allowed to vote.
419:
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6853:
6079:
5250:
5206:
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161:
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7183:
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4448:
4351:
3984:
2772:
1776:
and stated the terms under which the Kandyans would live as a British protectorate. The Buddhist religion was to be given protection by
6901:
2895:
1915:(CNC) was founded to agitate for greater autonomy. The party soon split along ethnic and caste lines. Prof. K. M. de Silva, the famous
87:
8043:
5309:
5236:
4161:
3895:
3509:
2315:
5470:
5083:
1648:
in 1517 and gradually extended their control over the coastal areas. In 1592 the Sinhalese moved their capital to the inland city of
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7063:
6256:
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4054:
3849:
3537:
3385:
3364:
3343:
3322:
3278:
1852:
from south India, who soon made up 10% of the island's population. These workers lived in harsh conditions and were accommodated in
1125:
2500:
6936:
6923:
5357:
5028:
5023:
4215:
3934:
3803:
3677:
1906:
1458:
1240:
1236:
925:
578:
3065:
8048:
7152:
6883:
5710:
5637:
5477:
5417:
5033:
4792:
4523:
4443:
4433:
4393:
4304:
4171:
4044:
3929:
3758:
2406:
1688:. He escaped 19 years later and wrote an account of his stay. This helped to bring the island to the attention of the British.
6482:
5001:
3793:
3554:
3399:
3289:
73:
7446:
6974:
6588:
6299:
5983:
5427:
5422:
5173:
4963:
4919:
4807:
4754:
4605:
4548:
4528:
4438:
4334:
4324:
4247:
4225:
3728:
3620:
3574:
3414:
1434:
1112:
858:
280:
7579:
7256:
7020:
6771:
6109:
6041:
5593:
5412:
5270:
5221:
5168:
5128:
4734:
4553:
4518:
4503:
4166:
4039:
3844:
3117:
2736:
2004:
The close collaboration of the D. S. Senanayake government with the war-time British administration led to the support of
790:
484:
7974:
7671:
7056:
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6430:
6406:
6400:
5757:
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5245:
5226:
4651:
4543:
4538:
4356:
4319:
4071:
3979:
3969:
3944:
3207:
4064:
7917:
7473:
7139:
5989:
5627:
5432:
5407:
5255:
5211:
5201:
4558:
4513:
4361:
4314:
4290:
4176:
4017:
3989:
3839:
3834:
2323:
2261:
2257:
1665:
448:
400:
3829:
3091:
1652:, a location more secure against attack from invaders. Intermittent warfare continued through the 16th century. Many
5690:
2216:. Coffee plants were replaced by tea and rubber plantations. This made Ceylon one of the richest countries in Asia.
7876:
7781:
7211:
6988:
6962:
6859:
6628:
5586:
5576:
5525:
5303:
5189:
5156:
5151:
4968:
4478:
4295:
3963:
3854:
3625:
3458:
2239:
1395:
7145:
7101:
6823:
6534:
6209:
6179:
5937:
5721:
5568:
5515:
5499:
5265:
5260:
5216:
4991:
4958:
4926:
4812:
4684:
4661:
4595:
4426:
3890:
3615:
3567:
2085:
1928:
and other Indian leaders visited Ceylon in 1926. The efforts of the constitutionalists led to the arrival of the
1701:
1382:
193:
93:
5494:
7886:
7603:
7572:
7326:
7034:
6981:
6889:
6847:
6811:
6765:
6380:
6029:
5971:
5662:
5437:
5347:
5342:
5093:
4832:
4689:
4488:
4416:
4309:
3974:
2798:
2275:
1912:
1719:
1685:
1413:
4817:
6212:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
4153:
3017:
8013:
7831:
7796:
7751:
7543:
7375:
7250:
7218:
7199:
6865:
6817:
6759:
6468:
6412:
5788:
5622:
5598:
5553:
5352:
5133:
5058:
4802:
4771:
4644:
4590:
4344:
4339:
4235:
4011:
3873:
3662:
3657:
1988:. One such inflamed attack in Navalapitiya led to the first Sinhala-Tamil riot in 1939. Ponnambalam opposed
1941:
1623:
1350:
1311:
492:
434:
4739:
4719:
4453:
7721:
7716:
7611:
7014:
6995:
6871:
6835:
6607:
6595:
6494:
6374:
6362:
6250:
6205:
6193:
5824:
5540:
5362:
5143:
5088:
5048:
4842:
4709:
4622:
4612:
4483:
4468:
4275:
4270:
4257:
4220:
4096:
3954:
3912:
3743:
3733:
2777:
2305:
2271:
2037:
2024:
2017:
1936:
recommendations, which essentially upheld the 1944 draft constitution of the Board of ministers headed by
1929:
1641:
1408:
882:
870:
79:
3518:
Wenzlhuemer, Roland. "Indian Labour Immigration and British Labour Policy in Nineteenth-Century Ceylon,"
2999:
Dr. Jane Russell, Communal Politics under the Donoughmore constitution. Tisara Prakasakyo, Dehivala, 1982
1555:
7841:
7816:
7731:
7711:
7661:
7631:
7621:
7553:
7159:
6314:
6091:
6073:
5882:
5813:
5617:
5367:
5105:
4983:
4922:
4724:
4656:
4473:
4398:
4240:
4202:
4188:
4116:
3718:
3687:
2369:
2073:
1961:
1812:
1547:
1019:
834:
516:
204:
187:
152:
1890:
began to cultivate it in 1767, but Ceylon remained the main producer until the end of the 18th century
7927:
7806:
7801:
7681:
7502:; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
7464:
7282:
7195:
7129:
7107:
7008:
6968:
6877:
6841:
6779:
6704:
6456:
6392:
6127:
6121:
6115:
5288:
5194:
5112:
5053:
5038:
4953:
4837:
4776:
4676:
4563:
4493:
4421:
4408:
4210:
3925:
3813:
3723:
3642:
3610:
3449:
2661:
2401:
2311:
2299:
2056:
1849:
1681:
1674:
1584:
1529:
1292:
1107:
1102:
846:
500:
1835:
movement and reduced to penury. The British found that the uplands of Sri Lanka were very suited to
7901:
7871:
7821:
7776:
7756:
7746:
7646:
6943:
6746:
6653:
6601:
6488:
6476:
6444:
6356:
6147:
6059:
5603:
5231:
5100:
5043:
4694:
4617:
4101:
3763:
3667:
2341:
2279:
2227:. The linguistically bipolar island needed a link language and English became universal in Ceylon.
1997:
1989:
1976:
1957:
1933:
1492:
1374:
1327:
1217:
947:
739:
655:
7956:
7549:
5696:
4870:
7846:
7761:
7741:
7626:
7616:
7189:
7171:
7111:
7002:
6728:
6690:
6666:
6647:
6538:
6085:
6011:
5977:
5876:
5856:
5782:
5548:
5337:
5018:
5006:
4864:
4797:
4749:
4744:
4729:
4704:
4699:
4639:
4600:
4575:
3808:
3748:
3672:
3486:
3478:
3437:
3405:
3234:
2940:
1965:
1953:
1949:
1887:
1876:
1865:
1773:
1766:
1653:
1597:
1466:
1426:
1364:
1058:
894:
752:
565:
529:
2600:
2036:
Meanwhile, the Marxists, identifying the war as a sideshow between rival empires and desiring a
1853:
2750:
1879:
argues, reinforcing the analysis first made by famed local historian, G.C. Mendis in his book,
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7826:
7791:
7726:
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7696:
7656:
7641:
7636:
7135:
6753:
6718:
6450:
6338:
6286:
6280:
6264:
6103:
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6017:
5947:
5530:
4714:
4533:
4508:
4088:
3773:
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3381:
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3354:
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3333:
3318:
3312:
3274:
3268:
3111:
2921:
2868:
2730:
2391:
2322:
in Ceylon if mobilised. However, mobilisation could be carried out only under orders from the
1980:
1894:
988:
112:
107:
3708:
3499:
7932:
7851:
7811:
7786:
7766:
7701:
7676:
7666:
7651:
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7431:
7423:
7351:
7262:
7230:
7117:
6917:
6829:
6614:
6140:
6133:
6035:
5920:
5865:
5700:
5581:
5390:
5332:
5013:
4874:
4627:
4458:
4181:
4143:
3882:
3798:
3768:
3753:
3462:
3423:
2902:
2383:
1937:
1921:
1795:
soon boiled over into open rebellion, commencing in the duchy of Uva in 1817, so-called the
1745:
1661:
1232:
1213:
1156:
1095:
976:
906:
711:
671:
552:
467:
257:
251:
224:
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7165:
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3261:
Sinhalese immigrants in Malaysia & Singapore, 1860–1990: History through recollections
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2668:
2622:
2327:
1815:
was pursued, and all males between 15 and 60 years were driven out, exiled or killed. The
1345:
824:
2693:
17:
3442:"Tales of the Land: British Geography and Kandyan Resistance in Sri Lanka, c. 1803-1850"
2212:
which initially brought coffee plantations to the island. These were later wiped out by
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4632:
4371:
4366:
4329:
4111:
4106:
3738:
3682:
3181:
3156:
2491:
2091:
1969:
1925:
1723:
1712:
1707:
1510:
1479:
1281:
1202:
1173:
966:
935:
801:
338:
262:
218:
8007:
7950:
7385:
7205:
6386:
6270:
3713:
3490:
3356:
Dutch and British Colonial Intervention in Sri Lanka, 1780–1815: Expansion and Reform
2828:
Land Settlement in Sri Lanka 1840-1975: A Review of the Major Writings on the Subject
2235:
2224:
2041:
1828:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1542:
1212:
between 1796 and 4 February 1948. Initially, the area it covered did not include the
663:
3069:
2825:
Ellman, A.O.; Ratnaweera, D. De S.; Silva, K.T.; Wickremasinghe, G. (January 1976).
7415:
7123:
6684:
6678:
6659:
6424:
6159:
6066:
6005:
5999:
5520:
5400:
4996:
4885:
4376:
3788:
3778:
3501:
From Coffee to Tea Cultivation in Ceylon, 1880–1900: An Economic and Social History
3295:
2680:
2396:
2349:
2319:
2033:
opportunities offered by the war to establish a special relationship with Britain.
1993:
1808:
1754:
1750:
1739:
1697:
1657:
1563:
1497:
1205:
1000:
725:
214:
200:
3410:"Ethnicity, Indigeneity, and Migration in the Advent of British Rule to Sri Lanka"
1859:
The British colonial government favoured the semi-European Burghers, certain high-
3375:
3291:
Buddhism in Sinhalese Society, 1750–1900: A Study of Religious Revival and Change
1191:
British Settlements and Territories in the Island of Ceylon with its Dependencies
119:
36:
British Settlements and Territories in the Island of Ceylon with its Dependencies
7960:
7532:
7028:
6929:
6740:
6344:
6244:
5959:
5953:
3605:
2575:
2550:
2525:
2335:
2220:
2213:
1945:
1670:
814:
374:
2853:
6805:
6786:
6529:
6308:
5927:
5844:
4381:
3466:
2359:
2345:
2331:
2286:
of 1948–1972, after which the Free, Sovereign and the Independent Republic of
1916:
1287:
1231:
is the history of Sri Lanka between 1815 and 1948. It follows the fall of the
350:
326:
299:
7989:
7976:
3474:
3211:
2943:, "Tales of the Land: British Geography and Kandyan Resistance in Sri Lanka,
7451:
6304:
6053:
5837:
4764:
4759:
4386:
3590:
3131:
2287:
2048:
1985:
1832:
1816:
1777:
1221:
1209:
1070:
805:
777:
386:
314:
2326:. The Ceylon Defence Force has seen action in a number of wars such as the
3428:
3409:
2834:. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Agrarian Research and Training Institute. p. 16
2826:
7379:
7294:
6573:
6525:
6274:
6201:
6187:
6183:
6153:
5941:
2283:
2052:
1727:
1637:
1605:
362:
7288:
6621:
6581:
6174:
5931:
5890:
3482:
3039:
1645:
238:
167:
7298:
6673:
6438:
6216:
5818:
1893:
The laying of the railway was carried out during the Governorship of
1844:
1836:
3559:
1718:
In the late 18th century the Dutch, weakened by their wars against
7564:
6799:
6521:
5993:
1860:
1649:
2433:
Administration based in India; a jurisdiction distinct from India
2424:
Administration based in India; a jurisdiction distinct from India
6350:
2110:
1753:, but were bloodily repulsed. In 1815 Kandy was captured in the
7568:
7403:
7315:
7052:
6561:
6233:
5908:
5801:
5725:
4889:
3563:
3529:
Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: A History of Contested Indentities
2794:"The British duplicity in protecting human rights in Sri Lanka"
2981:
K. M. de Silva, University of Ceylon History of Ceylon, p. 225
2499:. Population Growth: C.I.C.R.E.D. Series. 1974. pp. 3–4.
1840:
1636:
The first Europeans to visit Ceylon in modern times were the
5633:
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Sri Lanka
2105:
2270:
On the approach to self-government and independence, the
1664:
were religiously persecuted and forced to retreat to the
2601:"King Sri wickrama rajasinghe: Sri Lanka's last monarch"
1819:
annexed the Kingdom of Kandy to British Ceylon in 1817.
1706:
The island attracted the attention of the newly formed
1220:
included the whole island of Ceylon, now the nation of
2348:
until 1948, primarily to control the sea lanes of the
1216:, which was a protectorate, but from 1817 to 1948 the
6537:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the
2205:
Source: Department of Census and Statistics Sri Lanka
1195:
Island of Ceylon and its Territories and Dependencies
1167:
44:
Island of Ceylon and its Territories and Dependencies
2234:
The Censuses of 1871, 1881, 1891 and 1901 had shown
1677:
landed, the king of Kandy appealed to him for help.
7900:
7860:
7602:
5650:
5567:
5539:
5508:
5458:
5451:
5378:
5325:
5281:
5182:
5142:
5121:
5076:
5069:
4982:
4946:
4785:
4675:
4583:
4574:
4407:
4256:
4201:
4152:
4087:
4003:
3953:
3904:
3881:
3872:
3822:
3701:
3650:
3641:
3598:
1684:landed by chance on Ceylon and was captured by the
1184:
773:
648:
634:
624:
614:
605:
597:
592:
575:
562:
549:
539:
526:
512:
477:
461:
447:
428:
413:
399:
380:
368:
356:
344:
332:
320:
308:
293:
279:
271:
244:
234:
181:
34:
2694:"Uva Wellassa The Great Liberation War: 1817–1818"
2623:"The 1815 Kandyan Convention at the Audience Hall"
8024:Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia
1624:Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic
2966:Britain: losing and gaining an empire, 1763–1914
2773:"Anglophiles, Eurocentric arrogance and Reality"
2683:Virtual Library Sri Lanka. Retrieved 2007-10-01.
2681:Keppetipola and the Uva The Great Liberation War
2649:Britain: losing and gaining an empire, 1763–1914
2344:was an important strategic base for the British
3098:. Archived from the original on 7 November 2001
2717:. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017
27:British Crown colony (1796–1948); now Sri Lanka
8019:States and territories disestablished in 1948
7580:
7064:
5737:
4901:
3575:
1730:plantations, making this a valuable venture.
1133:
8:
8064:1948 disestablishments in the British Empire
7499:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
7482:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
7360:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
5386:Board of Commissioners of Currency of Ceylon
3377:Sri Lanka: History and the Roots of Conflict
2854:http://www.dawn.com/events/millennium/12.htm
2096:
541:• Establishment of dual administration
3010:"Edmund Samarakkody kept faith to the last"
1802:The rebellion, which soon developed into a
8039:States and territories established in 1815
7587:
7573:
7565:
7400:
7312:
7086:
7071:
7057:
7049:
6558:
6230:
5905:
5798:
5744:
5730:
5722:
5455:
5073:
4908:
4894:
4886:
4580:
3878:
3647:
3582:
3568:
3560:
2442:Non scientific census of the whole island.
2095:
1140:
1126:
784:
160:
151:
31:
8054:1815 establishments in the British Empire
4035:Deputy speaker and chairman of committees
3427:
3092:"Asia Times: SRI LANKA: THE UNTOLD STORY"
6543:Legitimacy of territorial establishment
5613:Wesleyan Methodist Mission, North Ceylon
3294:. U. of California Press. Archived from
3263:, Colombo, KVG de Silva & Sons, 1991
2486:
2484:
2482:
1856:, not very different from cattle sheds.
1253:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2453:
2417:
798:
787:
604:
601:65,993 km (25,480 sq mi)
596:
591:
7528:Historical flags of the British Empire
7512:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985
5668:Ceylonese recipients of British titles
3109:
2926:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2919:
2877:
2866:
2728:
2219:The British also brought Tamils from
1199:Island of Ceylon and its Dependencies
633:
623:
613:
609:
574:
561:
548:
538:
525:
521:
460:
456:
446:
427:
412:
408:
398:
379:
367:
355:
343:
331:
319:
307:
292:
288:
278:
52:Island of Ceylon and its Dependencies
7:
4132:Directorate of Military Intelligence
3270:Ceylon Under British Rule, 1795–1932
1251:Periodization of Sri Lanka history:
7339:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands
6182:. British Cameroons is now part of
5706:
2792:Keerthisinghe, Lakshman I. (2013).
2055:formed the 'Lanka Regiment' of the
6198:unilaterally declared independence
5893:1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802
5310:General Officer Commanding, Ceylon
5237:General Officer Commanding, Ceylon
2751:"Torture tree of the British Army"
2316:General Officer Commanding, Ceylon
1197:from 1833 to 1931 and finally the
210:(12 October 1798 – 1 January 1802)
25:
7405:Antarctica and the South Atlantic
7384:Occupied by Argentina during the
4137:Criminal Investigation Department
2771:Müller, J. B. (6 November 2010).
1952:, were aided in this struggle by
1827:Following the suppression of the
1757:, ending Ceylonese independence.
1680:In 1669, the British sea captain
166:British Ceylon map, published in
8069:1948 disestablishments in Ceylon
7955:
7946:
7945:
7548:
7539:
7538:
6951:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
5705:
5695:
5686:
5685:
5024:Sri Lankan independence movement
4869:
4860:
4859:
3237:. The Ceylon Army Journal Volume
2506:from the original on 1 July 2014
2376:
2362:
1907:Sri Lankan independence movement
1241:Sri Lankan independence movement
1089:
813:
757:
732:
718:
704:
553:Proclamation of the Crown Colony
117:
86:
72:
8034:Former monarchies of South Asia
5673:Military awards and decorations
5638:Bible translations into Sinhala
5559:Sinhala words of English origin
3759:Crisis of the Sixteenth Century
3555:තුඩපත් මඟින් හෙළිවන සිංහල උරුමය
3335:The Plantation Tamils of Ceylon
3182:"THE POPULATION I OF SRI LANKA"
3157:"THE POPULATION I OF SRI LANKA"
3132:"Sri Lanka - Sinhalese Parties"
2407:1906 malaria outbreak in Ceylon
2334:. It is the predecessor to the
8029:Former countries in South Asia
7913:British Indian Ocean Territory
7447:Australian Antarctic Territory
6303:since 1965 (before as part of
6300:British Indian Ocean Territory
6186:, while Tanganyika is part of
5817:since 1960 (before as part of
3729:Chola conquest of Anuradhapura
3532:. University of Hawaii Press.
3415:The American Historical Review
1715:are the legacy of Dutch rule.
1:
8059:1815 establishments in Ceylon
5594:Methodist Church in Sri Lanka
5129:Legislative Council of Ceylon
5084:Colebrooke–Cameron Commission
4040:Deputy Chairman of Committees
3526:Wickramasinghe, Nira (2006).
3208:"In search of a new identity"
2944:
566:Signing of Kandyan Convention
171:
5758:British Overseas Territories
3498:Wenzlhuemer, Roland (2008).
2662:Lessons on British 'decency'
2462:"The British Empire in 1924"
1193:from 1802 to 1833, then the
7474:British Antarctic Territory
7184:Western Pacific Territories
5628:Sri Lanka Baptist Sangamaya
5300:British Military in Ceylon
3338:. Continuum International.
3288:Malalgoda, Kitsiri (1976).
3210:. Frontline. Archived from
2493:The Population of Sri Lanka
2262:Executive Council of Ceylon
2258:British governors of Ceylon
2252:British Governors of Ceylon
1201:from 1931 to 1948, was the
1185:
1168:
435:Sir Henry Monck-Mason Moore
8085:
7212:Gilbert and Ellice Islands
6629:British Arctic Territories
5304:Commander-in-Chief, Ceylon
5002:Great Rebellion of 1817–18
4127:State Intelligence Service
3459:Cambridge University Press
3374:Spencer, Jonathan (1990).
3353:Schrikker. Alicia (2007).
2303:
2297:
2282:proposals that led to the
2255:
2240:Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka
2089:
2083:
2015:
1904:
1787:
1764:
1737:
1695:
1656:were forced to convert to
1363:
8044:20th century in Sri Lanka
7941:
7523:
7492:
7452:Commonwealth of Australia
7410:
7399:
7370:
7322:
7311:
7277:
7084:
7048:
6854:Newfoundland and Labrador
6568:
6557:
6535:League of Nations mandate
6516:
6240:
6229:
6210:Lancaster House Agreement
6180:League of Nations mandate
6169:
5915:
5904:
5808:
5797:
5764:
5681:
4936:
4855:
4286:Grama Niladhari divisions
3940:National Security Council
3467:10.1017/S0026749X06002642
3400:complete text online free
3398:(1982). pp. 239–488
3332:Peebles, Patrick (2001).
3311:Peebles, Patrick (2006).
3267:Mills, Lennox A. (1933).
3116:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2735:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2204:
2123:—
2086:Demographics of Sri Lanka
1702:Invasion of Ceylon (1795)
1593:
1588:
1583:
1562:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1514:
1509:
1491:
1462:
1457:
1430:
1425:
1407:
1378:
1373:
1344:
1305:
1302:
1286:
1279:
1177:
1160:
683:
644:
610:
588:
522:
473:
457:
443:
409:
395:
289:
159:
150:
102:
68:
63:
18:History of British Ceylon
7662:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
6982:Turks and Caicos Islands
6289:(protectorate) 1907–1949
5861:(integrated into the UK)
5663:Maldivian Annual Tribute
5438:Indian Ocean slave trade
5343:Ceylon National Congress
5094:Donoughmore Constitution
4266:Administrative divisions
4144:Sri Lanka Police Service
4050:Leader of the Opposition
3693:Sri Lanka (1948–present)
3314:The History of Sri Lanka
2964:Christie, Nikki (2016).
2954:(2007) 41#5 pp. 925–965.
2715:"Wellassa riots in 1818"
2647:Christie, Nikki (2016).
2276:Donoughmore Constitution
1913:Ceylon National Congress
1881:Ceylon Under the British
1409:Post-classical Sri Lanka
859:Anuradhapura from Rohana
7923:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
7265:1919–1942 and 1945–1968
7090:18th and 19th centuries
6906:Queen Charlotte Islands
6866:North-Western Territory
6838:1665–1674 and 1702–1776
6441:1781–1784 and 1795–1819
6106:1923–1965 and 1979–1980
5789:Commonwealth of Nations
5623:The Pentecostal Mission
5599:American Ceylon Mission
5554:Sri Lankan Creole Malay
5134:State Council of Ceylon
5059:South East Asia Command
4345:Knuckles Mountain Range
4340:Hanthana Mountain Range
4281:Divisional Secretariats
4236:Sri Lanka Freedom Party
3663:Pre Anuradhapura period
3233:van Langenberg, Cyril.
2247:Government and military
1942:Lanka Sama Samaja Party
1932:reforms (1931) and the
1606:Constitutional monarchy
530:Capture of Dutch Ceylon
8049:19th century in Ceylon
7015:West Indies Federation
6204:) and continued as an
5787:Current member of the
5353:Sri Lankan nationalism
5089:Donoughmore Commission
5049:Ceylon in World War II
4823:International rankings
4464:Science and technology
4449:Information technology
4162:Provincial governments
3935:Administrative Service
3896:Constitutional Council
2651:. Pearson. p. 53.
2580:www.worldstatesmen.org
2555:www.worldstatesmen.org
2530:www.worldstatesmen.org
2306:Ceylon in World War II
2272:Donoughmore Commission
2038:proletarian revolution
2030:Lord Louis Mountbatten
2018:Ceylon in World War II
2006:Lord Louis Mountbatten
1930:Donoughmore Commission
1585:Contemporary Sri Lanka
1493:Early Modern Sri Lanka
883:Kingdom of Dambadeniya
871:Kingdom of Polonnaruwa
468:Don Stephen Senanayake
110:(1796–1837; 1901–1948)
6937:Saint Kitts and Nevis
6208:state until the 1979
5814:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
5618:Lanka Lutheran Church
5368:Jaffna Youth Congress
5348:Native headmen system
5106:Soulbury Constitution
5034:1906 malaria outbreak
4923:British Ceylon period
4241:United National Party
4060:Chief Opposition Whip
4055:Chief Government Whip
3804:Independence movement
3688:British Ceylon period
3429:10.1086/ahr.115.2.428
3259:Arsecularatne, S. N,
3235:"The Volunteer Force"
2627:Rootsweb.ancestry.com
2370:British Empire portal
2097:Historical population
2074:United National Party
1962:Vivienne Goonewardene
1901:Independence movement
1813:scorched earth policy
1288:Prehistoric Sri Lanka
1229:British Ceylon period
1071:Republic of Sri Lanka
1020:British Ceylon period
852:437 BCE–1017 CE
835:Kingdom of Tambapanni
517:British Ceylon period
245:Common languages
7837:United Arab Emirates
7465:Realm of New Zealand
7463:(transferred to the
7450:(transferred to the
7283:Realm of New Zealand
6884:Prince Edward Island
6762:1671–1816, 1833–1960
5289:Ceylon Defence Force
5195:Ceylon Civil Service
5054:Cocos Islands mutiny
5039:1915 Ceylonese riots
4667:World Heritage Sites
3520:Modern Asian Studies
3450:Modern Asian Studies
3396:History of Sri Lanka
3380:. Psychology Press.
3072:on 11 September 2001
2952:Modern Asian Studies
2402:History of Sri Lanka
2312:Ceylon Defence Force
2300:Ceylon Defence Force
2057:Indian National Army
1850:indentured labourers
1722:, were conquered by
1675:Joris van Spilbergen
1590:Sri Lanka since 1948
1186:Biritthāṉiya Ilaṅkai
1096:Sri Lanka portal
1049:Sri Lanka since 1948
847:Anuradhapura kingdom
7986: /
7864:limited recognition
7496:Since 2009 part of
7388:of April–June 1982.
6975:Trinidad and Tobago
6589:Antigua and Barbuda
6489:Straits Settlements
5604:Batticotta Seminary
5271:Financial Secretary
5101:Soulbury Commission
5044:Suriya-Mal Movement
5029:Temperance movement
4216:Electoral districts
4065:Secretaries-General
4045:Leader of the House
3985:Magistrate's Courts
3678:Transitional period
3668:Anuradhapura period
3438:Sivasundaram, Sujit
3406:Sivasundaram, Sujit
3187:. CI.CR.É.D. Series
3162:. CI.CR.É.D. Series
3020:on 10 December 2018
2667:17 May 2022 at the
2342:Trincomalee Harbour
2280:Soulbury Commission
2098:
1998:Soulbury Commission
1990:universal franchise
1977:Soulbury Commission
1958:Leslie Goonewardene
1934:Soulbury Commission
1642:Lourenço de Almeida
1396:Middle Anuradhapura
1218:British possessions
948:Kingdom of Sitawaka
926:Transitional period
740:Vanni chieftaincies
656:Ceylonese rixdollar
485:Legislative Council
6648:Cape Breton Island
6539:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
6381:Unfederated States
6196:Southern Rhodesia
5783:Commonwealth realm
5549:Sri Lankan English
5338:Kandyan Convention
5246:Board of Ministers
5217:Colonial Secretary
5019:Kandyan Convention
5007:Kandyan Convention
4992:Invasion of Ceylon
4793:Capital punishment
4172:Municipal councils
3809:Dominion of Ceylon
3673:Polonnaruwa period
3055:, November 1, 1939
2941:Sujit Sivasundaram
2806:on 21 October 2013
2466:The British Empire
2284:Dominion of Ceylon
1966:Edmund Samarakkody
1954:Colvin R. de Silva
1950:Philip Gunawardena
1888:East India Company
1866:Universal suffrage
1774:Kandyan Convention
1767:Kandyan Convention
1761:Kandyan Convention
1755:Second Kandyan War
1660:while the coastal
1383:Early Anuradhapura
1178:பிரித்தானிய இலங்கை
1076:1972–present
1059:Dominion of Ceylon
895:Kingdom of Gampola
753:Dominion of Ceylon
227:– 4 February 1948)
196:– 12 October 1798)
113:God Save the Queen
7969:
7968:
7906:other territories
7562:
7561:
7519:
7518:
7395:
7394:
7327:Providence Island
7307:
7306:
7272:
7271:
7140:Western Australia
7108:Van Diemen's Land
7044:
7043:
7021:Associated States
6719:Columbia District
6553:
6552:
6407:Manila and Cavite
6225:
6224:
6104:Southern Rhodesia
6098:South-West Africa
6048:Northern Rhodesia
5960:Cape of Good Hope
5900:
5899:
5777:Current territory
5719:
5718:
5646:
5645:
5587:Bishop of Colombo
5471:British buildings
5321:
5320:
5202:Executive Council
5174:Solicitor General
4883:
4882:
4851:
4850:
4808:Gender inequality
4755:Traditional games
4606:Sexual Minorities
4335:Central Highlands
4226:Foreign relations
4197:
4196:
4167:Local governments
4089:National security
3868:
3867:
3860:Sexual Minorities
3774:Portuguese Ceylon
3522:(2007) 41:575–602
3504:. Leiden: Brill.
3359:. Leiden: Brill.
3206:SURYANARAYAN, V.
3136:Countrystudies.us
2876:Missing or empty
2392:Portuguese Ceylon
2290:was established.
2209:
2208:
1981:G. G. Ponnambalam
1784:The Uva Rebellion
1724:Napoleonic France
1666:Central highlands
1654:Lowland Ceylonese
1629:
1628:
1564:Colonial monarchy
1414:Late Anuradhapura
1346:Ancient Sri Lanka
1183:
1166:
1161:බ්රිතාන්ය ලංකාව
1150:
1149:
1080:
1079:
1039:
1038:
1010:
1009:
989:Portuguese Ceylon
957:
956:
916:
915:
840:543–437 BCE
808:
783:
782:
769:
768:
765:
764:
745:
744:
676:
668:
660:
505:
497:
489:
463:• 1947–1948
430:• 1944–1948
415:• 1798–1805
382:• 1936–1948
358:• 1910–1936
346:• 1901–1910
334:• 1837–1901
322:• 1830–1837
310:• 1820–1830
295:• 1815–1820
143:
108:God Save the King
16:(Redirected from
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7604:Sovereign states
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7507:Antarctic Treaty
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7440:Falkland Islands
7432:Tristan da Cunha
7424:Ascension Island
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7352:Falkland Islands
7313:
7281:Now part of the
7153:Pitcairn Islands
7118:Auckland Islands
7087:
7073:
7066:
7059:
7050:
7035:Windward Islands
6989:Vancouver Island
6766:MassachusettsBay
6635:British Columbia
6559:
6375:Federated States
6231:
6141:Tristan da Cunha
6110:Southern Nigeria
6042:Northern Nigeria
5921:Ascension Island
5906:
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5773:Former territory
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5709:
5708:
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5689:
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5582:Church of Ceylon
5456:
5358:Women's suffrage
5333:Treaty of Amiens
5227:Colonial Auditor
5222:Attorney General
5190:Governor-General
5169:Attorney General
5074:
5014:Matale Rebellion
4910:
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3919:Executive Office
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3068:. Archived from
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2948: 1803–1850
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2908:on 27 March 2009
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2384:Sri Lanka portal
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2365:
2274:recommended the
2112:
2107:
2099:
2012:Second World War
1992:, supported the
1938:D. S. Senanayake
1922:Jawaharlal Nehru
1746:Kingdom of Kandy
1543:Modern Sri Lanka
1351:Pre-Anuradhapura
1324:~1000 BC–543 BC
1275:Main government
1254:
1214:Kingdom of Kandy
1188:
1182:romanized:
1181:
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1169:Britānya Laṃkāva
1165:romanized:
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907:Kingdom of Kotte
830:
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7166:North Australia
7146:South Australia
7102:New South Wales
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4357:Protected areas
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4072:15th Parliament
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3980:District courts
3970:Court of appeal
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3990:Primary Courts
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3683:Kandyan period
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3549:External links
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3511:978-9004163614
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3273:. Oxford U.P.
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3214:on 29 May 2008
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2092:Burgher people
2084:Main article:
2081:
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2016:Main article:
2013:
2010:
1970:K. Natesa Iyer
1940:. The Marxist
1926:Sarojini Naidu
1905:Main article:
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1895:Sir Henry Ward
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7386:Falklands War
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6878:Paulet affair
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5735:
5733:
5728:
5727:
5724:
5712:
5704:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5692:
5684:
5683:
5680:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5649:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5577:Protestantism
5575:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5566:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5526:Indian Tamils
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5476:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5454:
5450:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5396:British pound
5394:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5363:Youth Leagues
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5311:
5308:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5280:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5181:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5157:Chief Justice
5155:
5154:
5153:
5152:Supreme Court
5150:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5114:
5111:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5099:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5072:
5068:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4911:
4906:
4904:
4899:
4897:
4892:
4891:
4888:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4866:
4858:
4857:
4854:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4123:Intelligence
4122:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3964:Supreme Court
3961:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3794:Uva Rebellion
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3585:
3580:
3578:
3573:
3571:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3539:9780824830168
3535:
3531:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3422:(2): 428–52.
3421:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3387:9780203407417
3383:
3379:
3378:
3372:
3368:
3366:9789004156029
3362:
3358:
3357:
3351:
3347:
3345:9780718501549
3341:
3337:
3336:
3330:
3326:
3324:9780313332050
3320:
3317:. Greenwood.
3316:
3315:
3309:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3286:
3282:
3280:9780714620190
3276:
3272:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3236:
3229:
3226:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3199:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2942:
2937:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2904:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2870:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2830:
2829:
2821:
2818:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2788:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2767:
2764:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2643:
2640:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2603:. August 2016
2602:
2596:
2593:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2502:
2495:
2494:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2439:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2374:
2371:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2236:Ceylon Tamils
2232:
2231:7,500 other.
2228:
2226:
2225:Tamil Muslims
2222:
2221:British India
2217:
2215:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2087:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2042:Cocos Islands
2039:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2025:Japanese Navy
2019:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1829:Uva Rebellion
1822:
1820:
1818:
1817:British Crown
1814:
1810:
1805:
1804:guerrilla war
1800:
1798:
1797:Uva Rebellion
1791:
1790:Uva Rebellion
1783:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1720:Great Britain
1716:
1714:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1686:king of Kandy
1683:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:1972–present
1611:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1175:
1170:
1158:
1154:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1086:
1085:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1005:
1002:
998:
997:
993:
990:
986:
985:
981:
978:
974:
973:
968:
963:
962:
952:
949:
945:
944:
940:
937:
933:
932:
927:
922:
921:
911:
908:
904:
903:
899:
896:
892:
891:
887:
884:
880:
879:
875:
872:
868:
867:
863:
860:
856:
855:
851:
848:
844:
843:
839:
836:
832:
831:
826:
821:
820:
816:
812:
811:
807:
803:
797:
792:
786:
779:
776:
774:Today part of
772:
756:
754:
751:
750:
747:
741:
738:
731:
730:
727:
724:
717:
716:
713:
710:
703:
702:
699:
698:
695:
692:
690:
687:
686:
682:
673:
670:
665:
664:British pound
662:
657:
654:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
629:
619:
600:
587:
583:
580:
570:
567:
558:25 March 1802
557:
554:
544:
534:
531:
518:
515:
511:
502:
499:
494:
493:State Council
491:
486:
483:
482:
480:
476:
472:
469:
466:
452:
450:
442:
436:
433:
421:
418:
404:
402:
394:
388:
385:
376:
373:
364:
361:
352:
349:
340:
337:
328:
325:
316:
313:
301:
298:
284:
282:
274:
270:
264:
261:
259:
256:
253:
250:
249:
247:
243:
240:
237:
233:
226:
225:25 March 1802
220:
216:
213:
206:
202:
199:
195:
189:
186:
185:
184:
180:
169:
163:
158:
154:
149:
114:
109:
105:
101:
95:
89:
81:
75:
67:
62:
33:
30:
19:
7971:
7902:Dependencies
7832:Turkmenistan
7797:Saudi Arabia
7497:
7480:
7472:
7438:
7430:
7422:
7416:Saint Helena
7414:
7358:
7350:
7200:Cook Islands
7151:
7124:New Hebrides
7093:20th century
7009:West Florida
6994:
6980:
6912:Rhode Island
6890:Pennsylvania
6848:Newfoundland
6785:
6710:
6660:East Florida
6631:16th c.–1880
6620:
6572:
6469:Crown Colony
6457:Pulo Condore
6431:Crown Colony
6425:North Borneo
6326:
6298:
6257:Protectorate
6206:unrecognised
6200:in 1965 (as
6139:
6092:South Africa
6080:Sierra Leone
6067:Saint Helena
6065:
6060:Orange River
5938:Bechuanaland
5919:
5877:Protectorate
5836:
5812:
5776:
5756:and Current
5521:Indian Moors
5500:Social class
5466:Architecture
5401:Indian rupee
5113:Capital city
4997:Kandyan Wars
4959:Bibliography
4938:
4828:LGBT history
4813:Human rights
4685:Architecture
4662:Social class
4596:Demographics
4489:Unemployment
4427:Central Bank
4211:Capital city
4097:Armed Forces
4010:
3962:
3928: /
3911:
3891:Constitution
3789:Kandyan Wars
3783:
3779:Dutch Ceylon
3724:Anuradhapura
3616:Bibliography
3528:
3519:
3500:
3454:
3448:
3419:
3413:
3395:
3376:
3355:
3334:
3313:
3300:. Retrieved
3296:the original
3290:
3269:
3260:
3239:. Retrieved
3228:
3216:. Retrieved
3212:the original
3201:
3189:. Retrieved
3176:
3164:. Retrieved
3151:
3139:. Retrieved
3135:
3126:
3100:. Retrieved
3095:
3086:
3074:. Retrieved
3070:the original
3060:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3034:
3022:. Retrieved
3018:the original
3013:
3004:
2965:
2959:
2951:
2936:
2912:19 September
2910:. Retrieved
2903:the original
2890:
2878:|title=
2859:19 September
2857:. Retrieved
2848:
2836:. Retrieved
2827:
2820:
2808:. Retrieved
2804:the original
2799:Daily Mirror
2797:
2787:
2776:
2766:
2754:. Retrieved
2745:
2719:. Retrieved
2709:
2697:. Retrieved
2688:
2676:
2671:, The Nation
2657:
2648:
2642:
2630:. Retrieved
2626:
2617:
2607:29 September
2605:. Retrieved
2595:
2583:. Retrieved
2579:
2570:
2558:. Retrieved
2554:
2545:
2533:. Retrieved
2529:
2520:
2508:. Retrieved
2492:
2469:. Retrieved
2465:
2456:
2438:
2429:
2420:
2397:Dutch Ceylon
2350:Indian Ocean
2340:
2320:British Army
2309:
2294:Armed forces
2269:
2265:
2233:
2229:
2218:
2210:
2080:Demographics
2070:
2061:
2046:
2035:
2021:
2003:
1994:caste system
1974:
1910:
1892:
1885:
1880:
1877:Sivasundaram
1875:
1858:
1826:
1823:British rule
1809:Uva Province
1801:
1793:
1770:
1743:
1740:Kandyan Wars
1734:Kandyan Wars
1717:
1705:
1698:Dutch Ceylon
1692:Dutch Ceylon
1679:
1658:Christianity
1635:
1556:Post-Kandyan
1459:Transitional
1375:Anuradhapura
1272:Span (years)
1266:Span (years)
1250:
1237:independence
1228:
1226:
1206:Crown colony
1198:
1194:
1190:
1152:
1151:
1087:
1029:
1001:Dutch Ceylon
726:Dutch Ceylon
694:Succeeded by
693:
688:
636:• 1946
626:• 1901
616:• 1827
579:Independence
571:2 March 1815
535:5 March 1796
370:• 1936
215:Crown Colony
207:dual control
188:Company rule
103:
94:Coat of arms
29:
7993: /
7961:Asia portal
7862:States with
7782:Philippines
7722:South Korea
7717:North Korea
7612:Afghanistan
7533:Anglosphere
7251:New Zealand
7160:New Zealand
7029:West Jersey
6944:Saint Lucia
6930:Saint Kitts
6924:Saint Croix
6904:1763–1791*
6872:Nova Scotia
6818:New England
6774:, 1691–1776
6741:East Jersey
6729:Connecticut
6608:Bay Islands
6495:Transjordan
6413:Mesopotamia
6251:Afghanistan
6245:Aden Colony
6030:Niger Coast
5996:) 1874–1957
5972:East Africa
5954:Cape Colony
5944:) 1884–1966
5934:) 1868–1966
5711:WikiProject
5478:Place names
5122:Legislature
4941:1815 – 1948
4833:LGBT rights
4818:Immigration
4500:Industries
4454:Public debt
4417:Agriculture
4310:Environment
4117:Coast Guard
4004:Legislature
3975:High Courts
3840:Demographic
3744:Dambadeniya
3734:Polonnaruwa
3606:Sri Lankans
3053:Hindu Organ
3014:Priu.gov.lk
2838:20 December
2576:"Sri Lanka"
2551:"Sri Lanka"
2526:"Sri Lanka"
2336:Ceylon Army
2214:coffee rust
1946:N.M. Perera
1872:Development
1751:Kandyan War
1682:Robert Knox
1467:Dambadeniya
1427:Polonnaruwa
800:Historical
689:Preceded by
675:(1872–1948)
488:(1833–1931)
478:Legislature
375:Edward VIII
175: 1914
115:(1837–1901)
56:(1931–1948)
48:(1833–1931)
40:(1802–1833)
8008:Categories
7842:Uzbekistan
7817:Tajikistan
7732:Kyrgyzstan
7712:Kazakhstan
7632:Bangladesh
7622:Azerbaijan
7485:since 1908
7477:since 1908
7443:since 1833
7435:since 1816
7427:since 1815
7419:since 1658
7376:department
7363:since 1908
7355:since 1833
7156:since 1838
7136:Swan River
7130:Queensland
7017:1958–1962
6999:since 1666
6985:since 1799
6836:New Jersey
6806:New Albion
6790:since 1632
6787:Montserrat
6768:1629–1691
6715:since 1670
6637:1858–1866
6625:since 1619
6577:since 1650
6530:Bangladesh
6465:1841–1946
6427:1882–1963
6393:Federation
6371:1819–1826
6309:Seychelles
6253:1839–1842
6144:since 1816
6128:Tanganyika
6086:Somaliland
6074:Seychelles
6070:since 1658
5990:Gold Coast
5984:The Gambia
5928:Basutoland
5924:since 1815
5866:Free State
5859:1542–1800
5845:Heligoland
5841:since 1713
5294:Commanders
5070:Government
4947:Background
4803:Disability
4772:Television
4740:Philosophy
4725:Literature
4645:Mass media
4394:Waterfalls
4305:Ecoregions
4154:Devolution
4012:Parliament
3930:Ministries
3874:Government
3830:Chronicles
3719:Tambapanni
3658:Prehistory
3461:: 925–65.
3241:31 January
3218:31 January
3191:31 January
3166:31 January
3096:Atimes.com
3076:5 February
2968:. Pearson.
2810:21 October
2778:The Island
2756:23 October
2699:23 October
2585:17 January
2560:17 January
2535:17 January
2471:7 November
2449:References
2346:Royal Navy
2332:World Wars
2304:See also:
2090:See also:
1917:Peradeniya
1854:line rooms
1638:Portuguese
1581:1948–1972
1570:1833–1948
1539:1815–1833
1526:1739–1815
1507:1592–1739
1489:1412–1592
1476:1341–1412
1455:1232–1341
1444:1055–1232
1423:1017–1070
1312:Bronze Age
1284:–~1000 BC
606:Population
501:Parliament
351:Edward VII
327:William IV
300:George III
272:Government
254:(official)
7928:Hong Kong
7882:Palestine
7807:Sri Lanka
7802:Singapore
7682:Indonesia
7469:1841–1947
7456:1841–1933
7347:1831–1966
7341:1670–1688
7335:1651–1667
7329:1631–1641
7259:1914–1962
7253:1907–1947
7246:1901–1942
7244:Australia
7239:1900–1974
7233:1900–1970
7221:1893–1978
7214:1892–1979
7208:1889–1948
7202:1888–1901
7196:Rarotonga
7192:1884–1902
7186:1877–1976
7180:1874–1970
7174:1851–1901
7168:1846–1847
7162:1841–1907
7148:1836–1901
7142:1829–1901
7132:1824–1901
7126:1824–1980
7120:1807–1863
7114:1803–1901
7104:1788–1901
7037:1833–1960
7031:1674–1702
7023:1967–1983
7011:1763–1783
7005:1607–1776
6991:1849–1866
6977:1889–1962
6971:1862–1863
6965:1712–1776
6959:1635–1644
6953:1627–1979
6946:1605–1979
6939:1882–1983
6932:1623–1983
6926:1625–1650
6920:1670–1870
6914:1636–1776
6908:1853–1863
6898:1620–1691
6892:1681–1776
6886:1763–1873
6874:1713–1867
6868:1859–1870
6862:1712–1776
6856:1583–1907
6850:1907–1949
6844:1664–1776
6832:1637–1662
6830:New Haven
6826:1680–1776
6820:1686–1689
6814:1784–1867
6802:1628–1983
6796:1655–1860
6782:1632–1776
6756:1655–1962
6749:1733–1776
6743:1674–1702
6737:1701–1776
6731:1636–1776
6725:1818–1846
6707:1663–1712
6699:1867–1931
6693:1841–1867
6687:1791–1841
6681:1791–1841
6669:1762–1974
6662:1763–1783
6656:1763–1978
6650:1754–1820
6641:1866–1871
6617:1871–1981
6610:1643–1860
6604:1624–1966
6598:1670–1973
6591:1860–1981
6584:1632–1860
6509:1898–1930
6503:1892–1971
6497:1921–1946
6491:1826–1946
6485:1945–1946
6479:1946–1963
6477:Singapore
6471:1946–1963
6459:1702–1705
6453:1786–1946
6447:1923–1948
6445:Palestine
6433:1946–1963
6421:1891–1971
6415:1920–1932
6409:1762–1764
6403:1796–1965
6395:1948–1957
6389:1946–1948
6383:1885–1946
6377:1895–1946
6365:1848–1946
6359:1918–1961
6353:1811–1816
6347:1858–1947
6341:1841–1997
6339:Hong Kong
6335:1878–1960
6329:1795–1948
6323:1888–1984
6317:1824–1948
6305:Mauritius
6295:1874–1963
6283:1757–1947
6277:1812–1824
6267:1685–1824
6265:Bencoolen
6259:1879–1919
6247:1839–1967
6162:1887–1897
6156:1890–1963
6150:1890–1962
6136:1900–1910
6134:Transvaal
6130:1922–1961
6124:1899–1956
6118:1893–1968
6116:Swaziland
6112:1900–1914
6100:1915–1931
6094:1910–1931
6088:1884–1960
6082:1792–1961
6076:1903–1976
6062:1900–1910
6056:1891–1964
6054:Nyasaland
6050:1924–1964
6044:1900–1914
6038:1914–1960
6032:1884–1900
6026:1856–1910
6020:1810–1968
6018:Mauritius
6014:1807–1808
6008:1862–1906
6002:1920–1963
5986:1816–1965
5980:1882–1922
5974:1895–1920
5968:1891–1907
5962:1806–1910
5956:1795–1803
5950:1919–1961
5948:Cameroons
5885:1813–1964
5879:1800–1813
5868:1921–1931
5853:1809–1864
5847:1807–1890
5838:Gibraltar
5833:1878–1960
5827:1794–1796
5781:*Current
5541:Languages
5306:(Unified)
5232:Treasurer
5183:Executive
5144:Judiciary
4843:Terrorism
4765:Cheena di
4760:Angampora
4623:Languages
4613:Education
4484:Transport
4439:Companies
4325:Mountains
4276:Districts
4271:Provinces
4258:Geography
4221:Elections
4102:Air Force
3955:Judiciary
3913:President
3905:Executive
3850:Education
3814:Civil War
3709:Mahāvaṃsa
3599:Overviews
3591:Sri Lanka
3491:128631455
3475:1469-8099
3141:8 October
3102:8 October
3066:"Journal"
3024:8 October
2632:8 October
2330:and both
2318:, of the
2288:Sri Lanka
2197:6,657,300
2186:5,306,000
2175:4,498,600
2164:4,106,400
2153:3,566,000
2142:3,007,800
2131:2,759,700
2120:2,400,380
2049:Singapore
1986:Mahavamsa
1833:enclosure
1778:the Crown
1405:691–1017
1293:Stone Age
1269:Subperiod
1222:Sri Lanka
1210:Sri Lanka
806:Sri Lanka
778:Sri Lanka
667:(1825–71)
659:(1815–28)
640:6,657,339
630:3,565,954
504:(1947–48)
496:(1931–47)
387:George VI
315:George IV
64:1796–1948
7990:7°N 80°E
7951:Category
7872:Abkhazia
7822:Thailand
7777:Pakistan
7757:Mongolia
7752:Maldives
7747:Malaysia
7647:Cambodia
7544:Category
7380:Colombia
7295:Kiribati
7172:Victoria
7112:Tasmania
7003:Virginia
6969:Stickeen
6957:Saybrook
6896:Plymouth
6842:New York
6780:Maryland
6772:Province
6735:Delaware
6705:Carolina
6697:Dominion
6691:Province
6654:Dominica
6602:Barbados
6574:Anguilla
6545:disputed
6526:Pakistan
6401:Maldives
6275:Billiton
6202:Rhodesia
6188:Tanzania
6184:Cameroon
6160:Zululand
6154:Zanzibar
5942:Botswana
5691:Category
5569:Religion
5488:Scottish
5408:Cinnamon
5326:Politics
5282:Military
5256:Governor
5212:Governor
5162:Justices
4964:Timeline
4865:Category
4720:Folklore
4657:Religion
4539:Graphite
4514:Cinnamon
4474:Taxation
4399:Wildlife
4372:Malvathu
4367:Mahaweli
4248:Scandals
4203:Politics
3855:Military
3845:Economic
3835:Monarchs
3764:Sitawaka
3621:Timeline
3440:(2007).
3408:(2010).
3112:cite web
2922:cite web
2869:cite web
2731:cite web
2721:4 August
2665:Archived
2510:2 August
2501:Archived
2356:See also
2324:Governor
2067:Post-war
2063:office.
2053:Malaysia
1728:cinnamon
1673:captain
1616:Republic
1598:Dominion
1530:Nayakkar
1392:463–691
1365:Monarchy
1328:Iron Age
1306:Unknown
1303:300,000
1280:300,000
1113:Timeline
791:a series
789:Part of
649:Currency
401:Governor
363:George V
339:Victoria
275:Monarchy
7847:Vietnam
7762:Myanmar
7742:Lebanon
7672:Georgia
7627:Bahrain
7617:Armenia
7535:culture
7289:Vanuatu
7079:Oceania
6754:Jamaica
6747:Georgia
6667:Grenada
6622:Bermuda
6596:Bahamas
6582:Antigua
6463:Sarawak
6175:Namibia
6036:Nigeria
6012:Madeira
5932:Lesotho
5891:Minorca
5857:Ireland
5825:Corsica
5752:Former
5658:Schools
5516:British
5483:English
5459:Culture
5452:Society
5418:Coconut
5379:Economy
4984:History
4954:Outline
4925:topics
4838:Poverty
4777:Theatre
4710:Fashion
4700:Cuisine
4677:Culture
4628:Sinhala
4576:Society
4564:Tourism
4524:Coconut
4504:Apparel
4494:Welfare
4422:Banking
4409:Economy
4320:Islands
4231:Parties
4077:Members
4030:Speaker
3926:Cabinet
3749:Gampola
3651:Periods
3643:History
3611:Outline
3483:4499807
3253:Sources
3040:Hansard
1646:Colombo
1632:History
1573:
1518:
1511:Kandyan
1480:Gampola
1447:
1358:
1319:
1300:
1247:Context
1203:British
1157:Sinhala
1108:History
1103:Capital
620:889,584
577:•
564:•
551:•
528:•
423:(first)
303:(first)
281:Monarch
258:Sinhala
252:English
239:Colombo
235:Capital
217:of the
205:Company
194:1795/96
168:Leipzig
104:Anthem:
7892:Taiwan
7827:Turkey
7792:Russia
7727:Kuwait
7707:Jordan
7697:Israel
7657:Cyprus
7642:Brunei
7637:Bhutan
7554:Portal
7374:Now a
7345:Guiana
7299:Tuvalu
6902:Quebec
6674:Canada
6615:Belize
6507:Weihai
6451:Penang
6439:Padang
6369:Malaya
6363:Labuan
6357:Kuwait
6333:Cyprus
6327:Ceylon
6321:Brunei
6293:Borneo
6287:Bhutan
6281:Bengal
6217:Zambia
6148:Uganda
5910:Africa
5883:Colony
5873:Malta
5831:Cyprus
5819:Cyprus
5803:Europe
5769:Legend
5701:Portal
5531:Malays
5428:Rubber
5423:Coffee
5312:(Army)
4875:Portal
4786:Issues
4695:Cinema
4618:Health
4584:Topics
4549:Rubber
4529:Coffee
4444:Energy
4377:Kelani
4362:Rivers
4291:Cities
4023:Office
3823:Topics
3739:Jaffna
3714:Vijaya
3702:Epochs
3593:topics
3536:
3508:
3489:
3481:
3473:
3384:
3363:
3342:
3321:
3302:5 June
3277:
3043:, 1935
2200:+25.5%
2189:+17.9%
2167:+15.2%
2156:+18.6%
2134:+15.0%
1845:rubber
1837:coffee
1263:Period
1260:Period
802:states
793:on the
453:
438:(last)
405:
390:(last)
285:
203:&
182:Status
106:
7995:7; 80
7933:Macau
7852:Yemen
7812:Syria
7787:Qatar
7767:Nepal
7702:Japan
7677:India
7667:Egypt
7652:China
7297:and *
7263:Nauru
7257:Samoa
7231:Tonga
7190:Papua
6800:Nevis
6685:Upper
6679:Lower
6522:India
6387:Union
6345:India
6315:Burma
6271:Banka
6122:Sudan
6024:Natal
6006:Lagos
6000:Kenya
5994:Ghana
5978:Egypt
5651:Other
5495:Music
5413:Cocoa
5391:Rupee
4969:Years
4798:Crime
4750:Sport
4745:Radio
4730:Music
4705:Dance
4640:Media
4633:Tamil
4601:Women
4591:Birth
4554:Sugar
4519:Cocoa
4479:Trade
4459:Rupee
4296:Towns
4189:Wards
3769:Kandy
3754:Kotte
3626:Years
3487:S2CID
3479:JSTOR
3457:(5).
3445:(PDF)
3185:(PDF)
3160:(PDF)
2906:(PDF)
2899:(PDF)
2832:(PDF)
2504:(PDF)
2497:(PDF)
2413:Notes
2194:1946
2183:1931
2178:+9.6%
2172:1921
2161:1911
2150:1901
2145:+9.0%
2139:1891
2128:1881
2117:1871
1861:caste
1671:Dutch
1662:Moors
1650:Kandy
1498:Kotte
1379:1454
1257:Dates
1174:Tamil
263:Tamil
201:Crown
7981:80°E
7772:Oman
7737:Laos
7692:Iraq
7687:Iran
7293:Now
7287:Now
7237:Niue
7178:Fiji
6880:1843
6808:1579
6528:and
6520:Now
6351:Java
6307:and
6273:and
6235:Asia
6215:Now
6173:Now
5251:List
5207:List
4715:Flag
4544:Rice
4534:Gems
4509:Beer
4382:Kalu
4112:Navy
4107:Army
3631:2024
3534:ISBN
3506:ISBN
3471:ISSN
3382:ISBN
3361:ISBN
3340:ISBN
3319:ISBN
3304:2012
3275:ISBN
3243:2012
3220:2012
3193:2012
3168:2012
3143:2017
3118:link
3104:2017
3078:2016
3026:2017
2928:link
2914:2009
2882:help
2861:2009
2840:2019
2812:2013
2758:2014
2737:link
2723:2009
2701:2014
2634:2017
2609:2019
2587:2023
2562:2023
2537:2023
2512:2014
2473:2017
2310:The
2260:and
2238:and
2106:Pop.
2102:Year
2051:and
1975:The
1968:and
1948:and
1911:The
1843:and
1700:and
1576:115
1552:133
1521:147
1515:223
1502:180
1471:109
1463:365
1450:177
1431:215
1418:326
1400:228
1387:900
1361:106
1337:457
1227:The
598:1946
593:Area
80:Flag
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