679:), Christoph Sander, organised the Lower Harz mining and smelting industry from an economic perspective. The town of Goslar was gradually ousted as a shareholder in the mines and smelters as a result of this process. As the Raths-Tiefsten Gallery was succeeded by the Tiefen-Julius-Fortunatus Gallery and the duke acquired mining and smelting works by purchase or transfer in the period up to 1575, the town lost more income. Vitriol boiling remained a lucrative business for the council until it was restricted in 1556 by the Duke. Goslar beer became more important as an economic mainstay. Attempts by the dukes of Brunswick to incorporate Goslar into their territory, thus transforming it from the patronage they had held since 1552 into direct rule, were roundly rejected by the Goslar townsfolk in 1582, 1605/06 and 1614/15.
790:
479:. However Goslar took advantage of the Hanseatic League, using it more as a political tool to assert itself against its neighbours, than to attract long-range trading profits. In particular, the maintenance of internal order and town council constitution were issues for Goslar's Hanseatic policy. When Goslar believed it was not sufficiently well protected it withdrew in favour of regional alliances. Copper and silver trading was important for Goslar, as were beer exports after the 13th century. From 1323 there is documentary evidence of
438:
107:
584:
430:
664:
495:) of the coal and silver miners gradually joined the council. There were major constitutional struggles again in 1460, because the small guilds and communities also wanted a slice of political power. In the mill and hall dispute (1290–1293), the council was able to stand against the monasteries and abbeys and reduce the influence of the church in the town.
528:
in 1356 and then from them to the town council. In 1359 the Goslar Mining Law was passed. As a consequence of this development, the council sought in 1360 to resolve the drainage issue in order to reactivate the mine that had now almost come to a standstill. In 1407, 1418 and 1432, the council tried,
368:
or "Imperial Forest". In 1167 Goslar was besieged unsuccessfully by Henry the Lion. In 1173 in Goslar
Frederick I rejected a request by Henry the Lion for the lordship of the town in return for his allegiance in the Italian campaign. Goslar and Rammelsberg remained a pawn in the conflict between the
740:
In 1655 a new chancellery ordinance was adopted which was intended to minimize the number and length of trials. In 1666 simmering conflicts between burghers who were not on the council and the town's government led to constitutional battles for council membership, which were settled by an agreement
153:
was developed. The mineworkers need for this industry lived in
Bergedorf around the church of St. John. The embossed silver Otto Adelheid pennies made of Goslar silver are the first tangible evidence of the mining industry. The onset of metallurgy around 990 required professional tradesmen who were
744:
In the wars of the 18th century Goslar was only affected by having to share its taxes and to quarter troops. There was no destruction caused by war or soldiers. Attempts by the dukes of
Brunswick, to seize the town, despite the treaty protecting it from being inherited, were rejected. Victories by
611:
When Henry the
Younger moved against the town with an army in 1527, there were riots against ducal officials and the monasteries of St. George, St. Peter and the Holy Sepulchre located outside the walls were destroyed along with the mining village church of St. John. In 1540-1541 Henry the Younger
490:
In 1290 the council managed to get to the most important advocacy rights conferred on the town. Goslar was now a free town. Council and guilds also agreed in a compromise to a composition of the council composed of members of the merchants', minters', shopkeepers', bakers', cobblers' and butchers'
907:
proved to be harbingers of things to come. That conservative forces in certain parts of the population were stronger than the will to have a democratic system was demonstrated by the case of the Goslar school in 1929 when a black, red and gold trophy was rejected at a school sports competition.
654:
in 1547 this protection lapsed, however, so Henry the
Younger was able to resume his harassment of Goslar and besiege the town in 1552 with 17,000 men. After the first bombardment, negotiations took place concluding in the Riechenberg Treaty which saw the town surrendering its mining tithes and
603:
paid back the pledge for mining rights and tithes and acquired the
Rammelsberg and most of the forests in the area. As a result of the resistance to the actions of the Duke, there was a running battle up to 1552 between the Welfs and Goslar. The town brought an action against the Duke at the
449:
The withdrawal of the emperors from the northern part of the empire saw the beginnings of the rise of urban independence. Upon the conferral of Goslar's town rights that was based on the rights of long-distance merchants in 1025, the town council, first mentioned in 1219, sought a permanent
566:
in 1411/12, at
Wiedelah and Lutter in 1427 and in a noble family feud in 1472. Likewise there were always new threats from the dukes of Brunswick. Goslar was involved in defensive alliances and came to the aid of towns troubled by internal unrest or robbers. The Saxon Town Association
630:
The conflict with the Duke came to a head when the Duke ignored the direction and mediation of the
Emperor and Empire and began using violence against the townsfolk of Goslar. Using his middlemen, he instigated feuds and blockades against the town, and had Goslar's delegates to the
549:
In the 14th century Goslar was one of the very few towns that was able to provide all domestic properties with a water main system using wooden pipes, so that the kitchens were equipped with running water and the townsfolk did not have to collect water from a well.
752:
In 1728 and 1780 there were great fires in the town. The fire of 1728 destroyed the vicarage of St. Stephen together with its church. Donations enabled it to be rebuilt in 1734 in the baroque style. In 1780 the fire devastated the market area as far as the
545:
to redeem the pledge for the
Rammelsberg again redeem were prevented by the town in 1477 and 1484. Goslar experienced a major boom from the proceeds of the mine and smelters. By 1511 the council was able to gain sole ownership of all mines at Rammelsberg.
642:, which resulted in a short respite in the town. When In 1540, Duke Henry the Younger, who was charged with implementing the imperial ban advanced against Goslar even after the ban had been repealed, the Schmalkaldic League intervened and occupied the
180:. The palace was probably located in the hill of Georgenberg. Henry II held further imperial councils and synods in Goslar in 1015, 1017 and 1019, and he stayed in Goslar seven times in all. The palace at Goslar gradually superseded the one at
281:. When the long stays of the king in Goslar, which were expensive for the state, and his imperial policy brought the Saxon nobility into conflict with the king, the situation escalated at the gathering of the princes in Goslar in 1073 into a
83:—was unearthed, yielding some insight into the culture and habits of the people that probably were also living at the foot of the Harz Highlands during this period. A further neolithic structure that is not that well preserved was found in
369:
cousins until Henry the Lion was proscribed. In the ensuing war Goslar was shocked in 1180 from the siege by Henry the Lion from the emperor. Henry had the smelting works and mines destroyed, so the mining came to a standstill until 1209.
467:
in the
Rammelsberg mines that led to the situation where only the spoil tips were being mined. The copper trade continued, however profits were down compared with the preceding period. This weakness in the mining industry was used by the
954:. Overall, during the Second World War, about 5,000 people from other European countries, mostly forced labourers, worked in the town and surrounding area. This work force served a total of 61 firms during this period. The local society
514:) was only municipal official. Around 1340 Goslar town law was codified in 5 volumes. Goslar law extended far beyond the town boundary and was adopted by other towns. In legal disputes Goslar became a prestigious magistrate's court.
209:
developed Goslar into his favorite palace at the centre of his empire: during the 17 years of his reign rule he held court in Goslar 18 times, often for several months. In 1042 Henry III received Peter of Hungary and a mission from
574:
Around 1520 Goslar was a thriving town, which sought to expand its territory and its rights. Income from mining, smelting and forestry created a prosperity that was reflected in a brisk level of construction in the town centre.
685:
From 1600 to 1647 Master Johannes Nendorf was headmaster of the municipal school and made sure that, besides the sons of local burghers and regional nobles, Swedes and Livonians also attended the school.
257:
remained unbroken. A total of 30 visits by the emperor are recorded. In 1063 a dispute over precedence arose in the Collegiate Church of St. Simon and St. Jude between Abbot Wideradus of Fulda and Bishop
693:
Goslar at first tried to stay neutral, but then leaned towards the emperor's side. On 4 February 1622 there was an uprising led by the weavers against the town's rulers sparked by inflation during the "
561:
in the 15th century, Goslar completed improvements to its fortifications in 1519 and entered into various alliances and even armed itself. The family of Schwichelt proved to be a dogged opponent at the
1007:
The number of refugees made expansion of the town necessary. The border location of the town inhibited industry, instead the town received border installations and garrisons for the troops of the
184:, which was given up by the foreign emperors due to its importance for the nobility of Saxony. The development of Goslar as a central location for the Empire reached its zenith under the
1001:
487:
production. Trade with towns in the local region, with Saxony, Thuringia and Cologne was especially important, which is why Hanseatic trade was never the highest priority for Goslar.
701:, to seize the town in the night of 5 March and on 15 March 1626 were repulsed. Instead the council, in particular Mayor Henning Cramer of Clausbruch, made contact with
741:
brokered by the mediator, Theobald Freiherr von Kurzrock. Despite the establishment of a common council the settlement did not bring the hoped-for balance of power.
246:
attended Henry III and reconsecrated the abbey church in Goslar. This meeting was the last time that there was the union between emperor and pope in the sense of a
533:
a water wheel designed to lift and empty a chain of water buckets. By 1471 mining had recovered to such an extent that the council introduced new charges for the
850:
The town experienced a boom, first through shoemaker, Frederick Lamp, who established a well-known herbal spa in Goslar in 1842. Amongst his spa guests were the
737:, which ended in the Goslar Accord of 1642, Goslar's loyalty to the emperor was not rewarded: The Rammelsberg remained in the possession of the House of Welf.
760:
In 1762 under the lawyer, Dr. Jakob Gottlieb Sieber, Goslar fell even further than before into debt and mismanagement. Following a visit to the town in 1777
529:
in association with foreign investors and various master miners, to drain the pits. In the years 1453-1456 Claus von Gotha achieved partial success with the
623:
was introduced under the influence of external threats after fierce resistance from the council faction which was loyal to the emperor, the council called
903:
Although the town's 1,000th anniversary was still celebrated in 1922 with a large public festival, parallel interpretations of the Riechenberg Treaty and
571:) proved to be especially significant. In addition, the town tried to get neighbouring principalities to discharge their duties under defensive treaties.
939:
cult at the Reich's farmers' conferences, the region became increasingly industrialized and mining was advanced with the introduction of new technology.
1154:
Bericht des BĂĽrgermeisters Henning Cramer von Clausbruch ĂĽber die Angriffe des Herzogs Christian von Braunschweig-LĂĽneburg und die schwedische Besatzung
845:"I found a nest full of narrow, labyrinthine roads, and cobblestones as bumpy as a Berlin hexameter. the town of Goslar is a white-painted guardroom."
643:
521:
285:. Goslar aligned itself during the chaos that ensued with the opposing party. As a result, in 1077 a princes' meeting took place in Goslar under the "
126:
mining. For example, settlements appeared here and at the edge of the Harz where ore was processed and refined into metals. Archaeological finds from
149:, does not appear until 979. In 934, it is likely that a royal castle was built on the hill of the Georgenberg and, from 968, the mining industry at
730:
1270:
1255:
820:
and Prussia, but after some interplay went to Hanover. At the time Goslar was an impoverished provincial town with a small garrison of riflemen (
698:
1143:( = Beiträge zur Geschichte der Stadt Goslar; Bd. 13), Selbstverlag des Geschichts- und Heimatschutzvereins Goslar E.V., Goslar 1952, 127-154.
1117:
Griep, Hans-GĂĽnther: Kleine Kunstgeschichte des deutschen BĂĽrgerhauses . Darmstadt / Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft 2nd ed., 1992, p. 256
1023:
596:
227:
75:. This hints at the fact that the Harz Highlands, too, and in particular the region around Goslar, were inhabited by people belonging to the
491:
guilds. In addition, the coal and silver miners together with the mining village became part of the town. Institutions such as the six men (
351:. In 1136 a fire destroyed a third of the town. In 1150 the Rathstiefsten Gallery, a drainage adit for the Rammelsberg mine, was completed.
1096:
612:
brought an action for breach of the peace against the town as a result of the destruction caused which finally led to the imposition of an
37:
The earliest archeological finds near Goslar date back to 100,000-50,000 B.C.. In Salzgitter-Lebenstedt, stone tools thought to stem from
672:
141:
The town of Goslar emerged from one of these settlements on the northern edge of the Harz Mountains, founded in AD 922 in the reign of
734:
627:
in 1528 to Goslar and established under his directorship the Municipal School of Latin. In 1531 Amsdorf wrote the first church order.
600:
1220:(= Beiträge zur Geschichte der Stadt Goslar; Bd. 36), Selbstverlag des Geschichts- und Heimatschutzvereins Goslar e.V., Goslar 1986.
250:("City of God"). After his death a few weeks later, the heart of Henry III was buried in Goslar's Church of St. Simon and St. Jude.
79:
during this time. In addition, in the vicinity of the projected site of discovery, near Goseck, a neolithic structure—the so-called
749:
in 1705 by Count Schwarzburg but the cost of the resulting celebrations meant that Goslar was temporarily unable to pay its dues.
1265:
702:
398:
450:
recognition of rights and the expansion of municipal authority. The merchants, who set up the council with the lesser nobility (
950:. The largest employers were the chemical factory of Borchers A.G./H.C. Starck, the Lower Harz Mining and Smelting Company and
344:
745:
imperial troops and the enthronement of the respective emperors were celebrated with much pomp in Goslar. Homage was paid to
336:
771:
took possession of Goslar in compensation for territories it had lost east of the Rhine. In 1803 Goslar officially lost its
282:
537:
and ended up buying all the shares from the mine's owner. From 1478 the smelting of metals was also facilitated by the new
203:. Conrad also confirmed the rights of Goslar's long-distance trade merchants. Conrad made a total of six visits to Goslar.
777:
632:
206:
196:
801:
709:
and the court in Vienna, both to spare the city from harm and to have the Treaty of Riechenberg revised. As part of the
534:
503:
414:
373:
239:
177:
697:" period. Although the dispute was settled at the last moment, it led to attacks against minters and Jews. Attempts by
805:
722:
377:
298:
146:
456:), became increasingly self-confident. The focus of their effort was the acquisition of mining rights and advocacy (
1260:
1180:
So machet solches eine democratiam. Konflikt und Reformbestrebungen im reichsstädtischen Regiment Goslars 1666–1682
989:
517:
Plague epidemics raged in 1348, 1376 and 1377. However, there were no Jewish pogroms or riots unlike other places.
789:
1047:
came to Goslar and worked primarily in the firms of Odermark and the Lower Harz Mining and Smelting Works, later
888:
838:
320:
267:
200:
682:
Between the first recorded trial of Venne Richerdes in 1530 and 1657 about 28 people were convicted as witches.
965:
who were persecuted and deported during the Nazi era has been captured in a publication by Hans Donald Karmen.
592:
554:
920:
835:, who visited Goslar, full of expectation, as part of his Harz journey in 1824, wrote of his disappointment:
1077:
947:
391:
263:
199:
was supposed to have celebrated Christmas in Goslar and, in 1025, to have laid the foundation stone for the
142:
437:
106:
605:
510:. In 1348 and 1413, the last advocacy rights were awarded to the town. From 1366 the advocate or bailiff (
1073:
884:
809:
797:
The Siemens reforms were further strengthened and developed by Prussian councillor, Christian von Dohm.
706:
406:
340:
290:
1065:(635 m above sea level) was shut down in 1988. It now houses the Rammelsberg Museum and Visitors Mine.
651:
76:
583:
324:, that has been labelled by historians as the "Rome of the North". In 1075 Goslar is referred to as a
308:) and comprised seven churches, including the Church of the Cross, a town wall and the ensemble of a
1055:
951:
904:
710:
690:
259:
72:
1182:( = Beiträge zur Geschichte der Stadt Goslar; Bd. 50) Verlag für Regionalgeschichte, Bielefeld 2001.
862:
858:
726:
639:
638:
Goslar realised that it was not sufficiently protected by the emperor and so in 1536 it joined the
624:
429:
22:
817:
813:
772:
768:
542:
214:
of Kiev. In the years that followed he appointed many bishops and dukes at Goslar. In 1045 Queen
924:
725:
advanced, Goslar was occupied by Swedish troops from 1632 to 1635. In the negotiations between
67:, some 93 miles South-East from Goslar across the Harz Highlands, archeologists have found the
55:
The most densely populated area during this period was probably the area between the Harz, the
1009:
694:
418:
211:
169:
56:
1165:
Uvo Hölscher.: Henning Cramer von Clausbruch. Bürgermeister der Stadt Goslar 1626–1646, in:
1081:
1027:
997:
985:
969:
936:
912:
851:
828:
476:
381:
315:
223:
671:
As a result of the Riechenberg Treaty, Duke Henry the Younger and, from 1568, his son Duke
154:
distinguished from the native Saxons as "Franks" and settled on the so-called Frankenberg.
1250:
1035:
1034:). At that time Goslar was chosen as the venue ahead of Berlin, Frankfurt and Heidelberg.
647:
620:
386:
294:
234:). At the same time the palace was extended with the hall of representatives known as the
215:
94:
Several objects of high quality dating back to the megalithic period were also found near
64:
49:
935:("Reich farmers"), which amounted to little more than providing a curtain-raiser to the
1141:
Frölich-Festschrift. Karl Frölich zur Vollendung des 75. Lebensjahres am 14. April 1952
879:
832:
746:
499:
355:
243:
119:
68:
1244:
1202:
854:. About 4,000 patients visited the spa annually until Lampe's death on 1 April 1866.
452:
410:
230:
and it subsequently developed into a major training centre for the imperial bishops (
80:
1139:
Hans Gidion: Magister Hans Nendorf, in: Karl G. Bruchmann / Heinrich Spier (Hrsg.):
591:
In 1527, aware of the renewed boom in mining and benefiting from the outcome of the
1043:
877:
had villas built at Steinberg and Georgenberg, especially during the heyday of the
874:
837:"We live in a portentous time: thousand-year old cathedrals are demolished and the
613:
360:
278:
274:
131:
115:
88:
524:
Welfs and enfeoffed in 1296 to the knights of the Gowische were taken over by the
384:. In 1206 Goslar was stormed and looted, allegedly aided by the treachery of the
713:
in 1629, monasteries of the Catholic orders were returned, and the cathedral and
304:
In the 12th century, the town's extent was roughly the same as today's old town (
1062:
892:
831:
was sold for demolition and, in 1820–22, it was torn down apart from the porch.
164:
150:
145:(Henry the Fowler), according to Saxon tradition. The first written record, for
1085:
1015:
916:
507:
44:
By 4,500 B.C. the region was probably settled by farmers originating from the
38:
1068:
Since 1992 the mediaeval Old Town of Goslar and the Rammelsberg have been on
946:
the town was also the centre for enterprises and institutions connected with
475:
From 1267 to 1566 Goslar belonged to the municipal and merchant union of the
659:
From the Riechenberg Treaty to the end of the imperial immediacy (1552–1803)
520:
The mining jurisdiction and the tithes that had been granted in 1235 to the
84:
865:
and was a popular retirement resort for retired city dwellers. Citizens of
663:
764:
characterized it "an imperial town that rots in and with its privileges."
1048:
943:
655:
rights, its right of first refusal and large parts of its forest estate.
563:
464:
310:
286:
95:
931:("Reich Farmers' Town"). In addition to developments at the site of the
993:
870:
718:
558:
484:
254:
127:
26:
927:("Reich Farmers' Union") and, in 1936, he elevated the town to be the
1069:
866:
761:
413:. Goslar's role as an imperial palace ended with the visits of Count
185:
135:
45:
17:
579:
The Reformation and conflict with Duke Henry the Younger (1523–1552)
1038:
was elected party leader on 21 October, with 302 of the 335 votes.
162:
1009 was the beginning of an important era for Goslar as a central
1230:
972:
without any great destruction. A timely surrender resulted in the
843:
In other ways too, Goslar felt Heine's ironic ferocity and scorn:
788:
662:
582:
480:
436:
428:
181:
173:
105:
48:
region. One of their settlements was found in 1956 in Eitzum near
1126:
Ingeborg Titz-Matuszak: Zauber- und Hexenprozesse in Goslar, in:
1072:'s list of cultural and natural heritage sites for humanity (see
899:
1000 year celebrations and "Imperial Peasants' Town" (1922–1945)
60:
1000:(DP). The camp was looked after by a team (Team 2913) from the
472:
guilds to strengthen their political power within the council.
405:) was held in Goslar, where a compromise was found between the
962:
635:, such as Dr. Dellingshausen in 1530, attacked and kidnapped.
123:
1030:
in Goslar, under the slogan "Unity and justice and freedom" (
793:
The town hall, market place and Hotel Kaiserworth around 1895
891:
in 1868 and it was developed into a national monument. The
1218:
Schicksal der Goslarer Juden 1933–1945. Eine Dokumentation
364:. In 1158 the emperor gave the citizens of the Goslar the
923:
decided that Goslar would become the headquarters of the
138:, were made of the metal from ore extracted in the Harz.
376:
the role of Goslar as an imperial palace declined. King
33:
Neolithic/Megalithic settlements in and around the Harz
380:
besieged Goslar in 1198/99, but had to retreat before
785:
Provincial town – spa – retirement resort (1803–1918)
1058:
in 1990, Goslar moved back to the heart of Germany.
915:
of the 1930s tipped Goslar into the clutches of the
812:
until it was retaken in 1813 by Prussia. During the
587:
The Weber Tower, part of the old town fortifications
266:, which ended in a massacre in the church (known as
394:, Gunzelin of WolfenbĂĽttel, a follower of Otto IV.
277:as his representative in the administration of the
958:deals with research into this chapter of history.
1041:In the 1960s and 1970s, the first south European
1128:Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte
1054:With the opening of the border in 1989 and the
992:. The British military administration set up a
861:of 1866 Goslar became part of the new Prussian
699:Christian the Younger of Brunswick-WolfenbĂĽttel
608:, which ruled largely in their favour in 1528.
301:called a council against his father in Goslar.
297:was anointed as (anti-)king in Goslar. In 1105
253:Under Henry IV the importance of Goslar to the
8:
976:being handed over intact to the Americans.
541:dressing process. Attempts by the dukes of
506:expanded Goslar's rights under the passive
270:) under the eyes of the helpless Henry IV.
157:
1076:). Since 2010, this has also included the
895:and subsequent turmoil curbed this phase.
1207:. Deutsche Bibliothek Berlin o.J., p. 32.
226:was consecrated by Archbishop Hermann of
1167:Harz. Zeitschrift fĂĽr den Harz-Verein 40
463:In 1235 a crisis arose due to a lack of
1110:
883:. Historical fervour encouraged by the
644:Principality of Brunswick-WolfenbĂĽttel
242:was born in Goslar. In September 1056
1024:Christian Democratic Union of Germany
898:
134:grave goods, like the sword found in
110:The Abzucht stream in the town centre
7:
1026:was founded and held its first ever
158:Goslar's imperial period (1009–1253)
988:in 1945 Goslar found itself in the
887:resulted in the restoration of the
335:) in Goslar over ten visits. Under
71:, which may have originated in the
273:Henry IV installed Goslar's first
14:
1191:Zitat nach Gottschalk, 1999, 406.
1032:Einigkeit und Reicht und Freiheit
331:Henry V held six imperial diets (
224:Church of St. Simon and St. Jude
1022:From 20 to 22 October 1950 the
218:founded the St. Peter's Abbey (
172:. That year the first imperial
1271:Holocaust locations in Germany
1256:Histories of cities in Germany
816:Goslar was a pawn between the
675:together with senior steward (
354:In 1152 Frederick I enfeoffed
1:
1231:"Der Erste Parteitag der CDU"
1200:quoted from: Heinrich Heine:
778:Reichsdeputationshauptschluss
1130:. Nr. 65 (1993). p. 115–160.
1098:Harz History - the Stone Age
841:is thrown into a junk room."
806:War of the Fourth Coalition
328:(town) for the first time.
1287:
990:British Zone of Occupation
721:in 1630. When the army of
122:was an important area for
996:to accommodate so-called
839:Imperial Throne of Goslar
425:Medieval town (1219–1523)
347:, Goslar was a preferred
339:of SĂĽpplingenburg, too,
201:Imperial Palace of Goslar
168:(imperial palace) of the
1216:Hans Donald Cramer: Das
593:Hildesheim Diocesan Feud
401:the last imperial diet (
191:Even on his royal tour (
1266:History of Lower Saxony
1101:at www.harzgeschichte.
1078:Upper Harz Water Regale
911:Unemployment after the
852:Hanoverian royal family
553:In the wake of rampant
372:With the ascendance of
318:and imperial palace or
283:rebellion of the Saxons
143:Henry I of East Francia
1205:und andere Reisebilder
794:
735:Brunswick-WolfenbĂĽttel
668:
646:. With the victory of
606:Imperial Chamber Court
601:Brunswick-WolfenbĂĽttel
588:
569:Sächsischer Städtebund
498:The award of the Army
446:
434:
238:. On 11 November 1050
111:
41:have been discovered.
984:After the end of the
921:Richard Walther Darré
885:House of Hohenzollern
810:Kingdom of Westphalia
808:, Goslar fell to the
792:
727:Emperor Ferdinand III
707:Albert of Wallenstein
666:
586:
440:
432:
343:and especially under
291:Rudolf of Rheinfelden
109:
102:Roman and Saxon times
1152:StA Goslar, B05974:
1074:World Heritage Sites
1061:The ore mine in the
1056:German reunification
968:Goslar survived the
948:Germany's rearmament
905:Treaty of Versailles
711:Edict of Restitution
397:During the reign of
392:monastery of Neuwerk
176:was held here under
73:Carpathian Mountains
961:The fate of Goslar
863:Province of Hanover
859:Austro-Prussian War
717:signed over to the
640:Schmalkaldic League
625:Nicholas of Amsdorf
23:World Heritage Site
956:Spurensuche Goslar
818:Kingdom of Hanover
814:Congress of Vienna
795:
773:imperial immediacy
769:Kingdom of Prussia
669:
652:Battle of MĂĽhlberg
589:
447:
435:
421:in 1252 and 1253.
112:
39:Mousterian Culture
1261:Towns in the Harz
1178:Angelika Kroker:
1084:and the historic
1010:Bundesgrenzschutz
998:displaced persons
974:Reichsbauernstadt
933:Reichsbauernstand
929:Reichsbauernstadt
913:economic collapse
723:Gustavus Adolphus
695:Kipper und Wipper
691:Thirty Years' War
648:Emperor Charles V
597:Henry the Younger
502:right in 1340 by
316:collegiate church
170:Holy Roman Empire
57:Thuringian Forest
1278:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1221:
1214:
1208:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1176:
1170:
1163:
1157:
1150:
1144:
1137:
1131:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1082:Walkenried Abbey
1028:party conference
986:Second World War
970:Second World War
937:Heinrich Himmler
829:Goslar Cathedral
483:and, from 1468,
477:Hanseatic League
382:Philip of Swabia
358:with the Goslar
268:Bloody Pentecost
1286:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1233:. 14 June 2007.
1229:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1211:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1177:
1173:
1164:
1160:
1151:
1147:
1138:
1134:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1094:
1036:Konrad Adenauer
982:
952:Goslar air base
925:Reichsnährstand
901:
893:First World War
889:Imperial Palace
804:in the 1806/07
802:Prussian defeat
787:
661:
621:the Reformation
581:
539:Seigerverfahren
481:slate quarrying
427:
295:Hermann of Salm
232:Reichsepiskopat
222:). In 1050 the
160:
130:show that many
104:
77:Únětice culture
35:
12:
11:
5:
1284:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1222:
1209:
1193:
1184:
1171:
1158:
1145:
1132:
1119:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1093:
1090:
981:
978:
900:
897:
833:Heinrich Heine
786:
783:
667:Goslar in 1640
660:
657:
619:In 1526 after
580:
577:
426:
423:
356:Henry the Lion
244:Pope Victor II
159:
156:
120:Harz mountains
103:
100:
69:Nebra sky disc
59:and the river
34:
31:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1283:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
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1252:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1203:Die Harzreise
1197:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1169:(1907), 2-52.
1168:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1111:
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1100:
1099:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
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1066:
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1029:
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1005:
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987:
979:
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966:
964:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
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938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
909:
906:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
881:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
853:
848:
846:
842:
840:
834:
830:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
791:
784:
782:
780:
779:
774:
770:
765:
763:
758:
756:
750:
748:
742:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
683:
680:
678:
677:Oberverwalter
674:
665:
658:
656:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
628:
626:
622:
617:
615:
609:
607:
602:
598:
594:
585:
578:
576:
572:
570:
565:
560:
556:
555:robber barons
551:
547:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
523:
518:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
488:
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
466:
461:
459:
455:
454:
453:ministeriales
444:
439:
431:
424:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
407:Hohenstaufens
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
388:
383:
379:
375:
370:
367:
363:
362:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
322:
317:
313:
312:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:imperial vogt
271:
269:
265:
261:
256:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
208:
204:
202:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
166:
155:
152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
108:
101:
99:
97:
92:
90:
86:
82:
81:Goseck Circle
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
51:
47:
42:
40:
32:
30:
28:
24:
20:
19:
1225:
1217:
1212:
1201:
1196:
1187:
1179:
1174:
1166:
1161:
1153:
1148:
1140:
1135:
1127:
1122:
1113:
1097:
1095:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1044:Gastarbeiter
1042:
1040:
1031:
1021:
1014:
1008:
1006:
983:
973:
967:
960:
955:
941:
932:
928:
910:
902:
878:
875:Braunschweig
856:
849:
844:
836:
826:
821:
799:
796:
776:
767:In 1802 the
766:
759:
754:
751:
743:
739:
714:
688:
684:
681:
676:
670:
637:
629:
618:
614:imperial ban
610:
590:
573:
568:
552:
548:
538:
531:Heinzenkunst
530:
525:
519:
516:
511:
497:
492:
489:
474:
469:
462:
457:
451:
448:
442:
402:
399:Frederick II
396:
385:
371:
365:
361:Reichsvogtei
359:
353:
348:
332:
330:
325:
319:
309:
305:
303:
279:royal estate
272:
252:
247:
235:
231:
219:
205:
193:Königsumritt
192:
190:
163:
161:
140:
113:
93:
89:Aschersleben
54:
50:WolfenbĂĽttel
43:
36:
16:
15:
1063:Rammelsberg
1051:AG Metall.
942:During the
880:GrĂĽnderzeit
703:Count Tilly
689:During the
616:on Goslar.
526:Sechsmannen
493:Sechsmannen
433:Town centre
366:Kaiserforst
349:Kaiserpfalz
345:Frederick I
321:Kaiserpfalz
248:civitas dei
165:Kaiserpfalz
151:Rammelsberg
132:Anglo-Saxon
118:times, the
1245:Categories
1105:References
1086:Samson Pit
1016:Bundeswehr
980:After 1945
919:. In 1934
917:Nazi Party
857:After the
800:After the
715:Kaiserhaus
508:feudal law
341:Conrad III
337:Lothar III
333:Reichstage
293:. In 1081
264:Hildesheim
236:Aula Regis
220:Peterstift
195:) in 1024
729:and Duke
633:Reichstag
543:Brunswick
522:Brunswick
460:rights).
403:Reichstag
314:with its
207:Henry III
197:Conrad II
85:Quenstedt
1092:See also
1049:Preussag
1013:and the
944:Nazi era
827:In 1819
755:Schuhhof
747:Joseph I
731:Augustus
564:Harzburg
504:Louis IV
465:drainage
443:LohmĂĽhle
409:and the
374:Henry VI
311:Residenz
306:Altstadt
287:antiking
240:Henry IV
212:Yaroslav
178:Henry II
96:Bernburg
994:DP camp
871:Hanover
775:at the
719:Jesuits
650:at the
595:, Duke
559:feuding
485:vitriol
419:Holland
415:Wilhelm
390:of the
378:Otto IV
326:civitas
299:Henry V
255:Salians
228:Cologne
186:Salians
147:Otto II
128:England
63:. Near
27:Germany
1251:Goslar
1080:, the
1070:UNESCO
867:Berlin
762:Goethe
673:Julius
535:trades
458:Vogtei
387:domina
260:Hezilo
136:London
46:Danube
18:Goslar
1002:UNRRA
822:Jäger
470:Worth
411:Welfs
216:Agnes
182:Werla
174:synod
116:Roman
114:From
87:near
65:Nebra
21:is a
963:Jews
873:and
557:and
512:Vogt
445:mill
441:The
61:Elbe
1156:, .
847:.“
824:).
733:of
599:of
500:ban
417:of
289:",
262:of
124:ore
25:in
1247::
1088:.
1019:.
1004:.
869:,
781:.
757:.
705:,
188:.
98:.
91:.
52:.
29:.
567:(
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