836:, which replaced the private banks' authority in the issuing of currency; in addition, the Kemmerer mission also reorganized the state budgeting and customs agencies. The appropriation of these functions, which were previously under the control of la Argonaut, brought a revenue windfall to the government during the next half-decade. In addition to building state fiscal and social agencies, the funds were used to initiate a number of programs, including pensions for state workers, that enhanced the security of the middle and lower economic sectors of the population. A range of social legislation—quite progressive for its day—intended to protect the working class from unscrupulous employers and to improve working conditions emerged from the enactment of the 1929 constitution.
137:
939:. Although the prior sequence of events—the breakdown of talks aimed at resolving the boundary issues in 1938, followed by repeated border skirmishes—had given ample warning of a possible outbreak of large-scale hostilities, Ecuador was unprepared to meet the July 5 Peruvian invasion. Furthermore, the president's fear of being left unprotected from his opponents led him to keep the nation's best fighting forces in Quito while Peruvian troops continuously attacked the nation's southern and eastern provinces until a ceasefire went into effect on
903:." He came to power constitutionally in November 1939 upon the death of his predecessor, but he continued in office in January 1940 through fraudulent elections that were universally believed to have been won by Velasco, and continued in power later, through repression. Despite such antipopular methods of ruling, he managed to remain in office for almost four years, thanks to economic support by the United States and the recuperation of Ecuador's export markets as worldwide economic depression gave way to recovery during World War II.
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politicians dedicated to replacing the "president who had been unable to defend the national honor." Arroyo's rejoinder that he would remain in office the full four years, "neither one day more nor one day less," and his being prominently hailed in
Washington as "the Apostle of Pan-Americanism " only increased his political isolation. A persistent inflation that whittled away at the purchasing power of salaried workers was a further cause of popular resentment against Arroyo.
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855:). In August 1932, after various Liberal and leftist elements in Congress blocked Bonifaz's assumption of power, the Compactación fought a bloody four-day civil war against other paramilitary forces amassed by opponents of the president-elect. The latter were victorious, largely because the great majority of the government military forces remained in their barracks rather than defend Bonifaz.
851:: export crop value fell from US$ 15 million in 1928 to US$ 7 million in 1931 and US$ 5 million in 1932, causing widespread unemployment and misery. Few objections were voiced in 1931 when Ayora was the victim of a military coup. Neptalí Bonifaz Ascázubi was then elected with the help of a quasi-fascist grouping of the serrano lower classes called the Consolidation of National Workers (
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the profits from its mining operations stay in
Ecuador, and it won the support of the United States Department of State. The Ecuadorian government continued its demands despite United States pressure. In 1940 the United States, hoping to obtain Ecuadorian cooperation in its anticipated war effort, ended its support for the mining firm. Ecuadorian President
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821:, a dedicated reformer who, although married into one of the wealthiest coastal families, possessed a social conscience and the vision to see that reform would help preserve the status of the upper classes. Ayora quickly assumed dictatorial powers, with which he set out to institute reforms that were partly of his own making and partly the making of the
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that pitted the military and civilian supporters of
Velasco against Arroyo's police, the president finally resigned. The military handed power to the Democratic Alliance, which in turn named Velasco, whose electoral candidacy had recently been vetoed by Arroyo, as the popularly acclaimed president of
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The same constitution, Ecuador's thirteenth in just under a century as a republic, also provided for a powerful legislative body with authority to censure presidential ministers. This diminution of executive power, the appearance of a wide variety (socialist, communist, and populist) of new groupings
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Enríquez is also remembered for having initiated a protracted confrontation with the United States-based South
American Development Company over the terms of its Ecuadorian concession and the wages it paid its Ecuadorian employees. The company refused to comply with Enríquez's entreaty that more of
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Mera, but soon accusations arose that the election had been fraudulent. The congressional opposition censured virtually every minister as soon as he was named and also encouraged the
Compactación to lead demonstrations against the president in the streets of Quito. The campaign against Martínez was
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in the presidential palace. An engineer and former senator, Páez ruled precariously for two years, first with the political support of the socialist left and then with that of the right, and he tried to advance the reforms undertaken by Ayora a decade earlier. Ongoing fiscal difficulties severely
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The
Ecuadorian government quickly regretted having become a party to the Rio Protocol. The protocol became the focus of a surge of Ecuadorian national pride and concomitant opposition to Arroyo in a new coalition—the Democratic Alliance. The coalition brought together a wide array of Ecuadorian
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in political competition with the traditional parties and with the military, and the devastating effects of the Great
Depression combined to make Ecuador's political record especially unstable during subsequent years. Ayora was the first of fourteen chief executives during the 1930s.
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The reformist officers initially named a governing junta consisting of prominent opponents of the
Liberal plutocracy, but neither it nor a succeeding junta was able to consolidate the power necessary to govern effectively. In 1926 they named as provisional president
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The first of
Velasco's five periods as president lasted only eleven months. He was overthrown by the military after attempting to assume dictatorial powers by dissolving Congress and jailing his congressional opponents. Shortly thereafter, the military placed
954:. Under the terms of the Rio Protocol, the informal name of the agreement, Ecuador renounced its claim to some 200,000 square kilometers of territory. Shortly afterward, the Rio Protocol was ratified by a bare plurality of the Ecuadorian legislature.
867:, who at the time professed a "total lack of presidential ambitions." In September 1934, less than a year after Martínez was forced to resign, Velasco assumed the presidency after having won popular elections by an overwhelming margin.
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the republic. The populist master returned triumphantly from exile in
Colombia, greeted by throngs of enthusiasts during a three-day journey to Quito, to assume the presidency for the second time.
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In addition to being a genuine friend and admirer of the United States, Arroyo del Río was the leader of the PLR and a representative of the Guayaquil-based "
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832:, was invited to propose measures to reorganize Ecuador's fiscal and monetary structures. Its major accomplishment was the creation of the
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880:. Although he ruled for less than a year, Enríquez achieved note as a social reformer by his promulgation of the Labor Code of 1938.
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888:, in turn, proved generous in his cooperation with the Allies, allowing the United States to build a naval base on the
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limited Páez's efforts, however, and in September 1937 he was overthrown by his minister of national defense, General
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while attending the Third Conference of Foreign Ministers of the American Republics in
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Peru's occupation ended only after January 1942, when the two nations signed the
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Another election two months later brought victory for the Liberal candidate,
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and other Ecuadorian export crops dropped precipitously in the wake of the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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led by the charismatic president of the Chamber of Deputies,
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An advisory mission from Princeton University, headed by
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935:Arroyo del Río's undoing was the disastrous 1941
948:Protocol of Peace, Friendship, and Boundaries
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16:Overview of the history of Ecuador, 1925–1944
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51:introducing citations to additional sources
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811:history of Ecuador from 1925 – 1944
41:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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1097:. Reform, Chaos, and Debacle, 1925-44.
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961:In May 1944, following an uprising in
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576:Spanish colonization of the Americas
62:"History of Ecuador" 1925–1944
1087:Dennis M. Handicraft, ed. (1989).
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654:Ecuador as part of Gran Colombia
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34:relies largely or entirely on a
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931:that lasted until February 1942
458:Peruvian occupation of Ecuador
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886:Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río
361:Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río
896:on the Ecuadorian mainland.
853:Compactación Obrera Nacional
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686:Marcist (March) Revolution
626:Free Province of Guayaquil
601:Viceroyalty of New Granada
1095:Federal Research Division
865:José María Velasco Ibarra
849:Wall Street Crash of 1929
809:This is a summary of the
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301:José María Velasco Ibarra
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169:"Dios, patria y libertad"
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1090:Ecuador: A Country Study
823:League of Young Officers
1114:20th century in Ecuador
937:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
907:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
873:Federico Páez Chiriboga
834:Central Bank of Ecuador
661:1827 Guayaquil uprising
621:Revolution of October 9
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878:Alberto Enríquez Gallo
740:Ecuador–Peru conflicts
404:• Disestablished
325:Alberto Enríquez Gallo
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860:Juan de Dios Martínez
551:Pre-Columbian Ecuador
277:Juan de Dios Martínez
227:Presidential republic
121:República del Ecuador
641:Guayaquil Conference
47:improve this article
892:and an air base at
750:Demographic history
697:Battle of Guayaquil
674:Republic of Ecuador
636:Battle of Pichincha
614:War of Independence
596:Viceroyalty of Peru
394:• Established
118:Republic of Ecuador
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915:Ecuador after the
773:Ecuador portal
203:Ecuador after 1942
193:Ecuador until 1942
890:Galápagos Islands
843:World demand for
830:Edwin W. Kemmerer
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556:Las Vegas Culture
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375:National Congress
356:• 1940-1944
344:• 1939-1940
332:• 1938-1939
320:• 1937-1938
308:• 1935-1937
296:• 1934-1935
289:Abelardo Montalvo
284:• 1933-1934
272:• 1932-1933
265:Alfredo Baquerizo
260:• 1931–1932
248:• 1926–1931
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745:Military history
589:Colonial Ecuador
571:Spanish conquest
561:Valdivia culture
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631:Luz de América
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544:Pre-Columbian
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36:single source
32:This article
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819:Isidro Ayora
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722:1990–present
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427:Succeeded by
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398:10 July 1925
253:Isidro Ayora
174:
167:Motto:
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157:Coat of arms
103:October 2020
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566:Inca Empire
523:History of
422:Preceded by
408:31 May 1944
371:Legislature
970:References
901:plutocracy
222:Government
73:newspapers
963:Guayaquil
919:with Peru
717:1960–1990
712:1944–1960
707:1925–1944
702:1895–1925
691:1860–1895
681:1830–1860
234:President
127:1925–1944
43:talk page
1108:Category
514:a series
512:Part of
941:July 31
894:Salinas
525:Ecuador
497:Ecuador
472:Ecuador
445:Ecuador
381:History
211:Capital
175:Anthem:
87:scholar
1085:.
734:Topics
516:on the
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845:cacao
215:Quito
94:JSTOR
80:books
927:The
501:Peru
143:Flag
66:news
917:war
813:.
49:by
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977:^
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798:e
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101:(
91:·
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