933:
941:
704:
3298:
838:
3354:
3306:
762:, Britain's Chief Representative in Egypt at the time, viewed Egypt's financial reforms as part of a long-term objective. Cromer took the view that political stability needed financial stability and embarked on a programme of long-term investment in Egypt's agricultural revenue sources, the largest of which was cotton. To accomplish this, Cromer worked to improve the Nile's irrigation system through multiple large projects, such as the construction of the Aswan Dam, the Nile Barrage, and an increase in canals available to agriculturally focused lands.
3362:
3314:
1095:, all government decrees, publications, or other documents (such as passports) in the Arabic language that required a foreign language version would also be issued in French, and French appeared alongside Arabic on road signs, train timetables, taxi stands, and other every day signage, such as "Entrance" and "Exit" signs in public buildings. The French civil law legal system also became the basis of the modern Egyptian legal system (which would in turn become the basis for the legal systems of numerous other Arab states).
746:
3346:
776:
3370:
846:
3070:
523:
3080:
865:(1879–1947), who would become the leading feminist voice in Egypt in the first half of the twentieth century. The first women's demonstration was held on Sunday, 16 March 1919, and was followed by yet another one on Thursday, 20 March 1919. Egyptian women would continue to play an important and increasingly public nationalist role throughout the spring and summer of 1919 and beyond. The anticolonial
796:, British colonial authorities attempted to legitimise their less radical opponents with entrance into the League of Nations including the peace treaty of Versailles. Thus, the Wafd Party was invited and promised full independence in the years ahead. British occupation ended nominally with the UK's 1922 declaration of Egyptian independence, but British military domination of Egypt lasted until 1936.
3338:
39:
80:
3330:
973:. British influence continued to dominate Egypt's political life and fostered fiscal, administrative, and governmental reforms. Britain retained control of the Canal Zone, Sudan and Egypt's external protection; protection of foreigners and separate courts for foreigners; the police forces, the army, the railways and the communications. British troops were stationed in cities and towns.
481:
3322:
3090:
3100:
681:
European capital, actual economic production and resulting revenues were insufficient to repay the loans. Eventually, the country teetered toward economic dissolution and implosion. In turn, a
European commission led by Britain and France took control of the treasury of Egypt, forgave debt in return for taking control of the
1098:
The privileged position of the French language in Egypt, second only to Arabic, persisted even during the decades of the United
Kingdom's occupation of the country, with French rather than English being the foreign language of choice of both the Egyptian government, and the Egyptian elites. Despite
719:
to bolster the
Khedive amidst a turbulent climate and protect European lives and property. In turn, Egyptian nationalists spread fear of invasion throughout the country to bolster Islamic and Arabian revolutionary action. Tawfiq moved to Alexandria for fear of his own safety as army officers led by
791:
which began re-organising, funding, and expanding anti-British revolutionary nationalist movements. For the first quarter of the 20th century, Britain's main goal in Egypt was penetrating these groups, neutralising them, and attempting to form more pro-British nationalist groups with which to hand
688:
However by 1882, Islamic and Arab nationalist opposition to
European influence led to growing tension amongst notable natives, especially in Egypt which was then the most powerful, populous, and influential of Arab countries. The most dangerous opposition during this period came from the Egyptian
853:
In the aftermath of World War I, the large
British Imperial Army in Egypt which was the centre of operations against the Ottoman Empire was quickly reduced with demobilisation and restructuring of garrisons. Free of the large British military presence, the incipient German backed revolutionary
680:
Throughout the 19th century, the ruling dynasty of Egypt had borrowed and spent vast sums of money on its own luxury and on the infrastructural development of Egypt. The dynasty's economic development was almost wholly oriented toward military dual-use goals. Consequently, despite vast sums of
1060:
a few months later to restore their control over the Suez Canal, but the action was met with such international backlash that the three countries were forced to halt military operations and withdraw. The
Egyptian authorities harassed British, French and Jewish communities and were affected by
757:
The purpose of the invasion had been to restore political stability to Egypt under a government of the
Khedive and international controls that were in place to streamline Egyptian financing since 1876. It is unlikely that the British expected a long-term occupation from the outset; however,
724:
began to take control of the government. By June, Egypt was in the hands of nationalists as opposed to
European domination of the country and the new revolutionary government began nationalizing all assets in Egypt. Anti-European violence broke out in Alexandria, prompting a British
825:
In 1914 as a result of the declaration of war with the
Ottoman Empire, of which Egypt was nominally a part, Britain declared a Protectorate over Egypt and deposed the Khedive, replacing him with a family member who was made Sultan of Egypt by the British. A group known as the
621:
on account of the
British presence there, although Egypt itself remained neutral until late in the war. After the war Egypt sought to modify the treaty, but it was abrogated in its entirety by an anti-British government in October 1951. After the
912:
had stressed the importance of maintaining control over the Suez Canal Zone and Curzon could not persuade his Cabinet colleagues to agree to any terms that Adli Pasha was prepared to accept. The mission returned to Egypt in disgust.
737:
in August 1882. Simultaneously, French forces landed in Alexandria and the northern end of the canal. Both joined and maneuvered to meet the Egyptian army. The combined Anglo-French-Indian army easily defeated the Egyptian Army
948:
In December 1921, the British authorities in Cairo imposed martial law and once again deported Zaghlul. Demonstrations again led to violence. In deference to the growing nationalism and at the suggestion of the
996:, requiring Britain to withdraw all troops from Egypt, except at the Suez Canal (which would be re-examined after 20 years). Britain maintained significant unofficial influence upon the Egyptian monarchy.
2919:
1952:
932:
904:
approved the agreement and Egypt was asked to send another mission to London with full powers to conclude a definitive treaty. Adli Pasha led this mission, which arrived in June 1921. However, the
3277:
1947:
1942:
700:
to dismiss his Prime Minister and rule by decree. Many of the Europeans retreated to specially designed quarters suited for defense or heavily European-settled cities such as Alexandria.
861:. Almost daily demonstrations and unrest continued throughout Egypt for the remainder of the Spring. To the surprise of the British authorities, Egyptian women also demonstrated, led by
885:
3607:
1111:; these courts used the French language as the medium of proceedings. Courts operated by embassies and consulates tried their respective citizens in regards to criminal matters.
3602:
542:, when the last British forces withdrew in accordance with the Anglo-Egyptian agreement of 1954. The first period of British rule (1882–1914) is often called the "veiled
2474:
811:
began to flow into Egypt. The number of foreigners in the country rose from 10,000 in the 1840s to around 90,000 in the 1880s, and more than 1.5 million by the 1930s.
1721:
1308:
958:
667:
586:
395:
3472:
3136:
3572:
2343:
3582:
3171:
1079:
set about modernising Egypt along Western European lines, being particularly influenced by France. In addition to French military and scientific prowess, the
1010:
British troops were withdrawn to the Suez Canal area in 1947, but nationalist, anti-British feelings continued to grow after the war. Egypt took part in the
597:, but the British occupation continued, in accordance with several reserve clauses in the declaration of independence. The situation was normalised in the
1969:
1937:
509:
3282:
772:. The document was limited in scope and was effectively more of an organic law of the Consultative Council to the khedive than an actual constitution.
3192:
2798:
2326:
1808:
675:
558:
protectorate over the country. Egypt was thus not part of the British Empire. This state of affairs lasted until 1914 when the Ottoman Empire joined
3597:
2810:
1099:
efforts from British legal personnel, English was never adopted as a language of the Egyptian civil courts during the period of British influence.
3587:
2245:
1979:
940:
3557:
1522:
585:
The formal protectorate over Egypt outlasted the war for only a short period. It was brought to an end when the British government issued the
3592:
3047:
3187:
3166:
1091:
court, French was the formal language used among foreigners, and between foreigners and Egyptians. By the reign of Muhammad Ali's grandson,
729:. Fearing the intervention of outside powers or the seizure of the canal by the Egyptians, in conjunction with an Islamic revolution in the
2871:
2525:
2469:
2425:
2238:
1912:
1902:
1862:
900:
to discuss the proposals. The mission arrived in London in June 1920 and the agreement was concluded in August 1920. In February 1921, the
3507:
799:
During British occupation and later control, Egypt developed into a regional commercial and trading destination. Entrepreneurs including
1282:
3517:
2530:
2270:
2156:
703:
165:
3129:
2983:
2914:
2793:
2415:
2292:
1959:
1840:
1755:
1716:
385:
185:
145:
3267:
1039:
635:
2518:
2047:
1195:
759:
32:
1083:
was the language of international relations. Consequently, French attained an esteemed status in Egypt throughout the rule of the
2651:
2314:
2037:
1359:
Iacolucci, Jared Paul. "Finance and Empire: 'Gentlemanly Capitalism' in Britain's Occupation of Egypt." (MA Thesis, CUNY, 2014).
1278:
901:
726:
1867:
3010:
2978:
2731:
2457:
1587:
1446:
837:
3567:
3562:
2579:
2336:
1250:
857:
Consequently, from March to April 1919, there were mass demonstrations that became uprisings. This is known in Egypt as the
831:
765:
502:
3452:
3093:
2778:
3122:
2866:
2661:
2067:
1592:
1575:
1087:, emerging as a lingua franca in the country well into the second half of the 20th century. In addition to its use at the
993:
779:
Gathering of Egyptian, Turkish, and British royalty in 1911. Queen Mary seated and King George V standing at extreme right
769:
598:
125:
3487:
3272:
2842:
2646:
2614:
2430:
2062:
1932:
1855:
195:
3402:
3005:
2847:
2589:
2479:
2302:
2097:
1964:
1907:
1803:
1678:
989:
462:
44:
3228:
1736:
1360:
3512:
3000:
2702:
2685:
2668:
2609:
2435:
2390:
2321:
2260:
2233:
1877:
1515:
689:
army, which saw the reorientation of economic development away from their control as a threat to their privileges.
1794:
1011:
3462:
3397:
3244:
2966:
2909:
2876:
2641:
2551:
2513:
2508:
2496:
2395:
2201:
2087:
2057:
2042:
1014:, which proved to be disastrous for Egypt and its allies, furtherly increasing the unpopularity of the monarchy.
708:
614:
495:
59:
3457:
3042:
3022:
2830:
2656:
2452:
2440:
2277:
2255:
1922:
1872:
1813:
1772:
1648:
1643:
1609:
1570:
1125:
1023:
858:
623:
268:
116:
1850:
3421:
2951:
2805:
2574:
2309:
2161:
2134:
2119:
2114:
1750:
970:
423:
155:
3577:
3223:
3218:
3032:
2961:
2783:
2751:
2445:
2383:
2378:
2092:
1557:
1050:
739:
651:
575:
646:. The British agreed with Nasser to withdraw their troops, and by June 1956 had done so. Britain went to
3407:
3249:
3213:
3037:
2929:
2899:
2788:
2768:
2714:
2626:
2265:
2223:
2218:
2196:
2004:
1994:
1779:
1658:
1626:
1508:
1320:
1302:
1120:
1108:
1076:
1004:
936:
Soldiers of the 1st Battalion of the West Yorkshire Regiment (Prince of Wales's Own) in Egypt, 1931-1933
961:
Egyptian independence on 28 February 1922, abolishing the protectorate and establishing an independent
745:
3497:
3392:
3254:
3145:
2904:
2854:
2724:
1828:
1818:
1084:
567:
175:
135:
3437:
3015:
2995:
2815:
2763:
2758:
2697:
2599:
2282:
2213:
2208:
1927:
909:
365:
3079:
1327:
The Cambridge history of Egypt. Vol. 2: Modern Egypt from 1517 to the end of the twentieth century
775:
3417:
2825:
2736:
2636:
2503:
2331:
2297:
2250:
2228:
2124:
2026:
1897:
1784:
1731:
1070:
1031:
820:
808:
784:
671:
639:
579:
547:
535:
442:
405:
277:
28:
24:
3103:
3482:
3412:
3387:
3197:
2973:
2835:
2773:
2719:
2680:
2631:
2584:
2569:
2484:
2400:
2287:
2185:
2166:
1999:
1673:
1668:
1599:
1582:
1565:
1246:
1191:
950:
873:
862:
571:
327:
317:
297:
287:
230:
98:
89:
1240:
3467:
3447:
2934:
2891:
2861:
2746:
2709:
2491:
2420:
2373:
2362:
2077:
2072:
2052:
1974:
1789:
1690:
1621:
1604:
1545:
1290:
1092:
1042:. The last British troops left Egypt in June 1956 as per the 1954 Anglo-Egyptian Agreement.
1027:
962:
922:
631:
594:
452:
347:
68:
1038:. The monarchy was formerly abolished in 1953 and replaced by the autocratic and socialist
2924:
2741:
2692:
2594:
2410:
2146:
2129:
1760:
1685:
1080:
985:
981:
845:
800:
730:
627:
590:
337:
3492:
3477:
3442:
3073:
3027:
2881:
2820:
2604:
2405:
1917:
1845:
1704:
1638:
1495:
1046:
1035:
643:
563:
551:
250:
220:
3551:
3535:
3502:
2956:
2944:
2939:
2619:
1709:
1397:
1380:
893:
804:
788:
618:
606:
375:
601:, which granted Britain the right to station troops in Egypt for the defence of the
522:
3528:
3083:
2673:
2082:
1741:
1365:
Karakoç, Ulaş. "Industrial growth in interwar Egypt: first estimate, new insights"
1000:
966:
954:
697:
693:
610:
543:
485:
79:
38:
892:
of alliance. As a result, Curzon agreed to receive an Egyptian mission headed by
787:
provoked questioning of British rule in Egypt. This was exploited in turn by the
19:"British Egypt" redirects here. For the British civil occupation of Egypt before
2102:
1833:
1823:
1631:
1616:
1484:
1057:
881:
877:
793:
721:
647:
559:
539:
240:
20:
876:
was sent to Egypt by the British to attempt to resolve the situation. In 1920,
2151:
2109:
897:
827:
734:
716:
682:
602:
742:
in September and took control of the country putting Tawfiq back in control.
605:, its link with India. Britain also continued to control the training of the
2990:
2462:
1423:
Mowat, R. C. "From Liberalism to Imperialism: The Case of Egypt 1875-1887."
1330:
1294:
1387:
Bankers and Pashas: International Finance and Economic Imperialism in Egypt
733:, the British led an Anglo-Indian expeditionary force at both ends of the
1663:
1335:
Fletcher, Max E. (1958). "The Suez Canal and World Shipping, 1869-1914".
905:
307:
31:. For the technically independent state under de facto British rule, see
1030:, effectively handing over control of the country to military strongmen
3114:
1428:
1340:
1088:
658:, but with insufficient international support was forced to back down.
1370:
1221:
Ordinary Egyptians: Creating the Modern Nation through Popular Culture
715:
Consequently in April 1882, France and Great Britain sent warships to
1695:
1653:
1054:
889:
869:
and British suppression of them led to the death of some 800 people.
655:
768:
of 1882, a constitution, followed an abortive attempt to promulgate
534:
lasted from 1882, when it was occupied by British forces during the
1726:
1531:
944:
Armstrong Whitworth Atlas of 208 Squadron RAF in Egypt, circa 1932
939:
931:
844:
836:
744:
554:, and the British occupation had no legal basis but constituted a
37:
1418:
A History of Modern Egypt and Anglo-Egyptian Relations: 1800-1956
1162:
A History of Modern Egypt and Anglo-Egyptian Relations: 1800-1956
854:
movements were able to more effectively launch their operations.
2139:
988:
inherited the throne at the age of sixteen. Alarmed by Italy's
866:
630:
was overthrown and, after a brief interregnum of his infant son
3118:
2549:
2360:
2183:
2024:
1543:
1504:
1500:
1283:
The Egyptian Question: Speech at Boscombe, November 10th, 1898.
696:, a large military demonstration in September 1881, forced the
841:
Egyptian and British soldiers on standby during the 1919 riots
888:, recommending that the protectorate should be replaced by a
3278:
Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878
1453:
Modernization and British Colonial Rule in Egypt, 1882-1914
1404:
The British in Egypt: Community, Crime and Crises 1882-1922
1242:
The British in Egypt: Community, Crime and Crises 1882-1922
685:, and reoriented economic development toward capital gain.
1354:
Gladstone's imperialism in Egypt: techniques of domination
1467:
The history of modern Egypt: from Muhammad Ali to Mubarak
1347:
Three empires on the Nile: the Victorian jihad, 1869-1899
1149:
The history of modern Egypt: from Muhammad Ali to Mubarak
1436:
Lord Cromer: Victorian Imperialist, Edwardian Proconsul
1007:
as a base for Allied operations throughout the region.
1411:
What the British Did: Two Centuries in the Middle East
1026:
overthrew Farouk and replaced him with his infant son
1443:
Africa and the Victorians: The Climax of Imperialism
3430:
3378:
3237:
3206:
3180:
3159:
3152:
2890:
2562:
1988:
1890:
1556:
1223:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 138–39.
849:Female nationalists demonstrating in Cairo in 1919
634:, the monarchy was abolished and replaced by the
589:on 28 February 1922. Shortly afterwards, Sultan
668:History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty
587:Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence
3473:Provisional Russian Administration in Bulgaria
582:independent of the Ottomans in December 1914.
3130:
1516:
1272:Studies in the Social History of Modern Egypt
1188:Constitution Writing, Religion and Democracy.
1107:Foreigners tried for civil offenses attended
503:
8:
3608:1956 disestablishments in the British Empire
1394:European Alliances and Alignments, 1871–1890
1143:
1141:
1307:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
792:further control. However, after the end of
3156:
3137:
3123:
3115:
2559:
2546:
2357:
2180:
2021:
1553:
1540:
1523:
1509:
1501:
1190:Cambridge University Press, 2017. p. 293.
510:
496:
53:
3603:1882 establishments in the British Empire
3458:First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1075:From the beginning of his reign in 1805,
676:Foreign policy of William Ewart Gladstone
774:
702:
521:
1137:
550:remained an autonomous province of the
67:
56:
1441:Robinson, Ronald, and John Gallagher.
1300:
3283:Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878
648:war against Egypt over the Suez Canal
7:
3573:Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty
3099:
27:. For the British protectorate, see
3518:Convention of Constantinople (1881)
3172:Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)
3089:
1379:(Harper and Row, 1935) pp 161–248.
1367:European Review of Economic History
1175:A History of the Modern Middle East
1147:Vatikiotis, Panayiotis J. (1991).
532:history of Egypt under the British
14:
2470:Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces
1469:(4th ed. Johns Hopkins UP, 1991).
834:to demand Egypt's independence.
574:, was deposed and his successor,
3368:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3296:
3193:Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)
3188:Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)
3167:Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)
3098:
3088:
3078:
3069:
3068:
2327:Refugees of the Syrian civil war
1279:Thomas Brassey, 2nd Earl Brassey
928:Continued occupation (1922-1936)
917:Independent monarchy (1936-1952)
570:over Egypt. The ruling khedive,
479:
78:
3598:1956 disestablishments in Egypt
3583:History of Egypt (1900–present)
3508:Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881
2811:Identification card controversy
1186:Aslı Ü. Bâli and Hanna Lerner.
1109:mixed Egyptian-foreigner courts
977:Continued influence (1936-1952)
662:Veiled protectorate (1882–1913)
578:, compelled to declare himself
3588:British colonisation in Africa
1717:Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt
832:Paris Peace Conference of 1919
766:Egyptian Fundamental Ordinance
707:Alexandria in ruins after the
1:
3558:History of the British Empire
3268:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
1319:(3rd ed. pp 33–43. pp 28–39.
815:Formal occupation (1914–1922)
727:naval bombardment of the city
599:Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936
3593:1882 establishments in Egypt
3488:Battles for Plav and Gusinje
3273:Romanian War of Independence
2344:Twin towns and sister cities
1856:Assassination of Anwar Sadat
1349:. (Simon and Schuster, 2007)
1210:. Yale University Press, 33.
33:Kingdom of Egypt (1922–1953)
3523:British Occupation of Egypt
3403:Budapest Convention of 1877
2872:Vehicle registration plates
2526:Water supply and sanitation
1396:(2nd ed. 1950) pp 251–280.
1337:Journal of Economic History
1315:Chamberlain, M. E. (2009).
992:of Ethiopia, he signed the
45:The Illustrated London News
3624:
3513:French conquest of Tunisia
2531:Water resources management
1465:Vatikiotis, Panayiotis J.
1377:Gladstone's Foreign Policy
1068:
1018:Revolution and Suez Crisis
920:
818:
665:
638:, under the leadership of
18:
3398:Constantinople Conference
3293:
3263:
3245:1878 Macedonian rebellion
3064:
2558:
2545:
2426:Impact on the environment
2416:Entrepreneurship policies
2369:
2356:
2192:
2179:
2033:
2020:
1552:
1539:
526:1894 map of British Egypt
241:Roman and Byzantine Egypt
3453:1876 Ottoman coup d'état
2197:Administrative divisions
1873:2011 Egyptian revolution
1814:1952 Egyptian revolution
1610:Lighthouse of Alexandria
1325:Daly, M. W. ed. (1998).
1244:. I.B.Tauris, pp. 87–89.
1126:Egypt in the Middle Ages
880:submitted his report to
830:Delegation attended the
749:British barracks on the
650:in late 1956, alongside
624:1952 Egyptian revolution
546:". During this time the
16:Egypt under British rule
3422:Treaty of Berlin (1878)
2401:Egyptian stock exchange
1317:The Scramble for Africa
1093:Isma'il the Magnificent
566:and Britain declared a
538:, until 1956 after the
186:3rd Intermediate Period
166:2nd Intermediate Period
146:1st Intermediate Period
3229:Kresna–Razlog uprising
3224:Razlovtsi insurrection
3219:April Uprising of 1876
2732:International rankings
1737:Egyptian–Ethiopian War
1460:Egypt: A Short History
1270:Baer, Gabriel (1969).
1160:Marlowe, John (1965).
945:
937:
908:delegates at the 1921
872:In November 1919, the
850:
842:
780:
770:a constitution in 1879
754:
712:
527:
49:
3568:20th century in Egypt
3563:19th century in Egypt
3408:Treaty of San Stefano
3250:Epirus Revolt of 1878
3214:Stara Zagora Uprising
2337:Terrorism and tourism
1795:1948 Arab–Israeli War
1627:Library of Alexandria
1455:(Princeton UP, 1966).
1427:16#1 (1973): 109–24.
1420:(Archon Books, 1965).
1206:Osman, Tarek (2010).
1121:Egypt in World War II
1012:1948 Arab-Israeli War
994:Anglo-Egyptian Treaty
959:unilaterally declared
943:
935:
848:
840:
778:
748:
706:
666:Further information:
525:
126:Early Dynastic Period
41:
3498:Dual Alliance (1879)
3393:Reichstadt Agreement
3255:Cretan revolt (1878)
3146:Great Eastern Crisis
3048:World Heritage Sites
2867:Units of measurement
2322:Proposed new capital
2068:Environmental issues
1829:United Arab Republic
1722:Muhammad Ali dynasty
1352:Harrison, Robert T.
1239:Mak, Lanver (2012).
1219:Fahmy, Ziad (2011).
1085:Muhammad Ali dynasty
396:Muhammad Ali dynasty
3438:Bulgarian Exarchate
2720:Freedom of religion
2615:Mass sexual assault
1980:Timekeeping devices
1878:2013 Rabaa massacre
1851:Egyptian–Libyan War
1392:Langer, William L.
1389:(Harvard UP, 1980).
1369:(2018) 22#1 53–72,
910:Imperial Conference
709:British bombardment
613:(1939–1945), Egypt
562:on the side of the
231:Ptolemaic dynasties
3418:Congress of Berlin
3153:Wars and conflicts
2910:Art (contemporary)
2590:Capital punishment
2480:Telecommunications
2157:Towns and villages
2125:Qattara Depression
1938:Muslim Brotherhood
1908:Cigarette industry
1768:British occupation
1679:Crusader invasions
1649:Rashidun Caliphate
1445:(1961) pp 76–159.
1438:(Oxford UP, 2004).
1425:Historical Journal
1413:(IB Tauris, 2016).
1406:(IB Tauris, 2012).
1356:(Greenwood, 1995).
1287:Problems of Empire
1208:Egypt on the Brink
1173:Cleveland (2013).
1077:Muhammad Ali Pasha
1071:Languages of Egypt
946:
938:
902:British Parliament
851:
843:
821:Sultanate of Egypt
785:Denshawai incident
781:
755:
713:
672:Khedivate of Egypt
548:Khedivate of Egypt
536:Anglo-Egyptian War
528:
443:Sultanate of Egypt
433:British occupation
406:Khedivate of Egypt
278:Rashidun caliphate
99:Predynastic Period
50:
42:Illustration from
29:Sultanate of Egypt
25:Khedivate of Egypt
3545:
3544:
3483:League of Prizren
3413:Cyprus Convention
3388:Berlin Memorandum
3291:
3290:
3198:Kumanovo uprising
3112:
3111:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3055:
2984:Football stadiums
2915:Botanical gardens
2794:Catholic dioceses
2686:Gender inequality
2610:Human trafficking
2541:
2540:
2475:Tallest buildings
2436:Military industry
2352:
2351:
2293:Political parties
2246:Islamic extremism
2234:Foreign relations
2175:
2174:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
1756:French occupation
1674:Fatimid Caliphate
1669:Ikhshidid dynasty
1479:Cromer, Earl of.
1462:(2011) pp 228–55.
1339:, 18#4: 556–573.
1274:. U Chicago Press
1253:, 9781848857094.
1177:. Westview Press.
1103:Foreign community
1040:Republic of Egypt
1003:, British troops
984:died in 1936 and
951:High Commissioner
886:Foreign Secretary
874:Milner Commission
636:Republic of Egypt
615:came under attack
593:declared himself
520:
519:
471:
470:
424:Late Modern Egypt
414:
413:
386:French occupation
356:
355:
318:Ikhshidid dynasty
288:Umayyad caliphate
259:
258:
213:Greco-Roman Egypt
204:
203:
107:
106:
90:Prehistoric Egypt
3615:
3468:Eastern Question
3373:
3372:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3157:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3116:
3102:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3082:
3072:
3071:
2877:Waste management
2642:Academic grading
2560:
2547:
2519:Railway stations
2497:Cultural tourism
2396:Economic regions
2358:
2181:
2022:
1691:Mamluk Sultanate
1622:Diocese of Egypt
1605:Battle of Actium
1554:
1541:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1502:
1494:(London, 1892).
1492:England in Egypt
1490:Milner, Alfred.
1458:Tignor, Robert.
1451:Tignor, Robert.
1409:Mangold, Peter.
1375:Knaplund, Paul.
1345:Green, Dominic.
1312:
1306:
1298:
1258:
1237:
1224:
1217:
1211:
1204:
1198:
1184:
1178:
1171:
1165:
1158:
1152:
1145:
963:Kingdom of Egypt
923:Kingdom of Egypt
512:
505:
498:
486:Egypt portal
484:
483:
482:
453:Kingdom of Egypt
429:
428:
372:
371:
274:
273:
217:
216:
122:
121:
95:
94:
82:
72:
54:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3426:
3380:
3374:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3295:
3287:
3259:
3233:
3202:
3176:
3148:
3143:
3113:
3108:
3052:
3043:Public holidays
3033:National anthem
2886:
2799:Coptic Churches
2742:Egyptian Arabic
2652:Medical schools
2554:
2537:
2453:Nuclear program
2365:
2348:
2278:Nationality law
2271:Supreme Council
2256:Law enforcement
2188:
2171:
2147:Sinai Peninsula
2130:Red Sea Riviera
2029:
2008:
1984:
1886:
1773:1919 revolution
1761:Revolt of Cairo
1686:Ayyubid dynasty
1664:Tulunid dynasty
1548:
1535:
1529:
1476:
1474:Primary sources
1416:Marlowe, John.
1385:Landes, David.
1299:
1277:
1267:
1265:Further reading
1262:
1261:
1238:
1227:
1218:
1214:
1205:
1201:
1185:
1181:
1172:
1168:
1164:. Archon Books.
1159:
1155:
1146:
1139:
1134:
1117:
1105:
1081:French language
1073:
1067:
1024:1952 revolution
1020:
990:recent invasion
979:
930:
925:
919:
859:1919 Revolution
823:
817:
740:at Tel El Kebir
731:Empire of India
678:
664:
580:Sultan of Egypt
516:
480:
478:
473:
472:
426:
416:
415:
369:
358:
357:
338:Ayyubid dynasty
328:Fatimid dynasty
308:Tulunid dynasty
298:Abbasid dynasty
271:
261:
260:
214:
206:
205:
119:
109:
108:
92:
70:
63:
48:(July 29, 1882)
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3621:
3619:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3550:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3493:Pact of Halepa
3490:
3485:
3480:
3478:British Cyprus
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3443:Deligrad Event
3440:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3119:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3096:
3086:
3076:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2979:Football clubs
2971:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2851:
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2833:
2828:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2786:
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2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2734:
2729:
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2722:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2575:Animal welfare
2572:
2566:
2564:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2458:Power stations
2455:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2406:Egyptian pound
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2310:Prime Minister
2307:
2306:
2305:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2115:Northern coast
2112:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1846:Yom Kippur War
1838:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1765:
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1634:
1629:
1624:
1614:
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1607:
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1578:
1568:
1562:
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1530:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1488:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1439:
1432:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1390:
1383:
1373:
1363:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1333:
1323:
1313:
1275:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1225:
1212:
1199:
1179:
1166:
1153:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1104:
1101:
1066:
1063:
1036:Mohamed Naguib
1019:
1016:
978:
975:
971:prime minister
929:
926:
921:Main article:
918:
915:
884:, the British
819:Main article:
816:
813:
753:, around 1910.
698:Khedive Tewfiq
663:
660:
644:Mohamed Naguib
564:Central Powers
552:Ottoman Empire
518:
517:
515:
514:
507:
500:
492:
489:
488:
475:
474:
469:
468:
465:
459:
458:
455:
449:
448:
445:
439:
438:
435:
427:
422:
421:
418:
417:
412:
411:
408:
402:
401:
398:
392:
391:
388:
382:
381:
378:
370:
364:
363:
360:
359:
354:
353:
350:
348:Mamluk dynasty
344:
343:
340:
334:
333:
330:
324:
323:
320:
314:
313:
310:
304:
303:
300:
294:
293:
290:
284:
283:
280:
272:
269:Medieval Egypt
267:
266:
263:
262:
257:
256:
253:
251:Sasanian Egypt
247:
246:
243:
237:
236:
233:
227:
226:
223:
221:Argead dynasty
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:
202:
201:
198:
192:
191:
188:
182:
181:
178:
172:
171:
168:
162:
161:
158:
156:Middle Kingdom
152:
151:
148:
142:
141:
138:
132:
131:
128:
120:
115:
114:
111:
110:
105:
104:
101:
93:
88:
87:
84:
83:
75:
74:
65:
64:
57:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3620:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3578:Ottoman Egypt
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3538:
3537:
3536:Anna Karenina
3533:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3503:Brsjak revolt
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3448:Niš Committee
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3379:International
3377:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3135:
3133:
3128:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3105:
3097:
3095:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3075:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2905:Art (ancient)
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2784:Blasphemy law
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2752:Sign Language
2750:
2748:
2747:Saʽidi Arabic
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
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1058:invaded Egypt
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863:Huda Sha'rawi
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777:
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616:
612:
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604:
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595:King of Egypt
592:
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583:
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376:Ottoman Egypt
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117:Ancient Egypt
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81:
77:
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66:
61:
55:
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34:
30:
26:
22:
3534:
3529:Marche slave
3527:
3522:
2930:Coat of arms
2900:Architecture
2789:Christianity
2769:Prostitution
2715:Human rights
2674:Abaza family
2662:Universities
2627:Demographics
2580:Billionaires
2224:Constitution
2219:Conscription
2202:Governorates
2083:Halfaya Pass
1953:1954–present
1913:Constitution
1868:2010s Crisis
1780:World War II
1767:
1742:Urabi revolt
1659:Islamization
1593:31st Dynasty
1588:27th Dynasty
1491:
1481:Modern Egypt
1480:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1442:
1435:
1424:
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1410:
1403:
1393:
1386:
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1336:
1326:
1316:
1303:cite journal
1286:
1271:
1255:Google Books
1254:
1241:
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1207:
1202:
1187:
1182:
1174:
1169:
1161:
1156:
1148:
1106:
1097:
1074:
1061:expulsions.
1044:
1032:Gamal Nasser
1021:
1009:
1001:World War II
998:
980:
967:Sarwat Pasha
955:Lord Allenby
947:
871:
856:
852:
824:
798:
782:
764:
756:
750:
714:
694:Urabi revolt
691:
687:
679:
640:Gamal Nasser
611:World War II
584:
568:protectorate
555:
544:protectorate
531:
529:
467:1953–present
432:
366:Early modern
245:30 BC–641 AD
180:1550–1069 BC
170:1650–1550 BC
160:2055–1650 BC
150:2181–2055 BC
140:2686–2181 BC
130:3150–2686 BC
103:6000–3000 BC
51:
43:
3463:Opalchentsi
3160:Montenegrin
3094:WikiProject
2855:Scientology
2725:LGBT rights
2647:Law schools
2431:Lighthouses
2374:Agriculture
2103:Mount Sinai
2063:Earthquakes
1863:Mubarak era
1834:Six-Day War
1824:Suez Crisis
1819:Land reform
1566:Prehistoric
1485:online free
1289:: 233–242.
982:King Fuad I
882:Lord Curzon
878:Lord Milner
794:World War I
760:Lord Cromer
722:Ahmed Urabi
628:King Farouk
560:World War I
540:Suez Crisis
196:Late Period
190:1069–664 BC
176:New Kingdom
136:Old Kingdom
69:History of
21:World War I
3552:Categories
3381:agreements
3006:Newspapers
2996:Mass media
2848:Synagogues
2816:Irreligion
2764:Literature
2759:Liberalism
2698:Healthcare
2600:Corruption
2283:Parliament
2214:Corruption
2209:Civil Code
2152:Suez Canal
2110:Nile Delta
1995:Alexandria
1965:Population
1960:Parliament
1928:Healthcare
1809:Nasser era
1583:Achaemenid
1558:Chronology
1295:Q107160423
1251:1848857098
1132:References
1069:See also:
1005:used Egypt
898:Adli Pasha
735:Suez Canal
717:Alexandria
683:Suez Canal
603:Suez Canal
225:332–310 BC
200:664–332 BC
3207:Bulgarian
3001:Magazines
2991:Egyptians
2826:Ahmadiyya
2737:Languages
2703:Hospitals
2637:Education
2504:Transport
2463:Aswan Dam
2391:Companies
2332:Terrorism
2298:President
2261:Massacres
2251:Judiciary
2229:Elections
2098:Mountains
2027:Geography
2005:Port Said
1948:1939–1954
1943:1928–1938
1898:Anarchism
1841:Sadat era
1785:Sultanate
1732:Khedivate
1632:Christian
1600:Ptolemaic
1281:(1904). "
1065:Languages
957:, the UK
809:Armenians
609:. During
457:1922–1953
447:1914–1922
437:1882–1922
410:1867–1914
400:1805–1953
390:1798–1801
380:1517–1867
352:1250–1517
342:1171–1250
235:310–30 BC
3431:See also
3074:Category
3038:Olympics
2974:Football
2806:Hinduism
2774:Religion
2681:Feminism
2669:Families
2632:Diaspora
2595:Censuses
2585:Cannabis
2570:Abortion
2514:Airports
2509:Airlines
2485:Internet
2288:Passport
2266:Military
2239:Missions
2186:Politics
2167:Wildlife
1891:By topic
1804:Republic
1639:Sassanid
1341:in JSTOR
1291:Wikidata
1115:See also
1089:Khedival
906:Dominion
711:of 1882.
572:Abbas II
556:de facto
463:Republic
332:969–1171
60:a series
58:Part of
3104:Commons
3023:Museums
2967:regions
2935:Cuisine
2920:Castles
2892:Culture
2862:Smoking
2843:Judaism
2831:Mosques
2710:Housing
2657:Schools
2563:General
2552:Society
2492:Tourism
2421:Fishing
2379:Banking
2363:Economy
2088:Islands
2078:Geology
2073:Fossils
2058:Deserts
2053:Climate
2043:Borders
1989:By city
1975:Saladin
1923:Genetic
1903:Capital
1790:Kingdom
1705:Ottoman
1571:Ancient
1546:History
1028:Fuad II
999:During
969:became
894:Zaghlul
632:Fuad II
322:935–969
312:868–905
302:750–935
292:661–750
282:641–661
255:619–629
3084:Portal
2925:Cinema
2779:Baháʼí
2693:Health
2441:Mining
2411:Energy
2135:Rivers
2048:Cities
1970:Postal
1751:Modern
1696:Mamluk
1654:Fustat
1644:Muslim
1576:topics
1534:topics
1496:online
1487:1220pp
1447:online
1429:online
1398:online
1381:online
1371:online
1361:online
1331:online
1321:online
1293:
1249:
1194:
1055:Israel
1051:France
986:Farouk
890:treaty
807:, and
801:Greeks
674:, and
656:Israel
652:France
591:Fuad I
62:on the
23:, see
3238:Greek
3028:Music
3011:Radio
2952:Films
2882:Women
2836:Niqāb
2821:Islam
2605:Crime
2446:Mines
2162:Wadis
2120:Oases
2093:Lakes
2038:Biota
2000:Cairo
1918:Copts
1727:Nahda
1617:Roman
1532:Egypt
867:riots
617:from
368:Egypt
71:Egypt
3420:and
3181:Serb
2962:list
2957:Flag
2945:Wine
2940:Beer
2620:Rape
2315:list
2303:list
2140:Nile
1933:Jews
1309:link
1247:ISBN
1192:ISBN
1053:and
1045:The
1034:and
1022:The
896:and
828:Wafd
805:Jews
751:Nile
692:The
654:and
642:and
530:The
1285:".
3554::
3016:TV
1329:.
1305:}}
1301:{{
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