1465:
1674:
barriers squatted in large numbrrs on the bare beach to listen to him. The party made salt and took out a procession along the city carrying on their head mud-pots with the salt they had made. Moyyarathu
Sankaran says in his autobiography that Cannore had never before witnessed a mass uprising or mass celebration of that magnitude. On 19 April, the third day of making salt, Kumar was arrested from the Satyagraha Camp. He was convicted on 27 May 1930. The Police Inspector summoned Moyyarathu Sankaran and canned him for entertaining trouble-makers of Travancore. Kumarji was sent to Cannore Jail and was later shifted to Vellore to serve a term of 9 months. People of Cannore gave him an emotional farewell. The other agitators included Mohammed Yousuf, Moyyarathu Sankaran, KP Gopalan and Umman Varghese,
1921:
with Vishnu
Bharatheeyan as president and K.A. Keraleeyan as secretary. By September 1935, Karivelloor Karshaka Sangham was formed which represented round Karivelloor, Velloor, Peralam and Kotakkad. With the formation of All India Kisan Sabha in 1936 a new front of struggle was opened in agrarian sector. The Hunger March led by AKG in 1936 July raising the demands of peasants imparted a new vigour to this sector. Following this a number of Karshaka Sangham were formed in Malabar. In 1936 November the first Karshaka Conference of Chirakkal Taluk was held at Parassinikkadavu. In 1937 All Malabar conference of Karshaka Sangham was held in Kozhikode. This awakening among peasants prepared the ground for the advent of a new political movement.
447:
1925:
Pappinisseri, Thalassery and other centres of commerce which further strengthened trade unions. In 1935 May the first Kerala
Workers’ conference was held at Kozhikode. This initiative to bring up working class as an independent class force prepared the ground for propagating Communist ideas. During this period coir workers in Travancore got organized and achieved strength. In Kochi organizations like Cochin Sterling Workers’ Union were being formed. Labour brotherhood and trade unions of Alagappa Textiles and Sitaram Mills were formed. In 1937 second All Kerala Workers’ Conference was held at Thrissur. This organizational consciousness developed among workers prepared the ground for a new politics.
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formed an important part in the history of the state. They fought against landlords and their exploitation. Places like
Thillankeri, Manayankunnu, Korom and Paddikkunnu are memorable in the annals of the peasant struggles in the post independence era. The All India Conference of Kisan Sabha, held at Kannur in 1953, resolved to initiate struggles for new tenancy legislation. The movement for Aikya Kerala also got momentum during this period and all sections of the society rallied under the movement.
674:
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separate group within the
Provincial Congress. The leadership of this group was in the hands of persons like P. Krishna Pillai, A.K. Gopalan and E.M.S. Namboothiripad. An extremist group of Nationalist Muslims also emerged within the Congress during this period under the leadership of Muhammad Abdur Rahiman. The Congress Socialists and the Nationalist Muslims made common cause against the Gandhian group known as the Right Wing which was led by such leaders as
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427:
52:
1396:
391:
3307:
570:
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Guru, Ayyankali and others in southern parts of Kerala and by
Vagbhatananda and others in northern parts got developed into movements against superstition and bad customs. These evoked a big stirring among the people. An attitude against untouchability and casteism and interest in acquiring modern education were evident among all sections. Pressures for the same started developing in the society.
45:
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Committee in
January 1939, the Rightists suffered a severe set back. Muhammad Abdur Rahiman was elected as the president of the K.P.C.C. and E.M.S. Namboothiripad as its general secretary. Towards the end of the same year, a branch of the Indian Communist Party was formally founded in Malabar. The Congress Socialist Party workers joined the Communist Party block.
1710:, commendable services were rendered to tide over the crisis. The "Grow More Food Campaign", organized at Mangattuparamba by the Kisan Sabha, was a new chapter in the history of mass movement. More than 50 acres (20 ha) of government land was brought under cultivation. However, the government suppressed the movement by force and destroyed the farm.
1924:
Trade unions started to be formed and strengthened. Global economic crisis of 1929 started creating serious consequences in Indian economy as well. First
Travancore Labour Association came into being. Such organizations later became militant trade unions. Strikes were organized in Kozhikkode, Kannur,
1920:
People were suffering a lot due to persecution by landlords. Against this resistance and organizations were cropping up here and there. In 1935 July a meeting of peasants were held in the
Bharatheeya building in Naniyoor in Kolachery Amsom of old Chirakkal Taluk. Kolachery Karshaka Sangham was formed
1831:
New strains of thought developed as capitalist transformation laid the foundation for the commencement of social reform movements in sections of society. At the all India level, Vivekananda and others put forward such thoughts. Against this background social reform movements started by Sree
Narayana
1756:
by the local ruler; the Portuguese rule over Cananor (as they spelt it) would last 158 years and then replaced by the Dutch. The ownership of the fort has changed hands several times. In 1663, the Dutch captured it. They subsequently gave the fort its present appearance. The Dutch sold the fort to
1656:
Payyannur was the main venue of the Salt Sathyagraha in Malabar. On 13 April, a batch of Congress volunteers under the leadership of K. Kelappan started on foot from Kozhikode to the beaches of Payyannur and broke the salt laws there on 21 April. The Satyagraha camp at Payyannur was raided and the
1928:
By the beginning of the 1930s some other useful developments were taking place. Important among them was Nivarthana Agitation in Travancore. That was the demand of people suppressed so far as untouchables and weaker sections for participation in government. This brought to the forefront struggles
1732:
The rise of the organized working class in the industrial sector was another important phenomenon of the period that changed the course of the anti-imperialism movement. The struggle of Aron Mill workers in 1946 is noteworthy in this regard. Even after independence, the struggles of the peasantry
1664:
of Travancore popularly known as Kumarji, Elanthoor Kumarji or Travancore Gandhi. K. Kumarji had come all the way from Trivandrum to British Malabar with a group of prominent activists to break Salt Law since political agitations were banned by Gandhi and INC in the Princely State. Kumar had long
1867:
a(a system wherein feudal landlords controlled land)nd imperialism, struggles and organizations of peasants and workers started emerging slowly. The practice of collective bargaining by working people also started. The peasant rebellion known as Malabar Rebellion of 1921 and consequent political
1693:
The leftist elements in the Kerala Provincial Congress were also active in the politics of Malabar in the late thirties. They took active part in organising the workers, peasants, students and teachers of Kannur district under their banner. In the election held to the Kerala Provincial Congress
1668:
K.Kumar was an active participant of the movement in different parts of British Malabar including Kozhikode and Tellissery. However, he had longed to court arrest in Cannore where Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna was laid to rest. With the passing of the resolution to break salt law in Cannore that
1835:
Extension of English education initiated by Christian missionaries in 1906 and later carried forward by government, rebellion for wearing a cloth to cover upper parts of body, installing an idol at Aruvippuram in 1888, Malayali Memorial in 1891, establishment of SNDP Yogam in 1903, activities,
1677:
The period following the withdrawal of the Civil Disobedience Movement witnessed the emergence of a radical wing in the Kerala Provincial Congress. Some of the radical elements in the Kerala Provincial Congress organised a Kerala unit of the Congress Socialist Party in 1934 and functioned as a
1673:
and others. Along with 101 volunteers Kumarji came to Cannore to break salt law. The British police and British supporters had done everything within their reach to disrupt the party and the talks of the leaders. However, people got enthusiastically drawn to Kumarji's speeches and defying all
1603:
Kannur district became the focus of Kerala politics in May 1928, when the fourth All Kerala Political Conference was held at Payyanur under the auspices of the Kerala Provincial Congress. This conference was presided over by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. The Payyanur Conference passed a resolution
1713:
Though the war ended in 1945, famine continued to haunt the people. Karivellor, Poomaram (Thillenkeri) the northernmost village of the present Kannur district, made a historic stride in the struggle against poverty and famine. The transporting of paddy rice from Karivellore to
1512:, the leader of the delegation that came from Travancore, inspired and energised thousands There were widespread demonstrations in Kannur, Thalassery and other parts of the district and a number of Congress workers were arrested. The period following the withdrawal of the
1823:, the ruler of Kottayam province, against the British had a huge impact in the history of Kannur. Changes in the socio-economic and political sectors in Kerala during the initial decades of 20th century created conditions congenial for the growth of the Communist Party.
1620:
Day. The action was disapproved by the Congress High Command, but there were meetings and demonstrations all over Malabar on this day. Kannur district was the centre of this agitation. There were violent clashes between the people and the police at several places and
1507:
camp at Payyannur was raided and the campers were beaten up. The Uliyath Kadav Payyanur incident became a turning point in the history of freedom struggle in Kerala. It thrilled the people and thousands were ready to join in the struggle for freedom. The speeches of
1907:
in a Vellore jail. Malayalee youngsters got an opportunity to get acquainted with them, be suggested books to read, and discuss issues. They came to know of many new aspects of political work. This gave them a new sense of direction. E.M.S writes about this:
1574:
elements in the Kerala Provincial Congress were also active in the politics of Malabar in the late 30s. They took an active part in organizing the workers, peasants, students and teachers of Kannur district under their banner. In the election held to the
1689:
A notable development in the politics of Malabar during the thirties was the rise of the Muslim League as a district political party. It was the Muslim leaders of Kannur and Thalassery who played the lead role in forming this organisation.
1836:
struggles etc. became factors helpful to accelerate changes in Kerala society during a short time. Movements for liberation from the colonial rule of British imperialism and struggles launched by these movements grew with them.
1637:, a prominent communist, was arrested on a charge of murder and later sentenced to death. But, owing to the intervention of several top-ranking political leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi, the death penalty was not carried out.
1665:
been a fierce and fearless campaigner and crusader for Civil Rights. His speeches made waves in Travancore and along the Malabar Cost and inspired people in large numbers to support the Civil disobedience movement,
1916:
It was youth dissatisfied by the Congress policy which was afraid of people's advance who were attracted to the socialist idea. At that time there was an atmosphere in Kerala which gave strength to such thoughts.
1670:
2486:. Festschrift in Honour of Prof. K. S. Mathew (2001). Edited by: Pius Malekandathil and T. Jamal Mohammed. Fundacoa Oriente. Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of MESHAR (Kerala)
1464:
296:
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Kannur District witnessed one of the longest and bloodiest resistance to British rule in India. Initially the British had to suffer local resistance against their rule under the leadership of
2313:
1657:
campers were beaten up. There were widespread demonstrations in Kannur, Thalassery and other places. Congress workers broke salt laws and picketed foreign good dealers and liquor shops.
2628:
Research Guru: Online Journal of Multidisciplinary Subjects, Volume 2, Issue 2, September 2018, Salt Satyagraha in Malabar, Vimal Kumar CL, Page 1141 (referred to as K. Kumaran Nair)
2610:
Research Guru: Online Journal of Multidisciplinary Subjects, Volume 2, Issue 2, September 2018, Salt Satyagraha in Malabar, Vimal Kumar CL, Page 1141 (referred to ss K. Kumaran Nair)
2116:
1604:
requesting the Indian National Congress to adopt 'Complete Independence' instead of "Swaraj" as its goal at the annual session scheduled to take place at Calcutta during that year.
1456:. The Khilafat movement of 1921 was an uprising of Muslims against the British for abolishing the Islamic Chaliphate in West Asia and resulted in the formation of a secular Turkey.
3343:
2807:
1718:
was blocked and distributed to the people of the village. The movement was led by peasant leaders such as A.V. Kunhambu and K. Krishnan Master. One Kannan and Kunhambu became
1625:
and firing were resorted to by the police to meet the situation. Two young men were killed in a clash between a mob and a police party at Morazha. The men were police officers
2368:
A very powerful and warlike section of the Bants of Tulunad was known as Kola bari. It is reasonable to suggest that the Kola dynasty was part of the Kola lineages of Tulunad.
5496:
5486:
1729:
cultivation. A strong police contingent was sent to the spot. The peasants resisted the armed forces which led to the killing of five peasants in the firing.
3601:
1989:
3895:
2459:
1912:"It will not be a big exaggeration to say that seeds of left, Congress and Congress Socialist movements were sown at Kannur jail and that too by Thivari."
1879:
A number of Kerala youth were jailed during this period for participating in ‘violation of law’ movement as part of independence movement. At this time
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north of Kannur in 1505. In 1663 the Dutch captured the fort. In 1790 the British captured the fort. At present, it is under the control of the
5377:
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2260:
2226:
2192:
1495:, a major turning point in the Indian Freedom Movement, in Malabar. On 13 April 1930, a batch of Congress volunteers under the leadership of
5527:
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in 1934 and functioned as a separate group within the Provincial Congress. The leadership of this group was in the hands of people like
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1844:
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1134:. Just like other contemporary kings of Kerala in the medieval period, The powerful Kolathu Raja also came under the influence of
5476:
2900:
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as a district political party. The Muslim leaders Kannur and Thalassery played the lead roles in forming this organization. The
5466:
5336:
2552:
1929:
like proportional representation in government and reservation of jobs. This imparted a new enthusiasm among oppressed masses.
1706:
epidemic took thousands of lives from the lower strata of society. On the initiative of the people under the leadership of the
546:
330:
135:
1360:
to the French as a part of the 1763 Treaty of Paris. In 1779, the Anglo-French war broke out, resulting in the French loss of
826:, the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at Kodungallur with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of
3100:
1769:
1260:
724:
679:
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536:
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Congress to give up constitutional methods of agitation and resort to non-violent non-co-operation as a means of achieving
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2598:
Keralathile Congress Prasthanam (The Congress Movement in Kerala), Perunna KN Nair, Prathibha Publications 1967, Page 60
527:
A popular legend holds that the ships of Solomon had anchored along the coasts of Kannur to collect teak for building the
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3292:
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1962:
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Muslims emerged within the Congress during this period under the leadership of Muhammad Abdur Rahiman. The Congress
3287:
2648:"Kairali Heritage -- A River Side Resort :: Kannur – The Land of Looms & Lores [ Amazing Kannur ]"
1839:
During this period, social renaissance movements and independence movement were growing. Ideas about socialism and
1417:
212:
22:
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3131:
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1123:
2126:
Bostock, John (1855). "26 (Voyages to India)". Pliny the Elder, The Natural History. London: Taylor and Francis.
454:
The earliest evidence of human habitation in the district are rock-cut caves and megalithic burial sites of the
1592:
1524:
1433:
1409:
1229:, were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather.
848:
360:
221:
2781:, Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands
2773:
2759:
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2135:
Indicopleustes, Cosmas (1897). Christian Topography. 11. United Kingdom: The Tertullian Project. pp. 358–373.
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1900:
1580:
1567:
1309:, conquered much of the district and came into conflict with the British. In 1792, at the conclusion of the
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During December 1946, the people of Kavumbayi, an eastern village of the district, raised their demand for
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of August 1942 also had its echoes in Kannur district. A socialist group among the Congress workers under
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1584:
1536:
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216:
159:
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1938:
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in the late medieval period, where the British initiated a factory and English settlement following the
1171:
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163:
119:
70:
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led to the widespread boycott of foreign goods, courts of law and educational institutions in Kannur.
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3282:
3210:
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2144:
Das, Santosh Kumar (2006). The Economic History of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. p. 301.
2068:
1761:
1745:
1683:
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1252:
2577:
Keralathile Congress Prasthanam (Malayalam), Perunna KN Nair, Prathibha Publications 1967, Page 60)
1395:
390:
5313:
4935:
2862:
1904:
1884:
1715:
1641:
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1282:
1159:
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903:
819:
673:
528:
314:
207:
183:
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3427:
1848:
1513:
1429:
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289:
111:
103:
75:
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379:, it was the third largest city on the western coast of British India in the 18th century after
1892:
1757:
the Arakkal Royal family in 1772. During this time, the Arakkal Sultanate began issuing coins.
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3017:
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2321:
2256:
2250:
2222:
2216:
2188:
2182:
2161:
2022:
1840:
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1523:
Some of the radical elements in the Kerala Provincial Congress organized a Kerala unit of the
1453:
1334:
1322:
1306:
1210:
667:
647:
623:
127:
107:
30:
2715:
1702:
World War II, especially in the period from 1943 to 1945, ravaged the district. Famine and a
375:
military headquarters on India's west coast until 1887. In conjunction with her sister city,
5491:
4981:
4957:
4925:
4377:
3972:
3266:
3246:
3047:
2837:
2526:
1785:
1413:
1314:
1240:
953:
179:
167:
143:
139:
2115:, goods from India were sold in the Empire at 100 times their original purchase price. See
51:
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4579:
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945:
922:
776:
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435:
419:
415:
365:
322:
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151:
147:
131:
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1983:
1871:
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etc., under separate royal chieftains due to the outcome of internal dissensions. The
426:
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4138:
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1364:. In 1783, the British agreed to restore to the French their settlements in India, and
1361:
1357:
1349:
1342:
1115:
935:
926:
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1566:
A notable development in the politics of Malabar during the 1930s was the rise of the
964:
and the Kolathiri Raja of Kolathunadu was a descendant of this clan. The Kolathunadu (
771:. The value of Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at around 50,000,000
5511:
4705:
4661:
4292:
4179:
3460:
3067:
3042:
2971:
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Swatantryathinte Aakasam (Malayalam), Kaviyur Rajagopalan, Chapter 18, Pages 68, 69)
1978:
1820:
1813:
1788:'s head was removed from his body and exhibited in the fort after his assassination.
1765:
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was formally established at Pinarayi, a village near Thalassery. The decision by the
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states that the customs of Kumbla dynasty were similar to those of the contemporary
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opportunity presented itself and he was invited to Cannore by Moyyarathu Sankaran
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held the superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast, while
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2016:
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1353:
1313:, the British took over Kannur and the surrounding region, which became the new
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visited Kannur in 1498. Kannur became the sight of a confrontation between the
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Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean
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Kannur District played an important role in the Indian freedom movement. The
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in the 1792–1806 period kept a large part of the district in a state of war.
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in the late medieval period emerged into independent 10 principalities i.e.,
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1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent
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as its general secretary. Towards the end of the same year, a branch of the
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to the beaches of Payyannur and broke the salt laws there on 21 April. The
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DC Books, Kottayam (2007), A. Sreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History
2218:
The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine
2053:. Thiruvananthapuram: Directorate of Census Operation, Kerala. p. 9.
1843:
reached Kerala. Such ideas got propagated in Kerala through the works of
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recounts his visit to the area in the mid 1290s. Other visitors included
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341:, which is the northernmost region of Kerala. It is sometimes identified
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hills on the eastern boundary, also including the isolated islands of
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During this period against the background of sufferings inflicted by
1809:
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1539:. K.V.Kunhikkannan Nair of Kadachira, Kannur, a socialist leader. An
1485:
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toured the district to carry the message of the Non-Co-operation and
1445:
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1222:
1218:
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1213:, shortly thereafter it became a Portuguese settlement. The port at
925:
in the early medieval period, most possibly due to the migration of
2299:: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978
1764:
in 1790 and used it as one of their major military stations on the
1325:. During the 17th century, Kannur was the capital city of the only
5002:
4638:
4559:
4509:
4388:
4282:
4272:
4189:
4169:
4085:
4075:
4001:
3827:
3695:
3391:
3062:
2674:"Pazhassi Raja Museum and Art Gallery, Kozhikode - Kerala Tourism"
1870:
1481:
1469:
1463:
1394:
1248:
1226:
1130:
kings, though Kumbla was considered as the southernmost region of
839:
835:
672:
568:
445:
425:
402:
389:
115:
1796:
During the 17th century, Kannur was the capital city of the only
4232:
2086:
Gurukkal, R., & Whittaker, D. (2001). In search of Muziris.
1982:
1768:. It is fairly well preserved as a protected monument under the
1111:
502:
in the 12th century and 13th centuries. In his book on travels (
499:
5197:
5076:
4818:
4329:
4034:
3613:
3363:
3325:
2882:
2789:
2484:
The Portuguese, Indian Ocean and European Bridgeheads 1500–1800
2252:
Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles
1868:
changes highly influenced the independence movement of Kerala.
1748:, the first Portuguese Viceroy of India. It is situated by the
1012:), dated to 1075 CE, mentioning king Kunda Alupa, the ruler of
4463:
2706:
Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language
1964:
Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language
944:
in the 11th century, throws light on the recorded past of the
450:
Kannur fort and Bay; a watercolor by John Johnston (1795-1801)
2284:
Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.
1399:
Veera Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja. Painting by Raja Ravi Varma
394:
Veera Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja, painting by Raja Ravi Varma
5207:
5086:
4828:
4339:
4044:
3623:
3373:
1186:
dominion, were relatives to both Kolathunadu as well as the
654:(Coorg). It is said that Nannan, the most renowned ruler of
3267:
Shri Rajarajeshwaram, Parassinikadavu Sree Muthappan Temple
2437:. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. pp. 631–666.
490:
in the ancient period. Later Kannur was the capital of the
5060:. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.
1579:
in January 1939, the Rightists suffered a severe setback.
1551:
and the Nationalist Muslims made common cause against the
666:, just before his execution in a battle, according to the
2878:
1752:
about 3 km from Kannur town. In 1507, the fort was
1484:, are marked as cities within the present-day state of
1345:
were two vassal kingdoms based in the city of Kannur.
349:. In the 12th and 13th centuries there was trade with
2606:
2604:
1352:, and the settlement was handed over to the ruler of
1428:
during this period and among its active workers was
1255:, the first Portuguese viceroy for India, built the
972:, at the peak of its power reportedly extended from
3275:
3239:
3191:
3160:
3140:
3109:
3088:
3081:
2990:
2959:
2916:
1660:In Cannore, the Salt Satyagraha was spearheaded by
1275:as early as 1734, which were claimed by all of the
2320:(2007 ed.). Kottayam: DC Books. p. 175.
486:was the headquarters of a powerful kingdom namely
2307:
2305:
2040:
2038:
767:; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day
2070:District Census Handbook – Wayanad (Part-B) 2011
1583:was elected as the president of the K.P.C.C and
662:hills in the 5th century CE when he was lost to
5497:Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia
5487:Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago
2102:A. Shreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History
952:states that a powerful and warlike clan of the
948:up until that point. The Indian anthropologist
763:s starting point. The region probably ended at
2750:Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume-II)
1671:Knowledge (XXG)-Malayalam: Moyyarathu Sankaran
1563:, C.K. Govindan Nair and K.A. Damodara Menon.
1067:dynasty, who swayed over the land of southern
3337:
2894:
2801:
2739:Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume-I)
2585:
2583:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2508:Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume-I)
2458:The Hindu staff reporter (21 November 2011).
2396:Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume-I)
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1956:
1954:
260:
8:
2399:. Madras Government Press. pp. 423–424.
1993:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1595:workers joined the Communist Party en bloc.
1107:. The Kumbla dynasty had a mixed lineage of
2460:"Neeleswaram fete to showcase its heritage"
2419:. Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala.
2076:. Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala.
630:consisted much of the coastal belt between
494:, whose kingdom had trading relations with
5194:
5073:
4815:
4326:
4031:
3610:
3360:
3344:
3330:
3322:
3085:
2901:
2887:
2879:
2808:
2794:
2786:
2187:. Columbia University Press. p. 333.
2047:District Census Handbook, Kasaragod (2011)
1297:. In the latter half of the 18th century,
696:was located at the northwestern border of
588:(1st-5th century CE). The ancient port of
580:was the seat of powerful kingdom based at
267:
253:
17:
3173:Government College of Engineering, Kannur
2619:Atmakatha, Moyyarathu Sankaran, Page 164
2383:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 483.
1722:in the struggle when police opened fire.
1633:Raman. In connection with this incident,
690:(1st century CE) states that the port of
430:A portrait of Kannur drawn in 1572, from
418:(built in 1505) and on the other side is
3178:National Institute of Fashion Technology
2775:1961 Census Handbook- Cannanore District
2428:
2426:
2413:1981 Census Handbook- Kasaragod District
1520:wing in the Kerala Provincial Congress.
1044:records its foundation year as 1124 CE.
1036:inscription on a copper slab within the
708:region, which lies north of the port at
545:
359:
5482:Portuguese colonization of the Americas
2637:AtmakathaMoyyarathu Sankaran, Page 164
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2511:. Madras Government Press. p. 451.
1950:
1368:was handed over to the French in 1785.
1243:, thus opening a direct sea route from
968:) Kingdom, who were the descendants of
29:
2761:1951 Census Handbook- Malabar District
1612:The KPCC gave a call to the people of
1432:. By the end of 1939, a branch of the
1118:. They also claimed their origin from
2286:Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98.
2062:
2060:
1776:as a background is on display at the
1648:provided leadership to the movement.
1591:was formally founded in Malabar. The
1055:(may be by the meaning, 'The land of
288:
7:
4004:) and small temporary coastal bases.
1516:Movement witnessed the emergence of
1491:Payyannur was the main venue of the
1182:dynasty on the northernmost part of
2703:S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942),
2181:Edward Simpson; Kai Kresse (2008).
1961:S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942).
1416:committee in 1908. A branch of the
1337:in addition to the city of Kannur.
677:Names, routes and locations of the
337:, India. It is the largest city in
5472:Evolution of the Portuguese Empire
2946:Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai
1845:Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai
1772:. A painting of this fort and the
1329:Sultanate in the Malabar region -
921:Ezhimala kingdom was succeeded by
573:A portrait if Kannur drawn in 1635
14:
3896:São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin
3252:Kalarivathukkal Bhagavathy Temple
1577:Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee
1559:which was led by such leaders as
1412:, founded in 1885, established a
1079:(including present-day Taluks of
5477:Portuguese colonial architecture
5078:North America and North Atlantic
3942:Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe
3600:
3306:
3305:
2747:Charles Alexander Innes (1915),
2736:Charles Alexander Innes (1908),
2505:Charles Alexander Innes (1908).
2393:Charles Alexander Innes (1908).
1616:to observe 15 September 1940 as
1194:, in the early medieval period.
898:, and they are among the oldest
470:area abounds in rock-cut caves,
301:), formerly known in English as
234:
50:
43:
5467:Armorial of Portuguese colonies
3247:Kottiyoor Vadakkeshwaram Temple
2067:Government of India (2014–15).
1095:, had also been vassals to the
1047:Until the 16th century CE, the
894:, were built during the era of
531:. Kannur also finds mention as
325:and a Municipal Corporation in
2354:. Department of Publications,
2255:. Other Books. pp. 179–.
1770:Archaeological Survey of India
1348:In 1761, the British captured
1261:Archaeological Survey of India
725:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
714:, was ruled by the kingdom of
680:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
595:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
537:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1:
4497:Portuguese Paliacate outpost
3257:Tiruvarkadu Bhagavathy Temple
3211:Muzhappilangad Drive-in Beach
2977:Muzhappilangad Drive-in Beach
2758:Government of Madras (1953),
2348:Ayinapalli, Aiyappan (1982).
2215:Uri M. Kupferschmidt (1987).
2160:. M. E. Sharpe. p. 123.
2088:Journal of Roman Archaeology,
1800:Sultanate in India, known as
1380:, who had popular support in
598:as a port somewhere north of
5239:Captaincy Colonies of Brazil
5032: • 1938–1941
5009: • 1890–1999
4999: • 1851–1999
4989: • 1864–1999
4889: • 1578–1650
4876: • 1576–1605
4863: • 1522–1575
4788: • 1779–1954
4765: • 1687–1749
4702: • 1598–1610
4692: • 1579–1632
4668: • 1568–1659
4658: • 1559–1961
4645: • 1548–1658
4635: • 1540–1612
4622: • 1536–1662
4609: • 1535–1739
4586: • 1534–1661
4576: • 1534–1601
4566: • 1531–1571
4556: • 1531–1571
4540: • 1528–1666
4530: • 1523–1662
4506: • 1521–1740
4493: • 1518–1619
4460: • 1510–1961
4447: • 1507–1657
4434: • 1502–1661
4412: • 1502–1658
4398: • 1501–1663
4385: • 1500–1663
3293:Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam
3148:Kannur International Airport
2312:Sreedhara Menon, A. (2007).
2295:Pg 58, Cultural heritage of
2015:Menon, A. Sreedhara (2007).
1581:Muhammad Abdur Rahiman Sahib
1024:(the former headquarters of
622:. According to the works of
592:, which is mentioned in the
5199:South America and Caribbean
2221:. Brill. pp. 458–459.
2154:Jonathan Goldstein (1999).
1629:K.M Kuttikrishna Menon and
1460:Civil disobedience movement
1388:region. This revolt led by
1051:town was known by the name
846:(c. 570–632). According to
824:Legend of Cheraman Perumals
650:hilly region with parts of
516:, the Buddhist pilgrim and
474:, burial stone circles and
5544:
5528:History of Kannur district
5347:Nova Colónia do Sacramento
4426:(Coulão / Kollam)
3497:Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué
3288:Indian Coast Guard Academy
2817:Histories of Kerala cities
2728:Malabar Manual (Volume-II)
2249:Husain Raṇṭattāṇi (2007).
2018:A Survey of Kerala History
1903:were in a Kannur jail and
1418:All India Home Rule League
1378:Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja
1372:Resistance to British rule
1232:The Portuguese arrived at
814:were home to three of the
785:was prone by pirates. The
610:had jurisdiction over two
520:, writer and historian of
5518:History of Kerala by city
5462:
5204:
5193:
5083:
5072:
4825:
4814:
4548:(Porto Grande De Bengala)
4336:
4325:
4041:
4030:
3620:
3609:
3598:
3370:
3359:
3301:
3183:Pariyaram Medical College
2823:
2767:, Madras Government Press
2753:, Madras Government Press
2742:, Madras Government Press
2731:, Madras Government Press
2720:, Madras Government Press
2717:Malabar Manual (Volume-I)
2435:Malabar Manual (Volume-I)
2351:The Personality of Kerala
1808:, Kannur was part of the
1744:was built in 1505 by Dom
1682:, C.K. Govindan Nair and
1124:Francis Buchanan-Hamilton
795:was a source of peppers.
543:work of great antiquity.
345:, which was ruled by the
116:Venad - Kingdom of Quilon
1593:Congress Socialist Party
1525:Congress Socialist Party
1472:in 1804. Note that only
1434:Communist Party of India
1410:Indian National Congress
1267:near Kannur, along with
1251:. The Portuguese led by
849:Qissat Shakarwati Farmad
658:dynasty, took refuge at
440:Civitates orbis terrarum
414:. On one side, there is
5378:Grão-Pará and Rio Negro
5297: • 1621–1815
5284: • 1578–1607
5271: • 1572–1578
5258: • 1572–1578
5245: • 1549–1572
5232: • 1534–1549
4599: • 1535
4471: • 1512–1525
4139:Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah)
3101:Thavakkara Bus Terminal
2433:Logan, William (2010).
1990:Encyclopædia Britannica
1967:. University of Madras.
1875:City of Cannanore, 1572
1404:Indian freedom movement
1356:. The British restored
1253:Don Francisco de Almeda
1010:Ramanthali inscriptions
842:during the lifetime of
806:along with surrounding
104:Confluence of religions
5368:Grão-Pará and Maranhão
4792:Dadra and Nagar Haveli
3262:Annapurneshwari Temple
2772:M. K. Devassy (1965),
2725:William Logan (1887),
2714:William Logan (1887),
2709:, University of Madras
1914:
1901:Sarath Chandra Acharya
1876:
1589:Indian Communist Party
1585:E. M. S. Namboodiripad
1537:E. M. S. Namboodiripad
1488:
1400:
1311:Third Anglo-Mysore War
906:. It is believed that
684:
618:and the hilly eastern
574:
566:
451:
443:
423:
395:
368:
5058:invasion by Indonesia
4820:East Asia and Oceania
3992:São Tomé and Príncipe
3765:Portuguese Mozambique
3722:Portuguese Gold Coast
2926:British rule in India
2282:Prange, Sebastian R.
1939:History of Thalassery
1910:
1874:
1819:The guerrilla war by
1499:started on foot from
1467:
1398:
1333:- who also ruled the
787:Cosmas Indicopleustes
676:
572:
557:) minister Kuruppu's
549:
449:
429:
406:
393:
363:
193:Unification of Kerala
164:Battle of Tirurangadi
3283:Indian Naval Academy
2527:Arakkal royal family
2379:Narayanan, M. G. S.
2356:University of Kerala
1746:Francisco de Almeida
1684:K. A. Damodara Menon
988:) in the south with
946:Mushika Royal Family
728:, a region known as
136:Minor principalities
3711:(São Jorge da Mina)
3562:São João da Mamora
3404:(El Qsar es Seghir)
3193:Visitor attractions
3096:National Highway 66
2680:on 15 November 2013
2654:on 10 November 2015
2559:on 30 December 2013
2381:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
1859:Socialist Movements
1827:Reformist Movements
1716:Chirakkal Kovilakom
1642:Quit India Movement
1599:Payyanur Conference
1555:group known as the
1450:Maulana Shaukat Ali
1271:, was ceded to the
1239:in 1498 during the
1105:Vijayanagara Empire
950:Ayinapalli Aiyappan
904:Indian subcontinent
822:. According to the
820:Indian subcontinent
789:mentioned that the
722:. According to the
602:is identified with
184:Communism in Kerala
5424:Portuguese Guiana
5388:Maranhão and Piauí
5036:Lapa and Montanha
4847:Portuguese Malacca
4733:Portuguese Ceylon
4687:(Portuguese India)
4525:(Portuguese India)
4156: •
3615:Sub-Saharan Africa
2532:2012-06-05 at the
1897:T.N. Chandravarthi
1889:Kamal Nath Thivari
1877:
1849:Sahodaran Ayyappan
1514:civil disobedience
1489:
1454:Khilafat Movements
1430:V.K. Krishna Menon
1401:
1273:East India Company
1020:, can be found at
980:) in the north to
685:
575:
567:
529:Temple of the Lord
452:
444:
424:
396:
369:
152:Rise of Travancore
71:Megalithic culture
5505:
5504:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5451:
5445:
5444:
5393:
5392:
5352:
5351:
5319:
5318:
5189:
5188:
5183:
5182:
5174:
5173:
5128:
5127:
5068:
5067:
5051:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5026:Portuguese Macau
5018:
5017:
4971:
4970:
4941:
4940:
4810:
4809:
4804:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4782:Portuguese India
4774:
4773:
4759:Portuguese India
4751:
4750:
4714:
4713:
4677:
4676:
4515:
4514:
4369:
4368:
4359:Laccadive Islands
4321:
4320:
4315:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4205:
4204:
4026:
4025:
4016:Portuguese Angola
4009:Portuguese Guinea
3985:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3963:Portuguese Guinea
3947:
3946:
3913:
3912:
3868:
3867:
3838:Portuguese Angola
3737:
3736:
3732:Mascarene Islands
3596:
3595:
3590:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3479:
3478:
3447:1487–16th century
3353:Portuguese Empire
3319:
3318:
3240:Places of worship
3226:Kannur Lighthouse
3201:Payyambalam Beach
3168:Kannur University
3156:
3155:
3033:Kannur Cantonment
2967:Payyambalam Beach
2876:
2875:
2553:"History of Mahé"
2262:978-81-903887-8-8
2228:978-90-04-07929-8
2194:978-0-231-70024-5
2157:The Jews of China
1984:"Cannanore"
1881:Kiran Chandra Das
1841:Soviet Revolution
1698:Peasant struggles
1529:P. Krishna Pillai
1343:Chirakkal kingdom
1335:Laccadive Islands
1323:Madras Presidency
1257:St. Angelo's Fort
1211:Portuguese Empire
1120:Cheraman Perumals
1073:Chandragiri River
992:on the west and
838:and converted to
624:Sangam literature
606:. The kingdom of
553:'s (The ruler of
371:It served as the
290:[kɐɳːuːr]
277:
276:
156:Mysorean invasion
144:Portuguese period
108:Mamankam festival
76:Maritime contacts
31:History of Kerala
5535:
5492:Portuguese India
5440:
5427:
5414:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5302:
5289:
5276:
5263:
5250:
5237:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5208:
5195:
5149:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5087:
5074:
5039:
5029:
5028:
5024:
4986:
4985:
4982:Portuguese Macau
4979:
4967:
4966:
4958:Portuguese Timor
4950:
4949:
4947:
4894:
4881:
4868:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4829:
4816:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4736:
4716:
4715:
4709:
4681:
4680:
4652:
4629:
4616:
4593:
4549:
4519:
4518:
4500:
4486:
4475:
4454:
4441:
4440:(Cochin de Cima)
4427:
4416:
4405:
4392:
4382:
4381:
4378:Portuguese India
4375:
4363:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4340:
4327:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4161:
4089:
4066:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4045:
4032:
3973:Portuguese Congo
3956:
3955:
3953:
3932:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3909:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3863:
3851:
3798:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3712:
3699:
3677:
3665:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3624:
3611:
3604:
3578:
3565:
3552:
3539:
3526:
3525:(Souira Guedima)
3513:
3500:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3464:
3441:
3418:
3405:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3374:
3361:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3323:
3309:
3308:
3086:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2880:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2768:
2766:
2754:
2743:
2732:
2721:
2710:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2676:. Archived from
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2650:. Archived from
2644:
2638:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2599:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2578:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2555:. Archived from
2549:
2536:
2524:
2513:
2512:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2410:M. Vijayanunni.
2407:
2401:
2400:
2390:
2384:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2316:Kerala Charitram
2309:
2300:
2293:
2287:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2118:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2012:
1995:
1994:
1986:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1812:province in the
1786:Kunjali Marakkar
1737:St. Angelos Fort
1652:Salt Sathyagraha
1618:Anti-Imperialist
1608:Morazha Incident
1424:, functioned in
1422:Dr. Annie Besant
1414:Malabar District
1315:Malabar District
1263:. The island of
1241:Age of Discovery
1170:, Iruvazhinadu (
858:at Kodungallur,
830:, who left from
683:(1st century CE)
614:s - The coastal
364:Local bodies in
300:
299:
298:
292:
287:
269:
262:
255:
241:India portal
239:
238:
237:
180:Battle of Quilon
168:Malabar District
140:Age of Discovery
54:
47:
18:
5543:
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4776:
4758:
4753:
4734:
4708:(Machilipatnam)
4707:
4650:
4627:
4614:
4591:
4580:Salsette Island
4551:
4547:
4546:
4498:
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4332:
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4209:
4151:
4087:
4064:
4049:
4037:
4022:
4021:
4018:from the 1920s.
3986:
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3930:
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3905:
3872:
3861:
3847:
3796:
3741:
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3403:
3402:Alcácer Ceguer
3378:
3366:
3355:
3350:
3320:
3315:
3297:
3271:
3235:
3221:Meenkunnu Beach
3206:St. Angelo Fort
3187:
3152:
3136:
3105:
3077:
2986:
2982:Meenkunnu Beach
2955:
2941:St. Angelo Fort
2912:
2907:
2877:
2872:
2819:
2814:
2778:
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2764:
2757:
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2702:
2699:
2697:Further reading
2694:
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2534:Wayback Machine
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2113:Pliny the Elder
2110:
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2014:
2013:
1998:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1947:
1935:
1861:
1829:
1794:
1742:St. Angelo Fort
1739:
1700:
1654:
1646:Dr. K. B. Menon
1610:
1601:
1493:Salt Satyagraha
1462:
1406:
1374:
1339:Arakkal Kingdom
1116:Tuluva Brahmins
1077:Netravati River
1071:wedged between
1026:Mushika dynasty
974:Netravati River
970:Mushika dynasty
927:Tuluva Brahmins
923:Mushika dynasty
779:mentioned that
777:Pliny the Elder
688:Pliny the Elder
492:Kolattiri Rajas
488:Mushika dynasty
436:Frans Hogenberg
416:St. Angelo Fort
401:
366:Kannur district
295:
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132:Arakkal kingdom
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5278:Rio de Janeiro
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5148:(Newfoundland)
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4106:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4092:
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4083:
4079:
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4073:
4069:
4068:
4065:(Bandar Abbas)
4060:
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3228:
3223:
3218:
3216:Arakkal Museum
3213:
3208:
3203:
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3189:
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3185:
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3079:
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3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3038:Kottakkuthazhe
3035:
3030:
3025:
3023:Chirakkalkulam
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2991:Neighbourhoods
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2951:Arakkal family
2948:
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2928:
2922:
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2600:
2591:
2579:
2570:
2537:
2514:
2497:
2488:
2476:
2450:
2443:
2422:
2402:
2385:
2372:
2340:
2327:978-8126415885
2326:
2301:
2288:
2275:
2261:
2241:
2227:
2207:
2193:
2173:
2166:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2104:
2095:
2079:
2056:
2034:
2027:
1996:
1981:, ed. (1911).
1979:Chisholm, Hugh
1970:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1860:
1857:
1828:
1825:
1793:
1792:Muslim Dynasty
1790:
1738:
1735:
1699:
1696:
1653:
1650:
1635:K.P.R. Gopalan
1609:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1468:An old map of
1461:
1458:
1446:Mahatma Gandhi
1405:
1402:
1373:
1370:
1284:Kottayam Rajas
1089:Maipady Palace
1032:, Kerala. The
954:Bunt community
936:Mushika-vamsha
816:oldest mosques
750:mentions only
746:. However the
551:Kolattiri Raja
420:Arakkal palace
400:
397:
275:
274:
272:
271:
264:
257:
249:
246:
245:
244:
243:
228:
227:
206:
203:
202:
199:
198:
160:British Period
69:
66:
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62:
61:
49:
42:
41:
40:
39:
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34:
33:
27:
26:
13:
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4721:
4718:
4717:
4710:
4706:Masulipatnam
4704:
4701:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4662:Daman and Diu
4660:
4657:
4656:
4653:
4651:(Thoothukudi)
4647:
4644:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4628:(Kodungallur)
4624:
4621:
4620:
4617:
4615:(Vasai-Virar)
4611:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4598:
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4436:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4420:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4364:
4362:(Lakshadweep)
4356:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4342:
4341:
4335:
4328:
4324:
4311:
4304:
4303:Bandar-e Kong
4301:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4293:Dibba Al-Hisn
4291:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4040:
4033:
4029:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3870:
3864:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3696:Fernando Poo
3694:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3626:
3625:
3619:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3586:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3376:
3375:
3369:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3342:
3340:
3335:
3333:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3312:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3043:Marakkarkandy
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2972:Laccadive Sea
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2936:Malabar Coast
2934:
2932:
2931:North Malabar
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2899:
2897:
2892:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2777:
2776:
2770:
2763:
2762:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2509:
2501:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2444:9788120604476
2440:
2436:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2414:
2406:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2358:. p. 162
2357:
2353:
2352:
2344:
2341:
2329:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2245:
2242:
2230:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2211:
2208:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2167:9780765601049
2163:
2159:
2158:
2150:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:According to
2108:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2072:
2071:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2028:9788126415786
2024:
2020:
2019:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1905:Jayadev Kapur
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1885:Jithendra Das
1882:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1821:Pazhassi Raja
1817:
1815:
1814:North Malabar
1811:
1807:
1804:. During the
1803:
1799:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1774:fishing ferry
1771:
1767:
1766:Malabar Coast
1763:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1750:Laccadive Sea
1747:
1743:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1627:Sub-Inspector
1624:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1605:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1568:Muslim League
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1420:, founded by
1419:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1390:Pazhassi Raja
1387:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1319:British India
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1278:Kolattu Rajas
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1207:Ottoman Turks
1204:
1203:Vasco da Gama
1200:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1103:conquests of
1102:
1099:, before the
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1038:Madayi Mosque
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:Alupa dynasty
1011:
1008:inscription (
1007:
1006:Old Malayalam
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
940:, written by
939:
937:
932:
928:
924:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
856:
851:
850:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
828:Chera dynasty
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:Kerala Muslim
798:According to
796:
794:
793:
788:
784:
783:
778:
774:
770:
769:Malabar Coast
766:
762:
760:
755:
754:
749:
745:
744:
739:
738:
733:
732:
727:
726:
721:
720:Sangam period
717:
713:
712:
707:
706:North Malabar
703:
702:Chera dynasty
699:
695:
694:
689:
682:
681:
675:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
642:consisted of
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
596:
591:
587:
586:Sangam period
583:
579:
578:North Malabar
571:
564:
563:Vasco da Gama
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
506:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
448:
441:
437:
433:
428:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
399:Early history
398:
392:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
367:
362:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:North Malabar
336:
332:
328:
327:North Malabar
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
297:
291:
283:
282:
270:
265:
263:
258:
256:
251:
250:
248:
247:
242:
232:
231:
230:
229:
223:
220:
218:
214:
209:
201:
200:
194:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
176:South Malabar
173:
172:North Malabar
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
80:Sangam period
77:
72:
64:
63:
53:
46:
36:
35:
32:
28:
24:
20:
19:
16:
5446:
5399:19th century
5398:
5396:
5356:18th century
5355:
5353:
5325:17th century
5324:
5322:
5214:16th century
5213:
5211:
5177:
5134:16th century
5133:
5131:
5119:
5118:
5105:
5104:
5093:15th century
5092:
5090:
5045:
5022:20th century
5021:
5019:
4977:19th century
4976:
4974:
4945:17th century
4944:
4942:
4835:16th century
4834:
4832:
4798:
4778:18th century
4777:
4775:
4755:17th century
4754:
4752:
4453:(Nagapatnam)
4373:16th century
4372:
4370:
4346:15th century
4345:
4343:
4309:
4211:17th century
4210:
4208:
4180:Tarut Island
4051:16th century
4050:
4048:
4036:Middle East
4002:Anosy Region
3979:
3951:19th century
3950:
3948:
3917:18th century
3916:
3914:
3874:17th century
3873:
3871:
3775:Saint Helena
3743:16th century
3742:
3740:
3630:15th century
3629:
3627:
3584:
3485:16th century
3484:
3482:
3380:15th century
3379:
3377:
3365:North Africa
3276:Other topics
3122:Kannur South
2917:
2832:
2774:
2760:
2749:
2738:
2727:
2716:
2705:
2682:. Retrieved
2678:the original
2668:
2656:. Retrieved
2652:the original
2642:
2633:
2624:
2615:
2594:
2573:
2561:. Retrieved
2557:the original
2507:
2500:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2467:. Retrieved
2463:
2453:
2434:
2412:
2405:
2395:
2388:
2380:
2375:
2367:
2360:. Retrieved
2350:
2343:
2331:. Retrieved
2317:
2314:
2291:
2283:
2278:
2266:. Retrieved
2251:
2244:
2232:. Retrieved
2217:
2210:
2198:. Retrieved
2183:
2176:
2156:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2107:
2098:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2069:
2046:
2021:. DC Books.
2017:
1988:
1973:
1963:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1883:(brother of
1878:
1864:
1862:
1855:and others.
1853:P. Kesavadev
1838:
1834:
1830:
1818:
1795:
1762:conquered it
1760:The British
1759:
1740:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1712:
1701:
1692:
1688:
1676:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1639:
1611:
1602:
1565:
1533:A.K. Gopalan
1522:
1490:
1407:
1375:
1347:
1305:, rulers of
1290:Arakkal Bibi
1289:
1283:
1277:
1231:
1196:
1154:or Poyanad (
1088:
1056:
1052:
1046:
961:
934:
920:
899:
888:Panthalayani
854:
847:
797:
790:
780:
757:
751:
741:
735:
729:
723:
709:
697:
691:
686:
678:
668:Sangam works
639:
627:
619:
615:
611:
593:
589:
576:
532:
526:
503:
453:
439:
370:
318:
310:
302:
279:
278:
217:Architecture
211:
204:Other topics
148:Dutch period
74:
15:
5437:Upper Peru
5411:Cisplatina
5169:Nova Scotia
5146:Terra Nova
4735:(Sri Lanka)
4626:Cranganore
4485:(Kozhikode)
4438:Pallipuram
4223:Khor Fakkan
4176:1521?–1551?
4000:A factory (
3538:(El Jadida)
3512:(Essaouira)
3440:(El Jadida)
3231:Mappila Bay
3058:South Bazar
2998:Adikadalayi
2858:Tellicherry
2469:24 November
1806:British Raj
1778:Rijksmuseum
1708:Kisan Sabha
1680:K. Kelappan
1623:lathicharge
1561:K. Kelappan
1545:Nationalist
1497:K. Kelappan
1354:Kadathanadu
1303:Tipu Sultan
1180:Nileshwaram
1176:Kurumbranad
1168:Nileshwaram
1144:Kadathanadu
1140:Kolathunadu
1138:later. The
1122:of Kerala.
1097:Kolathunadu
1059:Trees') in
1053:Kanhirakode
1002:Arabian Sea
998:Lakshadweep
990:Arabian Sea
960:was called
908:Malik Dinar
896:Malik Dinar
802:tradition,
765:Kanyakumari
460:Taliparamba
432:Georg Braun
410:harbour at
408:Mappila Bay
377:Tellicherry
343:Kolathunadu
188:Lakshadweep
124:Kolattunadu
100:Ezhil Malai
92:Spice trade
5512:Categories
5165:1516–1579?
5155:1500–1579?
5142:1500–1579?
5013:Ilha Verde
4963:East Timor
4649:Tuticorin
4545:Chittagong
4451:Negapatam
4402:Cannanore
4331:South Asia
4166:1521–1529?
4135:1515–1633?
4011:from 1879.
3994:from 1753.
3886:Ziguinchor
3818:Madagascar
3652:Cape Verde
3551:(Azemmour)
3073:Thavakkara
3053:Pallikunnu
2868:Trivandrum
2848:Malappuram
2093:, 334-350.
1945:References
1816:District.
1557:Right Wing
1549:Socialists
1505:Satyagraha
1474:Thalassery
1426:Thalassery
1382:Thalassery
1269:Thalassery
1199:Portuguese
1164:Thalassery
1152:Randathara
1081:Manjeshwar
912:Thalangara
698:Keprobotos
628:Poozhinadu
616:Poozhinadu
561:letter to
518:Ibn Batuta
510:Marco Polo
505:Il Milione
468:Thalassery
442:, Volume I
347:Kolathiris
315:Portuguese
286:pronounced
120:Valluvanad
5439:(Bolivia)
5420:1809–1817
5413:(Uruguay)
5407:1808–1822
5384:1772–1775
5374:1772–1775
5364:1751–1772
5343:1680–1777
5333:1621–1751
5310:1536–1620
5222:1500–1822
5038:(Hengqin)
4953:1642–1975
4932:1580–1586
4922:1557–1999
4916:Larantuka
4912:1515–1859
4902:1512–1665
4853:1512–1621
4843:1511–1641
4742:1558–1573
4729:1518–1658
4719:1518–1521
4672:Mangalore
4499:(Pulicat)
4417:1659–1661
4354:1498–1545
4289:1624–1648
4239:1621–1622
4196:1588–1648
4186:1550–1551
4145:1521–1602
4115:1515–1650
4095:1515–1648
4082:1515–1622
4072:1507–1643
4059:1506–1615
3969:1885–1974
3959:1879–1974
3938:1753–1975
3931:(Mombasa)
3929:Mombassa
3925:1728–1729
3902:1687–1974
3892:1680–1961
3882:1645–1888
3862:(Mombasa)
3860:Mombassa
3856:1593–1698
3844:1588–1974
3834:1575–1975
3824:1557–1578
3814:1508–1547
3804:1506–1511
3791:1505–1512
3781:1503–1698
3771:1502–1659
3761:1501–1975
3751:1500–1630
3728:1498–1540
3718:1482–1642
3705:1482–1637
3692:1478–1778
3682:1474–1778
3670:1471–1975
3658:1470–1975
3648:1462–1975
3638:1455–1633
3571:1577–1589
3558:1515–1541
3545:1513–1541
3532:1506–1769
3519:1506–1525
3506:1506–1525
3493:1505–1541
3457:1488–1541
3434:1485–1550
3424:1471–1662
3411:1471–1550
3398:1458–1550
3388:1415–1640
3161:Education
3132:Chirakkal
3082:Transport
3018:Chirakkal
2960:Geography
2843:Kasargode
2833:Cannanore
2464:The Hindu
1893:Sen Gupta
1865:Janmitham
1782:Amsterdam
1631:Constable
1543:group of
1541:extremist
1501:Kozhikode
1478:Kozhikode
1299:Hyder Ali
1265:Dharmadom
1237:Kozhikode
1215:Kozhikode
1201:explorer
1184:Kolathiri
1156:Dharmadom
1132:Tulu Nadu
1085:Kasaragod
1069:Tulu Nadu
1061:Malayalam
1030:Cannanore
1018:Mangalore
986:Kozhikode
982:Korapuzha
978:Mangalore
962:Kola Bari
958:Tulu Nadu
938:Mahakavya
931:Tulu Nadu
916:Kasaragod
902:s in the
884:Dharmadam
876:Kasaragod
872:Mangalore
832:Dharmadom
812:Dharmadom
773:sesterces
734:began at
640:Karkanadu
636:Kozhikode
632:Mangalore
620:Karkanadu
478:, all of
458:age. The
456:Neolithic
438:'s atlas
303:Cannanore
208:Geography
84:Tamilakam
5337:Maranhão
5314:Barbados
5159:Labrador
4936:Nagasaki
4906:Makassar
4769:Mylapore
4746:Maldives
4723:Maldives
4592:(Mumbai)
4534:Mylapore
4404:(Kannur)
4154:Muharraq
4014:Part of
4007:Part of
3997:Or 1600.
3990:Part of
3785:Zanzibar
3675:Príncipe
3663:São Tomé
3577:(Asilah)
3564:(Mehdya)
3536:Mazagan
3510:Mogador
3499:(Agadir)
3474:Graciosa
3438:Mazagan
3417:(Asilah)
3311:Category
3048:Neerchal
3008:Azhikkal
3003:Ayikkara
2563:19 April
2530:Archived
1933:See also
1754:besieged
1662:K. Kumar
1553:Gandhian
1510:K. Kumar
1209:and the
1160:Kottayam
1148:Vadakara
1128:Malayali
1109:Malayali
1101:Carnatic
1049:Kasargod
1022:Ezhimala
910:died at
892:Chaliyam
844:Muhammad
792:Limyrike
782:Limyrike
759:Limyrike
731:Limyrike
716:Ezhimala
656:Ezhimala
608:Ezhimala
582:Ezhimala
522:Tangiers
484:Ezhimala
480:megalith
412:Ayikkara
329:region,
311:Kannanur
23:a series
21:Part of
5426:(Amapá)
5107:Madeira
4993:Coloane
4870:Ternate
4613:Baçaím
4603:Ponnani
4590:Bombay
4482:Calicut
4391:(Kochi)
4389:Cochim
4299:1624?–?
4263:Libedia
4229:1621?–?
4149:Bahrain
4125:1515?–?
4099:Quriyat
4088:(Ormus)
4086:Hormuz
3808:Socotra
3797:(Kilwa)
3795:Quíloa
3755:Malindi
3709:Elmina
3698:(Bioko)
3686:Annobón
3575:Arzila
3549:Azamor
3451:Ouadane
3428:Tangier
3415:Arzila
3127:Edakkad
3110:Railway
2918:History
2863:Trichur
2828:Calicut
2684:5 April
2658:5 April
2362:27 July
2333:19 July
2268:25 July
2234:25 July
2200:24 July
1802:Arakkal
1720:martyrs
1704:cholera
1614:Malabar
1572:leftist
1518:radical
1386:Wayanad
1331:Arakkal
1295:cession
1192:Calicut
1188:Zamorin
1136:Zamorin
1087:) from
1057:Kanhira
1028:) near
855:Masjids
818:in the
756:as the
748:Ptolemy
718:during
704:). The
660:Wayanad
648:Gudalur
644:Wayanad
600:Muziris
584:in the
535:in the
476:menhirs
472:dolmens
385:Karachi
373:British
321:, is a
319:Cananor
213:Economy
112:Calicut
5523:Kannur
5447:
5304:Brazil
5301:
5291:Brazil
5288:
5275:
5262:
5252:Brazil
5249:
5236:
5226:Brazil
5178:
5121:Azores
5046:
4896:Tidore
4893:
4880:
4867:
4857:Maluku
4799:
4684:
4522:
4474:
4423:Quilon
4415:
4310:
4279:1624–?
4269:1624–?
4259:1623–?
4253:Khasab
4249:1623–?
4233:As Sib
4219:1620–?
4200:Matrah
4158:Manama
4119:Muscat
4109:Qalhat
4105:1515–?
4063:Gamru
3980:
3907:Bissau
3849:Cacheu
3642:Arguim
3585:
3463:(Safi)
3461:Safim
3117:Kannur
3028:Kakkad
3013:Chalad
2910:Kannur
2853:Quilon
2838:Cochin
2441:
2324:
2297:Kerala
2259:
2225:
2191:
2164:
2025:
1810:Madras
1798:Muslim
1486:Kerala
1480:, and
1442:swaraj
1438:Nagpur
1327:Muslim
1307:Mysore
1287:, and
1245:Europe
1234:Kappad
1225:, and
1223:Kollam
1219:Kannur
1172:Panoor
1093:Kumbla
1065:Kumbla
1063:. The
1042:Kannur
1034:Arabic
1004:. An
994:Kodagu
966:Kannur
942:Athula
933:. The
918:town.
900:Masjid
890:, and
880:Kannur
868:Barkur
864:Madayi
860:Kollam
852:, the
808:Madayi
804:Kannur
753:Tyndis
743:Tyndis
711:Tyndis
693:Tyndis
664:Cheras
652:Kodagu
604:Kannur
565:(1524)
559:Arabic
555:Kannur
514:Faxian
500:Persia
496:Arabia
464:Kannur
381:Bombay
355:Arabia
351:Persia
335:Kerala
313:, and
307:Arabic
281:Kannur
128:Cochin
88:Cheras
25:on the
5265:Bahia
5003:Taipa
4926:Macau
4883:Ambon
4696:Hugli
4639:Surat
4570:Chalé
4560:Chaul
4510:Chaul
4283:Madha
4273:Kalba
4243:Qeshm
4190:Qatif
4170:Qatif
4129:Barka
4076:Sohar
3828:Accra
3523:Aguz
3392:Ceuta
3068:Thana
3063:Talap
2779:(PDF)
2765:(PDF)
2417:(PDF)
2074:(PDF)
2051:(PDF)
1727:punam
1482:Kochi
1470:India
1249:India
1227:Kochi
1112:Nairs
929:from
840:Islam
836:Mecca
737:Naura
590:Naura
541:Greek
533:Naura
331:state
222:Forts
5433:1822
5115:1432
5101:1420
4476:1750
3470:1489
3089:Road
2686:2015
2660:2015
2565:2021
2471:2016
2439:ISBN
2364:2018
2335:2020
2322:ISBN
2270:2012
2257:ISBN
2236:2012
2223:ISBN
2202:2012
2189:ISBN
2162:ISBN
2023:ISBN
1899:and
1640:The
1535:and
1448:and
1366:Mahé
1362:Mahé
1358:Mahé
1350:Mahé
1341:and
1301:and
1197:The
1114:and
1083:and
1075:and
810:and
740:and
634:and
612:Nadu
539:, a
498:and
434:and
383:and
353:and
323:city
67:Main
4464:Goa
3141:Air
1887:),
1780:in
1321:'s
1317:of
1247:to
1190:of
1166:),
1158:),
1150:),
1091:at
1040:in
1016:of
1000:in
956:of
914:in
834:to
670:.
508:),
333:of
317:as
309:as
96:Ays
5514::
2603:^
2582:^
2540:^
2517:^
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2425:^
2366:.
2304:^
2091:14
2059:^
2037:^
1999:^
1987:.
1953:^
1895:,
1891:,
1851:,
1847:,
1784:.
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1531:,
1476:,
1281:,
1221:,
1174:,
886:,
882:,
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874:,
870:,
866:,
862:,
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626:,
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2688:.
2662:.
2567:.
2473:.
2447:.
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2204:.
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