1016:. a commission was set up and some people were charged with crime but not a single culprit was taken to task, and one after other all got free from sindh high court. government, then headed by ghulam ishaq khan as president did no serious attempt to find the killers and after 1988 election people party govt made it sure that no evidence or witness should go to court, generally mahajirs think it was job of establishment who used sindhi nationalist organisations as weapon. those govt officers serving in city of Hyderabad walked out without any enquiry. and awarded by beynazeer government. it is intriguing that not a single sindhi got killed that fateful evening.
200:
955:
132:
666:(Rs. 1,30,000) and water rate (Rs. 22,000); and the chief heads of expenditure were general administration and collection of taxes (Rs. 39,000), public safety (Rs. 7,400), water-supply and drainage (RS. 22,000), conservancy (Rs. 37,000), hospitals and dispensaries (Rs. 15,000), public works (Rs. 13,000), and education (Rs. 18,000). The income of the cantonment fund in 1903-4 was Rs. 43,000, and the expenditure Rs. 33,800.
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with the natives of Sindh, neither cultural nor racial, not even religious at times. Most Sindhi natives were Hindus. The new emigrants found difficult to mingle with the native neighbours in their newly allotted homes. And even decades after independence, the tensions seems to rise even steeper limits. The emigrants were given a new identity, a new name – Muhajirs.
508:. Thriving upon the fresh river water's banks, Hyderabad was much loved by Ghulam Shah. He admired the city so much that in 1766, he ordered a fort to be built on one of the three hills of Hyderabad to house and defend his people. The massive half-a-square kilometer (about 36 acres) garrison was completed by 1768. Since then, it stands in place and is called the
654:
69,378 (1901), the city grew in thousands. At this point in time the
Hinduism was the most dominant religion with 43,499 followers mostly linked to trade while 24,831 Muslims made up the largest ethnic minority. The 710 Christians were mostly new converts or the British soldiers in regiments around the town. The city ranked seventh in the
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on 17 February 1843. It is said that even in rigor mortis the Ameers (Mirs) held their swords high fighting the
British. The battle ended on 24 March where the Mirs lost and the city came into the hands of the British. The battle at Dabo landed an even greater part of Sindh in the laps of the British
568:
in what is now India. Many Talpur Mirs died there during many years of confinement in a small area near
Calcutta. The bodies of the Talpur Mirs who died there were brought back to Hyderabad when all Mirs were allowed to return to Sindh. These Mirs were buried in the tombs located at the northern edge
111:
The Ganjo Takker ridge lay on a low limestone range and was used as a place of worship by the most adherent religious priests that blessed the city believing their meditation may result in excellent trade networks the city was developing at the time. But these very particular popularity traits in the
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The political hoopla over the domestic violence and civil killings provoked a massive police operation in the city with 2000 policemen surrounded the Pacco Qillo locality. The huge army of peacemakers could not curb the riots and had to be called back. There was only a trickle of internal migrations
1007:
On 30 September 1988 after sunset simultaneously at several places in
Hyderabad and Latifabad (thickly populated by Mahajirs) gangs of armed people started firing at people in streets causing about more that 300 casualties most of them were mahajirs, surprisingly no law enforcement agency, including
684:
To facilitate the expansion of the former capital, the
British deployed water pumping technologies that would pump water from the river bank at Gidu Bandar whence from the water was deposited into large reservoirs situated about 500 yards from the river bank capable of holding over 1,000,000 gallons
645:
The
British demolished most of the buildings around the time of the mutiny to accommodate their troops and their military stores and fused the arsenal in the Pacco Qillo so that the people wouldn't use that against them. Evidently the city received the very first blow to its glorious name. No longer
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al-Sakafi (pictured right) conquered the town. By the mid-712, Muslims armies had conquered much of the Sindh. However, later in an agreement with local authorities of the Sindh the Arab forces halted their advances and ceased military activities in Sindh in return of peaceful conduct affairs. After
940:
The federal power, that rested with the
Muhajirs, starting to gradually sift into the hands of more Punjabi 'bureaucratic-military clique'. The Sindhis fought back to resurrect their dying culture and in 1972, according to the Sindh Act, imposed the teaching of Sindhi language compulsory in schools
894:
People migrated from across the border into
Pakistan were all ethnically diverse. Migrants that settled in the province of Punjab were predominantly Punjabi speaking people and amalgamated well with the natives, whilst the people that came into the territories of the province of Sindh found no bond
1510:
Hinduism was majorly practiced in Sindh during this time but with the entry of
Chandragupta Maurya in 313 BC there was an entry of Buddhism as well. .... However, there was a revival of Hindu religion during the Gupta period which then became dominated culture in Sindh. It flourished well all over
359:
The Mughal empire thrived in the majority of the central parts of India and yet however never seated a ruler on the land of Neroon. The new Muslim invaders that had settled in the town mingled with the locals and wed local girls and were pulled into the mysticism of the land. For decades
Hyderabad
67:
ridge, just east of the river Indus, it is the third largest city in the province and the eighth largest in the country with an expanse over three hillocks part of the most northerly hills of the Ganjo Takker range, 32 miles east of the Indus with which it is connected by various routes leading to
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As a result, it is possible to conclude that Buddhism, while important in Sindh, was not the only or even the majority religion. Hindus were definitely in the vast majority in upper Sind (where, as noted, there were few if any Buddhists), but probably at least equal in numbers to the Buddhists in
653:
The British however tallied the population statistics of the city in the years to come to keep an accurate record of the growth. Populations statistics dating back to 1872 illustrate the tremendous growth the city achieved within a few decades. From 43,088 (1872), 48,153 (1881), 58,048 (1891) to
71:
Hyderabad, as the historic capital of Sindh, is the centre of all the provincial communications: road, rail, waterways and air. From the date of its foundation (1768), its manufactures-ornamented silks, silver- and gold-work, and lacquered ware-have been the chief in the province, and during its
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refugees fleeing from India started to arrive in Hyderabad, violence erupted on the streets. The properties of Sindhi Hindus were given to Muhajir. Although most of the Hindu Sindhis fled to India. Many Hindu Sindhis wanted to return to Sindh, when the violence had settled down, but it was not
572:
For these Mirs, they embraced the local culture and tried to proceed it with building literary institutions to restore the integrity of the Sindhi culture. In order to educate their people the mother of Mir Fateh Ali Khan, Bibi Khairunnissa, established Jamia al-Khairi or al-Khairi University.
536:
and made Hyderabad his capital in 1789. Great celebrations were held in 1792 to mark his formal entry in the Hyderabad fort. He made the Pacco Qillo his residence and also held his courts there. Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur along with his three other brothers was responsible for the affairs that
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according to population statistics at the time. Owing to the new-found glory, the city regained its title of being a capital of the Sindh province from 1947 to 1955. After formation of Province of the West Pakistan in 1955 under one unit scheme, Hyderabad lost its capital status. Meanwhile,
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and had cultural and social traditions different from that of their counterparts the Sindhis adopted. With the adoption of Urdu as a National language, it was apparent that the Muhajirs were in the forefront of the struggle for Pakistani nationalism whilst their Sindhi, Punjabi and Pathan
1429:
By the seventh century AD, Buddhism declined completely and Hinduism became the dominant religion. Around this time the Arabs, who had trade and commerce links going back for centuries, came for the first time as conquerors (712 AD). By 724 AD they had established direct rule in
531:
Rule. Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro's period is considered to be the Golden period in the history of Sindh. Later the Kalhora behaved as incompetent rulers and Sindh was ruined under Mian Abdun-Nabi Kalhoro. Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur left his capital Khudabad, the
100:, later attributed to as the Ganjo Range by British occupants, protected the town raising it above the level of the water and safe from flood calamities that were regular in neighbouring regions. Of popular tradition, the place came to be known as
661:
Also included in the census figures were income and expenditure, the average income during the decade ending 1901 was Rs. 220,000. In 1903-4 the income and expenditure amounted to 270,000 and 280,000 respectively. The chief sources of income were
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names — Devaditya, Harsha, and SInhasena. The origins of the dynasty, caste status, and how they rose to power remains unknown. They apparently had familial ties with other rulers of South Asia including Kashmir, Kabul, Rajasthan, Gujarat, etc. —
1008:
police interrupted the assault and all killers escaped, not a single killing vehicle was apprehended next day few sindhis were killed in Karachi., it was reported that the streets of Hyderabad were littered with bodies right from
296:
were a rural pastoral population, majority of whom lived in upper Sindh, a region that was entirely Hindu; whereas Buddhists were a mercantile population, almost entirely concentrated in the urban areas between lower Sindh and
1497:
1004:. The city had never been the same again, forever divided by ethnicity, scared by racist hatred. This type of tension was never felt in the town; even when Hindus were part of the community in pre-independence Hyderabad.
457:. These areas include Paratabad, Islamabad, Noorani Basti, Tando Yousaf and Kalimori. The old name of Hyerabad was Narayan kot in Arabic tone is Nerun Kot. It was also known as the City Of wind Catchers and Orials.
336:
147:
of Sindh was a dynasty of Sindh and at its height of power ruled much of the Northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent. The dynasty reigned for a period of 144 years, c. 489 – 632 AD, concurrent with the
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areas of trade led the city vulnerable to outside sieges. Equipped mostly with farming equipment, the locals were attacked by the conquest of Islamic armies circa AD 711 and surrendered. Neroon was dethroned.
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was changing course around 1757 due to Monsoons resulting in periodic floods and devastating the banks of the river. Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhora was admired as the saintly ruler of Sindh at the time his capital
1511:
India, especially in the Sindh region. .... Before the invasion of Mohammed bin Qasim, Hinduism was the most prominent religion in Sindh that constituted about 64 percent of percent of the total population.
1370:
It appears that at the time of Hsuan Tsang, after a millennia-long historical con- flict, Brahmanism had emerged dominant. Buddhism was declining and it would, within centuries, vanish from the land of its
375:
and the governor Yar Muhammad Khan Kalhora became the de facto, virtual ruler of Sindh around 1701. Muhammad Khan Kalhora belonged to the most affluent tribe in the region namely the Kalhora کلہوڑا.
173:. However, there exists little historical evidence to favor the proposition of Hunas ever making to Sindh and the individual bases of his hypothesis stands discredited in modern scholarship.
165:
had proposed an alternate chronology (? – >641 AD) — primarily on the basis of numismatic and literary evidence — identifying the first two Rais as Hunas and the later three as rulers of
489:
it remained the chief town of Sindh until 1843, when, after the battle of Miani, it surrendered to the British, and the capital was transferred to Karachi. It was named after the prophet
1487:
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In the Pacco Qillo the British kept the arsenal of the province, transferred from Karachi in 1861, and the palaces of the ex-Amirs of Sind that they had taken over. In 1857, when the
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of water, surely a first when it comes to state-of-the-art constructions. Using a smart gravitational concept, the water was then supplied to the far most arid regions of the town.
1383:
564:. The last remaining rule of the Talpur kingdom was Mir Muhammad Naseer Khan Talpur (pictured right) was among the Talpur leaders to surrender to the British and was ported to
560:
It remained the capital of Sindh under the Talpur rulers who succeeded the Kalhoras till 1843, a rule lasting almost half-a-century when Talpurs faced a greater threat – the
1341:
638:, the British held most of their regiments and ammunition in this city. The garrison at the fort composed of British and Native infantry, 2 batteries of artillery, and an
597:
regime and the city surrendered to the British. Being the last stronghold in the way of the British, the city once conquered, completed the British Conquest of Sindh.
1565:..... Nevertheless, the data indicate, in a general way, the relative balance between the two religions in Lower Sind and the predominance of Hinduism in Upper Sind.
96:
Under the rule of a local ruler Neroon, this small fishing village thrived upon the banks of the mighty Indus river. A nearby hill tract called the Ganjo Takker or
352:. Soomro rule was followed by the great Samma dynasty rule. By the end of Samma dynasty rule Sindh was occupied by invading Afghan warlords who lost the empire to
669:
The British devised a rail network throughout the western part of the then South Asia and purchased the private Scinde Railway (Sinds railway) to connect to the
925:
to escape persecution due to religious beliefs. With Karachi overflowing with migrants, the influx reached the ends of the Hyderabad city at the south, where
1588:
907:
Towards the end of the 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s, Karachi was a haven for Muslim refugees who fled anti-Muslim violence in India, known merely as
725:
321:
with their two territories, Lakha to the west of Lohana and Sama to the south of Lohana (Nerron) Narayankot, Hyderabad, Sindh in the time of Chach AD 636.
1112:
claiming to be Sahasi II's brother. Rulers of pre-Sisodia Rajasthan usually claimed a descent from Mauryas and this identification went perfectly with
1069:
866:
in 1970. During this time, Hyderabad served as a municipality in 1953; while along the oncoming year, it was upgraded to a Municipal Corporation.
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counterparts supported their own regional identities and found nationalism a fad excuse by the Muhajirs to gather more power out of the system.
1978:
1912:
1844:
1743:
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1252:
674:
1689:
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The 1980s saw a black period in the history of Hyderabad as riots erupted in the city between the two ethnic diversities in majority, the
72:
heyday had gained prizes at the industrial exhibitions of Europe. Some noteworthy antiquities are the tombs' of the Kalhora jagirani and
1878:
1810:
1460:
1415:
1355:
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refugees from across the borders, the city saw its numbers increasing in population and was deemed to be the second largest city in
751:
1714:
976:
631:
162:
1834:
1733:
557:, Amils and Bhaibands. Those groups retained the term Khudabadi in the names of their communities as an identifier of origin.
1868:
1800:
1306:
1279:
1166:
1001:
802:
797:
729:
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in 1843, which was situated 3 miles from Hyderabad, no longer exists. The municipality of Hyderabad was established in 1853.
1630:
792:
of Pakistan in 1947, Hyderabad had a large population of Hindu Sindhi who were mainly involved in trade and commerce. After
371:
All throughout the late 17th century, the Mughal dynasty had grown weary and weak in the regions of the Sindhu territory or
1145:
Page 221, Sindh, the land of Indus civilisation by Syed Abdul Quddus Published in 1992, Royal Book Co. (Karachi, Pakistan)
620:
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a brief rule of Arabs and local leaders Sindh came under the rule of local Soomros, who were local Sindhis converted to
642:. The barracks were built in twelve blocks, with hospitals, bazar and various amenities to the north-west of the city.
1634:
796:
of Pakistan, the Hindu Sindhis expected to remain in Sindh, but they were compelled to migrate to India. The waves of
584:
874:
Hyderabad, twice the capital of Sindh and now the sixth largest city of Pakistan, is one of the oldest cities of the
818:
613:
1020:
before the operation, but the operation triggered a mass exodus of population. The Muhajir migrated en masse from
1983:
1936:
1902:
967:
277:
90:
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Surviving as a small fishing village on the banks of River Indus, the city was suddenly called the heart of the
1592:
714:
212:
204:
174:
1660:
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63:(Barren Hill), a nearby hilly tract, was used as a place of worship. Lying on the most northern hill of the
810:
1547:
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Page 67, Karachi, the show window of Sind by M. Hanif Raza Published in 1984, Editions Mystique (Karachi)
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all over the province of Sindh. These actions led to the first violent clashes involving muhajir groups.
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1021:
822:
454:
318:
609:
255:
438:
250:, who had visited the Sindh region during the start of the Chacha rule, described in his work that
199:
1492:
1377:
1009:
909:
886:. The second largest city of the province of Sindh, it has over 6 million people dwelling in it.
826:
806:
793:
789:
773:
344:
1775:
1908:
1874:
1840:
1806:
1739:
1537:
1456:
1411:
1351:
1302:
1275:
1248:
1194:
1162:
769:
655:
639:
1474:
Sind's majority population followed Hindu traditions but a substantial minority was Buddhist.
1401:
1242:
809:. While the population of Hyderabad grew with the arrival of Muslim refugees from India, the
554:
1533:
1452:
1238:
1045:
379:
170:
16:
1095:
1347:
593:
519:. The Kalhora rule lasted for two more decades until the demise of the great Ghulam Shah.
486:
403:
194:
177:
supported Cunningham's chronology (? – >641 AD) but held the Rais to be descendants of
24:
677:
in 1886. Hyderabad was a major junction on the line linking distant trade locations like
481:
The present day city of Hyderabad was founded in 1768 on the site of the ancient town of
954:
478:
was repeatedly flooded. Being fed up, he decided to move his capital to a better place.
1768:
537:
persisted in the city of Hyderabad in the years of their kingdom. The four were called
528:
475:
269:
73:
1972:
1397:
997:
933:
624:
561:
407:
365:
353:
293:
230:
178:
50:
32:
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population before the arrival of Islam in the region. At the time of the invasions,
505:
325:
314:
223:
131:
59:
1904:
Sindh Through History and Representations: French Contributions to Sindhi Studies
1527:
1446:
1296:
1108:
This descent from Mauryas was proposed on the basis of Rai Mahrit, then ruler of
553:. A portion of the population of Khudabad migrated to the new capital, including
1488:"History of Hinduism in Sindh from ancient times and why Sindh belongs to India"
1442:
1337:
703:
466:
391:
301:, a region that was equally divided in population between Buddhists and Hindus.
234:
149:
144:
136:
126:
1090:
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914:
875:
859:
851:
647:
635:
482:
415:
387:
383:
361:
239:
166:
101:
54:
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invasions of North India. The names of rulers might have been corruptions of
89:
The area around Hyderabad was an agricultural region with forests during the
1033:
1025:
1013:
926:
855:
814:
450:
310:
1870:
Mohajir Militancy in Pakistan: Violence and Transformation in the Karachi
1113:
1082:
879:
805:
were given land in lieu of land they lost in India mostly in the town of
565:
490:
471:
446:
285:
261:
251:
247:
153:
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883:
847:
605:
289:
281:
226:
922:
838:
785:
678:
663:
498:
422:
411:
298:
182:
1274:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 146, map XIV.2 (b).
1161:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (i).
850:
which being the federal capital of Pakistan, was shifted in 1959 to
788:
refugees from India settled in the Hyderabad District. Prior to the
1836:
Partition and the South Asian Diaspora: Extending the Subcontinent
1407:
918:
863:
842:
777:
670:
601:
442:
399:
395:
372:
349:
334:
273:
265:
198:
130:
42:
781:
546:
418:
158:
53:
ruler of the area from whom the city derived its previous name,
1963:
583:
The history of the British occupation is taken mostly from the
948:
878:. Hyderabad is a communication centre, connected by rail with
697:
494:
335:
1064:
The end-date arrived as a result of equating Sindhu with the
339:
Muhammad Bin Qasim leading his troops in battle circa 711-712
237:. Most of the information about its existence comes from the
1631:"Hyderābād City – Imperial Gazetteer of India v. 13, p. 321"
1802:
Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan
1225:
Glimpses of Ancient Sind: A Collection of Historical Papers
1770:
Migrants and Militants: Fun and Urban Violence in Pakistan
917:, the exodus of early Muslims along with the prophet from
1247:. Harvard University Press. pp. 65, 81–82, 131–134.
858:. On dissolution of one unit in 1970, the then President
673:
trade routes. The rail network would later be called the
410:
ruled the region. The Sindh region became predominantly
288:
as well. Hindus made up almost two-thirds of the ethnic
972:
1322:
Rao, B. S. L. Hanumantha; Rao, K. Basaveswara (1958).
592:
The British came face-to-face with the Talpurs at the
437:
is the name given to parts in the east of the city of
233:. The Brahmin dynasty were successors of the Buddhist
1298:
Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest. 2
360:
did not seat a throne but things were to change when
243:, a historical account of the Chach-Brahmin dynasty.
1589:"The Vanishing Glory of Hyderabad (Sindh, Pakistan)"
1227:. Sindh: Saraswati M. Gulrajani. pp. 25, 53–56.
932:
The refugees that travelled across the border spoke
1715:"Ethnic Rioting in Karachi Kills 46 and Injures 50"
1343:
Buddhism in India: Challenging Brahmanism and Caste
161:is noted to be the capital of both Hind and Sindh.
1767:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1072:during 641 A.D. Modern scholars reject this claim.
813:proposed the creation of two more suburbs, namely
449:that were part of the city before the creation of
1735:Encyclopaedia of Terrorism in the World, Volume 1
587:, written over a century ago during British rule.
57:. Its history dates back to medieval times, when
45:province of Pakistan traces its early history to
1382:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1655:
1653:
1651:
1360:. Archived from the original on 28 October 2023
600:The crown of being a capital of the emirate of
1521:
1519:
764:The predominantly Muslim population supported
527:After the death of the great Kalhora, started
258:had once again gained the majority dominance.
222:), also known as the Chacha dynasty, were the
1326:. Commercial Literature Company. p. 337.
1191:Al Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
398:in 1005, and followed it by the conquests of
8:
1099:, and Rai Sahasi II, an anonymous successor.
619:The residency, memorable for its defence by
612:conquered Sindh in 1843, mainly because the
1116:'s noting the King of Sin-tu to be a Sudra.
732:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1400:; Mitha, Yameena; Tahira, Bilquis (2003).
104:نيرون ڪوٽ. Neroon Kot literally means the
37:
1070:Great Tang Records on the Western Regions
1028:. Similarly, the Sindhis people moved to
752:Learn how and when to remove this message
280:, although a significant minority of the
1907:. Oxford University Press. p. 146.
825:(in honour of the famous Muslim general
694:Independence and exodus of Sindhi Hindus
1129:
1057:
817:(in honour of the famous poet of Sindh
1774:. Princeton university press. p.
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1375:
1081:Diwaji and Sahiras were respectively
7:
1591:. UNIOR Web Journals. Archived from
1550:from the original on 21 January 2023
1448:Islam in South Asia: A Short History
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
730:adding citations to reliable sources
313:we find frequent mention of a chief
1486:Chandwani, Nikhil (13 March 2019).
189:Chacha dynasty (c. 632 – c. 724 AD)
41:), headquarters of the district of
36:
28:
1833:Papiya Ghosh, By (21 March 2014).
1500:from the original on 13 March 2019
829:), to settle the Muslim refugees.
776:of Pakistan in 1947, the minority
386:empire established by his father,
14:
1799:Alyssa Ayres, By (23 July 2009).
1529:Religion and Society in Arab Sind
545:. The rulers of Sindh were named
1271:A Historical atlas of South Asia
1268:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978).
1193:. BRILL. pp. 133, 152–153.
1158:A Historical atlas of South Asia
1155:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978).
953:
702:
264:was the predominant religion in
1024:and the interior of Sindh into
913:, the word having descent from
862:made Karachi as the capital of
254:had declined in the region and
1805:. Cambridge University press.
1403:Pakistan: Tradition and Change
485:by Ghulam Shah Kalhora of the
356:after a brief period of rule.
1:
1867:Nichola Khan (5 April 2010).
1663:. South Asia Terrorism Portal
616:had headquarters in Karachi.
216:
121:Rai Dynasty (c. 489 – 632 AD)
1979:Hyderabad District, Pakistan
1964:http://www.apnahyderabad.com
1935:Hari Sharan Chhabra (1994).
1089:. Rai Sahasi was held to be
784:migrated to India while the
425:dot the landscape of Sindh.
364:Durrani or Iran invaded the
106:place where Neroon came from
1766:Oskar Verkaaik, by (2004).
1635:Imperial Gazetteer of India
1526:MacLean, Derryl N. (1989).
1301:. BRILL. pp. 152–153.
1223:Mirchandani, B. D. (1985).
966:to comply with Knowledge's
833:City declared capital again
675:North-Western State Railway
646:were the roads washed with
585:Imperial Gazetteer of India
390:, In 1005 he conquered the
2000:
1787:Urdu-Sindhi riots of 1988.
1683:"Ethnic conflict in Sindh"
1587:Mir Atta Muhammad Talpur.
1324:Indian History and Culture
1068:kingdom, described in the
890:Diverse ethnic settlements
323:
272:, prior to the arrival of
192:
124:
1732:Col. Ved Prakash (2011).
608:when the British general
91:Indus Valley civilization
1561:Lower Sindh and Mukrân.
979:may contain suggestions.
964:may need to be rewritten
819:Shah Abdul Latif Bhita'i
658:in terms of population.
650:perfume and rose-water.
604:was then transferred to
213:Brahmin dynasty of Sindh
175:Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya
1661:"Pakistan Backgrounder"
1093:, Rai Sahiras II to be
1938:World Focus, Volume 15
1901:Michel Boivin (2008).
1738:. Kalpaz publication.
811:Government of Pakistan
681:and still is to date.
380:Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi
340:
284:population adhered to
208:
140:
98:the bald (barren) hill
429:Old City of Hyderabad
338:
229:ruling family of the
202:
134:
1295:Wink, André (1991).
1189:Wink, Andre (1996).
726:improve this section
331:The Islamic conquest
256:Brahminical Hinduism
163:Alexander Cunningham
85:The early settlement
1695:on 22 December 2015
1598:on 25 December 2018
1445:(31 October 2008).
1032:from Hyderabad and
837:With the influx of
569:of the Ganjo Hill.
461:The Kalhora dynasty
246:Chinese traveller,
1719:The New York Times
1493:The Times of India
1340:(18 August 2003).
1244:A Book of Conquest
854:by then president
827:Muhammad bin Qasim
614:East India Company
610:Sir Charles Napier
523:The Talpur kingdom
345:Muhammad bin Qasim
341:
305:In the 7th century
209:
207:, circa 600–650 CE
141:
139:, circa 550–600 CE
1914:978-0-19-547503-6
1846:978-0-415-42409-7
1745:978-81-7835-869-7
1721:. 2 October 1988.
1543:978-90-04-08551-0
1348:SAGE Publications
1254:978-0-674-66011-3
1239:Asif, Manan Ahmed
994:
993:
968:quality standards
770:Pakistan Movement
762:
761:
754:
656:Bombay Presidency
640:ammunition column
634:raged across the
577:The colonial rule
388:Sultan Sebuktegin
384:Ghaznavid dynasty
368:capital in 1739.
317:who was ruler of
203:Territory of the
135:Territory of the
1991:
1984:History of Sindh
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1898:
1892:
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1694:
1688:. Archived from
1687:
1679:
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1046:Hyderabad, Sindh
989:
986:
980:
957:
949:
945:The ethnic riots
757:
750:
746:
743:
737:
706:
698:
621:Sir James Outram
497:, also known as
382:, took over the
221:
220: 632 – 712
218:
40:
39:
30:
1999:
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1994:
1993:
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1350:. p. 160.
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903:and recognition
892:
872:
870:Post-modern age
835:
801:possible. The
758:
747:
741:
738:
723:
707:
696:
691:
594:battle of Miani
579:
525:
493:'s son-in-law,
487:Kalhora Dynasty
463:
431:
404:Delhi Sultanate
333:
328:
307:
219:
197:
195:Brahmin dynasty
191:
129:
123:
118:
87:
82:
12:
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5:
1997:
1995:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1958:External links
1956:
1953:
1952:
1941:. H.S. Chhabra
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1455:. p. 40.
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1410:. p. 12.
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193:Main article:
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17:Hyderābād City
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1873:. Routledge.
1872:
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985:February 2019
978:
974:
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965:
962:This section
960:
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799:
795:
794:independencee
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
772:. After the
771:
767:
766:Muslim League
756:
753:
745:
735:
731:
727:
721:
720:
716:
711:This section
709:
705:
700:
699:
693:
688:
686:
682:
680:
676:
672:
667:
665:
659:
657:
651:
649:
643:
641:
637:
633:
632:Indian mutiny
628:
626:
622:
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615:
611:
607:
603:
598:
595:
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581:
580:
576:
574:
570:
567:
563:
558:
556:
552:
549:, Arabic for
548:
544:
541:, Sindhi for
540:
535:
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522:
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452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
428:
426:
424:
421:saints whose
420:
417:
413:
409:
408:Mughal Empire
405:
401:
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354:Mughal Empire
351:
346:
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304:
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295:
294:Sindhi Hindus
291:
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275:
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270:Chacha empire
267:
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244:
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231:Chacha Empire
228:
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205:Chach dynasty
201:
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84:
80:Early history
79:
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75:
69:
68:Gidu Bandar.
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
48:
44:
34:
26:
22:
18:
1945:12 September
1943:. Retrieved
1937:
1930:
1920:12 September
1918:. Retrieved
1903:
1896:
1886:12 September
1884:. Retrieved
1869:
1862:
1852:12 September
1850:. Retrieved
1835:
1828:
1818:12 September
1816:. Retrieved
1801:
1794:
1786:
1781:12 September
1779:. Retrieved
1769:
1761:
1751:12 September
1749:. Retrieved
1734:
1727:
1718:
1709:
1699:12 September
1697:. Retrieved
1690:the original
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1638:. Retrieved
1600:. Retrieved
1593:the original
1566:
1562:
1559:
1552:. Retrieved
1528:
1509:
1502:. Retrieved
1491:
1481:
1473:
1466:. Retrieved
1447:
1443:Malik, Jamal
1437:
1428:
1421:. Retrieved
1402:
1392:
1369:
1362:. Retrieved
1342:
1338:Omvedt, Gail
1332:
1323:
1317:
1297:
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1006:
995:
982:
973:You can help
963:
939:
931:
929:is located.
908:
906:
900:
893:
873:
836:
790:independence
774:independence
763:
748:
739:
724:Please help
712:
689:Modern times
683:
668:
660:
652:
644:
629:
623:against the
618:
599:
591:
582:
571:
559:
550:
543:four friends
542:
538:
533:
526:
516:
512:
509:
503:
480:
464:
434:
432:
377:
370:
358:
342:
326:Agham Lohana
315:Agham Lohana
308:
260:
245:
238:
224:Sindhi Hindu
210:
185:, by caste.
142:
116:Earlier past
110:
105:
97:
95:
88:
70:
65:Ganjo Takker
64:
60:Ganjo Takker
58:
46:
20:
15:
534:land of God
517:strong fort
510:Pacco Qillo
467:River Indus
319:Brahmanabad
248:Hieun Tsang
235:Rai dynasty
145:Rai dynasty
137:Rai dynasty
127:Rai dynasty
1973:Categories
1554:22 October
1534:E.J. Brill
1504:22 October
1468:22 October
1453:E.J. Brill
1423:22 October
1364:22 October
1308:9004095098
1281:0226742210
1168:0226742210
1124:References
1091:Tegin Shah
1087:Mihirakula
876:South Asia
860:Yahya Khan
852:Rawalpindi
742:March 2009
648:sandalwood
636:South Asia
483:Neroon Kot
416:missionary
406:and later
362:Nadir Shah
268:under the
240:Chach Nama
167:Zabulistan
102:Neroon Kot
55:Neroon Kot
21:Haidarābād
1567:(page 72)
1563:(page 52)
1378:cite book
1034:Latifabad
1030:Qasimabad
1026:Latifabad
1022:Qasimabad
1014:Latifabad
977:talk page
927:Latifabad
856:Ayub Khan
823:Qasimabad
815:Latifabad
713:does not
455:Qasimabad
451:Latifabad
439:Hyderabad
311:Chachnama
276:with the
1667:14 April
1548:Archived
1498:Archived
1241:(2016).
1114:Xuanzang
1096:Vasudeva
1083:Toramana
1040:See also
1000:and the
910:Muhajirs
899:Being a
880:Peshawar
625:Baluchis
566:Calcutta
539:Chār Yār
513:پڪو قلعو
491:Mohammed
472:Khudabad
447:Pakistan
435:Old City
378:In 997,
343:In 711,
286:Buddhism
262:Hinduism
252:Buddhism
171:Khorasan
154:Sanskrit
76:rulers.
38:حیدرآباد
29:حیدرآباد
1640:3 April
1602:1 April
1371:origin.
1110:Chittor
1010:Hirabad
1002:Muhajir
998:Sindhis
901:Muhajir
884:Karachi
848:Karachi
807:Hirabad
803:Muhajir
798:Muhajir
734:removed
719:sources
606:Karachi
562:British
555:Sonaras
551:leaders
515:or the
423:dargahs
414:due to
309:In the
227:Brahmin
179:Mauryas
1911:
1877:
1843:
1809:
1742:
1540:
1459:
1430:Sindh.
1414:
1354:
1305:
1278:
1251:
1197:
1165:
1066:Sin tu
975:. The
923:Medina
915:Hijrat
839:Muslim
821:) and
786:Muslim
778:Hindus
679:Lahore
664:octroi
547:Ameers
529:Talpur
506:Mehran
499:Haidar
412:Muslim
402:. The
392:Shahis
366:Mughal
299:Makran
290:Sindhi
282:Sindhi
183:Shudra
74:Talpur
51:Sindhi
47:Neroon
25:Sindhi
1693:(PDF)
1686:(PDF)
1596:(PDF)
1408:Oxfam
1052:Notes
919:Mecca
864:Sindh
843:Sindh
782:Sikhs
671:Kabul
602:Sindh
474:near
443:Sindh
400:Sinds
396:Kabul
373:Sindh
350:Islam
274:Islam
266:Sindh
43:Sindh
1947:2015
1922:2015
1909:ISBN
1888:2015
1875:ISBN
1854:2015
1841:ISBN
1820:2015
1807:ISBN
1783:2015
1753:2015
1740:ISBN
1701:2015
1669:2008
1642:2008
1604:2008
1556:2023
1538:ISBN
1506:2023
1470:2023
1457:ISBN
1425:2023
1412:ISBN
1384:link
1366:2023
1352:ISBN
1303:ISBN
1276:ISBN
1249:ISBN
1195:ISBN
1163:ISBN
1085:and
934:Urdu
882:and
780:and
768:and
717:any
715:cite
476:Dadu
465:The
453:and
433:The
419:Sufi
211:The
181:and
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159:Aror
143:The
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495:Ali
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394:in
150:Hun
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