LGBTQ themes in anime and manga

632:. The anime would focus on the conflict between "gender identity, gender performance, and sexual orientation" of the characters, with their characteristics threatening "the regulatory norms found within Western society and possibly Japanese society." Hazumu Osaragi, the series protagonist, begins the series as a boy, and is inadvertently killed due to an alien spacecraft crash-landing on them, and is resurrected, but their physical sex is changed to male, and learns how to "perform" the female gender with the help of Tomari Kurusu, a bisexual girl. She is later attracted to Kurusu and her other childhood friend, Yasuna, but does not want to be "identified based upon the traditional notions of gender," but rather as a person like anyone else. The series was positively reviewed by Erica Friedman, who argued the anime had normal ending reminiscent of something "that might have actually happened in real life." 576:, who is best friends with Sakura, is also shown to hold sexual feelings for Sakura, even loving what she wears. However, Sakura does not return her feelings. At one point, Tomoyo confesses her love to Sakura, but Sakura misunderstands her, thinking she means "love" means she thinks of her a best friend, with Tomoyo saying that she will explain it when Sakura is older. The creators have stated that Sakura, the protagonist of this anime who has a "desire to befriend everyone she meets," and that does not see gender as barrier for her romantic attraction. Some have argued she is bisexual. Furthermore, Sakura has a crush on a female teacher and had feelings with Li, who also had feelings for her, but does not admit them. As such, some argued arguing that Syaoran is bisexual based on his sexual attractions. 549: 1027:

the challenges characters like Shuichi Nitori, Makoto "Mako" Ariga, and Yoshino Takatsuki have to face. One reviewer argued that the show showed characters like Nitori trying to wade through a "cissexist school environment." Another person pointed out that while the series as an important "piece of transgender literature within manga, anime and Japanese popular culture," Takatsuki assimilates "into a cis female identity" by the end of the anime, and asks whether the series has held back transgender fiction. They also argue that the series reinforces the gender binary. This series also included a bisexual woman (Anne Suehiro) and a trans woman (Hiroyuki Yoshida).

915:, would begin showing in theaters. The film would feature Utena and Anthy flirt and kiss, more overt than in the anime and the associated manga. A kiss was included due to a decision from Ikuhara. Like in the anime, Utena and Anthy, who are in love with each other, are both bisexual. Juri Arisugawa is explicitly in love with her female classmate, Shiori, in both the TV series and movie. She is described as "homosexual" by the creators in the DVD booklet. The commentary in the booklet indicated that Shiori also had feelings for her, but was too troubled and insecure to act on them in a healthy way. The film become popular among fans of 586:, Sakura's older brother and Yukito. In episode 65, when Yukito's health is weakening due to a weakening in Yue's power (his alter-form), Touyo decides to give up his power to save Yukito from disappearing. Yukito and Touya have been confirmed as a couple, with Yukito rejecting Sakura's feelings because he is in love with Touya. Before meeting Yukito, Touya dated Kaho Mizuki when she was his junior high school teacher, and she broke up with him later. Some argued that Touya was either bisexual or pansexual. Additionally, a recurring character, 483: 238: 1133:. Although anime programs began declining after the "collapse of the bubble economy" in 1992 and an economic slump during the 1990s, anime continued to explore complex concepts. By 2010, the yaoi industry had an estimated annual value of 21.3 billion yen (over US$ 180 million). In the 2010s, LGBT issues became increasingly visible in Japan with an increased interest in LGBT issues across Japanese society, with the ruling 8621: 195:. The mangaka in this period transformed the writing and drawing style within the genre, thereby creating a space for women artists in manga. The artists broadened the content of shoujo manga, adding science fiction, historical, and dramatic elements that changed how readers consumed the genre. Works from these groups contained the earliest examples of same-sex intimacy and relationships found in manga. 8610: 7075: 1073:. Further reviews praised as a well-written drama which is densely packed with "social commentary, multivalent symbolism, and references to historical events, literature," LGBT-friendly, critiquing the "harmful tropes present in some yuri fiction", a yuri anime about "love between a girl and a female bear", and exploring questions of "queer desire and societal belonging." Writers for 7080: 750:, two powerful generals who work under Queen Beryl from the Dark Kingdom, are an openly gay couple, However, in some dubs in other countries, Zoisite's gender was changed to female for his feminine appearance and to make them a heterosexual couple instead, but in other dubs, they are changed into brotherly figures because of the closeness of their relationship. The 1993 film, 1121:

Women also form the majority of yaoi readers in the West, accounting for 89% of total readership, with 55% of those falling into the 18-24 age range. Among yuri readers in the West, about 46% identify themselves as heterosexual women. Among yuri readers, there is a divide between men and women according to intended target audience.

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viewers while others saw it as expressing characters who acted in a "traditionally male" manner, or less than feminist in the case of Sailor Moon herself. This representation came at a time that anime was beginning to establish a strong foothold in "American geek fandom," even as they still reflected the values of Japanese society.

74:, the fluid state of animation allows flexibility of animated characters to perform multiple roles at once. Manga genres that focus on same-sex intimacy and relationships resulted from fan work that depicted relationships between two same-sex characters. This includes characters who express their gender and sexuality outside of 4024: 4056: 1060:

aired on Tokyo MX. In the series, the main female protagonists, Kureha Tsubaki, Sumika Izumino, Ginko Yurishiro, Lulu Yurigasaki, and Yurika Hakonaka, have various sexual encounters and romantic relationships with each other, as they learn more about their connections with each other and those in the

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The character Haruka displays masculine characteristics and she is portrayed in the video wearing the male version of her school's uniform. She is often mistaken for a man, but she does not mind. However, Haruka becomes more feminized when she transforms into her Sailor Uranus character. Her partner,

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praised the series for its animation quality, but said that the series "faltered" by coping the original series "too closely", had an ending that was too abrupt, and stated that elements like Tomoyo's love for Sakura, the crush of Sakura on Yuki and acceptance of him as the lover of Toya "fell by the

665:, and Høgset called the show like "a fun family reunion." Both noted that while the plot is typical, it is "pure feel-good fun" and Jones concluded that the series has "some of the charm" of the original series, but felt "more like a trip down memory lane than a brand-new series." Lynzee Loveridge of 326:

from 1967 to 1968, In the anime, Princess Sapphire, would be introduced as a genderqueer character. She would be raised as a boy by their father since women are not eligible to inherit the throne, but would be born with both a male and female heart, and later fall in love with and marry Prince Frank.

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Media and related materials depicting young men in same-sex relationships started to materialize in the 1970s. These stories were primarily created and consumed by adolescent girls and women reading shoujo genre tales. Over time work that focused primarily on male to male intimacy was referred to as

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is a term often used to describe fans of works depicting romantic relationships among men. In Japanese, the term translates to "rotten girls." Japanese women who read yaoi manga are most often heterosexual, and they consume the content for entertainment rather than for political or social reasons.

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romances, a female-oriented romantic/erotic genre, pure escapism/lack of reality, art/ aesthetics, pure entertainment, and arousing, sexually titillating content. However, there are other motivations for consuming yaoi manga complicated by cultural and legal differences. For instance, yaoi manga is

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programming block. The anime would be praised as a "breakout show in the transgender drama genre" for its delicate art, empathetic story, and focus on characters. Others would describe it as artful and gorgeous series, with intricate characters, which fairly treats transgender identity, recognizing

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was irrelevant to their personalities, attitudes, or behaviors, with oft-blurring of gender characteristics, "traditional roles," and identity itself. The show gained a following among male university students, spreading in popularity thanks to the Internet. Some praised the show for empowering its

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would be introduced. In the anime, the Sailor Starlights (Sailor Star Fighter, Sailor Star Maker, and Sailor Star Healer) were assigned female at birth, but transform to present as male and refer to themselves as males when not fighting, as shown in the episode, "Holy War in the Galaxy! Sailor Wars

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The popularity of anime continued to rise in the 1990s, with the early 90s known as an "anime boom." At the time, huge conventions were hosted while the yuri, BL, and related genres began attracting fans outside Japan, including in Hong Kong and mainland China. At the same time was a so-called gay

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with some critics saying the film seeks "a rejection of dominant discourses of gender and sexuality" with the joining of the masculine Utena and the feminine Anthy being "an acknowledgement of the need for an integrate psyche, regardless of gender or sexual orientation." Ikuhara would later create

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series is flexible, and according to Catherine Bailey, "The categorical definition of masculinity and femininity are limiting and unnecessary." Utena is a character who subverts assumptions about her sex. She should be "jumping" at the chance of marrying a prince, but she looks up to him as a role

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were the earliest anime series shown to American audiences. Accordingly, collaborations among American and Japanese companies to market titles to American consumers increased. In order to broadcast anime on American television, production companies had to cut scenes that were deemed too "violent."

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Pagliassotti conducted the first research Anglophone readers' motivations for consuming yaoi. According to her research, she found 10 distinct motivations: "Pure" love without gender focus, pro-gay attitude/ forbidden and transgressive love, identification (self-analysis), melodramatic (emotional

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is beloved for its "LGBTQ-inclusiveness," this sequel seems "less actively progressive" and is missing the original focus on "explicitly representing LGBTQ characters," criticizing the lack of character development for Tomoyo, only having a brief reference to the romance "between Sakura's brother

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was primarily used to describe homoerotic works. The word is a shortening of "yama nashi ochi nashi imi nashi," or "no climax, no ending, no meaning" and was primarily focused on male-to-male relationships between two favorite characters. It is now an umbrella term in Japan that describes male to

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would argue that Anthy and Utena function as "each other's external shadow selves," saying that the series holds a place in the history of anime for themes about sexuality and gender, communicating a message about adolescence that still resonates. The series was also described as one of the most

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content. This included any depiction of pubic hair, adult genitalia, and sexual acts. However, manga creators developed ways to depict naked bodies and sex without showing pubic hair. Works that contained erotic content obscured character's genitals with blurring or black dots. The law was only

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argued that the series used various elements to deliver a message "about the prejudice that queer women face," but said is problematic for using predatory animals as a metaphor "for queer sexuality", that reminds viewers how institutions "hurt women and LGBTQ+ people and drive them to hurt one

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The series has been praised as tackling the "prejudice facing gay people in Japan" while simultaneously being a "moving tale of prejudice and fear and love" which focuses on cultural treatment of all women, especially those who are lesbians, criticizes the "idealization of female innocence and

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published an article talking about a Gender and Anime at Anime Boston, noting that manga and anime have "a dearth of gender representation," with issues within Japanese culture itself, with crossdressing and genderqueer identity often made out to be a joke or a "trap" for the protagonist. They

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from 1991 to 1992. The series, described as a classic shōjo manga, included a sorority of the best at an elite school which is "relentless in their expectations." It was described by Erica Friedman as an "extraordinarily dark series" with a "pinnacle of Yuri" in the second half. Carlos Ross of

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noted that the series did not receive "the same critical and commercial success" as the original, and called for a "a second chance at a sequel" which is more fitting than this series, or a remastering of the original. Shamus Kelley, in his review of the final three episodes of the series for

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Accessibility to yaoi and yuri material is also dependent on international laws. For example, introduction of BL (Boy's Love) to the United States market was less likely to happen because depictions of male-to-male eroticism and sex would be considered contrary to children's material there.

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that make it extremely hard for Japanese manga artists ("mangakas") and others to create work that is LGBT themed. Anime that contained LGBTQ content was changed to meet international standards. However, publishing companies continued to expand their repertoire to include yuri and yaoi, and

686:, criticizing the ending as a "convoluted mess", called the plot "heavy-handed", noted the series focus on Tomoyo's "endless obsession with Sakura", and praised the series as "really fun" but fighting "against itself." In reviewing volumes 1 and 2 of the manga, Erica Friedman, founder of 590:

has no biological sex. and is always seen presenting as female, with Moon stating that their gender does not matter because they are not actually human. At the time the series aired, networks, chopped out the "gay content" and other similar themes, in the dubbed version of the series.

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was released in the United States, elements of the story were removed because Optimum Productions, the Canadian company in charge of the English language product, claimed that some of the content "is not suitable for children." Under standards set by the Canadian Radio-Television and

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Touya and his friend Yukito." Demorest called for the series to do more to "explore sexual orientation and the gender spectrum" of the characters and called the show nostalgic while coasting on "broad characterizations" of the original cast. In contrast, Tim Jones and Stig Høgset of

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sparingly applied and the number of creators and publishers fined were minimal. Sharon Kinsella states, "In general pornography has not been strongly compartmentalized in post-war Japan" and pornographic content has appeared throughout Japanese media and in pornographic productions.

4046: 4014: 5352: 719:, are a couple who live with each other. The author has confirmed that they are a couple. They would become one of the most iconic lesbian couples in anime, with the dubbed version on US and European television networks portraying them as cousins. 311:. The manga, which ran from 1972 to 1973, was famous for having the first "bed scene" in manga that was depicted by a woman, which has had a "profound impact" on female readers, including fan criticism of the adaptation of this scene to the anime. 4185: 4687: 468:

broadcast in North America, many scenes featuring same-sex intimacy and/or relationships were removed or altered. Rejected material included Tomoyo's crush on Sakura and same-sex intimacy between Touya, Sakura's older brother, and Yukito.

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According to Bailey, Utena does not want to "become" a prince literally, and when she claims that she wants to become a prince she is actually referring to princely qualities like courage, compassion, and strength. Rebecca Silverman of

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has said that "for us junior and senior high school girls at that time, our concept of sex was fixed by that manga". The anime series earned high popularity on Japanese television and later in other parts of the world. Influenced by

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is one of the "few sensitive portrayals of transgender characters out there," with one panelist calling it the "only true transgender anime in existence" and saying listeners should be "sensitive when discussing gender identity."

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genre in 2010, which is aimed at young women, who are the main consumers of the content itself, even though some heterosexual men read it. By 2016, domestic market size of the Boy's Love genre had reached over $ 190 million,

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said that while the series is little known in the United States, it is beautifully animated, has a score of traditional Japanese music, and has a reputation for "lesbian overtones." Other scholars said that the manga, by

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Welker, James (2018). "From Women's Liberation to Lesbian Feminism in Japan: Rezubian Feminizumu within and beyond the Ūman Ribu Movement in the 1970s and 1980s". In Bullock, Julia C.; Kano, Ayako; Welker, James (eds.).

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called the sequel "honest-to-goodness", and said that those who enjoy the original series will enjoy this manga, and said she was happy with "this kiddy ride full of pretty art and nice kids", but gave low-ratings for

618:. The latter series would have strong yuri overtones, and would be described as a romance between two openly lesbian protagonists: Yuuki Minami and Yume Kitaoka. Another storyboarder and episode director of 6484: 3637: 2047: 1468: 454:

Zoisite, a homosexual man finds himself in a homosexual relationship with Kunzite in the series. In the English dubbed version, Zoisite is made into a woman, thereby making the relationship heterosexual.

6237: 8213: 4175: 8395: 6059: 8175: 8203: 8198: 8188: 8183: 6206: 4784: 1065:, who is known for "queer sexual exploration and unclear relationship boundaries" in her works. She handled the manga's character designs and had creative control over the two-volume series. 6733: 4877: 1232:

In Azumanga Daioh: Supplementary Lessons Chapter 3 Page 12, Osaka asks Kaorin whether she is gay, to which she responds "The correct term is Lesbian!" before denying that she is a lesbian.

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world who do not accept their feelings, deeming relationships between humans and bears as "dangerous." The manga adaptation was co-written by Ikuhara and Takayo Ikami, and illustrated by

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wrote that she was unsure whether the series added "anything worthwhile to characters' stories," writing that it is a "facsimile of the previous series," with no traditional villains.

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The relationship between Sailor Uranus/Haruka Tenoh and Neptune/Michiru Kaioh was depicted as 'cousins' who are simply 'very close.' In the original Japanese version, they are lovers.

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Michiru, is meant to be the more feminine of the two and they are often seen with each other. The relationship between Haruka and Michiru would be expressed in two 1990s films:

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Maser, Verena (June 2015). "Nuclear Disasters and the Political Possibilities of Shōjo (Girls') Manga (Comics): A Case Study of Works by Yamagishi Ryōko and Hagio Moto".

8443: 8415: 6643: 5490: 3905: 494:, a Japanese manga artists group, explore relationships with no regard for gender or sex. Many of their manga consequently explore same-sex relationships. Works such as 2360: 217:

is said to depict the first male-to-male kiss in shojo manga. The popularity of Year 24's works spurred interest in male-male romance narratives from the 1960s onward.

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Masumi...is deeply in love with Chiaki...he...won't let any unworthy "plaine Jane" come near his "Apollo," Chiaki. Masumi see Nodome as a rival for Chiaki's affections

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Telecommunications Commission, Sailor Moon was altered to fit within those guidelines. Following are examples of material censored to fit North American requisites.

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who were born in the Year 24 Shōwa (1949) according to numerous scholars, and the exact membership is not defined. A few artists who were associated this group were

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would praise the anime for achieving the "cinematic extravagance and form that the lavish former Queen of France would approve of." This anime would also influence

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Grigsby, Mary (June 1998). "Sailormoon: Manga (Comics) and Anime (Cartoon) Superheroine Meets Barbie: Global Entertainment Commodity Comes to the United States".

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boom, with homosexuality becoming a "standard topic in television shows and in tabloid magazines." A devoted fan base blossomed in the West as channels such as

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Legend." Neptune and Uranus were some of the Sailor Starlights, and would act like in their civilian forms but transform into women when they battled villains.

6229: 5556: 7042: 868:, tried to express queer and feminist themes in the series, leading some to call the series "groundbreaking." While some believe that Ikuhara was inspired by 8506: 8475: 8170: 8165: 6122: 6026: 3936: 1208: 1178: 5194: 2850: 530:, who as born neither as a man or a woman. Additionally, two gay characters in the original manga, Subaru Sumeragi and Seishirō Sakurazuka, would appear in 8523: 8160: 6049: 7875: 4454: 3588: 2426: 2067: 460:

Fisheye who presented femininely is changed into a woman in the English version of the anime. Scenes that highlighted Fisheye's masculinity were deleted.

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Anderson, David; Shimizu, Hiroyuki; Iwasaki, Shota (October 2017). "Memories of Manga: Impact and Nostalgic Recollections of Visiting a Manga Museum".

8549: 8438: 8237: 6789: 6413: 6198: 5896: 5863: 3324: 3206:. Onishi, Mika,, Sengupta, Anita,, McGillicuddy, Karen,, Alexovich, Aaron (Collector's edition; English edition; Kodansha Comics ed.). New York. 2254: 147:, a Japanese all-female musical troupe that performs both feminine and masculine roles. Osamu Tezuka grew up in Takarazuka where the troupe is based. 4774: 1883:"View of "Boys love manga and beyond: History, culture, and community in Japan," edited by Mark McLelland et al. | Transformative Works and Cultures" 8428: 8280: 179:

manga by introducing philosophical and radical ideas, including themes focusing on gender and sexuality. The Magnificent 24 group referred to women

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manga, which depicted a beautiful woman in "masculine" clothes. The concept later became a key element of many yuri animations and manga such as

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another", and that the show's characters "negotiate their position within the systems of heteronormativity" while relating these themes to

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man romantically interested in men as first shown in the series. He was changed into a woman in the English dub. In 1996, the genderqueer

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was born female but was raised as a male to prevent the antagonist, Duke Durlamin, from inheriting the throne. Tezuka was inspired by

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in which they paired their favorite characters together. Many of the earliest works that contained LGBT themes were found in works by

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Welker, James (2011). "Flower Tribes and Female Desire: Complicating Early Female Consumption of Male Homosexuality in Shōjo Manga".

228:), a channel for distributing and sharing work outside publisher restrictions. The market primarily focused on buying and selling of 8544: 7132: 6706: 6544: 6325: 5394: 5365: 3211: 3183: 2696: 2227: 2195: 2131: 1501: 1213: 609: 6852: 6576: 6363:

Galbraith, Patrick W. (2011-09-01). "Fujoshi: Fantasy Play and Transgressive Intimacy among "Rotten Girls" in Contemporary Japan".

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the so-called "Otaku Serial Killer." Miyazaki possessed large amounts of sexually explicit anime and was a frequent participant of

410:(Boy's Love) comics can often be found in large bookstores in Japan, and there is a large commercial market for same-sex intimacy. 5151: 4933: 4078: 3967: 8575: 8287: 8033: 7149: 5414: 3357: 1173: 1134: 3831: 3123: 2491: 8570: 8448: 8074: 7266: 7127: 3660: 3173: 1158: 6635: 5700: 5480: 3895: 3872: 2997: 8580: 8100: 7960: 7860: 7659: 4616: 3146: 3046: 2350: 876: 731: 6612: 5589: 5457: 4633: 6666: 5118: 429:

Anime reached the United States in the 1960s on the back of strong interest from fans and college students. Osamu Tezuka's

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Thorn's paper was delivered at the Japan Anthropology Workshop at the University of Melbourne, Australia on July 10, 1997.

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model. At school, she wears a quasi male uniform and competes alongside male peers in a variety of athletic activities.

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Hartzheim, Bryan Hikari (2019-09-06). "Making of a Mangaka: Industrial Reflexivity and Shueisha's Weekly Shônen Jump".

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Robertson, Jennifer (1992). "the politics of androgyny in Japan: sexuality and subversion in the theater and beyond".

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trying to promote Japan as "LGBT friendly." This aligned with the estimated market size of 21.3 billion yen for the

711:, and their relationships are treated the same way as other heterosexual relationships. Haruka and Michiru, who are 102:

who has specifically written content outside the regular industry. The rise of yaoi and yuri was also slowed due to

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In the aftermath of the killings thousands of doujinshis were confiscated and several shop owners were arrested.

272:, was released. The film would feature various LGBTQ characters: Apollodoria, who is attracted to Cleopatra, and 7708: 1270:

decade, Serdar Yegulalp Serdar Yegulalp is a seasoned technology journalist who has covered anime for nearly a.

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Nagaike, Kazumi (2014). "Passionate Friendship: The Aesthetics of Girls' Culture in Japan by Deborah Shamoon".

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January to June 2018. Some criticized the series. For instance, Geordi Demorest argued that while the original

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The Japanese government uses censorship laws to regulate published content in the country. Article 175 of the

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when they were both children. It is strongly implied that Fiore's feelings for Mamoru are romantic. In 1995,

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Zsila, Ágnes; Pagliassotti, Dru; Urbán, Róbert; Orosz, Gábor; Király, Orsolya; Demetrovics, Zsolt (2018).

892: 870: 398: 6185: 8095: 7749: 7420: 7415: 5724:"Shimura Takako's Wandering Son: Conflicting Thoughts on a Life-Affirming Anime and Manga of the Decade" 4679: 1168: 491: 253: 243: 201: 6447: 5754: 4555:

Does it really matter one way or the other? Gender, Sex and Sexuality in Anime: The case of Sailor Moon

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were more positive. Jones said he had some hesitation to start the series, as it was three years after

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is used by the Japanese themselves to broadly describe all forms of animated media there. According to

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Does it really matter one way or the other? Género, Sexo e Sexualidade em Anime: O caso de Sailor Moon

3441: 2589: 8528: 8069: 7999: 7778: 7773: 7697: 7599: 7537: 7137: 7122: 6471:"Boys Love, Yuri, and More: Tracing the History of "Queer" (But Not Necessarily LGBT) Media in Japan" 6054: 5332: 5300: 5189: 5156: 4608: 4449: 4411: 4119: 3665: 3519: 3352: 1400: 907: 599: 328: 6145: 4807: 3281: 8132: 8059: 7788: 7763: 7024: 6922: 5657: 4274: 3474: 3250: 2383: 795: 789: 661: 445:

Scholars have noted several anime that were edited specifically to fit Western sensibilities. When

103: 6980: 6230:"Conformity, mob mentality, and intersectionality in Gatchaman Crowds Insight vs. Yurikuma Arashi" 4547:"Does it really matter one way or the other? Género e Sexualidade em Anime: O caso de Sailor Moon" 4477: 4152: 2806:

Otmazgin, Nissim (2014). "Anime in the US: The Entrepreneurial Dimensions of Globalized Culture".

7970: 7518: 7079: 6761: 6388: 6343: 5891: 5858: 5825: 5792: 5695: 5662: 5584: 5518: 5485: 5452: 5357: 5263: 5004: 4999: 4905: 4779: 4312: 3900: 3867: 3758: 3632: 3479: 3319: 3286: 3229: 3118: 2930: 2865: 2831: 2783: 2741: 2575:"Obscenity, Pornography, and the Law in Japan: Reconsidering Oshima's In the Realm of the Senses" 2388: 2355: 2321: 2286: 2276: 2249: 2100: 2039: 1969: 1859: 1804: 1662: 1614: 1579: 1541: 1350: 1198: 995: 975: 959: 934: 849: 666: 656: 295: 2973: 2760: 512:. Other series, based on CLAMP manga, would also feature LGBTQ characters. For instance, a 1991 237: 2554:"The censorship problems faced by anime and manga fans – Organization for Transformative Works" 8375: 7979: 7911: 7819: 7486: 7308: 7074: 7030: 7006: 6984: 6957: 6928: 6702: 6540: 6508:"Conflicting Discourses on Boys' Love and Subcultural Tactics in Mainland China and Hong Kong" 6480: 6380: 6331: 6321: 5513: 5390: 5361: 5230: 5222: 5095: 5065: 4612: 4345: 3408: 3387: 3217: 3207: 3179: 2948: 2922: 2823: 2733: 2692: 2655: 2628: 2618: 2497: 2329: 2294: 2290: 2223: 2163: 2127: 1961: 1847: 1837: 1796: 1761: 1714: 1654: 1533: 1436: 1418: 1338: 1328: 1130: 989: 772: 642: 623: 569: 508: 465: 75: 5382: 3753: 3074:(Text file). Animanga - Anime and Manga Services. Archived from the original on March 8, 2020 2325: 2151: 1836:. McLelland, Mark J., 1966–, Nagaike, Kazumi,, Suganuma, Katsuhiko,, Welker, James. Jackson. 381:(Room for the lily tribe) to address lesbian readership. Within the artist circles, the term 7938: 7921: 7472: 7365: 7336: 7292: 7274: 7253: 6976: 6949: 6409: 6372: 6163: 5279:

Episode 37: Commentary | Revolutionary Girl Utena: Apocalypse Saga Box Set 3 Limited Edition

4675: 4585: 2912: 2815: 2775: 2725: 2684: 2464: 2315: 1996: 1953: 1894: 1788: 1751: 1743: 1689: 1646: 1606: 1571: 1525: 1476: 1426: 1408: 1183: 928: 857: 812: 761: 414: 401:(1907) prohibits the distribution, sale, or possession of materials that contain "obscene" ( 370:

was first used to describe female-to-female intimacy by one of Japan's first gay magazines,

188: 144: 6290: 4208: 8004: 7984: 7955: 7829: 7683: 7479: 7444: 7329: 7315: 7020: 6146:"Defying Fate, Demanding Futurity: Nostalgia, Queerness, and Family in Ikuhara Kunihiko's 2280: 1126: 1062: 1056: 886: 823:

as a woman due to his romantic affections towards other men. In the film, he is voiced by

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Amateurs as well as professional manga artists shared their works in a public hall called

196: 126: 78:

boundaries. There are also multiple sub genres that target specific consumers and themes:

2648:"Shibuya Ward to accept applications for certificates to recognize same-sex partnerships" 4741: 3696: 1618: 1404: 442:

Plot lines and direct translations of dubbing were also modified for Western audiences.

7897: 7618: 7465: 7166: 6998: 4589: 3959: 2043: 2014: 1431: 1388: 1242: 820: 808: 768: 716: 604: 583: 552:

Cardcaptor Sakura Original Art Exhibition (Nakayoshi 60th Anniversary) in December 2014

300: 206: 192: 67: 5424: 5353:

Anime from Akira to Howl's Moving Castle: Experiencing Contemporary Japanese Animation

3347: 944:, which featured includes an iconic duo of male cops who are in love with each other. 8639: 8090: 7943: 7926: 7591: 7513: 7260: 6607: 6392: 5759: 3113: 2934: 2869: 2745: 1973: 1808: 1666: 1583: 1545: 1039: 1032: 1014: 865: 804: 712: 502: 407: 172: 161: 6943: 5346:

Napier, Susan J. (December 2005). "Now You See Her, Now You Don't: The Disappearing

3670: 2904: 983:, developed the gender-bending “dansō no reijin” concept, originally illustrayed in 811:(Sailor Neptune), two characters in a same-sex relationship. The film also featured 366:

is translated to "lily" which was symbolized as spiritual beauty and sexual purity.

205:(白い部屋のふたり) was credited as the first manga to portray a lesbian couple. Conversely, 8614: 8009: 7906: 7677: 7664: 7628: 6971:

McLelland, Mark; Nagaike, Kazumi; Suganuma, Katsuhiko; Welker, James, eds. (2015).

6728: 6475: 5988: 5690: 4938: 4482: 4180: 3862: 3446: 3012: 2729: 2183: 1324: 1295: 980: 965: 954: 916: 747: 743: 692: 304: 265: 261: 121: 83: 71: 6507: 4341:"Girl power and pratfalls prevail in new dub of 1993's 'Sailor Moon R: The Movie'" 3150: 3038: 2917: 2615:

The Anime Encyclopedia, 3rd Revised Edition : a Century of Japanese Animation

1747: 6724:"Looking forward to queer utopias: Ambivalent hopes from Japan's new "LGBT boom"" 6602: 6534: 6318:

The Japanification of children's popular culture : from godzilla to miyazaki

5579: 4645: 1413: 1271: 62:, anime generally refers to a specific Japanese-style of animation, but the word 7095: 5123: 4971: 4683: 4279: 3987: 3701: 3552: 3413: 2714:"The World of Yaoi: The Internet, Censorship and the Global 'Boys' Love' Fandom" 1779:

Knighton, Mary A. (2013). ""Becoming-Insect Woman": Tezuka's Feminist Species".

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conventions were created to form a community and culture for fans of this work.

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Anime Impact: The Movies and Shows that Changed the World of Japanese Animation

6199:"Going Beyond Severance: Metaphorical and literal queerness in Yurikuma Arashi" 2220:

Animation: A World History: Volume II: The Birth of a Style - The Three Markets

1480: 506:

feature same-sex intimacy as central themes. This also includes series such as

7931: 7809: 7301: 5419: 4147: 3514: 3221: 2095: 940: 824: 816: 765: 565: 362:

described Japanese works featuring female-to-female intimacy. The actual term

184: 132: 7458: 6384: 6335: 5234: 5185:"Revolutionary Girl Utena's Lasting Impact on Queer, Female-Led Storytelling" 4667: 4634:"Young Females as Super Heroes: Super heroines in the Animated 'Sailor Moon'" 2974:"Anime Censorship in the 90s and Early 2000s | Comic Book Legal Defense Fund" 2926: 2827: 2737: 2659: 2632: 1965: 1851: 1800: 1765: 1658: 1610: 1537: 1529: 1422: 1342: 413:

In 1998, manga and anime received negative attention following the arrest of

7638: 7609: 7564: 7557: 6261:"Becoming Monstrous: Yurikuma Arashi and transmisogyny in the school system" 6167: 5152:"Steven Universe Future Reveals Pink Diamond Was Even Worse Than We Thought" 5066:"Utena: Adolescence Mokushiroku (The Adolescence of Utena) [Review]" 5037: 4445:"Sailor Moon: The Complicated Romance of Sailor Uranus & Sailor Neptune" 4383: 3102:

Transcript of episode by Griffin Script and Miho Nishida from that website.

1023: 735:(1995). Some have described the relationship between Michiru and Haruka as 531: 431: 308: 282: 276:, who is attracted to a man named Ionius. Tezuka had previously written the 157: 94:, bara, etc. LGBT-related manga found its origins from fans who created an " 87: 6821:"Thoughts on the Representation of Yuri Fandom in Kurata Uso's Yuri danshi" 4841:"Sailor Moon Eternal: Netflix Drops English Trailer Ahead of June Premiere" 4668:"Sailing the Internet It's a treasure trove of trivia for Sailor 'Moonies'" 3175:

The Japanification of Children's Popular Culture: From Godzilla to Miyazaki

2523:

Beautiful and Innocent: Female Same-Sex Intimacy in the Japanese Yuri Genre

2521: 1899: 1834:

Boys' love manga and beyond : history, culture, and community in Japan

1440: 124:

greatly influenced manga. Yukari Fujimoto mentioned how in Tezuka's work,

6953: 5723: 4047:"Card Captor Sakura, Clear Card Arc Manga, Volume 2 (カードキャプターさくらクリアカード編)" 4015:"Card Captor Sakura, Clear Card Arc Manga, Volume 1 (カードキャプターさくらクリアカード編)" 2688: 2469: 1957: 1792: 1756: 1650: 1575: 7989: 7689: 7582: 7573: 7451: 7222: 7202: 7195: 7091: 4812: 4515: 4114: 3896:"Cardcaptor Sakura: Clear Card Blu-Ray - Part 1 & 2 [Review]" 3383: 1105: 614: 372: 273: 176: 4275:"Sailor Moon: 20 Really Weird Fan Theories That Were Actually Confirmed" 2835: 2761:"Japanese Subculture in the 1990s: Otaku and the Amateur Manga Movement" 7550: 7216: 7083: 6945:

Male Homosexuality in Modern Japan: Cultural Myths and Social Realities

6924:

The Anime Ecology: A Genealogy of Television, Animation, and Game Media

6825: 6050:"Review: EP 1 & 2 of 'Yurikuma Arashi' is definitely LGBT-friendly" 6021: 5551: 5033:"7 Reasons 'Revolutionary Girl Utena' Was a Groundbreaking Queer Anime" 4246: 4213: 4176:"Move over, Disney! Meet the woman leading the LGBT cartoon revolution" 3803: 2713: 2421: 2000: 1710:

God of Comics: Osamu Tezuka and the Creation of Post-World War II Manga

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and based on an ongoing manga of the same name by CLAMP, would air on

612:, who is implied to be a closeted lesbian. He would also later direct 7948: 7209: 6853:"James Welker, "Boys Love (BL) Media and Its Asian Transfigurations"" 5955: 5755:"When it comes to transgender representation, anime has room to grow" 5629: 4845: 6973:

Boys Love Manga and Beyond: History, Culture, and Community in Japan

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Grossman, Andrew (2012). "Japanese Film". In Summers, Claude (ed.).

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Revolutionary Girl Utena: Apocalypse Saga Box Set 3 Limited Edition

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Revolutionary Girl Utena: Student Council Saga Limited Edition Set

5315:

Revolutionary Girl Utena: Student Council Saga Limited Edition Set

4901:"Review: Revolutionary Girl Utena Blu-Ray 3 - The Apocalypse Saga" 4079:"What Information Did Naoko Share With American Sailor Moon Fans?" 4051: 4019: 2317:

Anime Explosion! – The What? Why? & Wow! of Japanese Animation

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The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917

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anime series, based on a manga by CLAMP, which was broadcast on

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Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context

5984:"Yurikuma Arashi Finale Recap: Episode 12 – "YURI KUMA ARASHI"" 5951:"Yurikuma Arashi Tackles the Subject of Homosexuality in Japan" 5227:

Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context

5070:

Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context

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Thomas Lamarre (2013). "Introduction: MANGA LIFE: TEZUKA ...".

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Yehl, Joshua; Sanchez, Miranda; Butts, Steve (June 30, 2015).

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Ikuhara, Kunihiko (director, commentary) (October 23, 2001).

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media that challenges patriarchal norms and gender binarism.

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Lesbian characters are introduced halfway through the series

6569:

The Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications

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The Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications

5223:"Utena: Adolescence Mokushiroku (The Adolescence of Utena)" 4775:"Netflix Streams Sailor Moon Eternal Anime Films on June 3" 4557:] (History and Gender Graduate Seminar) (in Portuguese) 4478:"The Complete History of Queer Characters in Cartoon Shows" 1389:"Loving the love of boys: Motives for consuming yaoi media" 756:

would introduce Fiore, an alien who lands on Earth and met

3983:"Cardcaptor Sakura: Clear Card Episodes 20, 21, 22 Review" 2905:"Westernization and The Transmogrification of Sailor Moon" 1321:

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which featured LGBTQ characters, while creating a series,

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Some scholars argued that the gender of the characters in

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Yuri Animation: Queer Identity and Ecofeminist Thinking

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Osamu Tezuka in 1951; he was one of the directors of

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History of LGBTQ characters in animated series: 2020s

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from January to March 2011 as part of the station's

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share a mutual infatuation with androgynous-looking

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Japanese-style of animation addressing LGBT material

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University of California Press. 2124:Male homosexuality in modern Japan 1319:Benshoff, Harry M., 1963– (2006). 1069:purity," and serves as a study of 899:She-Ra and the Princesses of Power 25: 6867:from the original on May 15, 2020 6833:from the original on July 8, 2017 6769:from the original on May 13, 2019 6197:Henderson, Alex (July 20, 2018). 6174:from the original on May 29, 2024 6015:Quinn Chiu, Kelly (May 1, 2015). 5996:from the original on May 17, 2017 5930:from the original on May 16, 2024 5899:from the original on May 20, 2019 5833:from the original on May 26, 2019 5800:from the original on May 27, 2019 5413:Friedman, Erica (July 10, 2009). 5092:"Interview with Kunihiko Ikuhara" 4740:Axinto, Jemarc (April 24, 2014). 4174:Adegoke, Yomi (October 1, 2019). 4141:Brown, Rebecca (August 8, 2005). 3958:Eaton, Jack (February 19, 2023). 3861:Jones, Tim; Høgset, Stig (2019). 3830:Demorest, Geordi (May 11, 2018). 3797:Friedman, Erica (April 6, 2006). 3752:Kimlinger, Carl (June 11, 2007). 3294:from the original on May 20, 2019 3261:from the original on June 1, 2019 3249:Divers, Allen (August 21, 2002). 3126:from the original on June 8, 2019 2712:McLelland, Mark (December 2005). 2457:Transformative Works and Cultures 2243:Toole, Michael (March 23, 2010). 2089:Brown, Rebecca (August 8, 2005). 1887:Transformative Works and Cultures 1502:A Drunken Dream and Other Stories 1214:LGBTQ themes in Western animation 171:called the Magnificent 24 or the 8620: 8619: 8608: 8576:Non-binary characters in fiction 8034:List of transgender publications 7150:LGBT Understanding Promotion Act 7078: 7073: 6890:Thompson, Kimberly (July 2010). 6665:Joy, Alicia (30 December 2016). 6469:Welker, James (March 26, 2018). 6414:"Reading Boys' Love in the West" 5866:from the original on May 8, 2019 5526:from the original on May 5, 2019 5514:"7 Frightening Student Councils" 5448:"Best LGBTQ+ Characters of 2019" 5117:Kelley, Shamus (July 25, 2017). 4853:from the original on May 7, 2021 4509:Ellis, Adam (December 2, 2013). 3981:Kelley, Shamus (June 10, 2018). 3695:Casalena, Em (October 8, 2016). 3421:from the original on May 5, 2020 2573:Alexander, James (Winter 2003). 2451:Friedman, Erica (15 June 2017). 2382:Tomaino, Te (October 15, 2020). 2222:. CRC Press. pp. 367, 369. 1174:Editing of anime in distribution 1104:elements), dislike for standard 860:, who directed many episodes of 626:, would also have his own show: 608:, which would have a character, 175:heavily influenced the genre of 8571:Media portrayal of pansexuality 8075:Media portrayals of bisexuality 7542:Nana-chome & Higashi-Ueno ( 7005:. US: Stone Bridge Press, Inc. 4709:Verboon, Nick (June 13, 2013). 4666:Brown, Lousie (July 27, 1996). 3546:Kelley, Shamus (June 2, 2020). 3513:Baron, Rueben (June 24, 2018). 3380:Cardcaptor Sakura Memorial Book 3280:Divers, Allen (March 3, 2003). 3112:Bertschy, Zac (April 2, 2003). 2718:Australian Feminist Law Journal 2679:Kinsella, Sharon (2015-12-22). 2066:. Fred Patten. March 30, 2014. 1946:The Journal of Japanese Studies 1241:episodes 1-18 were directed by 1159:List of gay characters in anime 1086:Fandom culture and demographics 742:Other than Haruka and Michiru, 425:Censorship in the United States 167:In the 1960s, a group of women 8581:Intersex characters in fiction 7660:LGBT themes in anime and manga 7155:Recognition of same-sex unions 6819:Welker, James (May 16, 2015). 6755:Loo, Egan (October 10, 2010). 6111:Vail, Amanda (July 28, 2015). 6048:Tran, Can (January 12, 2015). 4773:Mateo, Alex (April 27, 2021). 4632:Newsom, Victoria Anne (2004). 4578:The Journal of Popular Culture 3579:Mak, Philip (March 26, 2018). 2730:10.1080/13200968.2005.10854344 1989:The Journal of Popular Culture 1925:Thorn, Rachel (January 2001). 1713:. Univ. Press of Mississippi. 877:Sailor Moon Super S: The Movie 837:The approach to gender in the 732:Sailor Moon Super S: The Movie 343:as noted by Erica Friedman of 1: 8646:LGBTQ-related anime and manga 8566:Media portrayal of asexuality 6948:. Richmond, England: Curzon. 6857:Center for East Asian Studies 6694:Rethinking Japanese Feminisms 5753:Romano, Aja (March 2, 2020). 5221:Charlton, Sabdha (May 2001). 5064:Sabdha, Charlton (May 2001). 3609:Azuma, Kiyohiko (July 2009). 3114:"X TV DVD 3 [Review]" 2646:Murai, Shusuke (2015-10-23). 2490:Fisher, Philip (1991-01-01). 2158:. In Lunning, Frenchy (ed.). 1748:10.1525/ae.1992.19.3.02a00010 637:Cardcaptor Sakura: Clear Card 605:Azumanga Daioh: The Animation 522:, with a lesbian woman named 7784:Blue Metropolis Violet Prize 7384:The Life of an Amorous Woman 5982:Hogan, Dee (April 2, 2015). 5281:(DVD). Nozomi Entertainment. 4998:Toole, Mike (June 5, 2011). 3617:. Japan: Shogakukan. p. 119. 3172:West, Mark I. (2008-10-23). 2903:Hoskin, Rhea Ashley (2018). 2613:Clements, Jonathan. (2015). 1414:10.1371/journal.pone.0198895 1194:List of yuri anime and manga 1189:List of yaoi anime and manga 1054:In 2015, Kunihiko Ikuhara's 486:Clamp at the Anime Expo 2006 7428:Genderless fashion in Japan 6699:University of Hawai'i Press 5356:. New York, United States: 4839:Swift, Andy (May 6, 2021). 4545:Correia, Ana Durão (2014). 3587:. Toon Boom Animation Inc. 2918:10.51897/interalia/DSGQ4165 2768:Journal of Japanese Studies 1707:Power, Natsu Onoda (2009). 1682:Curator: The Museum Journal 629:Kashimashi: Girl Meets Girl 307:(episodes 19–40), aired on 8662: 8053:Other literature and media 7346:The Lady who Loved Insects 7108:Sexual minorities in Japan 6861:University of Pennsylvania 1518:Television & New Media 1091:Motivations for consuming 758:Mamoru Chiba / Tuxedo Mask 473:Mainstream anime and manga 8603: 8591:cross-dressing characters 8586:Gay characters in fiction 8411: 8366:Children's TV programming 7794:Gaylactic Spectrum Awards 7747: 7509:Asian Queer Film Festival 7103: 5294:Episode 39: Commentary | 3037:Kujaku (April 12, 1998). 2759:Kinsella, Sharon (1998). 2588:: 148–168. Archived from 2150:Shamoon, Deborah (2007). 2126:. Routledge. p. 74. 497:Miyuki-chan in Wonderland 7810:Gaylaxicon SF convention 6942:McLelland, Mark (2005). 6921:Lamarre, Thomas (2018). 6901:East Carolina University 6506:Liu, Ting (April 2009). 6295:intersections.anu.edu.au 6118:Women Write About Comics 5381:Sasaki, Naohiko (2007). 4603:Drazen, Patrick (2003). 4240:Subramian, Erin (2003). 2314:Drazen, Patrick (2002). 2152:"Revolutionary Romance: 2122:McLelland, Mark (2000). 1619:10.5749/mech.8.2013.00ix 1611:10.5749/mech.8.2013.00ix 1530:10.1177/1527476419872132 1481:10.4225/03/59227cfd65816 1135:Liberal Democratic Party 913:Revolutionary Girl Utena 905:In 1999, Ikuhara's film 840:Revolutionary Girl Utena 832:Revolutionary Girl Utena 793:, a continuation of the 753:Sailor Moon R: The Movie 726:Sailor Moon S: The Movie 677:wayside." Jack Eaton of 334:Revolutionary Girl Utena 104:censorship laws in Japan 7995:List of lesbian fiction 6168:10.21900/j.jams.v4.1193 4644:: 57–81. Archived from 3313:Shepard, Chris (n.d.). 1300:www.merriam-webster.com 251:On September 25, 1970, 8156:Modern written fiction 8025:Transgender literature 7769:Lambda Literary Awards 7323:Torikaebaya Monogatari 7190:Homosexuality in Japan 6859:. The Trustees of the 6348:: CS1 maint: others ( 5696:T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews 5580:"Brother Dear Brother" 4611:: Stone Bridge Press. 2652:The Japan Times Online 2617:. Stone Bridge Press. 2154:The Rose of Versailles 2015:"What is Comic Market" 1900:10.3983/twc.2017.01011 1864:: CS1 maint: others ( 985:The Rose of Versailles 893:Steven Universe Future 880:. The show would be a 871:The Rose of Versailles 553: 487: 350:In the 1980s the term 290:manga he had written. 248: 6954:10.4324/9780203016688 6582:on September 23, 2014 6446:. November 17, 2015. 6088:. December 25, 2019. 5578:Ross, Carlos (2015). 5259:Director's Commentary 5257:Adolescence of Utena 2998:"The Legend of CLAMP" 2689:10.4324/9780203347140 2470:10.3983/twc.2017.0831 1958:10.1353/jjs.2014.0023 1893:. 15 September 2017. 1793:10.1353/mec.2013.0001 1651:10.1353/mec.2013.0012 1576:10.1353/mec.2011.0007 1296:"Definition of ANIME" 1169:LGBT themes in comics 799:series, premiered on 560:the main protagonist 551: 485: 358:Conversely, the term 303:(episodes 1–18), and 240: 202:Shiroi Heya no Futari 96:alternative universe" 8070:Bisexual pornography 7779:Bisexual Book Awards 7774:Stonewall Book Award 7698:OCCUR (organization) 5360:. pp. 169–193. 5333:Nozomi Entertainment 5301:Nozomi Entertainment 4609:Berkeley, California 4085:. February 3, 2018. 3742:, p. 32-34, 37. 3673:on February 10, 2020 3071:RG Veda (Sen-Den) #1 3018:on September 2, 2009 1736:American Ethnologist 908:Adolescence of Utena 866:show's second season 807:(Sailor Uranus) and 600:Shigehito Takayanagi 355:male homoeroticism. 8133:Single-gender world 8111:Speculative fiction 7876:Dutch-language area 7789:Dayne Ogilvie Prize 7267:transgender shamans 6575:(2). Archived from 5098:on February 8, 2008 4721:on December 7, 2014 4122:on December 5, 2019 3730:, p. 5, 31-32. 3178:. Scarecrow Press. 3096:) CS1 maint: year ( 3088:cite AV media notes 2277:Schodt, Frederik L. 1405:2018PLoSO..1398895Z 796:Sailor Moon Crystal 790:Sailor Moon Eternal 672:Charles Solomon of 662:Sailor Moon Crystal 7971:Lesbian literature 7825:Saints and Sinners 7519:Rainbow Reel Tokyo 6899:(Masters Thesis). 6863:. March 27, 2018. 6762:Anime News Network 6148:Mawaru Penguindrum 5892:Anime News Network 5859:Anime News Network 5826:Anime News Network 5793:Anime News Network 5663:Anime News Network 5585:THEM Anime Reviews 5519:Anime News Network 5486:Anime News Network 5460:on January 8, 2020 5453:Anime News Network 5358:Palgrave Macmillan 5264:Central Park Media 5005:Anime News Network 4906:Anime News Network 4780:Anime News Network 4715:Unreality Magazine 4313:Anime News Network 4023:. March 14, 2017. 3901:Anime News Network 3868:THEM Anime Reviews 3759:Anime News Network 3636:. March 20, 2019. 3633:Anime News Network 3480:Anime News Network 3320:Anime News Network 3287:Anime News Network 3255:Anime News Network 3119:Anime News Network 2389:Anime News Network 2356:Anime News Network 2322:Stone Bridge Press 2287:Stone Bridge Press 2250:Anime News Network 2160:Networks of Desire 2040:Clements, Jonathan 2001:10.1111/jpcu.12284 1694:10.1111/cura.12248 1199:List of yuri works 996:Sweet Blue Flowers 976:THEM Anime Reviews 960:Rose of Versailles 935:Sweet Blue Flowers 850:Anime News Network 667:Anime News Network 657:THEM Anime Reviews 558:Cardcaptor Sakura, 554: 490:Numerous works of 488: 296:Rose of Versailles 249: 58:material. Outside 8633: 8632: 8599: 8598: 8545:Western animation 8507:directed by women 8459: 8458: 8371:Radio and podcast 8335: 8334: 7830:Violet Metropolis 7706: 7705: 7648: 7647: 7538:Shinjuku Ni-chōme 7397: 7396: 7393: 7392: 7309:The Tale of Genji 7036:978-1-5179-0450-0 7012:978-1-880656-53-2 6990:978-1-62846-119-0 6963:978-0-203-01668-8 6934:978-1-5179-0450-0 6481:Temple University 6412:(November 2008). 6410:Pagliassotti, Dru 6184:can also be read 4913:on March 26, 2020 4346:Los Angeles Times 4055:. July 13, 2017. 3393:978-4-06-324535-6 3386:. February 2001. 2820:10.5509/201487153 2624:978-1-61172-018-1 2503:978-0-520-07329-6 2335:978-1-880656-72-3 2300:978-1-880656-23-5 2169:978-0-8166-5266-2 1843:978-1-62846-120-6 1720:978-1-60473-478-2 1505:. pp. V–VII. 1334:978-0-7425-6857-0 990:Strawberry Panic! 969:, which aired on 773:Sailor Starlights 652:Cardcaptor Sakura 643:Cardcaptor Sakura 624:Nobuaki Nakanishi 620:Cardcaptor Sakura 596:Cardcaptor Sakura 570:Yukito Tsukishiro 543:Cardcaptor Sakura 509:Cardcaptor Sakura 466:Cardcaptor Sakura 385:was shortened to 322:, which aired on 42:themes" includes 16:(Redirected from 8653: 8623: 8622: 8615:LGBTQ portal 8613: 8612: 8611: 8346: 8146: 8142:LGBTQ characters 8039:Media portrayals 8015:Media portrayals 7961:Media portrayals 7917:Early gay novels 7894: 7733: 7726: 7719: 7710: 7406: 7366:Chigo Monogatari 7337:Ariake no Wakare 7289: 7275:Oyamakui no Kami 7180: 7160:Partnership oath 7082: 7077: 7067: 7060: 7053: 7044: 7040: 7021:Stuckmann, Chris 7016: 6994: 6967: 6938: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6898: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6816: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6785: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6677: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6598: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6581: 6566: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6436: 6430: 6429: 6406: 6397: 6396: 6360: 6354: 6353: 6347: 6339: 6314: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6301: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6256: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6194: 6188: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6108: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6012: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5979: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5882: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5456:. 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Archived from 2086: 2080: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2060: 2054: 2053: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2019: 2011: 2005: 2004: 1984: 1978: 1977: 1941: 1935: 1934: 1922: 1911: 1910: 1908: 1907: 1902: 1879: 1870: 1869: 1863: 1855: 1830: 1813: 1812: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1759: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1704: 1698: 1697: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1634: 1623: 1622: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1559: 1550: 1549: 1513: 1507: 1506: 1496: 1485: 1484: 1464: 1445: 1444: 1434: 1416: 1384: 1365: 1364: 1354: 1346: 1316: 1310: 1309: 1307: 1306: 1292: 1286: 1285: 1283: 1282: 1267: 1245: 1239: 1233: 1230: 1184:History of anime 1129:airing anime in 929:Nodame Cantabile 926:the openings of 858:Kunihiko Ikuhara 640:, the sequel to 415:Tsutomu Miyazaki 379:Yurizoku no heya 145:Takarazuka Revue 141:Princess Knight, 76:hetero-normative 21: 8661: 8660: 8656: 8655: 8654: 8652: 8651: 8650: 8636: 8635: 8634: 8629: 8609: 8607: 8595: 8554: 8533: 8524:LGBT characters 8490: 8471:Cartoon Network 8455: 8407: 8341: 8331: 8254: 8137: 8128:Anime and manga 8079: 8048: 8019: 7965: 7885: 7834: 7798: 7764:Triangle Awards 7752: 7743: 7742:(LGBTQ) fiction 7737: 7707: 7702: 7644: 7523: 7492: 7480:Otoko-machi Map 7432: 7389: 7371: 7351: 7330:Ima Torikaebaya 7316:The Pillow Book 7280: 7227: 7171: 7111: 7099: 7098:topics in Japan 7071: 7037: 7019: 7013: 6999:Poitras, Gilles 6997: 6991: 6970: 6964: 6941: 6935: 6920: 6918: 6916:Further reading 6905: 6903: 6896: 6889: 6886: 6881: 6880: 6870: 6868: 6851: 6850: 6846: 6836: 6834: 6818: 6817: 6813: 6803: 6801: 6800:(Special issue) 6787: 6786: 6782: 6772: 6770: 6754: 6753: 6749: 6739: 6737: 6721: 6720: 6716: 6709: 6689: 6688: 6684: 6675: 6673: 6664: 6663: 6659: 6649: 6647: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6618: 6616: 6600: 6599: 6595: 6585: 6583: 6579: 6564: 6559: 6558: 6554: 6547: 6532: 6531: 6527: 6517: 6515: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6490: 6488: 6468: 6467: 6463: 6453: 6451: 6438: 6437: 6433: 6408: 6407: 6400: 6362: 6361: 6357: 6340: 6328: 6316: 6315: 6308: 6299: 6297: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6274: 6272: 6258: 6257: 6253: 6243: 6241: 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4083:Tuxedo Unmasked 4077: 4076: 4072: 4062: 4060: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4030: 4028: 4013: 4012: 4008: 3998: 3996: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3942: 3940: 3933:Animation Scoop 3926: 3925: 3921: 3911: 3909: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3878: 3876: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3845: 3843: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3814: 3812: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3769: 3767: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3712: 3710: 3694: 3693: 3686: 3676: 3674: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3643: 3641: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3608: 3604: 3594: 3592: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3561: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3512: 3511: 3500: 3490: 3488: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3457: 3455: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3394: 3382:(in Japanese). 3378: 3377: 3373: 3363: 3361: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3226: 3214: 3201: 3200: 3193: 3186: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3129: 3127: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3084: 3077: 3075: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3052: 3050: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2988: 2979: 2977: 2976:. 18 March 2019 2972: 2971: 2967: 2958: 2956: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2902: 2901: 2884: 2876: 2853: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2808:Pacific Affairs 2805: 2804: 2795: 2763: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2699: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2664: 2662: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2625: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2577: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2551: 2542: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2519: 2518: 2511: 2504: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2475: 2473: 2450: 2449: 2442: 2432: 2430: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2399: 2397: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2366: 2364: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2336: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2301: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2260: 2258: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2230: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2201: 2199: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2170: 2149: 2148: 2141: 2134: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2106: 2104: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2073: 2071: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2044:McCarthy, Helen 2038: 2037: 2033: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2012: 2008: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1931:Japan Quarterly 1924: 1923: 1914: 1905: 1903: 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It featured 703: 674:Animation Scoop 574:Tomoyo Daidouji 562:Sakura Kinomoto 546: 480: 475: 427: 395: 319:Princess Knight 313:Yukari Fujimoto 288:Princess Knight 278:Princess Knight 270:Eiichi Yamamoto 226:Komikku Māketto 197:Ryoko Yamagishi 160:", "yaoi" and " 153: 127:Princess Knight 118: 113: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8659: 8657: 8649: 8648: 8638: 8637: 8631: 8630: 8628: 8627: 8617: 8604: 8601: 8600: 8597: 8596: 8594: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8562: 8560: 8556: 8555: 8553: 8552: 8547: 8541: 8539: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8520: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8498: 8496: 8492: 8491: 8489: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8467: 8465: 8461: 8460: 8457: 8456: 8454: 8453: 8452: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8423: 8418: 8412: 8409: 8408: 8406: 8405: 8400: 8399: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8352: 8350: 8343: 8337: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8330: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8313: 8312: 8302: 8297: 8296: 8295: 8285: 8284: 8283: 8273: 8268: 8262: 8260: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8252: 8251: 8250: 8245: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8219: 8218: 8217: 8216: 8208: 8207: 8206: 8201: 8193: 8192: 8191: 8186: 8178: 8173: 8163: 8161:Animated films 8158: 8152: 8150: 8143: 8139: 8138: 8136: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8119: 8118: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8087: 8085: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8056: 8054: 8050: 8049: 8047: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8030: 8028: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7976: 7974: 7967: 7966: 7964: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7952: 7951: 7941: 7936: 7935: 7934: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7903: 7901: 7898:Gay literature 7891: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7842: 7840: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7815:Film festivals 7812: 7806: 7804: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7760: 7758: 7754: 7753: 7748: 7745: 7744: 7738: 7736: 7735: 7728: 7721: 7713: 7704: 7703: 7701: 7700: 7695: 7694: 7693: 7686: 7681: 7674: 7667: 7656: 7654: 7650: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7642: 7632: 7622: 7619:Hiroshima City 7612: 7607: 7602: 7594: 7586: 7576: 7568: 7563:Toshima Ward ( 7561: 7554: 7547: 7540: 7531: 7529: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7500: 7498: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7483: 7476: 7469: 7466:Gay Japan News 7462: 7455: 7448: 7440: 7438: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7430: 7425: 7424: 7423: 7412: 7410: 7403: 7399: 7398: 7395: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7387: 7379: 7377: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7369: 7361: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7349: 7342: 7341: 7340: 7333: 7319: 7312: 7305: 7297: 7295: 7286: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7278: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7264: 7257: 7243: 7235: 7233: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7225: 7220: 7213: 7206: 7199: 7192: 7186: 7184: 7177: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7169: 7167:Blue boy trial 7164: 7163: 7162: 7152: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7119: 7117: 7113: 7112: 7106:Main article: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7072: 7070: 7069: 7062: 7055: 7047: 7035: 7011: 6989: 6962: 6933: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6912: 6885: 6882: 6879: 6878: 6844: 6811: 6780: 6747: 6714: 6707: 6682: 6657: 6626: 6593: 6552: 6545: 6525: 6498: 6461: 6431: 6428:on 2008-12-14. 6418:Particip@tions 6398: 6377:10.1086/660182 6371:(1): 211–232. 6355: 6326: 6306: 6282: 6265:Anime Feminist 6251: 6234:Anime Feminist 6220: 6203:Anime Feminist 6189: 6136: 6103: 6086:Anime Feminist 6073: 6040: 6007: 5974: 5941: 5924:Anime Feminist 5910: 5877: 5844: 5811: 5778: 5745: 5714: 5681: 5648: 5615: 5603: 5570: 5537: 5504: 5471: 5438: 5405: 5395: 5373: 5366: 5338: 5320: 5306: 5284: 5269: 5247: 5208: 5175: 5142: 5109: 5083: 5056: 5023: 4990: 4957: 4924: 4891: 4864: 4831: 4798: 4765: 4732: 4701: 4672:pqarchiver.com 4658: 4624: 4617: 4595: 4568: 4534: 4501: 4468: 4435: 4402: 4364: 4331: 4298: 4265: 4232: 4199: 4166: 4133: 4100: 4070: 4038: 4006: 3973: 3950: 3919: 3886: 3853: 3836:Anime Feminist 3822: 3789: 3777: 3744: 3732: 3720: 3684: 3651: 3619: 3602: 3571: 3538: 3498: 3465: 3432: 3399: 3392: 3371: 3338: 3305: 3272: 3241: 3212: 3191: 3184: 3164: 3147:"X Vol. No. 6" 3137: 3104: 3060: 3029: 2986: 2965: 2940: 2882: 2879:on 2019-12-04. 2841: 2793: 2780:10.2307/133236 2774:(2): 289–316. 2751: 2704: 2697: 2671: 2638: 2623: 2605: 2565: 2540: 2509: 2502: 2482: 2440: 2407: 2374: 2341: 2334: 2306: 2299: 2268: 2235: 2228: 2210: 2175: 2168: 2139: 2132: 2114: 2081: 2055: 2031: 2006: 1995:(3): 558–571. 1979: 1952:(1): 216–221. 1936: 1912: 1871: 1842: 1814: 1771: 1757:2027.42/136411 1742:(3): 419–442. 1726: 1719: 1699: 1688:(4): 505–525. 1672: 1645:(1): 299–311. 1624: 1589: 1551: 1524:(5): 570–587. 1508: 1486: 1446: 1366: 1333: 1311: 1287: 1261: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1243:Tadao Nagahama 1234: 1224: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1149: 1146: 1131:program blocks 1100: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082:in real-life. 1075:Anime Feminist 1051: 1046: 1006: 1001: 951: 946: 834: 829: 769:cross-dressing 717:Sailor Neptune 702: 697: 584:Touya Kinomoto 545: 540: 479: 476: 474: 471: 462: 461: 458: 455: 426: 423: 394: 391: 301:Tadao Nagahama 299:, directed by 211:In the Sunroom 207:Keiko Takemiya 193:Keiko Takemiya 152: 149: 117: 114: 112: 109: 68:Harry Benshoff 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8658: 8647: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8626: 8618: 8616: 8606: 8605: 8602: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8563: 8561: 8557: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8536: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8504: 8503: 8500: 8499: 8497: 8493: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8468: 8466: 8462: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8426: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8413: 8410: 8404: 8401: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8378: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8353: 8351: 8347: 8344: 8338: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8311: 8308: 8307: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8294: 8291: 8290: 8289: 8286: 8282: 8279: 8278: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8263: 8261: 8257: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8240: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 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7801: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7761: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7750:LGBTQ writers 7746: 7741: 7734: 7729: 7727: 7722: 7720: 7715: 7714: 7711: 7699: 7696: 7692: 7691: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7679: 7675: 7673: 7672: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7662: 7661: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7651: 7640: 7636: 7633: 7630: 7626: 7623: 7620: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7592:Sakae, Nagoya 7590: 7587: 7584: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7569: 7566: 7562: 7559: 7556:Minato Ward ( 7555: 7552: 7548: 7545: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7526: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7514:Rainbow March 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7489: 7488: 7484: 7482: 7481: 7477: 7475: 7474: 7470: 7468: 7467: 7463: 7461: 7460: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7449: 7447: 7446: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7435: 7429: 7426: 7422: 7419: 7418: 7417: 7414: 7413: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7400: 7386: 7385: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7374: 7368: 7367: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7358: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7338: 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US: Mango. 7028: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7014: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6995: 6992: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6968: 6965: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6946: 6939: 6936: 6930: 6926: 6925: 6915: 6902: 6895: 6894: 6888: 6887: 6883: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6848: 6845: 6832: 6828: 6827: 6822: 6815: 6812: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6784: 6781: 6768: 6764: 6763: 6758: 6751: 6748: 6735: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6718: 6715: 6710: 6708:9780824866693 6704: 6700: 6696: 6695: 6686: 6683: 6672: 6668: 6661: 6658: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6630: 6627: 6614: 6610: 6609: 6608:The Daily Dot 6604: 6597: 6594: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6563: 6556: 6553: 6548: 6546:9781573448826 6542: 6538: 6537: 6529: 6526: 6513: 6509: 6502: 6499: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6465: 6462: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6435: 6432: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6405: 6403: 6399: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6359: 6356: 6351: 6345: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6327:9780810862494 6323: 6319: 6313: 6311: 6307: 6296: 6292: 6286: 6283: 6275:September 25, 6270: 6266: 6262: 6255: 6252: 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