945:
far from the dense and overcrowded crannies of the old. The Place de l’Hotel de Ville, the central square, was lined with 330 apartments around the edge in varying sizes and permitted a 1000-person occupancy. State funds also allowed for the building of high-rise apartments over six blocks leading into the residential areas. These new apartments possessed the latest innovations including central heating. The Avenue Foch stretched 80 metres wide, a little more than the Champs-Élysées in Paris. The finest apartments were built here facing the northern sunlight. Beyond the concrete formations of the inner township stretched the Saint-Francois neighbourhood, made up of red-brick residences and slate rooflines. Aplemont’s three-square-kilometre rebuild consisted of detached housing, double storey terraces and small apartment blocks. A church, community centre and shops also defined the new features. The inclusion of 7.7 square kilometres (3.0 sq mi) of green spaces with parks, gardens and woodlands added to the port’s urban renewal. This equates to an average of 41 square metres of green space per inhabitant, exceptional for any
European city of its time. The
510:
595:
587:
745:
56:
892:
146:
757:
271:
733:
603:
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192:. In 1536 the chapel was rebuilt in wood with stone pillars under the direction of Guillaume de Marceilles. A gothic tower with a large octagonal spire was added in 1540. The same year Francis I entrusted the planning and fortification project with Italian architect Girolamo Bellarmato. He had full power and organized the neighbourhood of Saint-François according to specific standards (
724:, however, arrived with social tensions exacerbated by inflation and unemployment. From 1886, worker unrest, causing the Socialists to become increasingly influential, shook the city. The case of Jules Durand (a case in 1910 where Durand, secretary of a union of striking workers, was found guilty of complicity in murder) was symptomatic of this context.
918:
944:
The triangular axis of the
Boulevard François I, the Avenue Foch and Rue de Paris led the traveller north, south, east and west of the town centre. The pre-war shopping precinct of Rue de Paris was redesigned with wide footpaths. A surrounding gridiron street system allowed for opened shopping areas,
788:
was marked by the cessation of population growth, social unrest, and economic crisis. At the end of the conflict inflation ruined many pensioners. The city became largely a workers city. Shortages and high prices caused the great strike of 1922 in which a state of emergency was declared. In 1936 the
680:
developed his first propeller in Le Havre in 1833. The railway arrived in 1848 which allowed the opening up of Le Havre. The docks were built in the same period as well as general warehouses. The industrial sector, however, remained in a minority in the 19th century: the plants were related to port
936:
In spring 1945, Raoul Dautry of the
Ministry of Reconstruction and Urban Development entrusted the project to rebuild the city of Le Havre to Auguste Perret. The city council requested Brunau form part of the planning team, but subsequently he left a short time later due to creative conflicts with
887:
The results of the bombing campaign were appalling: 5,000 deaths (including 1,770 in 1944), 75,000 to 80,000 injured, 150 hectares of land razed, 12,500 buildings destroyed. The port was also devastated and some 350 wrecks lie at the bottom of the sea. Le Havre was liberated by Allied troops on 12
875:
Le Havre suffered 132 bombings by the Allies during the war. The Nazis also destroyed the port infrastructure and sank ships before leaving the city. The greatest destruction, however, occurred on 5 and 6 September 1944 when the
British Royal Air Force bombed the city centre and the port to weaken
614:
The end of the
Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars allowed trade to recover normally as the British threat receded. The context of new-found peace and economic growth led to a large influx of population. Le Havre quickly outgrew its walls and new neighbourhoods appeared. Many poor were still crammed
424:
Le Havre affirmed its maritime and international calling during the 17th century: the
Company of the Orient settled there in 1643. There were imports of exotic products from America (sugar, cotton, tobacco, coffee, and various spices). The slave trade enriched local traders especially in the 18th
692:
brought wood, coal, Northern Europe wheat, and
Mediterranean wine and oil. The abolition of the slave trade gradually caused a change in traffic. Le Havre was not only an entry for American goods but also a transit point for migrants to the USA. Transatlantic steamer travel grew in the 1830s.
456:. Upon his return to Le Havre, he made his fortune by setting up a trading house and bought a mansion (now a Museum) in the heart of the Saint-François district and the lordship of Bléville. Another Captain from Le Havre Jean-Baptiste d'Après de Mannevillette (1707–1780) worked for the
639:
community (10% of the population Le Havre at the end of the 19th century) modified the cultural life of Le Havre. On the docks and in the factories there were
Italians, Poles and North Africans. The economic success of the city attracted Anglo-Saxon, Nordic, and Alsatian entrepreneurs
1012:
on 15 July 2005 honouring the "innovative utilisation of concrete's potential". The 133-hectare space that represented, according to UNESCO, "an exceptional example of architecture and town planning of the post-war era," is one of the rare contemporary World
Heritage Sites in Europe.
656:
works showed a concern for urban modernization. By mid-century the old ramparts had been razed and the surrounding communities annexed to the city so the population increased sharply. The period 1850–1914 was a golden age for Le Havre. Apart from a few years of depression (the
643:
The city and its port were transformed through major development work, partly funded by the state, which were spread throughout the 19th century – sometimes interrupted by political and economic crises. Several projects were completed such as construction of a new
797:. On the economic front the strong growth seen in the second half of the 19th century seemed to be over. The ports of northern Europe seriously competed with Le Havre and major port development work slowed. Oil imports, however, continued to grow and
681:
traffic (shipyards, sugar refineries, rope factories, etc.). The banking sector developed but was still largely dependent on the outside. The city had few professionals and officials. The number of schools was inadequate even in the 1870s.
341:: On 8 May 1562 the reformers took the city, looted churches, and expelled Catholics. Fearing a counter-attack by the royal armies, they turned to the English who sent their troops. The occupants of the city built fortifications under the
107:
The first mention of
Graville Abbey was in the 9th century, about Sanvic on the plateau. The village of Leure and its commercial port appear in the 11th century. It served as a shelter for ships awaiting the tide to enter the port of
899:
Despite the extensive damage, Le Havre became the location of some of the biggest Replacement Depots, or "Repple Depples" in the European Theatre of Operations in World War II. Thousands of American replacement troops poured in the
904:
i.e. Philip Morris, Herbert Tareyton, Wings, and Pall Mall Camps, located in the vicinity of the town, before being deployed to combat operations. The port also became key to the Supply and Service Forces operations of the
777:. One of the notable facts of the war was the installation of the Belgian government at Sainte-Adresse on the outskirts of Le Havre as they had been forced to flee the German occupation. The city served as a base for the
231:) in 1555. At the end of the 16th century trade expanded quickly and Le Havre saw the arrival of American products like leather, sugar, and tobacco. One of the main players in the traffic was an explorer and cartographer
1259:
768:
was heavy for the city: Le Havre suffered about 6,000 dead, mostly soldiers who left to fight. The city was spared massive destruction as the front was much further north. Several ships were nevertheless torpedoed by
573:
came to Le Havre and ordered the construction of forts A Chamber of Commerce was founded in 1800 but, because of the war against Britain and the continental blockade, port activity was reduced and activity of
132:
the fortified ports Leurre and Harfleur were destroyed. At the beginning of the 16th century the growth of trade, the silting-up of the port of Harfleur, and the fear of an English landing pushed the king
1043:
1525:
1377:
1279:
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decided to renovate the port infrastructure and military: the work lasted 14 years. In 1669, the Minister inaugurated the Havre to Harfleur canal which is also called the "canal Vauban".
161:
signed the founding charter of the port the plans of which are first assigned to Vice Admiral Guyon le Roy. The "big tower" defended the entrance. Despite difficulties associated with
1202:
1128:
941:. The material to be used for the building construction was concrete and the general plan was an orthogonal frame. Officially, the reconstruction was completed in the mid-1960s.
493:
The economic boom of Le Havre resulted in an increase of its population (18,000 inhabitants in 1787) but also resulted in changes to the port and the city: the installation of a
1080:
627:
wreaked havoc in the poorest classes. Throughout the 19th century, the cosmopolitan aspect of the city only strengthened: in times of maritime prosperity, the workers of the
818:, German forces occupied Le Havre from the spring of 1940 causing an exodus of its population. They made a naval base in preparation for the invasion of the United Kingdom (
113:
872:
Much of the population opted to evacuate at dusk by foot, bicycle or wagon, only to return during daylight hours after the Allied Forces air bombardments were over.
1768:
Bardan, Alice. "Europe, spectrality and 'post-mortem cinema': The haunting of history in Christian Petzold's Transit (2018) and Aki Kaurismäki's Le Havre (2011)."
254:
joined Laudonnière on this colonizing effort and created the first known artistic depictions by a European of Native Americans in the New World, specifically the
402:
196:, limiting the height of the houses, etc.). The first school and the granary were erected. The 1550s saw the creation of several municipal institutions: the
479:
704:
popular with Parisians. The creation of marine baths went back to this time. It was in 1889 that the maritime boulevard was built, dominated by the
1773:
165:
and storms, the port of Le Havre welcomed its first ship in October 1518. The king himself travelled there in 1520 and granted in perpetuity the
554:. The year 1793 was difficult for France and for Le Havre because of the war, federalist insurrections, and economic stagnation. The religious
1790:
501:
approved the project to extend the city and it was François Laurent Lamandé he chose to take on the task of quadrupling the size of the city.
177:. The military function was also encouraged: Le Havre was an assembly point for the French fleet during the wars. Ships also went fishing for
1726:
1684:
1608:
1551:
1353:
353:, attacked Le Havre and the English were finally expelled on 29 July 1563. The fort built by the English was destroyed and the tower of the
805:
hindered the development of trade. Only the travel industry was doing relatively well, with 500,000 passengers carried in 1930. The liner
361:
which was completed in 1574. New fortifications were established between 1594 and 1610. In 1581 the construction began of a canal between
509:
665:), trade exploded and the city was embellished with elegant new constructions (boulevards, city hall, courthouse, new stock exchange).
425:
century. With 399 slave trade expeditions in the 17th and 18th centuries, Le Havre was the third largest French slave trade port after
406:
239:
1826:
Gravari-Barbas, Maria. "Tourism policies in French post-2nd-World-War-reconstructed cities: Saint-Nazaire, Le Havre & Lorient."
1644:
1499:
1475:
1451:
1427:
1403:
1329:
1305:
1244:
441:
momentarily interrupted the development of Le Havre. The Anglo-Dutch bombarded the city several times, notably in 1694 and in 1696.
319:
1065:, Louis Cayeux, Bulletin de la Société préhistorique de France, Vol. 60, No. 7-8, 1953, 426–431 pages, consulted on 22 July 2012
497:
in the Saint-François district, the expansion of the shipyards, a new arsenal, and a commodity exchange. During a visit in 1786
1819:
Glasgow, Tom. "The Navy In The French Wars Of Mary And Elizabeth I: Part Iii. The Navy In The Le Havre Expedition, 1562–1564."
824:
688:
Le Havre was the primary European port for coffee, it imported some 250,000 tonnes of cotton and 100,000 tons of oil. European
174:
342:
1146:
550:
1060:
990:
precipitated an industry slump. Since then the city has embarked on a process of restructuring mainly oriented towards the
385:
The defense function of Le Havre was reaffirmed and modernization of the port began in the 16th century on the orders of
1857:
594:
251:
482:– thousands of troops, horses and ships being assembled there – only for many of the barges to be destroyed in the
1566:
318:
was built in Le Havre in 1600 in the district of Sanvic at 85 rue Romain Rolland. It was destroyed in 1685 on the
841:. For the people of Le Havre, daily life was difficult because of shortages, censorship, bombings and political
44:
1828:
City tourism 2002: Proceedings of European Cities Tourism's International Conference in Vienna, Austria, 2002
541:
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and the Roy Basin were developed, the walls were reinforced and a fortress built. It was in the latter that
121:
1814:
995:
794:
487:
283:
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especially for British warships: 1.9 million British soldiers passed through the port of Le Havre.
669:
418:
247:
182:
117:
937:
Perret. Perret wanted to make a clean sweep of the old structures and apply the theories of structural
410:
793:
factory at Le Havre was occupied by strikers: this was the beginning of the labour movement under the
586:
1762:
1022:
866:
346:
259:
81:: it is at this time that the population increased and settled down in the first hamlets. During the
71:
1009:
906:
662:
567:
468:
433:. Maritime trade however is subject to international relations and a European context: the wars of
350:
327:
1639:, Bernard Garnier, Michel Pigenet, M. Dandel, G. Duboc, A. Kitts, E. Lapersonne, 1997, 350 pages,
744:
834:
658:
457:
386:
354:
275:
232:
189:
104:(Juliobona) at the mouth of the Seine through the current territory of the commune of Le Havre.
972:
In the 1970s economic difficulties due to de-industrialization saw, for example, the closure of
76:
1862:
1802:
Baudouin, Thierry, et al. "Le Havre in the Era of Globalization: From Port to Port City'." in
1722:
1680:
1640:
1636:
1604:
1547:
1495:
1471:
1447:
1423:
1399:
1349:
1325:
1301:
1240:
926:
877:
854:
819:
533:
467:
From the middle of the 18th century wealthy traders were building homes on the coast. In 1749
453:
315:
129:
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and commercial basin in the first half of the century. There was progressive installation of
63:
Human presence on the territory of Le Havre dates back to Prehistory around 400,000 BC.
1840:
Shtasel, Rebecca. "Workers’ resilience in occupied France: workers in Le Havre, 1941–1942."
1780:
Dockers, métallos, ménagères: Mouvements sociaux et cultures militantes au Havre (1912–1923)
982:
954:
930:
861:("beloved vagabond"). These groups were involved with British intelligence and with acts of
790:
677:
624:
522:
513:
The 18th century Museum of Natural History at Le Havre was previously the Palace of Justice.
483:
394:
338:
125:
1175:, Vl. 1 : "Normandie", Union Fraternelle des Églises Réformées de Normandie, 1928 and
55:
31:
which had become increasingly impractical due to silting-up. The city was originally named
991:
891:
785:
765:
685:
555:
517:
Between 1789 and 1793 the port of Le Havre was the second largest in France after that of
494:
445:
166:
145:
1633:
The civilian victims of the bombing of Upper-Normandy. 1 January 1944 – 12 September 1944
721:
124:
in Aplemont. Several hamlets of fishermen and farmers, the first parishes emerged in the
756:
334:
that Le Havre reopened a Protestant place of worship in the district of Saint-François.
901:
857:
was built around several nodes such as the group of the high school of Le Havre or the
778:
701:
645:
545:
303:
188:
In 1525, a storm caused the death a hundred people, destroyed 28 fishing boats and the
525:
continued until the war and its abolition. The port remained strategic because of the
1851:
1150:
987:
846:
842:
838:
802:
749:
697:
636:
620:
562:. The city acquired the status of sub-prefecture in the administrative reform of the
307:
243:
158:
150:
134:
20:
895:
Saint-Roch square in the Saint-Joseph quarter of Le Havre in the winter of 1944–1945
475:
chose Le Havre to satisfy her desire. The visit was ruinous to the city's finances.
270:
238:
On 20 April 1564 Le Havre became the port of departure for the French expedition of
815:
807:
737:
649:
628:
299:
228:
976:(ACH) in 1999 and transformed the trade of the port. 1974 also saw the end of the
732:
357:
was lowered on the orders of the King. He then ordered the construction of a new
977:
713:
623:, and "fevers" caused hundreds of deaths in the years 1830–1850. Alcoholism and
602:
526:
430:
377:
311:
220:
93:
578:
increased. The population of Le Havre decreased to 16,231 inhabitants in 1815.
92:
settled in the region. From ancient times river traffic on the Seine supported
1833:
Knapp, Andrew. "The destruction and liberation of Le Havre in modern memory."
938:
798:
570:
291:
101:
97:
1809:
Delderfield, R. F. "Confidential Report on the Recent Bombing of Le Havre."
999:
774:
717:
498:
434:
414:
331:
323:
216:
209:
205:
197:
193:
162:
67:
933:
on 18 July 1949 for the "heroism with which it has faced its destruction".
862:
689:
653:
472:
438:
362:
287:
170:
109:
82:
28:
24:
19:
Le Havre was founded on 8 October 1517 as a new port by royal command of
830:
632:
616:
390:
358:
255:
89:
1005:
850:
770:
712:
Marie-Christine (1910) and the Palace of Regattas (1906) brought the
709:
673:
575:
518:
426:
398:
295:
224:
720:
were installed on the beach. The end of the 19th century and of the
917:
540:
were elected in March 1789. Popular riots occurred in July and the
486:
and the invasion to be abandoned following the naval defeat at the
1719:
The time of Ports. Decline and recovery of Port Cities (1940–2010)
1677:
The time of Ports. Decline and recovery of Port Cities (1940–2010)
1601:
The Time of Ports. Decline and recovery in Port Cities (1940–2010)
1544:
The time of Ports. Decline and Recovery of Port Cities (1940–2010)
1346:
The time of Ports. Decline and recovery of Port cities (1940–2010)
998:
in the 1980s, tourism development, and modernization of the port (
916:
890:
755:
743:
731:
601:
593:
585:
508:
461:
376:
366:
269:
258:
tribes in the modern-day areas of northeast Florida and southeast
144:
85:
54:
676:
was used in 1831. The shipyards developed with Augustin Normand.
448:, a Captain from Le Havre, explored the Pacific Ocean aboard the
1785:
Barzman, John. "Port labour relations in Le Havre, 1928–1947."
1062:
The Neolithic position of Fortins at Le Havre (Montgeon Forest)
178:
242:
to the New World where he created the first French colony at
1530:, Municipal Archives of Le Havre, consulted on 23 July 2012
1382:, Municipal Archives of Le Havre, consulted on 23 July 2012
1284:, Municipal Archives of Le Havre, consulted on 23 July 2012
1264:, Municipal Archives of Le Havre, consulted on 23 July 2012
1207:, Municipal Archives of Le Havre, consulted on 23 July 2012
1133:, Municipal Archives of Le Havre, consulted on 22 July 2012
1085:, Municipal Archives of Le Havre, consulted on 22 July 2012
1048:, Municipal Archives of Le Havre, consulted on 22 July 2012
929:
visited Le Havre on 7 October 1944. The city received the
529:(supply of Paris) and its closeness to the British enemy.
219:
attracted adventurers and some left from Le Havre such as
1797:
Bombardements 1944: Le Havre, Normandie, France, Europe.
801:
emerged east of Le Havre. The global crisis of 1929 and
43:("our Lady of Grace"). The name of the American city of
1782:(Le Havre: Publications de l'Université de Rouen. 1998)
672:
were increasingly visible in Le Havre: the first steam
760:
Motor Truck Co 24 in 4, Place du Vieux Marche Le havre
235:(1509–1573): a dock in Le Havre still bears his name.
957:. The commune was enlarged through the annexation of
631:
were driven to Le Havre because of the crisis in the
70:
period have been excavated in the lower city and the
1799:(Presses universitaires de Rouen et du Havre, 2016).
1568:
September 1944: The siege and the battle of Le Havre
548:
was elected in 1790, the year of celebration of the
1795:Barzman, John, Corinne Bouillot, and Andrew Knapp.
1149:. TheNewWorld.us. 24 September 2011. Archived from
1770:Northern Lights: Film & Media Studies Yearbook
204:(court of Justice), the hospital, the seat of the
59:Graville Abbey is the oldest building in Le Havre
39:("Harbour of Grace") after an existing chapel of
1699:Kuhl, Lowis & Thiel-Siling 2008, p. 61
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1275:
1273:
1255:
1253:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1076:
1074:
1039:
1037:
478:In 1759, the city was the staging point for a
1804:North Sea Ports in Transition: Changing Tides
615:into the slum of Saint Francis. Epidemics of
137:to found the port of Le Havre and the town.
35:after the king, and was subsequently renamed
8:
849:was forced to leave his post because of his
837:and artillery batteries integrated into the
536:were echoed in Le Havre: delegates for the
505:The French Revolutionary Period (1789–1815)
23:partly to replace the historic harbours of
1097:Claire Étienne-Steiner, Frédéric Saunier,
953:in the region were inaugurated in 1961 by
1787:International Journal of Maritime History
1671:
1669:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
120:built himself a castle at Graville and a
1763:Timeline of Le Havre § Bibliography
1221:The Slave Trade, Global Historical Essay
652:in 1835, rubbish collection (1844), and
558:transformed Notre Dame Cathedral into a
1147:"Narrative of Le Moyne- TheNewWorld.us"
1033:
1008:declared the city centre of Le Havre a
1635:, CRHQ-IRED-La Mandragore, preface by
1223:, Paris, Gallimard, 2004, pp. 171–172
1173:Stories of Regional Protestant History
1101:, 2005, Ă©ditions du patrimoine, p. 21
635:industry. The implantation of a large
7:
381:A Ship-Owner's House (18th century).
811:began sailing to New York in 1935.
413:. At the beginning of the reign of
290:. From 1557, John Venable, library
112:upstream. It was at this time that
1583:Dombrowski-Risser 2009, p. 63
582:The prosperity of the 19th century
480:planned French invasion of Britain
169:of Le Havre and gave them his own
14:
320:revocation of the Edict of Nantes
1281:Revolutionary Period (1789–1814)
326:. It was not until 1787 and the
286:experienced relative success in
1527:Contemporary Period (1914–1988)
1379:Contemporary Period (1815–1913)
974:Ateliers et chantiers du Havre
921:The rebuilt centre of Le Havre
748:One of the blockhouses of the
544:was formed some time later. A
1:
1830:(Springer-Verlag Wien, 2002).
598:Southampton Quay in the 1920s
337:Le Havre was affected by the
47:, is inspired by this name.
1721:, Tallandier, 2010, 298 p. (
1679:, Tallandier, 2010, 298 p. (
1603:, Tallandier, 2010, 298 p. (
1546:, Tallandier, 2010, 298 p. (
1348:, Tallandier, 2010, 298 p. (
1219:Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau,
1099:Le Havre a port of new towns
389:, governor of the city: the
240:René Goulaine de Laudonnière
980:service to New York by the
740:at the harbour of Le Havre.
532:The national events of the
373:The 17th and 18th centuries
252:Jacques le Moyne de Morgues
1879:
1760:
1741:Frampton 1995, p. 145
471:wanted to see the sea and
141:The foundation of Le Havre
1811:Canadian Military History
1571:, accessed 21 March 2013
1261:Modern Period (1716–1788)
1204:Modern Period (1611–1715)
1130:Modern Period (1492–1610)
880:– often described as the
460:and mapped the coasts of
96:cities of the estuary. A
1045:Prehistory and Antiquity
764:The human toll from the
728:Times of War (1914–1945)
274:Detail of the façade of
223:who founded a colony in
45:Havre de Grace, Maryland
1750:Clout 1999, p. 199
1623:Clout 1999, p. 187
566:(1799–1800). Under the
365:and the estuary of the
355:Cathedral of Notre-Dame
343:Treaty of Hampton Court
122:Motte-and-bailey castle
1772:18.1 (2020): 115-129.
1708:UNESCO 2005, p. 5
996:University of Le Havre
922:
896:
882:storm of iron and fire
853:origins. The Le Havre
803:protectionist measures
761:
753:
741:
611:
599:
591:
514:
488:Battle of Quiberon Bay
382:
284:Protestant Reformation
279:
154:
153:, founder of Le Havre.
66:Many remains from the
60:
1844:34.2 (2020): 235-252.
1837:14.4 (2007): 476-498.
1823:54.3 (1968): 281-296.
920:
894:
759:
747:
735:
670:Industrial Revolution
605:
597:
590:The Town Hall in 1897
589:
551:Fête de la Fédération
512:
380:
273:
248:Jacksonville, Florida
148:
118:William the Conqueror
58:
1821:The Mariner's Mirror
1789:9.2 (1997): 83-106.
1153:on 27 September 2013
1023:Timeline of Le Havre
947:Museum of Modern Art
266:The wars of religion
190:Chapel of Notre Dame
1858:History of Normandy
1492:History of Normandy
1468:History of Normandy
1444:History of Normandy
1420:History of Normandy
1396:History of Normandy
1322:History of Normandy
1298:History of Normandy
1237:History of Normandy
1010:World Heritage Site
913:Le Havre after 1945
907:Communications Zone
876:the occupier under
668:The effects of the
663:Franco-Prussian War
469:Madame de Pompadour
351:Anne de Montmorency
328:Edict of Versailles
157:On 8 October 1517,
41:Notre-Dame-de-Grâce
1659:Ambrose, Stephen.
1494:, Toulouse, 2001 (
1490:Michel de BoĂĽard,
1470:, Toulouse, 2001 (
1466:Michel de BoĂĽard,
1446:, Toulouse, 2001 (
1442:Michel de BoĂĽard,
1422:, Toulouse, 2001 (
1418:Michel de BoĂĽard,
1398:, Toulouse, 2001 (
1394:Michel de BoĂĽard,
1324:, Toulouse, 2001 (
1320:Michel de BoĂĽard,
1300:, Toulouse, 2001 (
1296:Michel de BoĂĽard,
1239:, Toulouse, 2001 (
1235:Michel de BoĂĽard,
1183:, Éd. Momum, 2005
923:
909:of the U.S. Army.
897:
867:landings of 6 June
859:Vagabond Bien-Aimé
762:
754:
742:
684:On the eve of the
659:American Civil War
612:
600:
592:
538:List of Grievances
515:
458:East India Company
387:Cardinal Richelieu
383:
280:
276:Le Havre Cathedral
233:Guillaume Le Testu
155:
61:
1727:978-2-84734-675-6
1685:978-2-84734-675-6
1637:Antoine Rufenacht
1609:978-2-84734-675-6
1552:978-2-84734-675-6
1354:978-2-84734-675-6
1177:Notes on Heritage
994:: opening of the
927:Charles de Gaulle
878:Operation Astonia
822:) and set up the
820:Operation Sealion
771:German submarines
534:French Revolution
454:Clipperton Island
316:Protestant church
246:near present-day
130:Hundred Years War
51:Before François I
37:Le Havre-de-Grâce
1870:
1813:20.4 (2011): 7+
1751:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1733:
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1661:Citizen Soldiers
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951:House of Culture
931:Legion of Honour
888:September 1944.
816:Second World War
736:The ocean liner
678:Frederic Sauvage
625:infant mortality
560:Temple of Reason
523:Triangular trade
484:Raid on Le Havre
452:and reached the
395:Cardinal Mazarin
345:. The troops of
339:Wars of Religion
306:the writings of
298:disseminated in
173:consisting of a
126:High Middle Ages
80:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1848:
1847:
1806:(1998): 95-120.
1778:Barzman, John.
1765:
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1019:
992:tertiary sector
915:
902:Cigarette Camps
786:Interwar period
766:First World War
730:
700:Le Havre was a
686:First World War
584:
507:
495:Tobacco Factory
446:Michel Dubocage
397:imprisoned the
375:
349:, commanded by
268:
250:. Famed artist
143:
116:, companion of
74:
72:Montgeon Forest
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1876:
1874:
1866:
1865:
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1849:
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1845:
1842:French History
1838:
1835:War in History
1831:
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1188:
1171:Charles Bost,
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1032:
1030:
1027:
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1018:
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949:and the first
914:
911:
865:preceding the
779:Triple Entente
729:
726:
716:and the first
706:Villa Maritime
702:Seaside resort
646:stock exchange
608:Villa Maritime
583:
580:
542:National Guard
506:
503:
374:
371:
304:Lower Normandy
267:
264:
142:
139:
52:
49:
33:Franciscopolis
15:
13:
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1717:Pierre Gras,
1714:
1711:
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1696:
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1678:
1675:Pierre Gras,
1672:
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1645:2-912468-02-7
1642:
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1599:Pierre Gras,
1596:
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1542:Pierre Gras,
1539:
1536:
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1500:2-7089-1707-2
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1344:Pierre Gras,
1341:
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1330:2-7089-1707-2
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988:Energy crisis
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955:André Malraux
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843:anti-Semitism
840:
839:Atlantic Wall
836:
832:
829:, lined with
828:
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817:
812:
810:
809:
804:
800:
796:
795:Popular Front
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750:Atlantic Wall
746:
739:
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707:
703:
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698:July Monarchy
694:
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621:typhoid fever
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329:
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321:
317:
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309:
308:Martin Luther
305:
301:
297:
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263:
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253:
249:
245:
244:Fort Caroline
241:
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186:
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152:
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140:
138:
136:
131:
128:. During the
127:
123:
119:
115:
114:William Malet
111:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
86:Celtic people
84:
78:
73:
69:
64:
57:
50:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1786:
1779:
1769:
1757:Bibliography
1746:
1737:
1718:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1676:
1663:, p 274-277.
1660:
1655:
1632:
1628:
1619:
1600:
1579:
1567:
1562:
1543:
1538:
1526:
1491:
1486:
1467:
1462:
1443:
1438:
1419:
1414:
1395:
1390:
1378:
1345:
1340:
1321:
1316:
1297:
1292:
1280:
1260:
1236:
1231:
1220:
1215:
1203:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1155:. Retrieved
1151:the original
1141:
1129:
1098:
1093:
1081:
1061:
1056:
1044:
1004:
981:
973:
971:
966:
962:
958:
950:
946:
943:
935:
924:
898:
886:
881:
874:
871:
858:
823:
813:
806:
783:
763:
722:Belle Époque
705:
695:
683:
667:
650:gas lighting
642:
629:Pays de Caux
613:
610:(built 1890)
607:
563:
559:
549:
537:
531:
516:
492:
477:
466:
449:
443:
423:
384:
336:
314:. The first
300:Pays de Caux
281:
237:
229:Fort Coligny
214:
201:
187:
183:Newfoundland
156:
106:
65:
62:
40:
36:
32:
18:
16:City history
1731:(in French)
1689:(in French)
1649:(in French)
1613:(in French)
1573:(in French)
1556:(in French)
1532:(in French)
1504:(in French)
1480:(in French)
1456:(in French)
1432:(in French)
1408:(in French)
1384:(in French)
1358:(in French)
1334:(in French)
1310:(in French)
1286:(in French)
1266:(in French)
1225:(in French)
1209:(in French)
1185:(in French)
1135:(in French)
1103:(in French)
1087:(in French)
1082:Middle Ages
1067:(in French)
1050:(in French)
978:ocean liner
714:Bourgeoisie
527:grain trade
464:and China.
431:La Rochelle
403:Longueville
312:John Calvin
221:Villegagnon
208:and of the
94:Gallo-Roman
75: [
1852:Categories
1761:See also:
1502:), p. 465
1478:), p. 452
1454:), p. 454
1430:), p. 421
1406:), p. 433
1029:References
1002:project).
939:classicism
855:resistance
847:LĂ©on Meyer
799:refineries
718:Beach huts
696:Under the
571:Napoleon I
347:Charles IX
292:colporteur
175:salamander
167:privileges
159:François I
151:François I
135:François I
102:Lillebonne
98:Roman road
21:François I
1729:), p. 44
1687:), p. 25
1611:), p. 24
1332:) p. 408
1308:) p. 398
1247:), p. 284
1157:9 October
1000:Port 2000
835:pillboxes
808:Normandie
775:Roadstead
738:Normandie
564:Year VIII
499:Louis XVI
450:Discovery
435:Louis XIV
415:Louis XIV
401:princes,
332:Louis XVI
324:Louis XIV
217:New World
210:bailiwick
206:Viscounty
198:town hall
194:grid plan
163:marshland
68:Neolithic
1863:Le Havre
1647:, p. 14
1554:) p. 23
1181:Le Havre
1179:No. 71,
1017:See also
967:Rouelles
959:Bleville
925:General
863:sabotage
845:: Mayor
827:Le Havre
690:cabotage
654:sewerage
473:Louis XV
444:In 1707
439:Louis XV
363:Harfleur
330:of King
288:Normandy
202:Amirauté
110:Harfleur
83:Iron Age
29:Honfleur
25:Harfleur
831:bunkers
825:Festung
814:In the
791:Breguet
773:in the
633:weaving
617:cholera
576:pirates
419:Colbert
391:arsenal
359:citadel
260:Georgia
256:Timucua
100:linked
90:Caletes
1815:online
1791:Online
1774:online
1725:
1683:
1643:
1607:
1550:
1498:
1474:
1450:
1426:
1402:
1352:
1328:
1304:
1243:
1006:UNESCO
986:. The
983:France
965:, and
963:Sanvic
851:Jewish
710:casino
708:. The
674:dredge
661:, the
637:Breton
568:Empire
556:Terror
521:. The
519:Nantes
427:Nantes
409:, and
399:Fronde
296:Dieppe
225:Brazil
200:, the
546:mayor
462:India
411:Condé
407:Conti
367:Seine
294:from
149:King
88:from
79:]
1723:ISBN
1681:ISBN
1641:ISBN
1605:ISBN
1548:ISBN
1496:ISBN
1472:ISBN
1448:ISBN
1424:ISBN
1400:ISBN
1350:ISBN
1326:ISBN
1302:ISBN
1241:ISBN
1159:2011
784:The
606:The
437:and
429:and
310:and
302:and
282:The
215:The
171:arms
27:and
1356:).
322:by
181:in
179:cod
1854::
1668:^
1588:^
1510:^
1364:^
1272:^
1252:^
1191:^
1109:^
1073:^
1036:^
969:.
961:,
884:.
869:.
833:,
619:,
490:.
417:,
405:,
369:.
262:.
212:.
185:.
77:fr
1161:.
752:.
278:.
227:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
