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sentence. Business is fair and honest. Travellers are looked after well. . Most of the inhabitants are Arabs. They live by a river. The place in abounds vegetation and wealth. Trade flourishes here. Good manners and good living are noticed everywhere. The
Government is just. Women of the town are modestly dressed with no make-up and hardly found talking to any one in the streets. The water is healthy and the standard of living high. There is happiness, well-being and culture here, Persian is understood. Profits of business are high. People are healthy, but the town is not clean. Houses are small. The climate is warm and arid. The people are of darkish complexion. In Multan, the coin is minted on the style of the Fatimid Egyptian coin, but the Qanhari coins are commonly used.
288:. When Muhammad Ibn Alkasim Ibn Almunaibh conquered Multan, he inquired how the town had become so very flourishing and so many treasures had there been accumulated, and then he found out that this idol was the cause, for there came pilgrims from all sides to visit it. Therefore, he thought it best to have the idol where it was, but he hung a piece of cow's flesh on its neck by way of mockery. On the same place a mosque was built. When the Karmatians occupied Multan, Jalam Ibn Shaiban, the usurper, broke the idol into pieces and killed its priests.
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33:, though its exact age has yet to be determined. Multan is known for its rich ancient heritage and historic landmarks. Multan was the capital and largest city of Punjab region in late ancient (500 BC-500 CE) and most of the medieval era (500-1500 CE). Multan region was centre of many civilizations in its 5 millenia old history, and witnessed warfare across millennia because of its location on a major invasion route between South and
1223:
The
Khokhars and Khatri Muslims occupied Multan intermittently between 1756 and 1763 displacing replacing ruling Sadozai member by Khakwani nawab or his brother, son or even son-in-law, this was most turbulent period in history of Multan resulting administration getting paralyzed and inviting attack
1330:
General
William Whish was ordered in July 1848 to take 7,000 men with him into order to capture Multan, where Mulraj had been encircled. Much of the force was of Sikhs, who in October 1848 defected to Mulraj's forces, forcing General Whish to abandon his first attempt to conquer Multan. By December
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invaded Multan in 1005, conducting a series of campaigns.The city was surrendered, and Abdul Fateh Daud was permitted to retain control over the city with some conditions. Mahmud appointed a Hindu-convert, Nawasa Khan, to rule the region in Mahmud's absentia. After being granted power, Niwasa Khan
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destroyed the water-course; upon which the inhabitants, oppressed with thirst, surrendered at discretion. He massacred the men capable of bearing arms, but the children were taken captive, as well as ministers of the temple, to the number of 6,000. The
Muslims found there much gold in a chamber ten
1238:
two brothers and great warriors attacked again in 1764. However, attempts to take the Multan fort failed and they retreated after collecting several million rupees loot from the ruler Shuja Khan
Saddozai. Bhangu Sikhs attacked Multan many times and finally captured the city by defeating Shuja khan
1048:
gave it a lot of financial stability and growth to the local farming sector. It was at this time that Multan was ruled by Nawab Ali
Mohammad Khan Khakwani. As governor of Multan, he built the famous Mosque Ali Mohammad Khan in 1757 which remains to this day. Many buildings were constructed in that
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in Multan under the rule of Budhan Khan, who assumed the title Mahmud Shah. The reign of Shah Husayn, grandson of Mahmud Shah, who ruled from 1469 to 1498 is considered to most illustrious of the Langah
Sultans. Multan experienced prosperity during this time, and a large number of Baloch settlers
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Multan is smaller than
Mansurah in size. but has a large population. Fruits are not found in plenty.. yet they are sold cheaper.... like Siraf, Multan has wooden homes. There is no bad conduct and drunkenness here, and people convicted of these crimes are punished with death or by some heavy
958:
Multan served as medieval
Islamic India's trans-regional mercantile centre for trade with the Islamic world. It rose as an important trading and mercantile centre in the setting of political stability offered by the Delhi Sultanate, the Lodis, and Mughals. The renowned Arab explorer
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Mahmud's purges of the region led several scholars including Stern to believe that the
Ghaznawid purges of the region drove out Ismailism from the area, however, recently discovered letters dating to 1083 and 1088 demonstrate continued Ismaili activity in the region, as the
1331:
1848, the British had captured portions of Multan city's outskirts. In January 1849, the British had amassed a force of 12,000 to conquer Multan. On 22 January 1849, the British had breached the walls of the Multan Fort, leading to the surrender of Mulraj and his forces.
1137:
briefly seized Multan, though the city was recaptured by Durrani in 1760. After repeated invasions following the collapse of the Mughal Empire, Multan was reduced from being one of the world's most important early-modern commercial centres, to a regional trading city.
711:, the ninth Mamluk Sultan. Multan then fell to the Qarlughids in 1249, but was captured by Sher Khan that same year. Multan was then conquered by Izz al-Din Balban Kashlu Khan in 1254, before he rebelled against Sultan Ghiyas ud din Balban in 1257 and fled to
1338:. During this time, Sardar Karan Narain's son became an icon during the British Raj and was awarded titles 'Rai Bahadur' and Knighted 'Sir' by Her Majesty. The British built some rail routes to the city, but its industrial capacity was never fully developed.
1188:
were under the Maratha rule for the most part. In Lahore and Kashmir, the Marathas plundered the prosperous Mughal cities. Maratha general Bapuji Trimbak was given the charge of guarding Multan subah from Afghans. Maratha rule in Multan was short-lived as
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in Multan who then ruled large parts of Punjab and also included Kashmir. The descendents of these Arabs are still found in various parts of Pakistan and India. Islam strengthened in the region reaching towards emerging cities of Delhi and Lahore.
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time, and agricultural production grew rapidly. The Khakwani Nawabs of Multan at that time were paying homage to the Afghan king but due to lack of power in Delhi and Kabul they had free rein and were the de facto absolute rulers of Multan.
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to have been located in a most populous part of the city. The Hindu temple was noted to have accrued the Muslim rulers large tax revenues, by some accounts up to 30% of the state's revenues. During this time, the city's Arabic nickname was
1393:) as lacking self governance. Since then, there has been some industrial growth, and the city's population is continually growing. Today, it is one of the country's six largest urban centres and remains an important settlement in the
702:
attempted to invade Multan in 1236, while the Mongols tried to capture the city in 1241 after capturing Lahore. Nasir Ud din Qabacha gathered a large army from Uch, Multan and Sindh and the Mongols were repulsed. The Mongols under
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to suppress any resurgence of the community in the region. In 1032, Mahmud's very own vizier, Hasanak was executed for having accepted a cloak from the Imam-caliph on suspicions that he had become an adherent of the Ismaili fiqh.
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A famous idol of theirs was that of Multan, dedicated to the sun, and therefore called Aditya. It was of wood and covered with red Cordovan leather; in its two eyes were two red rubies. It is said to have been made in the last
1270:
defeated the ruler of Multan, Muzaffar Khan Saddozai. The death of Muzaffar Khan was in fact the death of Muslim rule in Multan. Ranjit Singh reinstated Malik Mohanlal (Vijh), a descendant of Malik Banwari Lal (Vijh) who was
767:
was completed during the Tughluq era, and is considered to be the first Tughluq monument. The shrine is believed to have been originally built to be the tomb of Ghiyath ad-Din, but was later donated to the descendants of
576:
Abu'l-Futuh Da'ud b. Nasr (997–1010), he was the grandson of Shaykh Hamid. In 1010, the Ghaznawid finally annexed Multan, took Abu'l-Fateh as prisoner. Abul Fateh died in a prison in Ghazna, and the emirate was
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first took, in 1178, the Ismaili Multan sultans in northern Sindh, which had regained independence from Ghaznavid rule. Muhammad Ghori as a part of his campaigns to conquer north India, again massacred them.
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in 381/991 during his era, but later made a truce with Shaykh Hamid, as Isma'ili Multan served as a buffer-state between the rising Turkish power of Ghazna and the old Hindu rulers-the Imperial Pratiharas of
173:
919:, who under the command of Fateh Khan Mirrani had overrun the city. Following its recapture, Sher Shah Suri ordered construction of a road between Lahore and Multan in order to connect Multan to his massive
1785:
498:
The people of Multan are Shi'a...... In Multan the Khutba is read in the name of the Fatimid Caliph of Egypt and the place is administered by his orders. Gifts are regularly sent from here to Egypt".
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who had been accused of promoting a syncretic version of Islam that incorporated Hindu rites – though his replacement was likely the result of doctrinal differences regarding succession in the Ismaili
996:
Multan would remain an important trading centre until the city was ravaged by repeated invasions in the 18th and 19th centuries in the post-Mughal era. Many of Multan's merchants then migrated to
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Jalam bin Shayban, established newly converted Katara Rajputs as its rulers. During his era, Multan became a prosperous city, as witness by famous geographer and travelled Al-Al-Muqadassi in 985;
271:
Following bin Qasim's conquest, the city was securely under Muslim rule, although it was in effect an independent state, but around the start of the 11th century, the city was attacked twice by
1114:
conquered the region as part of his invasion of the Mughal Empire in 1739. Despite invasion, Multan remained northwest India's premier commercial centre throughout most of the 18th century.
1220:
power, who attacked Multan, killing the Sadozai Nawab, took over the city. The Khakwanis had moved out of the city at that time and lived in small walled cities around main Multan city.
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struck him, making him ill and eventually leading to his death. The exact place where Alexander was hit by the arrow can be seen in the old city premises. The noted Chinese traveller
1385:
By this time Multan was reduced to a less important city with its areas been divided. It initially lacked industry, hospitals and universities and the vast and populous region of
1068:, who, in 1750, appointed a Hindu Subahdar Malik Banwari Lal to administer Multan (and later nearby Shujabaad and Pak Pattan areas). For the majority of its medieval history, the
2086:"The Historical Interaction between the Buddhist and Islamic Cultures before the Mongol Empire – 20 The Ghurid Campaigns on the Indian Subcontinent | Study Buddhism Hello"
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where he joined Mongol forces and captured Multan again, and dismantled its city walls. The Mongols again attempted an invasion in 1279, but were dealt a decisive defeat.
522:
Mahmud of Ghazni then led another expedition to Multan in 1007 C.E. against Niwasa Khan, who was then captured and forced to relinquish his personal fortune to Ghazni.
821:
together sacked Delhi. The sack of Delhi lead to major disruptions of the Sultanate's central governing structure. In 1414, Multan's Khizr Khan captured Delhi from
2085:
817:. Pir Muhammad's forces captured the city in 1398 following the conclusion of the 6 month-long siege. Also in 1398, the elder Tamerlane and Multan's Governor
679:. Qabacha also repulsed a 40-day siege imposed on the city by Mongol forces who attempted to conquer the city. Following Qabacha's death that same year, the
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visited Multan in the 1300s during the reign of Muhammad Tughluq, and noted that Multan was a trading centre for horses imported from as far away as the
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visited Multan in the 1300s during the reign of Muhammad Tughluq, and noted that Multan was a trading centre for horses imported from as far away as the
1327:. The British then defeated Mulraj's forces at a settlement 4 miles away from Multan on 1 July 1848, and captured most guns belonging to Mulraj's army.
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arrived in the city at the invitation of Shah Husayn. The Sultanate's borders stretched encompassed the neighbouring regions surrounding the cities of
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of Multan during Ahmed Shah Durrani's rule, as Subahdar, and appointed his younger brother Malik Sewa Ram as a Vakil in Lahore. He also appointed
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2026:
Virani, Shafique N. The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, A Search for Salvation (New York: Oxford University Press), p. 100.
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about treasure hidden beneath the fountain which was buried by Raja Jesubin. Muhammad bin Qasim found 330 chests of treasure containing 13,300
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1798:
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Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996.
759:. The countryside around Multan was recorded to have been devastated by excessively high taxes imposed during the reign of Ghiyath's son,
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1029:(imperial top-level provinces) roughly covering Punjab, bordering Kabul, Lahore, (Old) Delhi, Ajmer, Thatta (Sindh) subahs, the Persian
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967:. Multan had also been noted to be a centre for slave-trade, though slavery was banned in the late 1300s by Muhammad Tughluq's son,
787:. Multan had also been noted to be a centre for slave-trade, though slavery was banned in the late 1300s by Muhammad Tughluq's son,
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chieftains. The Sadozais having gained the favour of the king and having the Khakwani Nawab removed. This period saw the rise of
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two years later. This attempt appeared to be unsuccessful and the Ghaznawids continued to attack other Ismaili strongholds in
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763:. In 1328, the Governor of Multan, Kishlu Khan, rose in rebellion against Muhammad Tughluq, but was quickly defeated. The
374:, but the region of Multan was widespread, Mansura along with Multan were the only two Arab principalities in South Asia.
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rule of 9th and (or) 10th century as it controlled large parts of Punjab and also included Kashmir. It is famous for its
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season of 930 CE. They wrested control of the city from the pro-Abbasid Amirate of Banu Munabbih, and established the
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was spoken in both cities, though the inhabitants of Multan were reported by Estakhri to also have been speakers of
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would again give it some independence, albeit requiring it to be vigilant against Mongol raids from Central Asia.
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989:— which was built in the 15th to house Multani merchants visiting the city. Legal records from the Uzbek city of
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dispatched new da’is to replace those who were killed in the attacks. Ismaili rulers of this era are as follows:
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687:, the third Sultan of the Mamluk dynasty, captured and then annexed Multan in an expedition. The Punjabi poet
463:, thereby ruling large parts of Punjab and Kashmir including within its limits modern day capital of Pakistan
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project. Multan then served as the starting point for trade caravans from medieval India departing towards
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Davies, C. Collin. "Arghun." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume I. New ed. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960.
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Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent
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renounced Islam, and attempted to secure control of the region in collusion with Abdul Fateh Daud.
2780:
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Rahimdad Khan Molai Shedai; Janat ul Sindh, 3rd edition, 1993, page:64; Sindhi Adbi Board, Jamshoro
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THE REGIONS OF SIND, BALUCHISTAN, MULTAN AND KASHMIR: THE HISTORICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SETTING
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according to historian Firishta by some sayings, before 3000 BC era and was home to ancient Indo
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Constructing Islam on the Indus: The Material History of the Suhrawardi Sufi Order, 1200–1500 AD
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History of India and Pakistan: Great Mughals by Muhammad Tariq Awan published by Ferozsons, 1994
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Multan is famous for its large number of Sufi shrines, including the unique rectangular tomb of
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94:'s army after a fierce battle. "Once Keshap Pura (Multan) was capital of the Raja Hurnakas.
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who were present at the reception of the new governor of Multan who had been selected by the
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Empire. During the 10th century, Multan's rulers resided at a camp outside of the city named
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Multan's Langah Sultanate came to an end in 1525 when the city was invaded by rulers of the
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A glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North-West ..., Volume 1 By H.A. Rose
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Glassé, Cyril. 2008. The New Encyclopedia of Islam. Walnut Creek CA: AltaMira Press p. 369
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dating from the 1580s was built in the regional style that is typical of Multan's shrines.
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who destroyed the Sun Temple and broke its giant Idol. A graphic detail is available in
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then successfully held the city to ransom in 1245–6, before being recaptured by Sultan
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1323:. The British soon launched expeditions against Mulraj, capturing the nearby town of
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rendered Multani merchants culturally well-suited for trade with the Islamic world.
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During this era, the Multan Sun Temple was noted by the 10th century Arab geographer
59:
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Muslim Rule in India & Pakistan, 711-1858 A.C.: A Political and Cultural History
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and died there. Afghans recaptured the city in 1880 and rule of Bhangi Sikhs ended.
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861:. Shah Husayn successfully repulsed attempted invasion by the Delhi Sultans led by
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note that Multani merchants settled and owned land in the city in the late 1550s.
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that dates from the 1150s and is covered in blue enameled tiles typical of Multan.
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noted that the city of Multan was approximately half the size of Sindh's capital
162:. It is said by some historians that when Alexander was fighting for the city, a
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A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century
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The Qarmatians came to Multan in the 10th century and were expelled in 1175 by
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Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter
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The extent of Multan's influence is also reflected in the construction of the
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Following the death of Sultan Muhammad Ghauri, Multan came under the rule of
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captured Multan, and successfully defended the city from the advances of the
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Sadozai who was the governor of Multan on 22 Dec 1772. Shuja khan fled to
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on ships. Al Beruni also visited the city during Mahmud Ghaznavi's rule".
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The front view of an old colonial building built during the rule of the
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Global Indian Diasporas: Exploring Trajectories of Migration and Theory
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began on 19 April 1848 when local Sikhs murdered two emissaries of the
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1056:. The city escaped the destruction brought upon India by the armies of
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237:. His conquest was accompanied by much plundering. Umayyads inhabited
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would come on behalf of the Arabs, and take Multan region along with
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19:
1004:, and were found throughout Central Asia up until the 19th century.
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By the mid 10th century, Multan had come under the influence of the
407:, and would enter Multan once a week on the back of an elephant for
2278:
Islamic Tombs in India: The Iconography and Genesis of Their Design
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Abu Rihan Muhammad bin Ahmad al-Biruni al-Khwarizmi, Tarikhu'l-Hind
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in order to eliminate surviving family members of his predecessor.
362:
noted Multan as the city where Central Asian caravans from Islamic
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Maulana Akber Shah; Aeena- ie-Haqeeqat Nima; Volume 1, pages:82–91
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Multan was ruled by various native empires before the invasion of
135:
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was one of the largest and initially established provinces of the
1025:(emperor) Akbar established at Multan one of his original twelve
609:, Multan was made a part of his empire. However, the rise of the
218:
into India in 664 for inclusion of the area into their empires.
78:. According to Hindu tradition the ancient name of Multan was ''
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2228:
Muslim Saints of South Asia: The Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries
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467:, and pledged allegiance to the Fatimid Dynasty based in Cairo.
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1319:. Rebellion engulfed the Multan region under the leadership of
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reflecting the importance of the temple to the city's economy.
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captured Multan, and the city's walls were rebuilt in 1756 by
1040:, Multan enjoyed over 200 years of peace, and became known as
1091:
dot the landscape of Multan region. After the decline of the
691:
was born in the village of Khatwal near Multan in the 1200s.
605:'s victories in India, and his establishment of a capital in
480:
that had been dispatched to the region by the Fatimid Caliph
82:
and the current name Multan was possibly associated with the
2577:
India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil
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India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil
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After a long and bloody battle, Multan was made part of the
1052:
Multan region at that time included areas which are part of
954:, was built to house visiting Multani merchants in the city.
313:, which replaced the Caliphal province of Sind circa 854 CE.
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controlled the Multani region from 1524 until around 1739.
1205:'s dynasty went into decline, it was ruled locally by the
2047:
Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India, Volume 1
1929:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia (vol. 4, part-1)
1509:
Firishtah, Muḥammad Qāsim Hindū Shāh Astarābādī (1812).
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Jalam B.Shayban (959–985), founded the emirate of Multan
206:
In the 7th century, Multan had its first arrival of the
2603:
Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813
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Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part – II
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is considered to be the earliest Tughluq-era monument.
2420:"Caravans: Punjabi Khatri Merchants on the Silk Road"
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New York: Anchor Books. Pg 406 ISBN 978-1-4000-7967-4
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ruled the region. Multan region became predominantly
102:
Multan was conquered and included in the province of
1064:
by numerous Afghan dynasties for a while, including
1054:
Sahiwal, Dera ismail khan, Jhang and Dera Ghazi Khan
382:, reflecting the importance of trade with Khorasan.
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would assemble. The 10th century Persian geographer
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He then crossed the Biyas, and went towards Multan.
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880:, who were either ethnic Mongols, or of Turkic or
122:After the conquest of Multan one had pointed out
2388:. Indo-Soviet Cultural Society. 1963. p. 135
484:, was dispatched to replace the city's previous
70:Multan was founded by great grandson of Prophet
1594:The Landmark Arrian: The Campaigns of Alexander
333:tribe came to rule Multan, and established the
281:
260:
2175:Imperial gazetteer of India: provincial series
1346:The predominantly Muslim population supported
435:there. Qarmatians zealots had famously sacked
110:in 500 BC era. At the time Multan was part of
2685:
2606:. New Dawn Press, Incorporated. p. 264.
1951:
1949:
1889:Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World
1865:Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500
1258:In the 19th century, the Sikh ruler Maharaja
642:dates from 1330, and has a unique green dome.
8:
1592:Romm, James and Robert B. Strassler (2010).
1172:, the son and viceroy of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
2457:. Amsterdam University Press. p. 294.
2195:The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800
1266:occupied Multan. Sikh armies under General
560:Shaykh Hamid (985–997), The Ghaznawid Amir
431:following their defeat at the hands of the
395:notes that Multan's rulers also controlled
2970:List of educational institutions in Multan
2692:
2678:
2670:
2649:The History of British India: A Chronology
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
1812:
1810:
1649:Ahmed bin Yahya bin Jabir, Futuhu'l-Buldan
675:, whose origins were rooted in modern-day
2579:. Permanent Black, India. pp. 80–1.
2560:. John Murray, Albemarle Street. p.
2530:. Permanent Black, India. pp. 80–1.
1858:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
525:In an effort to gain his allegiance, the
2378:
2376:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1665:Divine Prostitution By Nagendra Kr Singh
1184:and other subahs on the eastern side of
423:. The Qarmatians had been expelled from
399:, though that city was then lost to the
300:
177:Siege of Multan by Alexander the Great.
2448:
2446:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2187:
2185:
1423:
1283:or accountant, as the Diwan of Multan.
510:Soon after, Multan was attacked by the
415:Ismaili Emirate of Multan (959-1010 AD)
190:Multan later remained under control of
130:gold. Entire treasure was shifted from
1193:recaptured the city in November 1759.
40:Multan was made a separate state, the
2481:Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
747:In the 1320s Multan was conquered by
185:
7:
2022:
2020:
2018:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1657:
1655:
1148:Maratha conquest of North-west India
340:, which ruled for the next century.
2916:Chowk Kumharanwala Level II Flyover
514:, destabilizing the Ismaili state.
443:with their theft and ransom of the
229:However, only a few decades later,
186:Under Sindh's Dynasties(489-712 AD)
825:, and established the short-lived
14:
2554:Elphinstone, Mountstuart (1841).
1999:"Tareekh-e-Pakistan (Wasti Ahad)"
1819:Religion and Society in Arab Sind
1536:"Tareekh-e-Pakistan (Wasti Ahad)"
1486:"Tareekh-e-Pakistan (Wasti Ahad)"
1123:Nawab Ali Mohammad Khan Khakwani
772:after Ghiyath became Emperor of
719:of Delhi dispatched his brother
358:The 10th century Arab historian
325:), who claimed descent from the
2515:. University of Calcutta. 1891.
2049:. Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd.
1303:Siege of Multan by British Army
1060:. Afterwards it was ruled from
1044:(Abode of Peace). The Khakwani
29:is one of the oldest cities of
2652:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
2513:Calcutta Review, Volumes 92-93
2255:. Cambridge University Press.
2141:Ahmed, Farooqui Salma (2011).
1704:. Princeton University Press.
1633:Ikram, Sheikh Mohamad (1966).
1464:. Cambridge University Press.
659:Independent emirate(1203–1228)
1:
2838:Bahauddin Zakariya University
2178:. Supt. of Govt. Print. 1908.
1932:. Motilal Banarsidass, 1992.
1698:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009).
1103:invaded and occupied Multan.
353:, ("Frontier House of Gold"),
214:launched numerous raids from
2802:Multan International Airport
2797:The City District Government
1033:and shortly Qandahar subah.
829:— the fourth dynasty of the
2996:History of Punjab, Pakistan
2911:Yousuf Raza Gillani Flyover
2822:Mausoleum of Shah Ali Akbar
2276:Bunce, Fredrick W. (2004).
2145:. Pearson Education India.
2045:Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1980).
1867:. Pearson Education India.
1817:MacLean, Derryl N. (1989).
1662:Singh, Nagendra Kr (1997).
1434:A Brief History of Pakistan
1298:Siege of Multan (1848-1849)
1279:, who was Malik Mohanlal's
1160:marched onwards, conquered
779:The renowned Arab explorer
755:, the third dynasty of the
652:Mausoleum of Shah Ali Akbar
267:cubits long by eight broad.
212:Al Muhallab ibn Abi Suffrah
148:Alexander's Indian campaign
142:Greek Invasion (327-325 BC)
98:Darius the great's invasion
3017:
2965:List of cities in Pakistan
2843:Government Emerson College
2359:. Har-Anand Publications.
1977:Encyclopaedia of Ismailism
1784:Rafiq, A.Q.; Baloch, N.A.
1458:Richards, John F. (1993).
1317:British East India Company
1295:
1145:
869:, as well as his daughter
844:Multan then passed to the
151:
145:
2646:Riddick, John F. (2006).
2355:Chandra, Chandra (2005).
2303:A Brief History of Multan
2301:Yousaf, Mohammad (1971).
2251:Khan, Hassan Ali (2016).
2198:. Yale University Press.
1431:Wynbrandt, James (2009).
451:, and desecration of the
251:Caliphal province of Sind
2192:Bloom, Jonathan (1995).
1926:Osimi, Muhammad (1992).
1569:"Multan – Punjab.gov.pk"
1512:The History of Hindostan
1127:Ali Muhammad Khan Mosque
765:Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam
751:, founder of the Turkic
741:Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam
455:with corpses during the
196:Brahman Dynasty of Sindh
2453:Oonk, Gijsbert (2007).
2226:Suvorova, Anna (2004).
2071:Ismaili state in Multan
1905:Encyclopædia Britannica
1437:. Infobase Publishing.
1382:settled in the Multan.
536:dispatched an envoy to
170:visited Multan in 641.
2885:Multan Cricket Stadium
2119:. Unistar Books, 2003.
1606:Avari, Burjor (2013).
1362:in 1947, the minority
1277:Diwan Sawan Mal Chopra
1255:
1129:in 1757. In 1758, the
955:
848:, who established the
802:Siege of Multan (1398)
749:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
744:
725:1296 to conquer Multan
669:Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu
655:
643:
631:
589:Like his predecessor,
538:Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi
314:
290:
269:
258:
210:armies. Armies led by
182:
118:After Islamic Conquest
112:Gandharan civilization
2949:N-70 National Highway
2944:N-55 National Highway
2921:Nishtar Chowk Flyover
2831:Education and culture
2575:Roy, Kaushik (2004).
2526:Roy, Kaushik (2004).
2478:Jaques, Tony (2007).
1863:Habib, Irfan (2011).
1735:. 1997. p. 489.
1249:
1125:, who also built the
938:
840:Sultanate (1445-1540)
738:
649:
637:
625:
618:Sultan Muhammad Ghori
603:Sultan Muhammad Ghori
551:Imam-caliph Mustansir
317:By the mid-800s, the
304:
248:
176:
90:and were defeated by
2600:Mehta, J.L. (2005).
2418:Levi, Scott (2016).
2117:The Making of Punjab
1262:with his capital at
1232:Jhanda Singh Dhillon
709:Ghiyas ud din Balban
351:Faraj Bayt al-Dhahab
253:, a province of the
106:by Achaemenid ruler
27:province of Pakistan
16:An aspect of history
2781:History of Pakistan
2766:Nawab Muzaffar Khan
2726:Alexander the Great
2280:. D.K. Printworld.
2088:. StudyBuddhism.com
1972:Tajddin, Mumtaz Ali
1321:Diwan Mulraj Chopra
1236:Ganda Singh Dhillon
640:Shamsuddin Sabzwari
439:, and outraged the
321:(also known as the
160:Alexander the Great
92:Alexander the Great
2746:Muhammad bin Qasim
2731:Indo-Greek Kingdom
2385:Amity, Volumes 1–3
1639:. Star Book Depot.
1256:
1228:from Gujranwala.
1203:Ahmad Shah Durrani
1170:Timur Shah Durrani
1119:Ahmad Shah Durrani
1066:Ahmed Shah Durrani
969:Firuz Shah Tughlaq
956:
789:Firuz Shah Tughlaq
745:
673:Khwarazmian Empire
665:Nasiruddin Qabacha
656:
644:
632:
506:Ghaznavid Conquest
474:, a proselytizing
315:
264:Muhammad Bin Qasim
259:
231:Muhammad bin Qasim
183:
124:Muhammad bin Qasim
76:Aryan civilization
2991:History of Multan
2978:
2977:
2721:History of Punjab
2716:History of Multan
2586:978-81-7824-109-8
2537:978-81-7824-109-8
1800:978-92-3-103467-1
1619:978-0-415-58061-8
1471:978-0-521-56603-2
1461:The Mughal Empire
1444:978-0-8160-6184-6
1352:Pakistan Movement
1342:Post-independence
939:The 15th century
461:Emirate of Multan
389:The 10th century
255:Abbasid Caliphate
42:Emirate of Multan
3008:
2807:Grand Trunk Road
2790:City and economy
2751:Mahmud of Ghazni
2694:
2687:
2680:
2671:
2664:
2663:
2643:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2557:History of India
2551:
2542:
2541:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2475:
2469:
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2329:
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2212:
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2094:
2093:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2042:
2027:
2024:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1968:
1962:
1961:, 20 March 2017.
1953:
1944:
1943:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1898:
1892:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1860:
1833:
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1814:
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1781:
1756:
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1727:
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1641:
1640:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1603:
1597:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1571:. Archived from
1565:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1428:
1268:Hari Singh Nalwa
1046:Nawabs of Multan
1008:Early Modern Era
921:Grand Trunk Road
850:Langah Sultanate
823:Daulat Khan Lodi
809:was besieged by
761:Muhammad Tughluq
595:Muhammad of Ghor
591:Mahmud of Ghazni
516:Mahmud of Ghazna
338:of Banu Munabbih
327:Prophet Muhammad
307:Habbarid Emirate
273:Mahmud of Ghazni
154:Mallian campaign
108:Darius the great
3016:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3001:Multan District
2981:
2980:
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2100:
2091:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2044:
2043:
2030:
2025:
2016:
2007:
2005:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1901:Mecca's History
1899:
1895:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1862:
1861:
1836:
1829:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1801:
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1479:
1472:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1403:
1395:Southern Punjab
1344:
1325:Dera Ghazi Khan
1309:Siege of Multan
1300:
1294:
1289:
1199:
1150:
1144:
1109:
1070:Delhi Sultanate
1015:
1010:
933:
890:
842:
831:Delhi Sultanate
797:
757:Delhi Sultanate
753:Tughluq dynasty
733:
717:Alauddin Khalji
697:
661:
587:
417:
299:
257:, circa 800 CE.
227:
204:
188:
179:André Castaigne
156:
150:
144:
68:
56:Multan province
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2900:
2898:
2897:
2895:Multan Sultans
2892:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2848:Air University
2845:
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2504:
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2463:
2442:
2428:
2422:. Penguin UK.
2399:
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2286:
2268:
2261:
2243:
2236:
2218:
2204:
2181:
2158:
2151:
2122:
2115:Jain, Harish.
2107:
2098:
2077:
2073:(Online), 2021
2062:
2055:
2028:
2014:
1990:
1963:
1945:
1938:
1918:
1909:
1893:
1891:, Vol. 2, 244.
1880:
1873:
1834:
1827:
1806:
1799:
1757:
1748:
1741:
1717:
1710:
1681:
1674:
1668:. p. 44.
1651:
1642:
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1618:
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1585:
1560:
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1527:
1518:
1501:
1477:
1470:
1450:
1443:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1402:
1399:
1378:refugees from
1343:
1340:
1296:Main article:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1198:
1195:
1154:Maratha Empire
1146:Main article:
1143:
1142:Maratha Empire
1140:
1108:
1105:
1031:Safavid empire
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
965:Russian Steppe
932:
931:Medieval trade
929:
910:Sher Shah Suri
898:Sher Shah Suri
889:
886:
878:Arghun dynasty
841:
835:
827:Sayyid dynasty
796:
793:
785:Russian Steppe
732:
729:
696:
693:
660:
657:
638:The shrine of
586:
584:Muhammad Ghori
580:
579:
578:
574:
558:
482:Imam al-Mu'izz
416:
413:
409:Friday prayers
392:Hudud al-'Alam
311:Multan Emirate
298:
291:
226:
220:
203:
200:
187:
184:
164:poisoned arrow
152:Main article:
146:Main article:
143:
140:
84:Mallian people
67:
64:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2890:Multan Tigers
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2813:
2812:Multan Museum
2810:
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2800:
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2782:
2779:
2777:
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2767:
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2762:
2759:
2757:
2756:Mughal Empire
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2741:Kushan Empire
2739:
2737:
2736:Maurya Empire
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
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2722:
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2714:
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2659:9780313322808
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2230:. Routledge.
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1612:. Routledge.
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1575:on 2006-04-27
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1093:Mughal Empire
1090:
1087:saints whose
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1074:Mughal Empire
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2958:Other topics
2869:Multan Cantt
2761:Ranjit Singh
2715:
2648:
2617:. Retrieved
2602:
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2527:
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2495:. Retrieved
2480:
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2433:. Retrieved
2390:. Retrieved
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2305:. Ferozsons.
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2006:. Retrieved
2002:
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1981:. Retrieved
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1577:. Retrieved
1573:the original
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1539:
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1515:. J. Walker.
1511:
1504:
1493:. Retrieved
1489:
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1433:
1426:
1407:Dewan Mulraj
1387:South Punjab
1384:
1370:migrated to
1356:independence
1354:. After the
1345:
1333:
1329:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1260:Ranjit Singh
1257:
1230:
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1158:Raghunathrao
1151:
1135:Raghunathrao
1116:
1110:
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1016:
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978:caravanserai
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943:caravanserai
940:
891:
884:extraction.
882:Turco-Mongol
875:
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843:
837:
815:Pir Muhammad
813:'s grandson
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798:
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677:Turkmenistan
662:
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588:
582:Conquest of
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532:Imam-caliph
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297:(855-959 AD)
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202:Medieval era
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80:Mulasthana''
79:
69:
45:
39:
35:Central Asia
18:
2939:Abdali Road
2817:Multan Fort
2771:British Raj
2497:29 December
2211:9 September
2003:Yahya Amjad
1540:Yahya Amjad
1490:Yahya Amjad
1391:Saraikistan
1336:British Raj
1313:British Raj
1292:British era
1252:British Raj
1226:Bhangi Misl
1156:'s general
1107:Post-Mughal
1042:Dar al-Aman
961:Ibn Battuta
908:. In 1543,
867:Barbak Shah
781:Ibn Battuta
770:Rukn-e-Alam
628:Shah Gardez
472:bin Shayban
453:Zamzam Well
449:Black Stone
401:Hindu Shahi
384:Polyglossia
305:Map of the
249:Map of the
225:(711-815AD)
192:Rai dynasty
66:Ancient era
44:during the
2985:Categories
2862:Cantonment
2776:Fort Munro
2619:2015-08-22
2092:2016-06-05
2008:2023-07-07
1793:. UNESCO.
1579:2015-08-22
1545:2024-06-07
1495:2024-05-30
1418:References
1412:Fateh Daud
1374:while the
1287:Modern era
1112:Nader Shah
1082:missionary
1072:and later
1058:Nadir Shah
1036:Under the
1013:Mughal era
987:Azerbaijan
952:Azerbaijan
863:Tatar Khan
819:Khizr Khan
721:Ulugh Khan
705:Sali Noyan
700:Qarlughids
695:Mamluk era
689:Baba Farid
577:abolished.
562:Sabuktagin
512:Ghaznavids
421:Qarmatians
223:Arab Sindh
168:Huen Tsang
88:Greek army
86:who faced
31:South Asia
1821:. BRILL.
998:Shikarpur
925:West Asia
912:expelled
811:Tamerlane
805:In 1397,
739:Multan's
685:Iltutmish
465:Islamabad
405:Jandrawār
360:Al-Masudi
323:Banu Sama
286:Kritayuga
277:Al-Biruni
104:Arachosia
54:shrines.
2904:Flyovers
2435:12 April
2392:12 April
1983:12 March
1401:See also
1360:Pakistan
1273:Subahdar
1241:Shujabad
1214:Saddozai
1210:Khakwani
1197:Sikh era
1131:Marathas
1117:In 1752
976:Multani
941:Multani
904:Emperor
564:invaded
534:al-Hakim
433:Abbasids
368:Estakhri
364:Khorasan
309:and the
293:Abbasid
2709:History
1903:, from
1207:Pashtun
1191:Durrani
1182:Kashmir
1097:Maratha
1089:dargahs
1080:due to
1023:Badshah
1019:Mughals
991:Bukhara
917:dynasty
906:Humayun
894:Pashtun
859:Shorkot
855:Chiniot
795:Timurid
731:Tughluq
671:of the
611:Mongols
530:Ismaili
527:Fatimid
490:Imamate
380:Persian
372:Mansura
336:Emirate
331:Quraysh
295:Amirate
2878:Sports
2703:topics
2701:Multan
2656:
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1958:Multan
1955:from:
1936:
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1825:
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1708:
1672:
1616:
1468:
1441:
1376:Muslim
1364:Hindus
1281:Munshi
1264:Lahore
1201:After
1186:Attock
1178:Multan
1174:Lahore
1166:Attock
1162:Lahore
1133:under
1095:, the
1078:Muslim
1027:subahs
914:Baloch
902:Mughal
846:Langah
838:Langah
807:Multan
681:Turkic
601:After
571:Kanauj
566:Multan
470:Jalam
397:Lahore
376:Arabic
216:Persia
208:Muslim
128:Maunds
24:Punjab
20:Multan
2931:Roads
2853:Manka
1791:(PDF)
1380:India
1372:India
1368:Sikhs
1224:from
1062:Kabul
1002:Sindh
896:king
774:Delhi
683:king
607:Delhi
542:Sindh
445:Kaaba
437:Mecca
425:Egypt
239:Arabs
235:Sindh
136:Basra
132:Debal
2654:ISBN
2608:ISBN
2581:ISBN
2532:ISBN
2499:2014
2486:ISBN
2459:ISBN
2437:2017
2424:ISBN
2394:2017
2361:ISBN
2333:ISBN
2317:ISBN
2282:ISBN
2257:ISBN
2232:ISBN
2213:2017
2200:ISBN
2147:ISBN
2051:ISBN
1985:2017
1934:ISBN
1869:ISBN
1823:ISBN
1795:ISBN
1737:ISBN
1706:ISBN
1670:ISBN
1614:ISBN
1466:ISBN
1439:ISBN
1366:and
1350:and
1307:The
1234:and
1218:Sikh
1212:and
1164:and
1101:Sikh
1099:and
1085:Sufi
1017:The
983:Baku
948:Baku
888:Suri
865:and
857:and
713:Iraq
650:The
486:Da'i
477:Da'i
457:Hajj
429:Iraq
427:and
194:and
72:Noah
52:Sufi
47:Arab
37:.
2562:276
1358:of
1000:in
981:in
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2987::
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2031:^
2017:^
2001:.
1974:.
1948:^
1837:^
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1760:^
1720:^
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1654:^
1538:.
1488:.
1397:.
1180:,
1176:,
985:,
971:.
950:,
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2155:.
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2059:.
2011:.
1987:.
1942:.
1907:.
1877:.
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1803:.
1745:.
1714:.
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1622:.
1582:.
1548:.
1498:.
1474:.
1447:.
1389:(
1254:.
573:.
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