766:
58:
854:
686:
870:
69:
49:
313:
511:
1026:
geopolitical goals that led the UAE reducing its intervention forces in Yemen from 2019 onwards, while increasing its support to the STC and taking over
Socotra in pursuing their own geostrategic interests to retain influence across Yemen's southern coastal areas. This take-over was declared illegitimate by Yemen President Hadi stating that the UAE was acting like an occupier.
78:
593:
881:
and a yearly subsidy, the sultan pledged "himself, his heirs and successors, never to cede, to sell, to mortgage, or otherwise give for occupation, save to the
British Government, the Island of Socotra or any of its dependencies." Additionally, he pledged to assist any European vessel that wrecked on
1013:
In May 2019, the Yemeni government accused the UAE of landing around 100 separatist troops in
Socotra, which the UAE denied, deepening a rift between the two nominal allies in Yemen's civil war. In February 2020, a regiment of the Yemeni army stationed in Socotra rebelled and pledged allegiance to
626:, situated on the north-eastern coast of the island, contains a large number of inscriptions, drawings and archaeological objects. Investigation showed that these had been left by sailors who visited the island between the first century BCE and the sixth century CE. Texts are written in Indian
1025:
According to media reports in 2020 and 2022, the UAE is set to establish military and intelligence facilities on the
Socotra Archipelago. Initially, the UAE were part of the Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen launched in 2011. But this cooperation later showed cracks due to diverging
997:
Beginning in 2015, the UAE began increasing its presence on
Socotra, first with humanitarian aid in the wake of tropical cyclones Chapala and Megh, and eventually establishing a military presence on the island. On April 30, 2018, the UAE, as part of the ongoing
819:. Their objective was to set a base in a strategic place on the route to India. The infertility of the land led the Portuguese abandon the island in 1511. The island reverted to the control of the Mahra Sultanate, and the inhabitants converted to Islam.
889:
with the sultan in which he promised this time to "refrain from entering into any correspondence, agreement, or treaty with any foreign nation or power, except with the knowledge and sanction of the
British Government", and give immediate notice to the
1751:
1856:
On
Saturday, the STC announced it had seized government facilities and military bases on the main island of Socotra, a sparsely populated archipelago which sits at the mouth of the Gulf of Aden on one of the world's busiest shipping
1010:. On May 14, 2018, Saudi troops were also deployed on the island, and a deal was brokered between the UAE and Yemen for a joint military training exercise and the return of administrative control of the airport and seaport to Yemen.
841:
and
Socotra, who resided at Qishn on the mainland, would accept an offer to sell the island. The lack of good anchorages proved to be as much a problem for the British as the Portuguese, and there was nowhere for a
545:
The inhabitants, few in number, live on one side of the island, that to the north, the part facing the mainland; they are settlers, a mixture of Arabs and
Indians and even some Greeks, who sail out of there to
1341:
Bukharin, Mikhail D.; De Geest, Peter; Dridi, Hédi; Gorea, Maria; Jansen Van
Rensburg, Julian; Robin, Christian Julien; Shelat, Bharati; Sims-Williams, Nicholas; Strauch, Ingo (2012). Strauch, Ingo (ed.).
1759:
909:
sank after being wrecked on a reef near Socotra, with the loss of 78 lives. As some of the cargo had been plundered by islanders, the sultan was reminded of his obligations under the agreement of 1876.
1851:
945:
In October 1967, in the wake of the departure of the British from Aden and southern Arabia, the Mahra Sultanate was abolished. On 30 November of the same year, Socotra became part of
792:
noted that Socotra was at that time a pirate base: “Let me tell you further that many corsairs put in at this island at the end of a cruise and pitch camp here and sell their booty".
665:, contains pictograms of cruciform and geometric patterns, Arabic inscriptions as well as zoomorphic figures attributed to between the first century BCE and the fifteen century CE.
784:. Although Marco Polo did not pass anywhere near the island, he reports that "the inhabitants are baptized Christians and have an archbishop", who "has nothing to do with the
758:(1204-1291) shed much light on the culture and everyday life of the Socotrans giving clues to their ancient religious beliefs, particularly in the references to good and evil
1810:
1042:
891:
846:
to be used by the new steamship line on the Suez-Bombay route. Faced with the unexpected firm refusal of the sultan to sell, the British left in 1835. After the
964:
causing a child dead and 40 fishing boats wrecked although the island is 4,600 km (2,858 mi) far away from tsunami epicentre off the west coast of
999:
751:
sails past Socotra. The majority of its population are Christian Arabs. Thence are delivered aloe and the resin of a tree which grows only on this island."
341:
575:
The king of Zesan (Socotra) is subject to Da Qin (Rome). His seat of government is in the middle of the sea… is in close communication with Angu city (
992:
961:
862:
898:
treaty, designed above all to seal off Socotra against competition from other colonial powers, however, left the sultan in control of the island.
1830:
1957:
1938:
1577:
1525:
1376:
1351:
375:
289:
1871:
1610:
1550:
1883:
1773:
762:. He reported that there were two groups of people on the island, the indigenous mountain dwellers and the foreign coastal dwellers.
1116:
502:
But as per the fourth century, demand for the resins declined giving way to a cattle-breeding economy organized in pastoral tribes.
765:
729:
650:
scripts and languages. This corpus of nearly 250 texts and drawings constitutes one of the main sources for the investigation of
788:
in Rome, but is subject to an archbishop who lives at Baghdad”. Prior to Marco Polo, in the 10th century, the Arabic geographer
894:
of any attempt by another power to interfere with Socotra and its dependencies. Apart from those obligations, this preemptive
538:
334:
260:
115:
1015:
371:
1907:
1132:
A Historical Genealogy of Socotra as an Object of Mythical Speculation, Scientific Research & Development Experiment
631:
487:
and East-Africa, as well as the Mediterranean. Socotra contributed to this sea trade with tortoise shells and resins of
1681:
Elie, Serge D. (2008). "The Waning of Soqotra's Pastoral Community: Political Incorporation as Social Transformation".
1626:
1104:
654:
networks in that time period, indicating the diverse origins of those who used Socotra as a trading base in antiquity.
57:
394:
There is disagreement among scholars regarding the etymology of the island's name. The name Socotra may derive from:
1131:
732:(893 – 945) describes the geography and the linguistic situation of the Arabian peninsula and Socotra stating, that
2013:
674:
The earliest account concerning the presence of Christians in Socotra stems from the 6th century CE Greek merchant
294:
92:
620:
2.5 km west of Hadibu there is a petroglyph site containing cruciform shaped, plant-like, and foot symbology.
2008:
936:
with herds of goat, sheep, cow, and camel, fishing or date farming in a nearly cashless, and thus barter economy.
781:
327:
23:
1708:
Hermann M. Fritz; Emile A. Okal (2008). "Socotra Island, Yemen: field survey of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami".
158:
103:
279:
228:
1930:
The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century
1791:
1068:
1924:
1895:
1019:
804:
675:
386:
and near major shipping routes, Socotra is the largest of the four islands in the Socotra archipelago.
1717:
407:
367:
1928:
1835:
800:
733:
519:
265:
1295:
Jansen van Rensburg, Julian (2018). "Rock Art of Soqotra, Yemen: A Forgotten Heritage Revisited".
882:
the island and protect the crew, the passengers and the cargo, in exchange for a suitable reward.
662:
658:
1963:
1733:
1432:
1273:
1171:
950:
834:
694:
678:, who holds that there were - still Greek speaking - colonists on the island once settled by the
651:
602:
496:
274:
250:
240:
165:
442:
broken down as follows: Suq, means market, and qutra is a vulgar form of qatir, which refers to
1953:
1934:
1606:
1602:
1573:
1546:
1521:
1372:
1347:
1112:
886:
858:
812:
774:
714:
710:
706:
685:
679:
647:
443:
379:
363:
284:
245:
175:
170:
135:
2003:
1725:
1690:
1567:
1323:
1220:
1161:
1153:
902:
853:
843:
690:
643:
403:
215:
190:
140:
120:
32:
1144:
Seland, Eivind (2014). "Archaeology of Trade in the Western Indian Ocean, 300 BC–AD 700".
1007:
1003:
976:
847:
828:
816:
744:
702:
210:
205:
185:
180:
1084:
As for Śakūrid (S³krd), this name appears to be the basis of the Greek name for Soqoṭra,
635:
358:
describes the cultures, events, peoples and strategic relevance for sea trade of what is
1721:
1694:
1631:
by Charles K. Moser, formerly United States Consul-General to Aden, Arabia. Page 271 in
1240:, translated and edited by Stanley M. Burstein (London, Hakluyt Society, 1989), p. 169.
906:
755:
639:
299:
145:
709:
bishop was consecrated. The Ethiopians were later dislodged by an armada sent by Imam
1997:
1595:
1517:
1513:
1451:
1175:
808:
627:
617:
531:
527:
447:
255:
1737:
1392:
Jansen van Rensburg, Julian (2018). "The rock art of Dahaisi cave, Soqotra, Yemen".
869:
1967:
980:
929:
925:
895:
492:
480:
399:
317:
235:
1850:
Mukhashaf, Mohammed; El Yaakoubi, Aziz (June 21, 2020). Kasolowsky, Raissa (ed.).
68:
613:
depicting figures of men, camels, foot symbology and crosses of uncertain dating.
534:, coming to the "Blessed Islands" (Socotra) to trade with Alexandrian merchants.
946:
933:
383:
269:
1477:
Socotra Archipelago, Proposal for inclusion in the World Heritage List - UNESCO
499:, highly prized as fragrant incense and widely used in medicine and cosmetics.
48:
1729:
1224:
1157:
610:
510:
472:
450:
as reported by the Portuguese in the 16th century, which they referred to as
1852:"Yemen separatists seize remote Socotra island from Saudi-backed government"
1327:
969:
837:
stationed a garrison on Socotra in the expectation that the Mahra sultan of
789:
1344:
Foreign Sailors on Socotra. The inscriptions and drawings from the cave Hoq
568:
77:
1950:
The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa
796:
623:
479:
winds. This sea trade brought together people from the coasts of western
432:
195:
130:
110:
1436:
913:
The Sultanate of Mahra disposed of two main revenue sources in Socotra:
541:, a first-century CE Greek navigation aid describes Socotra as follows:
1815:
1423:
Martin, E. G. (1974). "Mahdism and holy wars in Ethiopia before 1600".
580:
515:
484:
476:
359:
200:
125:
1811:"Yemen government accuses UAE of landing separatists on remote island"
1976:
1166:
1085:
1069:"Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Ancient South Arabia through History"
878:
606:
576:
420:
1975:
Aitchison, C. U. (1876). "A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and
571:, a Chinese historical text written in the third century CE states:
1452:"Socotra: The Mysterious Island of the Assyrian Church of the East"
592:
954:
852:
838:
605:, located on the north coast 20 km south-west of the capital
488:
1831:"Second army regiment rebels against Yemen government in Socotra"
1314:
Naumkin, Vitaly; Sedov, Alexandr (1993). "Monuments of Socotra".
1189:
Grant, Grainne (2005). "Socotra: Hub of the Frankincense Trade".
983:
struck the island, causing severe damage to its infrastructure.
965:
921:
785:
759:
748:
737:
850:
in 1839, they lost all interest in acquiring Socotra for now.
1752:"Yemen officials say Emiratis boost forces on Socotra island"
426:
1593:
Bowersock, Glen Warren; Brown, Peter; Grabar, Oleg (1999).
1489:
Smith, Rex (1985). "Ibn al-Mujāwir on Dhofar and Socotra".
1213:
Bulletin of the British Society for Middle Eastern Studies
1043:"Yemen's Socotra, isolated island at strategic crossroads"
747:(1179–1229) writes: "Whoever is bound for the Land of the
1018:(STC) in Socotra, renouncing the UN-backed government of
661:, located in the eastern interior of the island on the
463:
Socotra was inhabited around 2,000 to 4,000 years ago.
1774:"Yemen PM: Crisis over UAE deployment to Socotra over"
1566:
Diffie, Bailey Wallys; Winius, George Davison (1977).
557:
subject to the King of the frankincense-bearing land .
1896:
UAE and Saudi Arabia soft-hard power games in Socotra
1884:
UAE building military camps on Yemen's Socotra island
1022:. The STC seized control of the island in June 2020.
877:
In January 1876, in exchange for a payment of 3,000
411:
1103:Great Britain. Naval Intelligence Division (2005).
475:, Socotra was a crossroad of commerce based on the
1597:Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World
1594:
1002:, landed troops on the island and took control of
885:In April 1886, the British government concluded a
1211:Naumkin, Vitaly (1989). "Fieldwork in Socotra".
917:The British annual payment of protectorate fees.
736:sent Greeks to Socotra to cultivate the endemic
705:expeditionary force conquered the island and an
1569:Foundations of the Portuguese empire, 1415–1580
573:
555:
543:
1908:Yemen president says UAE acting like occupiers
1572:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 233.
1491:Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies
1425:Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies
1346:. Bremen: Dr. Ute Hempen Verlag. p. 592.
1238:Agatharchides of Cnidus, On the Erythraean Sea
1979:related to India and Neighboring Countries".
1635:, January to June 1918, Vol. XXXIII, 266-278.
1369:Berenike and the Ancient Maritime Spice Route
335:
8:
1952:, Berkeley: University of California Press,
1867:
1865:
1111:. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 611.
1910:of 12 May 2017. Retrieved: 20 January 2023.
1206:
1204:
1191:The UC Davis Undergraduate Research Journal
773:, drawn in 1541 by the Portuguese nobleman
446:. Indeed, the capital city of Socotra was
342:
328:
17:
1898:on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
1668:
1656:
1644:
1450:Missick, Stephen Andrew (12 April 2016).
1165:
1933:, New York: Longmans, Green, & Co.,
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
993:United Arab Emirates takeover of Socotra
953:in 1990, Socotra has been a part of the
868:
764:
684:
591:
509:
398:A Greek term derived from the name of a
1792:"Yemen, UAE Agree on Deal Over Socotra"
1034:
1000:Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen
31:
20:
1297:The Artist and Journal of Home Culture
1261:
1249:
813:captured its port after a stiff battle
1410:
1090:, via a reconstructed *Dhū-Śakūrid.12
518:'s world map, reconstituted from his
7:
1601:. Harvard University Press. p.
1695:10.17730/humo.67.3.lm86541uv4765823
562:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, §31
551:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, §30
1146:Journal of Archaeological Research
920:Taxation of the by-products (e.g.
722:Geography of the Arabian Peninsula
14:
1512:. Translated and introduction by
366:, currently under control of the
1872:UAE withdrawal from Aden in 2019
1633:The National Geographic Magazine
730:Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani
374:, a secessionist participant in
311:
76:
67:
56:
47:
1809:Aziz El Yaakoubi (9 May 2019).
1367:Sidebotham, Steven E. (2011).
1109:Western Arabia and the Red Sea
807:landed at the then capital of
539:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1:
1543:Socotra Island of Tranquility
1456:Church of Beth Kokheh Journal
1016:Southern Transitional Council
987:United Arab Emirates takeover
780:Socotra is also mentioned in
526:In the late 2nd century BCE,
431:) meaning "the island of the
372:Southern Transitional Council
1086:
421:
1371:. California. p. 189.
873:Local men from Socotra 1918
412:
2030:
1014:the UAE-backed separatist
990:
826:
769:A view over the island of
427:
368:United Arab Emirates (UAE)
1730:10.1007/s11069-007-9185-3
1510:The Travels of Marco Polo
1276:Retrieved 4 January 2023.
1225:10.1080/13530198908705493
1158:10.1007/s10814-014-9075-7
1134:Retrieved 4 January 2023.
1073:www.cambridgescholars.com
960:Socotra was raged by the
782:the Travels of Marco Polo
376:Yemen's ongoing civil war
1628:The Isle of Frankincense
962:26 December 2004 tsunami
892:British Resident at Aden
530:recorded merchants from
290:Civil war (2014–present)
1886:Retrieved 4 March 2023.
1874:Retrieved 4 March 2023.
1328:10.3406/topoi.1993.1486
1274:The Peoples of the West
754:The Persian geographer
1948:Cohen, Getzel (2006),
1925:Schoff, Wilfred Harvey
975:In 2015, the cyclones
874:
866:
777:
698:
597:
585:
565:
554:
523:
1020:Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi
872:
856:
805:Afonso de Albuquerque
768:
726:Sifat Jazirat ul-Arab
688:
676:Cosmas Indicopleustes
595:
513:
261:Mutawakkilite Kingdom
1545:. pp. 136–137.
1520:. pp. 296–297.
1508:Polo, Marco (1958).
941:20th century–present
616:In the outskirts of
378:. Lying between the
116:Kingdom of Ḥaḑramawt
1968:10.1525/j.ctt1pnd22
1839:. 28 February 2020.
1836:Middle East Monitor
1756:The Washington Post
1722:2008NatHa..46..107F
1541:Doe, Brian (1992).
1475:Republic of Yemen,
1105:"Appendix: Socotra"
887:protectorate treaty
799:fleet commanded by
734:Alexander the Great
522:in the 15th century
471:By the turn of the
402:tribe mentioned in
362:, an island of the
1683:Human Organization
1647:, p. 181-192.
1047:The Economic Times
951:Yemeni unification
875:
867:
835:East India Company
778:
699:
695:Muhammad al-Idrisi
652:Indian Ocean trade
603:Eriosh Petroglyphs
598:
596:Eriosh Petroglyphs
524:
428:Διοσκουρίδων νῆσος
422:Dioskouridon nēsos
356:history of Socotra
275:Yemeni unification
251:Sultanate of Lahej
166:Rashidun Caliphate
126:Kingdom of Qatabān
2014:History by island
1959:978-0-520-24148-0
1940:978-81-215-0699-1
1579:978-0-8166-0782-2
1527:978-0-14-044057-7
1394:Rock Art Research
1378:978-0-520-24430-6
1353:978-3-934106-91-8
955:Republic of Yemen
859:Bombay Presidency
711:Al-Salt bin Malik
707:Oriental Orthodox
380:Guardafui Channel
364:Republic of Yemen
352:
351:
295:COVID-19 pandemic
285:Yemeni revolution
246:Aden Protectorate
176:Abbasid Caliphate
171:Umayyad Caliphate
136:Kingdom of Ḥimyar
2021:
2009:History of Yemen
1988:
1970:
1943:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1758:. Archived from
1748:
1742:
1741:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1678:
1672:
1669:Aitchison (1876)
1666:
1660:
1657:Aitchison (1876)
1654:
1648:
1645:Aitchison (1876)
1642:
1636:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1600:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1563:
1557:
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1538:
1532:
1531:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1486:
1480:
1473:
1467:
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1447:
1441:
1440:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1292:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1208:
1199:
1198:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1169:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1100:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1081:
1080:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1039:
857:1893 map of the
801:Tristão da Cunha
691:Tabula Rogeriana
670:Medieval History
588:Petroglyph sites
563:
552:
438:The Arabic term
430:
429:
424:
415:
410:inscriptions as
344:
337:
330:
318:Yemen portal
316:
315:
314:
191:Sulayhid dynasty
141:Kingdom of Aksum
131:Kingdom of Ma'in
121:Kingdom of Awsan
80:
71:
60:
51:
36:
18:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2018:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1974:
1960:
1947:
1941:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1863:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1710:Natural Hazards
1707:
1706:
1702:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1479:, January 2006.
1474:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1294:
1293:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1078:
1076:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1004:Socotra Airport
995:
989:
943:
848:capture of Aden
844:coaling station
831:
829:Mahra Sultanate
825:
817:Mahra Sultanate
745:Yaqut al-Hamawi
743:The geographer
689:Socotra on the
672:
590:
564:
561:
553:
550:
508:
506:Written sources
469:
467:Ancient history
461:
419:The Greek name
392:
348:
312:
310:
305:
304:
256:Ottoman vilayet
231:
221:
220:
211:Rasulid dynasty
206:Ayyubid dynasty
186:Najahid dynasty
181:Ziyadid dynasty
161:
159:Islamic history
151:
150:
111:Kingdom of Saba
106:
104:Ancient history
85:
84:
83:
82:
81:
73:
72:
63:
62:
61:
53:
52:
34:
27:
12:
11:
5:
2027:
2025:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1972:
1958:
1945:
1939:
1927:, ed. (1912),
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1900:
1888:
1876:
1861:
1842:
1822:
1801:
1783:
1765:
1762:on 2018-05-02.
1743:
1716:(1): 107–117.
1700:
1689:(3): 335–345.
1673:
1661:
1659:, p. 185.
1649:
1637:
1618:
1612:978-0674511736
1611:
1585:
1578:
1558:
1552:978-0907151319
1551:
1533:
1526:
1500:
1481:
1468:
1442:
1415:
1413:, p. 326.
1403:
1384:
1377:
1359:
1352:
1333:
1322:(2): 569–623.
1306:
1278:
1266:
1254:
1242:
1230:
1219:(2): 133–142.
1200:
1181:
1152:(4): 367–402.
1136:
1124:
1117:
1095:
1075:. pp. 5–6
1060:
1033:
1031:
1028:
991:Main article:
988:
985:
942:
939:
938:
937:
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827:Main article:
824:
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775:João de Castro
756:Ibn al-Mujawir
671:
668:
667:
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655:
621:
614:
589:
586:
559:
548:
507:
504:
468:
465:
460:
457:
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455:
444:dragon's blood
436:
417:
391:
388:
350:
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332:
324:
321:
320:
307:
306:
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300:Red Sea crisis
297:
292:
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282:
280:1994 Civil War
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236:Ottoman eyalet
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229:Modern history
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9:
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2015:
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2010:
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1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1946:
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1936:
1932:
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1926:
1922:
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1826:
1823:
1818:
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1812:
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1797:
1796:Albawaba News
1793:
1787:
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1769:
1766:
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1723:
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1696:
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1677:
1674:
1671:, p. 72.
1670:
1665:
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1518:Penguin Books
1515:
1514:Ronald Latham
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1049:. 7 June 2021
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1087:Dioskouridēs
1083:
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1072:
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1046:
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1012:
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451:
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201:Mahdid state
15:
1917:Works cited
1854:. Reuters.
947:South Yemen
934:pastoralism
930:transhumant
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1998:Categories
1778:Al Jazeera
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1079:2020-02-20
1030:References
861:including
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382:and the
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360:Socotra
1966:
1956:
1937:
1857:lanes.
1736:
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1461:27 May
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1252:, §30.
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