History of Sidon - Knowledge (XXG)

2805:

of the demonstration as it was dissipating. Farid Khazen, sourcing the local histories of Sidon academics and eyewitnesses, gives a run-down of the puzzling events of the day that based on their research. Other interesting facts that Khazen reveals, based on the Sidon academic's work including that Saad was not in dispute with the fishing consortium made up of Yugoslav nationals. In fact, the Yugoslavian representatives in Lebanon had negotiated with the fisherman's union to make the fishermen shareholders in the company; the company offered to modernize the fishermen's equipment, buy their catch, and give their union an annual subsidy. Saad, as a union representative (and not the mayor of Sidon at the time as many erroneous sources claim), was offered a place on the company's board too. There has been some speculation that Saad's attempts to narrow the differences between the fishermen and the consortium, and his acceptance of a place on the board made him a target of attack by the conspirator who sought a full conflagration around the small protest. The events in Sidon were not contained for long. The government began to lose control of the situation in 1975 and resulted in a

2893: 2921:. Israeli missile boats also employed 76mm cannons to destroy targets along the coast, firing 3,500 shells during ten days of fighting. Israeli armor continued to advance towards Sidon, while other Israeli infantry attacked the three Palestinian refugee camps in the area that were used as PLO bases: Rashidiya, Burj ash-Shamali, and al-Bass. The camps were all crisscrossed with networks of bunkers, trenches, and firing positions. The Israelis took each camp section by section using the same method: warnings were blared by loudspeaker urging civilians to leave, before air and artillery bombardment commenced, followed by an infantry assault. Israeli infantry had to engage in fierce urban combat in narrow streets. The PLO defenders put up strong resistance and sometimes used civilians as human shields. It took four days of combat to secure Rashidiya and three days to secure the other two camps. At the same time, an Israeli amphibious operation was conducted north of Sidon, beginning with a diversionary bombardment of targets away from the landing zone by missile boats and aircraft. Two groups of commandos from the 1671: 17: 2755:'s support for Bizri in retaliation for Saad's participation in anti-government protests prior to the election caused his defeat. However, Salam's support for Bizri was only a partial reason for Saad's loss of votes. Another factor was that the roughly 1,000 voters of Palestinian origin in Sidon switched from their traditional support for Saad to Bizri during the election. By that time, the PLO had become much stronger in the area and did not require the political cover Saad had traditionally lent them. This became another source of tension between Saad and the PLO, who were then targeting Saad's traditional voting base: the pan-Arabist sympathizers of the Old City of Sidon and local leftists. This also contributed to the waning of Saad's reputation as the "man of the people" in the city. 2717:

great swathes of south Lebanon, in which the indigenous Shiite population had to suffer the humiliation of passing through PLO checkpoints and now they had worked their way by force into Beirut. The PLO did this with the assistance of so-called volunteers from Libya and Algeria shipped in through the ports it controlled, as well as a number of Sunni Lebanese groups who had been trained and armed by PLO/ Fatah and encouraged to declare themselves as separate militias. However, as Rex Brynen makes clear in his publication on the PLO, these militias were nothing more than "shop-fronts" or in Arabic "Dakakin" for Fatah, armed gangs with no ideological foundation and no organic reason for their existence save the fact their individual members were put on PLO/ Fatah payroll.

2106:

exodus. Thus, an increasing number of Maronite peasants became tenants of the mostly Druze landlords of Mount Lebanon. The Shihabs became the paramount force in Mount Lebanon's social and political configuration as they were the supreme landlords of the area and the principal intermediaries between the local sheikhs and the Ottoman authorities. This arrangement was embraced by the Ottoman governors of Sidon, Tripoli and Damascus. In addition to Mount Lebanon, the Shihabs exercised influence and maintained alliances with the various local powers of the mountain's environs, such as with the Shia Muslim clans of Jabal Amil and the Beqaa Valley, the Maronite-dominated countryside of Tripoli, and the Ottoman administrators of the port cities of Sidon, Beirut and Tripoli.

2136:

in place of Emir Mansur by the governor of Sidon. However, soon after, emirs Mansur and Ahmad bribed the governor and regained the Shihabi tax farm. Relations between the brothers soured as each sought paramountcy. Emir Ahmad rallied the support of the Yazbaki Druze, and was able to briefly oust Emir Mansur from the Shihabi headquarters in Deir al-Qamar. Emir Mansur, meanwhile, relied on the Jumblatti faction and the governor of Sidon, who mobilized his troops in Beirut in support of Emir Mansur. With this support, Emir Mansur retook Deir al-Qamar and Emir Ahmad fled. Sheikh Ali Jumblatt and Sheikh Yazbak Imad managed to reconcile emirs Ahmad and Mansur, with the former relinquishing his claim on the emirate and was permitted to reside in Deir al-Qamar.

2914:. The road junction at Nabatieh was also secured by the end of the first day. Meanwhile, the easternmost force penetrated into the Bekaa Valley and bore down on the Syrian positions. One division bypassed Mount Hermon via a road bulldozed by Israeli military engineers and cleared the town of Hasbaiya before swinging right and advancing towards Rachaiya. Though Israeli forces halted in the floor of the valley, they were flanking Syrian forces from the east and west. The Syrians put up minimal resistance and conducted some harassing artillery fire. By the end of the first day, the operation had gone almost entirely according to plan, though the advance along the coastal road was behind schedule. 2961:

suffering any casualties. However, the fighting at Ain al-Hilweh was to prove some of the fiercest of the entire war. The camp was heavily fortified and defended by PLO fighters and Islamic fundamentalists. The defenders fought fiercely over every alley and house, with civilians who wanted to surrender shot by the fundamentalists. The Israeli advance was slow and was supported by massive air and artillery bombardment. The IDF employed its previous tactics of urging civilians to leave with loudspeakers before attacking an area. It took about eight days for the camp to fall, with the battle culminating in a last stand by the defenders at the camp mosque, which was blown up by the IDF.

2399:, which quickly climbed the heights of the banks, and soon afterwards a second, which landed despite the enemy gunfire coming from some houses. After this detachment, combined with a detachment of Englishmen, had positioned itself as a reserve at the entrance to the town, Archduke Friedrich himself, at the head of the first detachment and a few Englishmen, advanced towards the mountain castle, which he climbed first of all. Soon afterwards a detachment of Englishmen, who had entered the city from the north, arrived there, while the Turkish troops were entering from the side of the water castle. By 6 o'clock in the afternoon Sidon was captured. 1,500 Egyptians were taken prisoner. 116: 2926:

paratroopers coming ashore in rubber dinghies to establish a beachhead followed by three landing craft that unloaded troops and armor. Over the following days, the three landing ships would run between Israel and Lebanon, shuttling more troops and armor onto the beachhead. The PLO response was limited to ineffective mortar fire, while Israeli missile boats and aircraft attacked Palestinian positions in response, and in total, about 2,400 soldiers and 400 tanks and armored personnel carriers were landed. From the beach, these forces advanced on Sidon, supported by naval gunfire from missile boats. At the same time, Israeli forces in the central sector advanced towards

2227:). However, al-Jazzar soon began acting independently after organizing the fortifications of Beirut, and Emir Yusuf appealed to Sheikh Zahir through Emir Mansur's liaising to request Russian bombardment of Beirut and oust al-Jazzar. Sheikh Zahir and the Russians acceded to Emir Yusuf's request after a large bribe was paid to them. After a four-month siege, al-Jazzar withdrew from Beirut in 1772, and Emir Yusuf penalized his Yazbaki allies, sheikhs Abd al-Salam Imad and Husayn Talhuq to compensate for the bribe he paid to the Russians. The following year, Emir Yusuf's brother, Emir Sayyid-Ahmad, took control of 2942: 1088: 2244:

farm. Moreover, al-Jazzar took advantage and manipulated divisions among the Shihab emirs in order to break up the Shihabi emirate into weaker entities that he could more easily exploit for revenue. In 1778 he agreed to sell the Chouf tax farm to Emir Yusuf's brothers, emirs Sayyid-Ahmad and Effendi after the latter two gained the support of the Jumblatt and Nakad clans (Emir Yusuf's ally Sheikh Ali Jumblatt died that year). Emir Yusuf, thereafter, based himself in Ghazir and mobilized the support of his Sunni Muslim allies, the Ra'ad and Mir'ibi clans from

2793:) to monopolize fishing along the coast of Lebanon. The injustices perceived by the fishermen evoked sympathy from many Lebanese and reinforced the resentment and antipathy that were widely felt against the state and the economic monopolies. The demonstrations against the fishing company were quickly transformed into a political action supported by the political left and their allies in the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). The state tried to suppress the demonstrators, and a sniper reportedly killed a popular figure in the city, the former Mayor of 2007:

official in the Ottoman imperial government, the Ottoman authorities declined to confirm Bashir's authority over the tax farms of Mount Lebanon; Husayn Ma'n forsake his hereditary claim to the Ma'n emirate in favor of his career as the Ottoman ambassador to India. Instead, the Ottoman authorities appointed Husayn Ma'n's choice, Haydar Shihab, the son of Musa Shihab and Ahmad Ma'n's daughter. Haydar's appointment was confirmed by the governor of Sidon, and agreed upon by the Druze sheikhs, but because Haydar was still a minor, Bashir was kept on as regent.

2123:

Jumblatti-Yazbaki rivalry. In 1748, Emir Mulhim, under the orders of the governor of Damascus, burned properties belonging to the Talhuq and Abd al-Malik clans as punishment for the Yazbaki harboring of a fugitive from Damascus Eyalet. Afterward, Emir Mulhim compensated the Talhuqs. In 1749, he succeeded in adding the tax farm of Beirut to his domain, after persuading Sidon's governor to transfer the tax farm. He accomplished this by having the Talhuq clan raid the city and demonstrate the ineffectiveness of its deputy governor.

2704:

PLO connections, and they actively contributed to resisting the Israeli occupation after 1982. The Saads remained populist in their politics and focused on the grassroots, while the El-Bizri were generally appealing to the middle and upper classes. In the middle 1980s, the Hariri family started to rise to prominence and it became the most influential in Sidon in political and financial terms, even though the presence of the Saad and the El-Bizri in local politics remained significant at the level of visibility and activism.

2675:

in traditionalist forms. The most notable figures of the El-Bizri family in the first half of the 20th century were: Ahmad El-Bizri (born 1899), Salah El-Bizri, Eizeddine El-Bizri and Anwar El-Bizri (born 1910). These four brothers were businessmen and politicians who dominated the political life of the city up till the late 1940s, using traditional inherited forms of governance since Ottoman times. With intelligence and strength they maintained their power for over 50 years. It is from their ranks that

2204:, who was bribed by the Ottomans. Their defeat by the Ottomans made Emir Mansur a liability to the Druze sheikhs vis-a-vis their relations with the Ottoman authorities, so they decided to depose him. Emir Yusuf cultivated ties with Uthman Pasha and his sons in Tripoli and Sidon, and with their backing, sought to challenge the autonomous power of sheikhs Zahir and Nasif. However, Emir Yusuf experienced a series of major setbacks in his cause in 1771. His ally, Uthman Pasha, was routed in the 2079:, Umar al-Zaydani's son, as the tax farmer of Safad, and directly appointed members of the Wa'il, Munkir and Sa'ab clans as tax farmers of Jabal Amil's subdistricts. The latter two clans thereafter joined the Wa'il's and their pro-Yamani faction. The situation worsened for Emir Haydar when he was ousted by the order of Bashir Pasha and replaced with his Choufi Druze enforcer-turned enemy, Mahmoud Abi Harmoush in 1709. Emir Haydar and his Qaysi allies then fled to the Keserwani village of 2172:, Karam and Dahir and Maronite and Sunni Muslim peasants who, since 1759, were all revolting against the Hamade clan. Emir Yusuf defeated the Hamade sheikhs and appropriated their tax farms. This not only empowered Emir Yusuf in his conflict with Emir Mansur, but it also initiated Shihabi patronage over the Maronite bishops and monks who had resented Khazen influence over church affairs and been patronized by the Hamade sheikhs, the Shihab clan's erstwhile allies. 869: 2248:. Al-Jazzar restored the Chouf to Emir Yusuf after he paid a large bribe, but his brothers again challenged him 1780. That time they mobilized the support of both the Jumblatti and Yazbaki factions, but their attempt to kill Sa'ad al-Khuri failed, and Effendi was killed. In addition, Emir Yusuf paid al-Jazzar to loan him troops, bribed the Yazbaki faction to defect from his Sayyid-Ahmad's forces and once again secured control of the Shihabi emirate. 991: 2622:, with artillery and cavalry support, was assigned the task of capturing the town itself, undertaking a daylight advance over 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi) of open ground to reach the town, before exploiting a further 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) to the north. The presence of the historic buildings meant that the Australian artillery bombardment of the town was limited in an effort to prevent collateral damage, which slowed the Allied advance. 2026:, who paid the Ottoman government via the Shihabs. A branch of the Shihab family continued to control Wadi al-Taym, while the Shihabs in Mount Lebanon made Deir al-Qamar their headquarters. The Shihab emir was also formally at the military service of the Ottoman authorities and was required to mobilize forces upon request. The Shihabs' new status made them the preeminent social, fiscal, military, judicial and political power in Mount Lebanon. 2885: 2708:

at first, but then the members of this family became influential within the Lebanese state and institutions, and they supported the Solh family that had successive Prime Ministers and that moved its power base from Sidon to Beirut. The Saad family developed its original politics from within the sphere of influence of the El-Bizri family and then became a power to reckon with on its own after 1948, and most powerfully in 1958

1570: 645: 3212:

fighting to negotiate a ceasefire, also died. More than 100 Lebanese soldiers were wounded, as well as 13 pro-Assir militants. The Lebanese army requested for the country's politicians to intervene. On Monday June 24, 2013, Lebanese Army commandos seized a complex controlled by gunmen loyal to Assir in the southern city of Sidon, shortly after he fled the premises to an unknown destination.

2957:, Israeli forces consisting of two tank battalions supported by a reconnaissance company and engineering platoon took Jezzine in a fierce daylong battle against a Syrian battalion, then repulsed a fierce counterattack by dozens of Syrian commandos during the night in combat that lasted until dawn. Meanwhile, Israeli forces continued to advance along the Syrians' right flank. 1257: 2654:. At first these consisted of enormous rows of tents, but gradually houses were constructed. The refugee camps constituted de facto neighborhoods of Sidon, but had a separate legal and political status which made them into a kind of enclaves. At the same time, the remaining Jews of the city fled, and the Jewish cemetery fell into disrepair, threatened by coastal erosion. 2212:. Druze casualties during the battle amounted to some 1,500 killed, a loss similar to that suffered by the Yamani coalition at Ain Dara. Furthermore, the forces of sheikhs Zahir and Nasif captured the town of Sidon after Sheikh Ali Jumblatt withdrew. Emir Yusuf's forces were again routed when they attempt oust sheikhs Zahir and Nasif, who had key backing from the 1166: 2547:(Minister of Trade and Industry at that time, and later Speaker of the House of Representatives), the largest demonstration in the history of Sidon was launched from Shakria which lead to clashed with the French authorities that killed 6 and wounded many. In 1948, many of Sidon's residents volunteered in the Salvation Army to fight in Palestine, headed by 2555: 2993:

which was not under Amal’s control. Thousands of others fled inland. Around 7,000 non-combatants remained in the camp. A month after the break-out of fighting in Tyre Amal laid siege to the camps in Beirut. On 24 November a force consisting of most of the Palestinian factions in Sidon launched an offensive against Amal positions the Christian town of

2901:

out by PLO fighters with anti-tank weaponry hiding in three groves along the road. One of the lead battalions, which was supposed to bypass Tyre and establish a blocking position to the north of the city, made a wrong turn and found itself in the center of the city, where it was ambushed. At eight in the evening the force finally crossed the

40:

Neolithic period, around 4000 BCE. Sidon rose to prominence during the Bronze Age and became one of the most important city-states in the region. It was a major center for trade and commerce and played a significant role in the Mediterranean trade network. The city's strategic coastal location made it a hub for maritime activities.

2102:, the Yamani forces were routed, the Alam al-Din sheikhs were slain, Abi Harmoush was captured and the Ottoman governors withdrew their forces from Mount Lebanon. Emir Haydar's victory consolidated Shihab political power and the Yamani Druze were eliminated as a rival force; they were forced to leave Mount Lebanon for the Hauran. 2336:. Starting in the 18th century Sidon was dominated by the Hammud family of notables, who monopolized the production and exporting of cotton in the region and built numerous palaces and public works in the city. The Hammuds also served as government customs agents and tax collectors for various Ottoman religious foundations. 1659:

forcing his flight. In the course of the fighting, Fakhr al-Din took over the Keserwan. When Janbulad was defeated by the Ottomans, Fakhr al-Din appeased Murad Pasha, who had since become grand vizier, with substantial sums of cash and goods. The high amount is an indicator of the Ma'ns' wealth. Fakhr al-Din was kept as

2046:), and delivered him and his partisans to the governor of Sidon, who requested Bashir's assistance in the matter. As a result, Bashir was officially endowed with responsibility for the "safekeeping of Sidon Province" between the region of Safad to Keserwan. At the turn of the 18th century, the new governor of Sidon, 2507:. The French divided Lebanon into six districts, one of which was southern Lebanon and its center in Sidon, then on September 4, 1925 they re-divided it into eleven governorates, then on 2 March 1930 into five governorates. The governorate of South Lebanon, with Sidon as its base, consisted of seven districts: 3030:, which required the PLO to disarm. The government's deadline for PLO withdrawal from Sidon was on 1 July 1991. After four days of fighting, the PLO capitulated, marking the end of hostilities in the Lebanese Civil War. The Lebanese Government hoped that defeating the PLO would convince Israel to end its 1856:, the rest of the original structure had been gradually replaced through the early 19th century, when it was converted into a school; the courtyard is now a schoolyard and the garden is a playground. In its original form it was the tallest structure in Sidon and its garden had a wide variety of plants. 726:, whom the Greeks called "Phoenicians" because of the purple (phoinikies) dye they sold. These early inhabitants referred to themselves as "men of Sidon" or the like, according to their city of origin. The Canaanites were city-state settlers, who established colonies throughout the Mediterranean (see: 3215:

Assir reportedly fled the complex at around 10 a.m., shortly after the Army stormed the premises which the military gradually gained control over throughout the day. Sources said soldiers were still trading gunfire with snipers located on the rooftops of nearby buildings. Sixty-five gunmen, including

2992:

and locally based PLO groups. Amal surrounded and blockaded the camp, though some supplies arrived by sea. All the smaller Palestinian camps were destroyed and hundreds of homes set on fire. A thousand Palestinian men were kidnapped. By December 7,500 Palestinian civilians had fled from Tyre to Sidon

2905:

and headed towards Sidon. In the central sector, the mission went as planned. The two Israeli divisions bypassed Beaufort Castle on both sides. Although an order to postpone the capture of Beaufort Castle was issued, it did not reach Israeli forces in time to prevent the operation, and Israeli troops

2674:

The local political conflict between these two families was always resolved through amicable means and ties of kinship. Their hold over the political aspects of the city was similar to that of Mediterranean families in Sicily or to being also influenced by the ties of Arab families, clans, and tribes

2006:

and chose Bashir Shihab I to succeed Ahmad as emir of Mountain Lebanon. Bashir was related to the Ma'ns through his mother, who was the sister of Ahmad Ma'n and the wife of Bashir's father, Husayn Shihab. Due to the influence of Husayn Ma'n, the youngest of Fakhr ad-Din's sons, who was a high-ranking

1938:

to hand over the Shihab emirs, but Emir Ahmad rejected the demand and instead fled to the Keserwan, losing his tax farms in Mount Lebanon in the process. The peasantry of the abandoned regions suffered at the hands of Ottoman troops pursuing the Shihab and Ma'n leaders. The Shihabs fled further north

3005:

is quoted as saying the attacks on the camps "wounded the Arabs everywhere". A cease-fire was negotiated between Amal and pro-Syrian Palestinian groups on 15 December 1986, but it was rejected by Arafat's Fatah, who tried to appease the situation by giving some of its positions to the Al-Mourabitoun

2960:

Israeli forces advancing along the coast also completed the capture of Sidon. Paratroopers attacked the Kasbah while a combined force of Golani Brigade infantry and tanks attacked Ain al-Hilweh. The Kasbah was secured in three days; the paratroopers advanced cautiously and managed to take it without

2952:

In the center, most Israeli forces advancing towards Jezzine bypassed the town to continue advancing towards the main highway in the area, leaving a blocking force in the area that was soon joined by an armored brigade. Fighting broke out in Jezzine between the Israelis and Syrian forces holding the

2747:

camp came into conflict with Saad's Nasserist partisans, resulting in the death of one Nasserist fighter. The guerillas subsequently detained Saad in the camp and shut down his supporters' office in Sidon. A general strike in the area was declared as protest to Saad's detention and calls by incensed

2625:

On the periphery, the 2/27th was also active around Miyeoumiye to the south-east during the fighting. The town fell on 15 June, after the Australians completed a long approach march and overcame a determined French counterattack the included tanks. French aircraft were also active during the battle,

3203:

On 23 June 2013, according to news channels loyal to Hezbollah said that 10 Lebanese Army soldiers were killed and 35 wounded in a clash with armed men loyal to Assir, in Sidon at an Army post near the Abra complex that houses the Bilal bin Rabah Mosque. Other Lebanese news channels denied this and

3183:

after several people attacked, threw stones and shattered windows in a car belonging to Assir's brother, Amjad al-Assir. Assir then gave Hezbollah a one-week ultimatum to vacate apartments occupied by the group's supporters in the mostly Sunni city containing heavy weapon in a civilian compound, as

2804:

Many non-academic sources claim a government sniper killed Saad; however, there is no evidence to support such a claim, and it appears that whoever had killed him had intended that what began as a small and quiet demonstration to evolve into something more. The sniper targeted Saad right at the end

2707:

The politics of Sidon is similar to that of the traditional old cities of the Levant in the sense of being family-based. In broad terms one could say that the El-Bizri family had an influence since Ottoman times, and most significantly during the entirety of the 20th century. It was local in impact

2703:

The Saad family developed their links with Nasserism in the 1950s and engaged in the uprising and armed protest of 1958 against the government of the Lebanese President Chamoun. They also became involved in the civil war as part of the left wing politics of the Lebanon (Al-Haraka al-Wataniyya) with

2538:

A large demonstration took place in Sidon in August 1936 in solidarity with the Palestinian movement. The gendarmerie used fire to disperse it, and two people were killed and wounded. Then four of its advocates were arrested. The city went on strike for eight days until the detainees were released.

2243:

headquarters, and soon after, was appointed governor of Sidon. Among al-Jazzar's principal goals was to centralize authority in Sidon Eyalet and assert control over the Shihabi emirate in Mount Lebanon. To that end, he succeeded in ousting Emir Yusuf from Beirut and removing it from the Shihabi tax

2135:

and Ahmad, who were backed by the Druze sheikhs. Emir Mulhim retired in Beirut, but he and his son Qasim attempted to wrest back control of the emirate using his relationship with an imperial official. They were unsuccessful and Emir Mulhim died in 1759. The following year, Emir Qasim was appointed

2105:

Emir Haydar confirmed his Qaysi allies as the tax farmers of Mount Lebanon's tax districts. His victory in Ain Dara also contributed to the rise of the Maronite population in the area, as the newcomers from Tripoli's hinterland replaced the Yamani Druze and Druze numbers decreased due to the Yamani

2014:

and Keserwan areas of Mount Lebanon. However, the tax farm was not owned by the Shihabi emir and was subject to annual renewal by the Ottoman authorities, who made the ultimate decision to confirm the existing holder or assign the tax farm to another holder, often another Shihab emir or a member of

1909:

considered it the most beautiful of three khans of Sidon, including the Khan al-Franj. It is a sandstone structure and at present the courtyard has been built on, the lodging rooms and half of the stores have been subdivided and their structure changed. Two of the larger original stores of the Khan

1896:

as having large stores for the storage of rice and other commodities on the ground floor, a covered gallery for the rooms housing visitors on the top floor, a large courtyard, and a small mosque. Today, the Khan al-Ruzz is in a poor state, with the lower floor used for small workshops and the upper

1809:

there and their alliance with the Harfushes in 1617–1618. Yaziji was killed almost immediately after taking up office in Safed in June 1618, and Ali was restored to the post. Meanwhile, tensions rose between the Ma'ns and their Tanukhid and Abu'l-Lama allies relating to property disputes in Beirut.

1764:

Although the Ma'ns' position was severely weakened, in 1615 political circumstances changed in their favor with Nasuh Pasha being executed, Ahmed Pasha being replaced by a friendly governor, the Sidon Eyalet being dissolved, and troops being withdrawn from Syria to fight on the Iranian front. Yunus

2900:

The advance along the coastal road was preceded by heavy artillery bombardment and airstrikes, but quickly became bogged down and was soon behind schedule. The narrowness of the road forced a slow advance, and Israeli armor became stuck in a large traffic jam. Several armored vehicles were knocked

2666:

and Saad. The El-Bizri politicians were known for their business connections, close ties with eminent Lebanese and Levantine leaders, and their bent on serving the Lebanese state as government ministers, officials and mayors. The Saad politicians tended to be populist and became engaged in violent

1083:

The Phoenician area was later divided into four vassal kingdoms—Sidon, Tyre, Arwad, and Byblos—which were allowed considerable autonomy. Unlike in other empire areas, there is no record of Persian administrators governing the Phoenician city-states. Local Phoenician kings were allowed to remain in

2494:

After the occupation of Syria in July 1920 (the mandate deed was not issued until 1922), the four districts (which are Baalbek, Western Bekaa, Rashaya, and Hasbaya from the lands of the province of Damascus) were annexed to Mount Lebanon by Resolution 299 dated 3-8-1920, and then parts of the two

2015:

the rival Alam al-Din clan. The Qaysi Druze were motivated to appoint the Shihabs because the Wadi al-Taym-based Shihabs were not involved in the intertribal machinations of the Chouf, their military strength, and their marital ties to the Ma'ns. Other clans, including the Druze Jumblatts and the

1801:

and the spring of Naimeh on the coast south of Beirut. In the course of the fighting, they retook control of Beirut and the Keserwan. Afterward Ali awarded the Ma'ns' Tanukhid allies and relatives the tax farms of Beirut, the Gharb and the Jurd, and the Abu'l-Lama family the tax farm of the Matn.

3156:

On 11 November 2012, three people were killed and four others wounded after supporters of Assir clashed with supporters of Hezbollah in the southern city of Sidon. Assir stated "We have a blood score to settle with Hezbollah that can only be settled with blood", and that he considered forming an

2937:

refugee camp on the southeastern edge of the city, and after an attempt by paratroopers to capture the city center and secure the south–north route through the city failed, the city was bypassed via a detour through the hills to the east. After linking up with the forces that had landed north of

2844:

launched a three-pronged invasion of southern Lebanon in "Operation Peace for Galilee". Roughly 60,000 troops and more than 800 tanks, heavily supported by aircraft, attack helicopters, artillery, and missile boats, crossed the Israel–Lebanon border in three areas. Simultaneously, Israeli armor,

2716:

These forces enabled the PLO / Fatah (Fatah constituted 80% of the membership of the PLO and Fatah guerrillas controlled most of its institutions now) to transform the Western Part of Beirut into its stronghold. The PLO had taken over the heart of Sidon and Tyre in the early 1970s, it controlled

2114:

Emir Haydar died in 1732 and was succeeded by his eldest son, Mulhim. One of Emir Mulhim's early actions was a punitive expedition against the Wa'il clan of Jabal Amil. The Wa'il kinsmen had painted their horses' tails green in celebration of Emir Haydar's death (Emir Haydar's relations with the

1864:

caravansary complex. It housed the French consul around 1616 until the consul relocated to a neighboring, formerly Ma'nid-owned property, the Dar al-Musilmani, in the 1630s. The Dar al-Musilmani was built by Fakhr al-Din, who may have used it as his original residence in the city and that of his

1658:

of the Ottoman armies in the Levant to suppress Janbulad. Fakhr al-Din may have been motivated by his ambitions of regional autonomy, defense of his territory from Sayfa, or expanding his control to Beirut and Keserwan, both held by Sayfa. The rebel allies besieged Sayfa in Damascus, eventually

39:

is one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world and has a rich and diverse history that spans over 6,000 years. The city's name has changed over time and has been known by various names, including Sidun, Saida, and Saïd. The earliest evidence of human settlement in the area dates back to the

3219:

The raid on the compound at noon came after an attempt by a group of Salafi preachers to mediate a truce reached a dead end, with the Army determined to continue its operations. There is no factual basis for the claim that Assir was captured and his followers crushed. His fate remains unknown,

3211:

During 23–24 June 2013, heavy street fighting erupted between the Lebanese Army and gunmen loyal to Assir in Sidon as they were falsely accused of provoking the attack. Sixteen Lebanese soldiers and more than twenty Assir supporters were killed. A bodyguard of a cleric, who tried to reach the

2122:

Beginning in the 1740s, a new factionalism developed among the Druze clans. One faction was led by the Jumblatt clan and was known as the Jumblatti faction, while the Imad, Talhuq and Abd al-Malik clans formed the Imad-led Yazbak faction. Thus Qaysi-Yamani politics had been replaced with the

1384:

to authorize the expansion of the jurisdiction of the see of Jerusalem to include the diocese of Sidon. The Pope accepted their proposal and declared in 1111 that the boundaries of the ecclesiastic provinces should follow the political borders, making Sidon subject to Jerusalem. However, the

2683:

The El-Bizri and the Saad political practices were bent on social justice and on local service in public affairs. The El-Bizri were since the Ottoman rule bent on serving the state, and this continued with their loyalty and support to the successive governments of Lebanon since the times of

2925:

naval commando unit then came ashore to probe enemy defenses and secure the landing site, one of which swam to the mouth of the Awali River and another which came ashore on the landing beach in rubber dinghies. After a brief gunbattle with armed Palestinians, the main landings began, with

1955:. Consequently, Emir Ahmad Ma'n regained control of the Mount Lebanon tax farms. The Shihabs further solidified their alliance with the Ma'ns when, in 1674, Musa Shihab married the daughter of Emir Ahmad Ma'n. In 1680, Emir Ahmad mediated a conflict between the Shihabs and the Shia Muslim 2390:

with this task. Sidon was protected by a citadel and line of wall. With eight ships Napier began shelling the square for 30 minutes. The Anglo-Ottoman forces tried to land twice, but were repelled. Tasked with directing the attack on the southern castle while the ships were still firing,

3216:

several Palestinian and Syrian refugees, reportedly either surrendered or were captured by Army units during the raid on the complex. Lebanon's military prosecutor issued arrest warrants against Assir and 123 of his followers. The warrants also included the name of Assir's brother.

2938:

Sidon, while another force of paratroopers and armor with heavy air and artillery support advanced through central Sidon and cleared a south–north route through the city in fierce fighting. Another Israeli division passed through the city to link up with the forces north of Sidon.

1589:

of all or part of the Chouf. Unlike his Ma'nid predecessors, Fakhr al-Din cooperated with the Ottomans, who, though able to suppress Mount Lebanon's local chiefs with massive force, were unable to pacify the region in the long term without local support. When the veteran general

1549:

in the 1660s, the Ma'n family "played the leading role in the management of the internal affairs of this eyalet until the closing years of the 17th century, perhaps because it was not possible to manage the province-certainly not in the sanjak of Sidon-Beirut-without them."

2299:

in ruling the mountainous interior of Sidon-Beirut from the final years of the 17th century through the 19th century. The governor of Sidon's rule also remained nominal in the Safed sanjak as well, where in the 18th century different local chiefs, mainly the sheikhs of the

1538:(province) and regained a great deal of its earlier commercial importance. The province was briefly created during Fakhr al-Din's exile in 1614–1615, and recreated in 1660. The province continued to be subordinated in some ways, both in fiscal and political matters, to the 1859:

The expansion of commercial activity and increasing wealth in Sidon overseen by Fakhr al-Din is architecturally testified by his construction of the khans and mosques he built in the city. Fakhr al-Din is commonly, though erroneously, credited with the construction of the

1299:, after which Baldwin asked for help in capturing Muslim-held ports on the coast. Sigurd's answer was that "they had come for the purpose of devoting themselves to the service of Christ", and accompanied him to take the city of Sidon, which had been re-fortified by the 1129:, enlisting the help of the Egyptians, who were subsequently drawn into a war with the Persians. The resulting destruction of Sidon led to the resurgence of Tyre, which remained the dominant Phoenician city for two decades until the arrival of Alexander the Great. 2098:. The Yaman received backing from the governors of Damascus and Sidon, but before the governors' forces joined the Yaman to launch a pincer attack against the Qaysi camp at Ras al-Matn, Emir Haydar launched a preemptive assault against Ain Dara. In the ensuing 2551:. After the exodus of the Palestinians in 1949, the Ain al-Hilweh Palestinian refugee camp was formed, three kilometers southeast of Sidon, which expanded as a result of subsequent migrations to become the largest camp in Lebanon in area and population. 2360:, as Ibrahim Pasha openly favored Christians in his administration and his army. In 1840, the governor of Sidon moved his residence to Beirut, effectively making it the new capital of the eyalet. After the return to Ottoman rule in 1841, the Druzes dislodged 2167:

to Emir Yusuf in 1764. With the latter two tax farms, Emir Yusuf formed a power base in Tripoli's hinterland. Under al-Khuri's guidance and with Druze allies from Chouf, Emir Yusuf led a campaign against the Hamade sheikhs in support of the Maronite clans of

1756:

commanders arranged the two fortresses' demolition and were rewarded by the authorities. The Ma'ns were stripped of their governorships of Sidon-Beirut, Safed, and Keserwan, but Yunus retained the tax farm of the Chouf from the governor of the newly created

2892: 2881:. The easternmost Israeli force, the largest of the three, advanced into the Bekaa Valley. Its mission was to prevent Syrian reinforcements from being sent and to stop Syrian forces from attempting to interfere with the operation on the coastal road. 2771:, who died in September 1970. He also headed Sidon's fishermen's union. Relations between Sidon's residents and the government grew increasingly tense, partly a result of Saad's own increasingly antagonistic relationship with the national government. 3160:

On 3 January 2013, one person was killed and three hurt during clashes between the Popular Nasserite Organization and the Hezbollah-affiliated Resistance Brigades. The following day, the body of a Palestinian man was found in Sidon by the army.

3191:

A group of Assir's followers were believed to stage armed attacks on several civil apartments in Saida, which were reportedly identified as Hezbollah offices. Some Lebanese saw the attacks as highlights of a series of provocations initiated by

2418:

would be governed by a Druze. Both would remain under the indirect rule of the governor of Sidon. This partition of Lebanon proved to be a mistake. Animosities between the religious sects increased, and by 1860 they escalated into a full-blown

2223:, who was formerly in Emir Yusuf's service, as garrison commander of the city. Emir Yusuf, as tax farmer of Beirut, agreed to the appointment and declined a bounty on al-Jazzar by Abu al-Dhahab (al-Jazzar was wanted by the Mamluk strongmen of 2257: 2074:

Emir Haydar's coming to power brought about an immediate effort on the part of Sidon's governor, Bashir Pasha, a relative of Arlsan Mehmed Pasha, to roll back Shihab authority in the province. To that end, the governor directly appointed

2184:, where the Shihabi emirs, Druze sheikhs and religious leaders met and drew up a petition to the governors of Damascus and Sidon, confirming Emir Yusuf's ascendancy. Emir Mansur's resignation was precipitated by his alliance with Sheikh 2865:, while Israeli forces would simultaneously conduct an amphibious landing north of Sidon to cut off the retreat of PLO forces there. In the center, two divisions were to advance both north and south of the high ground overlooked by 3187:

Lebanese army troops deployed in the area of the fighting, which subsided after several hours. The military called on gunmen loyal to Assir to withdraw immediately from the streets whilst ignoring the presence of Hezbollah gunmen.

1072:, took Babylon. As Cyrus began consolidating territories across the Near East, the Phoenicians apparently made the pragmatic calculation of " themselves to the Persians." Most of the Levant was consolidated by Cyrus into a single 2029:

In 1698, Bashir gave protection to the Hamade sheikhs when they were sought out by the authorities and successfully mediated between the two sides. He also captured the rebel Mushrif ibn Ali al-Saghir, sheikh of the Shia Muslim

2679:

started his public life, and their close cousins, Nazih El-Bizri, Amin El-Bizri, and Fouad El-Bizri became the next generation of politicians and statesmen in Lebanon; holding positions as ministers and members of parliament.

1838:, a fountain, and gardens. It was positioned immediately south of a large square in the city, today called 'Saray Square' after Fakhr al-Din's construction. Other than the entrance of the building, which is characterized by 3077:

On 8 June 1999 two gunmen entered the Palais de Justice, Sidon's main courthouse, and shot dead three magistrates and a chief prosecutor. The attackers escaped. No group claimed responsibility but suspicion focused on

2784:

The strike of fishermen at Sidon in February 1975 could also be considered the first important episode that set off the outbreak of the civil war. That event involved a specific issue: the attempt of former President

2231:

and robbed a group of Damascene merchants passing through the village. Emir Yusuf subsequently captured Qabb Ilyas from his brother, and was transferred the tax farm for the Beqaa Valley by the governor of Damascus,

1910:

al-Qaysariyya remain intact and are used as shops. Fakhr al-Din built dozens of shops in the markets of Suq al-Ars and Suq al-Harir, around the three khans. A number of them continue to function in the Saray Square.

2758:

Saad had become the chairman of Sidon's municipal council in the early 1970s, in effect becoming its mayor. However, Salam ordered the council dissolved in 1973 to Saad's protestations. That year, Saad founded the

1248:, perfume, jewelry, wine, and fruit to Rome. This prosperity meant Phoenicia became a notable destination for intellectuals, tradesmen and merchants; even farmers, from all over the empire and especially the east. 5550: 2320:

were farmed out to the Sidon-based Hammud family. By the late 1720s, Beirut and its tax farm also went over to the Shihabs under Emir Haydar, while Acre and its tax farm came under the rule of the Zaydani sheikh

1631:. With the Druze of Sidon-Beirut and Safed under his authority, he effectively became their paramount chief. Fakhr al-Din may have been appointed to the post to leverage his Druze power base against the Shia. 3220:

however, the army is treating the matter as a capture or kill operation on the basis that they believe it was only Assir that killed Lebanese soldiers in "cold blood", according to a military statement.

1040:, it enjoyed relative autonomy and organised games and competitions in which the greatest athletes of the region participated. In the Hellenistic-period necropolis of Sidon, important finds such as the 1892:

Fakhr al-Din's two khans in Sidon were the Khan al-Ruzz (the Caravansary of Rice) and the Khan al-Qaysariyya, both built directly on the Mediterranean shore of the old city. The first was observed by

5290: 3204:

accused Hezbollah militias of being involved. Violence started with a deadly attack on an army checkpoint. Roads were later blocked in other parts of the country, and the army came under fire in the

2873:, while an elite reconnaissance battalion was to take the castle itself. The two divisions were then to split, with one heading west to link up with the forces along the coast, and another towards 2090:

In 1711, the Qaysi Druze clans mobilized to restore their predominance in Mount Lebanon, and invited Emir Haydar to return and lead their forces. Emir Haydar and the Abu'l Lama family mobilized at

1970:

In 1693, the Ottoman authorities launched a major military expedition, consisting of 18,500 troops, against Emir Ahmad when he declined a request to suppress the Hamade sheikhs after they raided

1724:

stationed in their headquarter village of Deir al-Qamar collaborated with Ahmed Pasha, prompting Yunus to abandon the village for Baakline. Ali Ma'n, meanwhile, was deserted by his bodyguard of

807:

in the south. Hazor may have been subject to Qatna, meaning that the entire region was under influence of Qatna, with Kadesh facing the northern part of the valley. Trade routes went further to

3184:

clashes broke out with gunmen wielding automatic rifles and rocket-propelled grenades. Officials stated that the gunmen fighting Assir's followers were believed to be Hezbollah sympathizers.

2980:

The presence of Palestinian guerrillas in the predominantly Shia areas led to frequent clashes. The third and deadliest battle began on 29 September 1986, when fighting broke out around the

1102:

The Phoenicians remained a core asset to the Achaemenid Empire, particularly for their prowess in maritime technology and navigation; they furnished the bulk of the Persian fleet during the

1869:, and other places. He initially endowed the family's properties in Sidon, sixty-nine in total and mostly owned by Fakhr al-Din, his son Ali, and brother Yunus, in an endowment—known as a 892:

praised the skill of its craftsmen in producing glass, purple dyes, and its women's skill at the art of embroidery. It was also from here that a colonizing party went to found the city of

1434:. However, in reality, it appears to have been much smaller than the others and had the same level of significance as several neighbors, such as Toron and Beirut, which were sub-vassals. 966:, who enslaved its inhabitants and built a new city on its ruins. By the end of the century, the Assyrians had been weakened by successive revolts, which led to their destruction by the 776:. During the Amarna Period, Egypt went into decline, leading to uprising and turmoil in the Levant. There was rivalry between Lebanese coastal city-states fighting for dominance, with 2083:, where they were given protection by the Maronite Hubaysh clan, while Mount Lebanon was overrun by a Yamani coalition led by the Alam al-Din clan. Emir Haydar fled further north to 1236:

were granted Roman citizenship. These cities were centers of the pottery, glass, and purple dye industries; their harbors also served as warehouses for products imported from Syria,

918:

II was discovered. From a Phoenician inscription on its lid, it appears that he was a "king of the Sidonians", probably in the 5th century BC, and that his mother was a priestess of

464: 2724:

was one of the staunchest Lebanese supporters of the Palestinian cause, he was also a critic of the PLO guerrillas' increasingly defiant attempts to gain control over Sidon, where

3294: 2917:

Despite the delays, the Israeli advance along the coastal road continued steadily. This advance was supported by heavy air attacks against PLO positions that included the use of

2700:, Prime Minister 2014–2016. The presence of the El-Bizris was at times intimidating on the local scene, but they were also known for their goodwill and dignified public service. 3343: 2466:

that continued to exist in Lebanon's early post-independence years. The new arrangement ended the turmoil, and the region prospered in the last decades of the Ottoman Empire.

3144:

minority is usually described as an offshoot of Shi'a Islam. Killings, unrest and sectarian kidnappings was heavily concentrated near the Syrian borders, Beirut and Sidon as

3001:(IAF) launched several air strikes against Palestinian positions around the Sidon. As before, the Arab League pressured both parties to stop the fighting. On 1 December King 1765:

and Ali were appointed to Safed and Sidon-Beirut, respectively, and shortly after both governorships were given to Ali. The Ma'ns then confronted their Druze rivals, namely

2997:

on the eastern hills of Sidon, in order to re-open the road to Rashidieh. In a week of fighting they managed to take control of most of the town. During the offensive the

5554: 5413: 1515:

of Acre and the remainder of the Crusader outposts, contacted by the Mongols, had also been approached by the Mamluks and sought military assistance against the Mongols.

5192: 1114:

and the pontoon bridges that allowed his forces to cross into mainland Greece. Nevertheless, they were harshly punished by the Persian King following his defeat at the

1713:. Nasuh Pasha appointed Ahmed Pasha, the governor of Damascus, at the head of a large army to suppress Fakhr al-Din. The latter boarded a European ship and escaped to 5246: 2748:

residents for the closing of guerrilla offices in Sidon were made. Saad was consequently released days later after intervention by an envoy sent by President Nasser.

1522:

during the black death. Accounts of it in all regions suggest the greatness of the calamity, especially in the coastal cities while it was transmitted by ship rats.

2288:, the governor of Sidon, requested assistance from Bashir, who remained neutral, declining to assist either combatant. Unable to conquer Acre, Napoleon returned to 504: 5866: 5223: 5342: 2392: 5669:

Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim (1992). "Problems in the Ottoman Administration in Syria during the 16th and 17th Centuries: The Case of the Sanjak of Sidon-Beirut".

1177:

When Sidon fell under Roman domination, it continued to mint its own silver coins. The Romans also built a theater and other major monuments in the city, and

4921: 2539: And when the President of the Republic and members of the government were arrested on October 11, 1943, and among them were from Sidon, its president, 1372:

captured Sidon with the assistance of Venetian and Norwegian fleets on 5 December 1110. He wanted to ensure that all sees in his kingdom were subject to the

1361: 673: 5298: 3128:

traveled to Lebanon to fight and attack each other on Lebanese soil. The Syrian conflict stoked a resurgence of sectarian violence in Lebanon, with many of

2933:

Meanwhile, Israeli forces advancing along the coastal road reached the outskirts of Sidon, but were delayed by heavy resistance in the main streets and the

1986:. The following year, Emir Ahmad and his Shihab allies mobilized their forces in Wadi al-Taym and conquered the Chouf, forcing Musa Alam al-Din to flee to 1598:

of Damascus, Fakhr al-Din hosted and gave him expensive gifts upon his arrival to Sidon in September 1593. Murad Pasha reciprocated by appointing him the

1036:

era of Sidon's history. The Persian influence seems to have been profound, as is observed in the change of the architectural style of the city. Under the

5507: 5465: 1703:

in Anatolia, had turned its attention to affairs in the Levant. The authorities had become wary of Fakhr al-Din's expanding territory, his alliance with

896:. Tyre also grew into a great city, and in subsequent years there was competition between the two, each claiming to be the metropolis ('Mother City') of 214: 2180:

In 1770, Emir Mansur resigned in favor of Emir Yusuf after being compelled to step down by the Druze sheikhs. The transition was held at the village of

5967:(2010). "The Making of an Ottoman Harbour Town: Sidon/Saida from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries". In Sluglett, Peter; Weber, Stefan (eds.). 1670: 784:

in the north. Byblos became significantly weakened as the dominant city on the Lebanese coast. Further north, the Akkar Plain rebelled and became the

16: 1276:

In August 1108, Baldwin I marched out against Sidon, with the support of a squadron of sailor-adventurers from various Italian cities. However, the

3062:

observers the missiles appeared to be targeted at uninhabited areas. The attack on Sidon is credited with leading to a truce between Hizbollah and

982:(c. 605–c. 562 BC). In 587 BC Nebuchadnezzar besieged Tyre, which resisted for thirteen years, but ultimately capitulated under "favorable terms". 5320: 2930:

while those in the eastern sector remained in place, but began setting up heavy artillery positions that put Syrian SAM units in artillery range.

2365: 2345: 439: 400: 5268: 2495:

provinces of Beirut were annexed. (Sanjis of Beirut and Sidon) and Tripoli (the districts of Tripoli and Akkar and a section of the district of

2208:

by Sheikh Zahir's forces. Afterward, Emir Yusuf's large Druze force from Wadi al-Taym and Chouf was routed by Sheikh Nasif's Shia cavalrymen at

115: 5622: 3055: 3031: 2447: 792:. Tutankhamun and his general Horemheb scrambled to keep Egyptian control over southern Levant, as the Hittites became overlords in the north. 454: 5884: 842:

of Sidon, is probably from the Late Bronze age. The Book of Deuteronomy (3, 9) reads: "the Sidonians call - Hermon - Sirion". In other words:

718:

The area was first recorded in history around 4000 BC as a group of coastal cities and a heavily forested hinterland. It was inhabited by the

5995: 5976: 5954: 5822: 5801: 5780: 5752: 5726: 5434: 3644: 2639: 2151:, and the latter attempted to reconcile Emir Yusuf with his uncle. Emir Mansur declined Sheikh Ali's mediation. Sa'ad al-Khuri, Emir Yusuf's 494: 382: 346: 1546: 788:

with Hittite support. The Mitanni Empire, an ally of the Egyptians, had dominated Syria but now fell apart due to the military campaigns of

2379: 1345: 1145:. Alexander's main target in the Persian Levant was Tyre, now the region's largest and most important city. It capitulated after a roughly 5601: 3351: 1761:

in 1614. Their Druze and Shia rivals re-emerged as the tax farmers and governors of their home districts in Mount Lebanon and Jabal Amil.

2387: 1420: 5392: 2094:

and were joined by the Jumblatt, Talhuq, Imad, Nakad and Abd al-Malik clans, while the Yamani faction led by Abi Harmoush mobilized at

2010:

The transfer of the Ma'n emirate to the Shihabs made the family's chief the holder of a large tax farm that included the Chouf, Gharb,

1901:

families, while the mosque has been replaced by a different structure. The smaller, neighboring Khan al-Qaysariyya, which abutted the

970:. The Babylonians, formerly vassals of the Assyrians, took advantage of the empire's collapse and rebelled, quickly establishing the 5841: 5659: 5055: 3568: 3278: 3117: 3019: 2850: 2662:

The local politics of Sidon in the 20th century was mainly dominated up till the 1980s by allegiances around two main families, the

2143:, had backed Emir Ahmad in his struggle and had his properties in Chouf confiscated by Emir Mansur. Emir Yusuf, who was raised as a 1306:

Baldwin's army besieged the city by land, while the Norwegians came by sea. A naval force was needed to prevent assistance from the

903:

Glass manufacturing, Sidon's most important enterprise in the Phoenician era, was conducted on a vast scale, and the production of

2941: 2820:) SLA's long-range artillery indiscriminately shelled the city centre. It was reported that it was in response to a request from 2790: 2627: 2159:, the governor of Damascus. The latter directed his son Mehmed Pasha al-Kurji, governor of Tripoli, to transfer the tax farms of 1805:

Growing opposition to the Ma'ns by the Shias of Safed Sanjak culminated with their backing of Yaziji's efforts to replace Ali as

666: 202: 3157:"armed resistance group" to defend Lebanon from Israel as he believed that Hezbollah's weapons had now been pointed internally. 1356:

Before the arrival of the crusaders to Syria in the late 11th century, the Orthodox bishops of Sidon had been suffragans of the

1325:. He allowed safe conduct of passage for those leaving and even allowed some members of the Muslim populace to remain in peace. 1329: 175: 5356: 1998:

When Emir Ahmad Ma'n died without a male heir in 1697, the sheikhs of the Qaysi Druze faction of Mount Lebanon, including the

1905:, had a small, square courtyard with four stores, a second floor with a covered gallery leading to twelve rooms for visitors. 2760: 2491:

and Afif Al-Solh represented Sidon, Rida Al-Solh was chosen as Minister of Interior in the government of Ali Rida Al-Rikabi.

2451: 1865:

wives. Following the capture of Fakhr al-Din by Kuchuk, the latter confiscated all of the Ma'ns' properties in Sidon, Tyre,

513: 479: 1314:. Repelling it was however only made possible with the fortunate arrival of a Venetian fleet. The city fell after 47 days. 1157:

and a puppet ruler was installed. The rest of Phoenicia easily came under his control, with Sidon surrendering peacefully.

2989: 2911: 2524: 1206: 930:

Sidon 'Lord of Sidon' (who may or may not be the same) are mentioned as chief gods of the Sidonians. ‘Ashtart is entitled

888:

cities, and it may have been the oldest. From there and other ports, a great Mediterranean commercial empire was founded.

169: 80: 2853:

forces back 40 kilometers (25 mi) to the north. The westernmost Israeli force was to advance up the coastal road to

2155:(manager), managed to persuade Sheikh Ali to withdraw his backing of Emir Mansur, while Emir Yusuf gained the support of 5164:

Middle East International No 557, 29 August 1997; Michael Jansen p.3. No 558. 12 September 1997; Michael Jansen pp.4,6-7

5012:גלעד בארי, מלחמת לבנון – נגד פלסטין הקטנה Gil'ad Be'eri, "The Lebanon War" – "Confronting "Little Palestine" in Lebanon" 2619: 2615: 2611: 1373: 499: 459: 124: 1087: 2500: 2427:

that followed, thousands of Christians were killed in massacres that culminated with the Damascus Riots of July 1860.

2205: 1142: 1049: 1014: 659: 568: 543: 388: 95: 5575: 2062:

clans to the Qaysi faction. Bashir was poisoned and died in 1705. The 17th-century Maronite Patriarch and historian,

5184: 2430:

From 1887 the Royal necropolis of Sidon was extensively excavated by the Ottomans, and its treasures transferred to

2239:

In 1775, Sheikh Zahir was defeated and killed in an Ottoman campaign, and al-Jazzar was installed in Sheikh Zahir's

1084:

power and given the same rights as Persian satraps (governors), such as hereditary offices and minting their coins.

962:

suppressed further rebellions across the region. During the seventh century BC, Sidon rebelled and was destroyed by

5964: 4948: 3597: 2684:

independence. They also helped eminent politicians and statesmen from Sidonian descent such as the Prime Ministers

2607: 1386: 208: 181: 134: 5133: 815:

had a palace and temple, being a hub for trade routes going north-south and east-west. There were trade routes to

6015: 5097: 4952: 2115:

Wa'il clan had been poor) and Emir Mulhim took it as a grave insult. In the ensuing campaign, the Wa'ili sheikh,

1974:, killing forty Ottoman soldiers, including the garrison commander, Ahmad Qalawun, a descendant of Mamluk sultan 1393:, lodged an objection with the Holy See and prevented the appointment of a bishop subject to Jerusalem at Sidon. 1198: 727: 509: 3525: 1609: 1280:

defeated the Italians in a sea-battle outside the harbour. Upon the arrival of additional Turkish horsemen from

2954: 2946: 2866: 2599: 2568: 2484: 1149:, during which many of its citizens fled to Carthage. Tyre's refusal to allow Alexander to visit its temple to 695: 563: 489: 448: 352: 307: 2119:, was captured, albeit briefly. Emir Mulhim had the support of Sidon's governor in his actions in Jabal Amil. 733:

Each of the coastal cities was an independent city-state noted for the special activities of its inhabitants.

5215: 3592: 5888: 5414:"Sidon Clashes Spill Over as Roads Were Blocked in Tripoli, Army Positions Become Target to Fire — Naharnet" 3764: 2977:

which soon erupted into a 2-year long battle in Southern Lebanon which had also effected the city of Sidon.

2732:, a Syrian-backed faction of the PLO, for not agreeing to support their fighters during a shootout with the 1898: 1037: 631: 5528: 3777: 1947:

until 1663. Four years later, the Ma'ns and their Qaysi coalition defeated the Yamani coalition led by the

1464:

in 1187 and remained in Muslim hands until it was restored to Christian control by German Crusaders in the

974:

in its place. Phoenician cities revolted several times throughout the reigns of the first Babylonian King,

5371: 3170: 3129: 3015: 2580: 2576: 2349: 1704: 1481: 1369: 1146: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 3200:-backed Sunni fundamentalists whilst many others believed Iran was the real reason for the provocations. 2857:. Its mission was to bypass Tyre and destroy three PLO camps in the area, then move up the coast towards 2667:

protests in the 1940s, 1950s and then during the Lebanese civil war as Nasserites (populist followers of

1720:

In Fakhr al-Din's absence his younger brother Yunus acted as head of the family in the Chouf. The Ma'ns'

1153:, culminating in the killing of his envoys, led to a brutal reprisal: 2,000 of its leading citizens were 3133: 2435: 2424: 2396: 2373: 2233: 2156: 2047: 1766: 1655: 1441: 1194: 1041: 995: 971: 943: 519: 484: 48: 5372:"Lebanon Clashes: Security Officials Clash With Gunmen Loyal To Hezbollah Critic In Port City Of Sidon" 4648: 3618: 2646:

refugees arrived in Sidon, as in other Lebanese cities, and were settled at the large refugee camps of

2479:

The allied forces of the British and the French occupied the Syrian coast in 1918, while the forces of

1934:

region in northern Mount Lebanon seeking Hamade protection. Koprulu Mehmed Pasha issued orders to Emir

761:(2686-2181 BC), exporting cedar, olive oil, and wine, while importing gold and other products from the 2352:

took Acre after a severe siege on May 27, 1832. The Egyptian occupation intensified rivalries between

2050:, continued the good relationship with Bashir, who by then had appointed a fellow Sunni Muslim Qaysi, 1507:

caused an incident which resulted in the death of one of Kitbuqa's grandsons. Angered, Kitbuqa sacked

5947:

Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection

3125: 3002: 2528: 2361: 2333: 1923: 1906: 1893: 1845: 1488: 1427: 1413: 1202: 1170: 1077: 769: 730:) into a form of a Thalassocracy as opposed to an established empire with a designated capital city. 691:

Sidon has been inhabited since very early in prehistory. The archaeological site of Sidon II shows a

548: 295: 157: 2450:

and the Ottomans abolished the unworkable system of the Kaymakamate and instituted in its place the

1881:. Among the properties were dozens of houses and shops, two khans, several mills, a soap factory, a 1317:

When the city surrendered, King Baldwin gave the same terms of surrender he had previously given to

3141: 2463: 2268:, who was comparable to Fakhr ad-Din II. His ability as a statesman was first tested in 1799, when 1683: 1480:. One of the vassals of the lordship was the Lordship of the Shuf. The Mongols attempted to form a 1477: 1138: 1029: 839: 429: 44: 29: 5444: 1902: 1695:

Fakhr al-Din lost imperial favor with the death of Murad Pasha in July 1611 and the succession of

5933: 5925: 5860: 5686: 4940: 4926: 3574: 3407: 3399: 3234: 3047: 3023: 2817: 2806: 2689: 2643: 2520: 2420: 2277: 2189: 2169: 2099: 2063: 1591: 1390: 1377: 1333: 1103: 444: 235: 142: 104: 5602:"Lebanese army storms Islamist mosque as Syria crisis spreads - 16 soldiers killed 24 June 2013" 2147:

but publicly presented himself as a Sunni Muslim, gained protection from Sheikh Ali Jumblatt in

1569: 1021:

Like other Phoenician city-states, Sidon suffered from a succession of conquerors, first by the

868: 3456: 3050:

leader's family, SLA artillery shelled Sidon killing seven civilians and wounding thirty-five.

1686:, which Fakhr al-Din and his family governed between 1593 and 1633 with occasional interruption 32:, which Fakhr al-Din and his family governed between 1593 and 1633 with occasional interruption 5991: 5972: 5950: 5892: 5837: 5818: 5797: 5776: 5748: 5722: 5655: 5141: 5105: 5051: 3640: 3578: 3564: 3550: 3274: 2480: 2095: 1963:, after the latter killed Faris Shihab in 1680 (Faris had recently displaced the Harfush from 1794: 1707:, his unsanctioned strengthening and garrisoning of fortresses and his employment of outlawed 1504: 1496: 1449: 1445: 1409: 1365: 1337: 1300: 1115: 1069: 1048:

tomb and the Sarcophagus of the Crying Women were discovered, which are now on display at the

979: 939: 877: 789: 773: 753:) were trade and religious centers. Gubla was the first Canaanite city to trade actively with 538: 289: 271: 265: 247: 241: 56: 5917: 5853:

New Documents on the History of Mount Lebanon and Arabistan in the 10th and 11th Centuries H

5678: 3556: 3391: 3176: 3114: 3098: 2998: 2764: 2651: 2532: 2516: 2265: 2197: 2192:, and Sheikh Nasif al-Nassar of Jabal Amil in their revolt against the Ottoman governors of 2031: 1821: 1651: 1613: 1260: 990: 474: 469: 376: 277: 259: 2884: 2332:

received the governorship of Sidon, he moved the capital to Acre. In 1799, Acre resisted a

1295:

he was received by Baldwin I, King of Jerusalem. Together they made a journey to the river

911:

was broken in order to extract the pigment that was so rare it became the mark of royalty.

5736: 3660: 3137: 3071: 3034:, which the Israeli government justified by its need for a buffer against PLO incursions. 2849:

towards the Lebanese coast north of Sidon. Israel's publicly stated objective was to push

2825: 2786: 2504: 2144: 2116: 2051: 1940: 1745: 1582: 1574: 1559: 1539: 1485: 1469: 1465: 1381: 1341: 1264: 1186: 1178: 1065: 908: 703: 406: 325: 68: 5343:"1 Dead, 3 Hurt as Members of Resistance Brigades, Nasserite Organization Clash in Sidon" 3022:(PLO) and the Lebanese Government from 2 to 6 July 1991, and was the final battle of the 319: 5486: 1930:

Hamade clan of Keserwan. As Ottoman troops raided Wadi al-Taym, the Shihabs fled to the

4944: 4786:. Vienna: Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich. 1860. p. S. 272–275. 3742: 3621:(2010). "Before Athens: Early Popular Government in Phoenician and Greek City States". 3145: 3079: 3027: 2985: 2907: 2821: 2508: 2415: 2213: 2066:, asserts Haydar, who had since reached adulthood, was responsible for Bashir's death. 2059: 1922:, which included Mount Lebanon and Wadi al-Taym, and under the command of Grand Vizier 1700: 1620: 1531: 1519: 1453: 1431: 1126: 1022: 785: 723: 649: 394: 370: 358: 301: 84: 76: 60: 2292:, and the death of Al-Jazzar in 1804 removed Bashir's principal opponent in the area. 6009: 5937: 5741: 5690: 4837: 3411: 3205: 3067: 2994: 2934: 2854: 2813: 2744: 2733: 2647: 2544: 2512: 2496: 2459: 2407: 2369: 2322: 2296: 2281: 2201: 2193: 2185: 2132: 2076: 2043: 2035: 2011: 1983: 1935: 1861: 1770: 1616:

afforded Fakhr al-Din the space to consolidate and expand his semi-autonomous power.

1608:

in Arabic sources) of Sidon-Beirut in December. The Ottomans' preoccupation with the

1311: 1245: 1233: 967: 915: 904: 893: 863: 754: 734: 313: 283: 52: 1205:

took refuge in Sidon. The town continued quietly for the next century, until it was

5921: 4698:"Saïda à l'époque des agha-s: la famille Hammud et l'État ottoman au XVIIIe siècle" 3560: 3193: 3102: 3063: 2970: 2918: 2902: 2878: 2841: 2798: 2725: 2721: 2676: 2603: 2584: 2548: 2540: 2488: 2329: 2317: 2285: 2273: 2240: 2224: 2220: 2140: 1960: 1956: 1919: 1886: 1758: 1733: 1639: 1628: 1535: 1322: 1307: 1296: 1292: 1277: 1111: 1095: 975: 843: 828: 812: 796: 364: 64: 5878: 1165: 5969:

Syria and Bilad al-Sham under Ottoman rule: Essays in Honour of Abdul-Karim Rafeq

5812: 5791: 5716: 5699: 5649: 4365: 2308:

and the sheikhs of the Shia clans of Ali al-Saghir, Munkar, and Sa'b families in

2922: 2697: 2301: 2200:

of Egypt had occupied Damascus, but withdrew after Ali Bey's leading commander,

2091: 1979: 1948: 1927: 1882: 1744:

led by Husayn Yaziji and Husayn Tawil, respectively; with the help of the rival

1696: 1667:

of Sidon-Beirut and the Ma'ns' control of Keserwan was recognized by the Porte.

1647: 1397: 1357: 1154: 1033: 1002: 999: 959: 808: 762: 758: 2376:. His ambitions were opposed by the British Empire, which backed the Ottomans. 2131:

Emir Mulhim became ill and was forced to resign in 1753 by his brothers, emirs

5874: 5682: 3273:. New York, NY & Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 1991. p. 1701. 2752: 2693: 2309: 2228: 2039: 2003: 1830:

on the ground floor, several rooms, including roofed reception areas known as

1600: 1217: 1182: 1091: 1025: 1006: 963: 719: 692: 5145: 5109: 3254:

Jacoby, David (1997). "Silk in Western Byzantium before the Fourth Crusade".

2618:

had carried the advance north along the coast towards Sidon. On 13 June, the

5045: 3090: 3051: 2981: 2845:

paratroopers, and naval commandos set sail in amphibious landing ships from

2768: 2685: 2410:

would be governed by a Maronite appointee and the more southerly regions of

2357: 2148: 2016: 1789:. Ali and Yunus defeated them in four engagements in the Druze Mountain, at 1782: 1774: 1256: 1221: 1190: 955: 897: 885: 855: 804: 781: 699: 434: 151: 5896: 4814: 3319: 2598:

The fighting came several days after the Allied forces from the Australian

1732:

in the Syrian Desert where he evaded Ahmed Pasha. The Ma'nid fortresses of

1080:, which was roughly half the tribute that was required of Egypt and Libya. 79:

are said to have visited it, too. The city was eventually conquered by the

5579: 2869:, which was being used as a PLO stronghold, and take the road junction at 2751:

Saad lost the 1972 parliamentary election. He alleged that Prime Minister

2256: 2219:

Uthman Pasha, seeking to prevent Beirut's fall to Sheikh Zahir, appointed

1873:—administered from Damascus for the benefit of the Islamic holy cities of 1740:, which the Ottomans sought to dismantle, were controlled by the family's 1699:. By then the Porte, freed up from the wars with Austria and Iran and the 1098:

of Sidon, who is seen at the back of the chariot, behind the Persian King.

5321:"Asir: We Suspended Decision to Form Armed Brigade Pending Consultations" 5071: 5034:

Middle East International No 290, 19 December 1986; Godfrey Jansen pp.6-7

5022: 4956: 2870: 2816:, 19 April 1981, at least sixteen people were killed in Sidon after the ( 2729: 2663: 2455: 2431: 2411: 2403: 2269: 2209: 1999: 1931: 1851: 1281: 1107: 1053: 935: 824: 777: 558: 253: 163: 5929: 5793:

Palestine in the 18th Century: Patterns of Government and Administration

5393:"10 Troops Martyred in Clashes with al-Asir's Gunmen in Abra — Naharnet" 2554: 1826:—built in Sidon as early as 1598. It consisted of a large courtyard, an 1619:

In July 1602, after his political patron Murad Pasha became a vizier in

5905: 5887:. Vol. II (1st ed.). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: 5269:"Asir's Bodyguard Killed, Hizbullah Official Wounded in Sidon Gunfight" 3403: 3379: 3121: 3043: 2927: 2874: 2692:

and Rashid Solh, they also gave their support to former Prime Minister

2592: 2305: 2164: 2087:

when Abi Harmoush's forces pursued him to Ghazir, which was plundered.

1978:. Emir Ahmad fled and had his tax farms confiscated and transferred to 1975: 1964: 1926:, launched an expedition targeting the Shihabs of Wadi al-Taym and the 1833: 1749: 1737: 1714: 1473: 1461: 1423: 1150: 954:

Tyre, Byblos, and Sidon all rebelled against Assyrian rule. In 721 BC,

919: 873: 832: 707: 421: 1216:

Economic and intellectual activities flourished in Lebanon during the

3059: 2862: 2846: 2728:

was traditionally dominant. In 1969 he was sharply criticized by the

2668: 2575:, which took place between 13–15 June 1941 during the five-week-long 2572: 2353: 2313: 2181: 2160: 2084: 2080: 2019: 1971: 1952: 1944: 1878: 1866: 1790: 1778: 1729: 1709: 1643: 1500: 1457: 1288: 1237: 1225: 1122: 1073: 923: 859: 816: 750: 742: 147: 5766:(PhD). School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 5002:

Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–1998

4697: 3395: 2630:'s positions and the headquarters of the 2/16th Infantry Battalion. 2260:

Bashir Shihab II was the Emir of Mount Lebanon from 1789 until 1840.

1287:

In the summer of 1110, a Norwegian fleet of 60 ships arrived in the

5247:"The Syrian War Is Creating a Massive Kidnapping Crisis in Lebanon" 3026:. The causes of the battle laid in the PLO's refusal to accept the 2840:

On 6 June 1982, Israeli forces under direction of Defense Minister

1336:, a splinter was taken off the holy cross and given to Sigurd. The 4751: 3293:

Thomas Kelly, Herodotus and the Chronology of the Kings of Sidon,

3229: 3197: 3180: 3094: 2940: 2891: 2883: 2858: 2829: 2794: 2740: 2588: 2553: 2383: 2289: 2255: 2245: 2055: 1987: 1874: 1798: 1675: 1669: 1635: 1568: 1512: 1508: 1437: 1318: 1255: 1241: 1229: 1210: 1164: 1086: 1045: 1010: 989: 889: 867: 820: 800: 738: 72: 36: 21: 2483:

occupied the interior. When the elections were announced for the

741:

were important maritime and trade centers; Gubla (later known as

4721: 4719: 4717: 4715: 3087: 2945:

An Israeli tank advances past destroyed Syrian tanks during the

2446:

Following the international outcry caused by the massacres, the

1870: 1827: 1786: 1492: 927: 2364:, to whom the sultan had granted the title of emir. During the 2058:. He also secured the allegiance of the Shia Muslim Munkir and 922:, "the goddess of the Sidonians". In this inscription the gods 5439: 5173:

Middle East International No 602, 18 June 1999; Jim Quilty p.9

3256:

Trade, Commodities, and Shipping in the Medieval Mediterranean

2974: 2888:

An Israeli bombardment of a PLO position on the Lebanese coast

2610:

as part of Operation Exporter. After preliminary moves by the

1173:

showing the location of Tyre and Sidon within the Roman Empire

4370:. Institute for Women Studies in the Arab World. p. 111. 3054:

responded the following day by firing 60–80 rockets into the

2877:

and from there along the right flank of Syrian forces in the

1534:

rule in the early 16th century, it became the capital of the

43:

In the years before Christianity, Sidon had many conquerors:

5050:(in Arabic). مواطن، المؤسسة الفلسطينية لدراسة الديمقراطية،. 3816: 3814: 2458:-majority district to be governed by non-Lebanese Christian 1118:, which he blamed on Phoenician cowardice and incompetence. 1028:

empire in the 6th century BC, ending with its occupation by

846:

was called "Sirion", in (the Phoenician language of) Sidon.

706:

assemblage suggested to date just prior to the invention of

5906:"Political Dynamics in the Rise of Fakhr al-Din, 1590-1633" 5834:

The Latin Church in the Crusader States: The Secular Church

4772:. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. 1904. p. S. 116–118. 4242: 4240: 4032: 4030: 4017: 4015: 3978: 3976: 3855: 3853: 3637:

A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem

3526:"LacusCurtius • Diodorus Siculus — Book XVI Chapters 40‑65" 3320:"Lebanon – Assyrian and Babylonian domination of Phoenicia" 1484:

or at least to demand the submission of the remnant of the

3707: 3705: 934:'‘Ashtart the name of the Lord', a title also found in an 5764:

The Ottoman Province of Damascus in the Sixteenth Century

5466:"12 troops killed in Lebanon clashes with Sunni radicals" 4939:

Middle East International No 149, 8 May 1981; Publishers

3724: 3722: 3720: 3066:

and increased cooperation between the two groups and the

2503:

by Resolution 319 dated 9/1/1920 under the name of

3789: 3787: 1137:

Phoenicia was one of the first areas to be conquered by

5487:"Lebanon clashes: At least 16 soldiers killed in Sidon" 4179: 4177: 3778:"Saudi Aramco World : History's Hinge: 'Ain Jalut" 958:

besieged Tyre and crushed the rebellion. His successor

5743:

The Creation of the Principality of Antioch, 1098–1130

3555:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 32–50. 3295:

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

2402:

In 1842 the Ottoman government introduced the Double

1581:

Around 1590 Qurqumaz was succeeded by his eldest son

1076:(province) and forced to pay a yearly tribute of 350 5988:

The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman rule, 1516–1788

5551:"Lebanese Army storms Assir complex, preacher flees" 5435:"Lebanon Clashes Rage Near Mosque; 16 Soldiers Dead" 5357:"Army Detains Five Suspects after Gunfight in Sidon" 5216:"Car bomb kills 20 in Hezbollah's Beirut stronghold" 5185:"Bombs kill 42 outside mosques in Lebanon's Tripoli" 3552:

The Phoenician Cities: A Case-Study of Hellenisation

2264:

The most prominent among the Shihabi emirs was Emir

1849: 1839: 1831: 1819: 5070:Middle East International No 289, 5 December 1986; 3380:"Tyre in the Early Persian Period (539-486 B.C.E.)" 2739:In August 1970, a group of PLO guerrillas from the 1967:), prompting an armed mobilization by the Shihabs. 1360:, who were in turn subject to the authority of the 5740: 5578:. Al Akhbar English. March 4, 2013. Archived from 5021:Middle East International No 291, 9 January 1987; 4842:The Courier Mail (Brisbane, Queensland: 1933–1954) 3042:On 18 August 1997, following a roadside bomb near 2535:, and these districts are what still stand today. 3623:Geopolitics, History, and International Relations 3136:supporting the Syrian government which is led by 1990:. Emir Ahmad was restored his tax farms in 1695. 1818:Fakhr al-Din had his government house—known as a 5762:Bakhit, Muhammad Adnan Salamah (February 1972). 5576:"Ahmad al-Assir and Lebanon's Despondent Sunnis" 4359: 4357: 3549:Millar, Fergus (2006). "The Phoenician Cities". 3093:movement and the attempted assassination of the 1634:In 1606 Fakhr al-Din made common cause with the 1106:of the late fifth century BC. Phoenicians under 907:was almost as important. The small shell of the 799:was a high way for trade between the Kingdom of 5083:Middle East International No 289; Muir pp.10-11 4838:"Australians' Hard Fighting in Battle of Sidon" 3006:militia in exchange for supplies to the camps. 5971:. Leiden and Boston: Brill. pp. 179–240. 4737: 4725: 4683: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4379: 4377: 4347: 4345: 3132:supporting the rebels in Syria, while many of 1291:under the command of King Sigurd. Arriving in 838:The oldest testimony documenting words in the 5700:"Khalidi on Fakhr al-Din: Apology as History" 5623:"Bomb explodes in eastern Lebanon near Syria" 4987:60 YEARS ISRAEL NAVY: Chel Ha'Yam Ha'Yisraeli 4922:Lebanon Bomb Critically Wounds Militia Leader 4875: 4873: 4871: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4367:The Sisters of Men: Lebanese Women in History 2824:in connection with ongoing Syrian attacks on 1404:Lordship of Sidon and the Battle of Ain Jalut 667: 8: 5715:Agoston, Gabor; Masters, Bruce Alan (2009). 5671:International Journal of Middle East Studies 5291:"Two killed, three wounded in Sidon clashes" 4649:Library of Congress - The Shihabs, 1697-1842 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4486: 4484: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4420: 4418: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4281: 4279: 2558:Sidon with a view of the Mediterranean coast 2910:captured the castle in the fiercely-fought 1982:, who also commandeered the Ma'n palace in 5865:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5651:Provincial Leaderships in Syria, 1575-1650 4996: 4994: 4975:40 Km into Lebanon: Israel's 1982 Invasion 4908: 4906: 4168: 4156: 4144: 4132: 4120: 4108: 4096: 4084: 4072: 4060: 4048: 4036: 4006: 3994: 3982: 3955: 3943: 3931: 3919: 3895: 3883: 3844: 3820: 2743:and as-Saiqa factions based in the nearby 2462:, which was the direct predecessor of the 2216:fleet, which bombarded Emir Yusuf's camp. 1448:. The lordship was a coastal strip on the 1396:From the 14th-century, the Sidon became a 880:rule and influence. Marble, 5th century BC 674: 660: 89: 5654:. Beirut: American University of Beirut. 5508:"Army moves to crush Assir, secure Sidon" 4969: 4967: 4965: 4900:Joint Publications Services, 1975, p. 71. 4896: 4894: 4207: 4021: 3859: 3113:Between 2011 and 2017, fighting from the 3101:. He was believed to be in hiding in the 3082:whose leader had been sentenced to death 3046:which killed of two teenage members of a 1565:Control of Sidon-Beirut and Safed sanjaks 3728: 3711: 3684: 3672: 3258:. pp. 455 ff and notes –. 1503:and the Mongols had also increased when 1125:of Sidon led a failed rebellion against 15: 5904:Olsaretti, Alessandro (December 2008). 4844:. National Library of Australia (Trove) 4809: 4807: 4805: 4756:W.L. Clowes on the 1840 Syrian Campaign 3907: 3871: 3246: 1897:floor permanently housing Sidonian and 1663:of Safed, his son Ali was appointed as 1499:had forbidden it. Tensions between the 811:on the Euphrates river. In the valley, 103: 92: 5858: 5134:"Lebanese Army Finishes P.L.O. Ouster" 5127: 5125: 5091: 5089: 3967: 3832: 3793: 3696: 3457:"A History of Phoenician Civilization" 3306: 2022:were subsidiary tax farmers, known as 1380:, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, asked 1143:military campaigns across western Asia 942:subjugated the city to be part of the 876:found in Sidon gives testimony of the 768:Around 1350 BC, Sidon was part of the 702:, whilst finds at Sidon III include a 455:Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon 5245:Anderson, Sulome (6 September 2013). 5098:"Lebanese Clash with P.L.O. in South" 4784:Habsburg, Friedrich Ferdinand Leopold 4671: 4659: 4270: 4258: 4246: 4231: 4219: 4195: 4183: 3805: 3763:According to the 13th-century writer 2640:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 1419:The Lordship of Sidon was one of the 1346:constable of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1284:, Baldwin decided to lift the siege. 495:Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon 383:Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon 7: 4862: 4796: 4770:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB) 3593:"Alexander's Siege of Tyre, 332 BCE" 3373: 3371: 3369: 2789:(also head of the Maronite-oriented 2567:The Battle of Sidon was part of the 2188:, the Zaydani strongman of northern 914:In AD 1855, the sarcophagus of King 884:Sidon was one of the most important 5625:. English.alarabiya.net. 2013-06-25 5226:from the original on 25 August 2013 5195:from the original on 29 August 2013 4836:Harriott, G. E. W. (17 June 1941). 3124:as opponents and supporters of the 2312:. Even the coastal towns of Sidon, 2276:, a well-fortified coastal city in 1918:In 1660, the Ottomans, created the 1773:chief Muhammad ibn Jamal al-Din of 1412:, an important vassal-state of the 1220:. The inhabitants of the principal 1121:In the mid-fourth century BC, King 950:Under the Assyrians and Babylonians 5718:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 5604:. Haaretz.com. Reuters. 2013-06-24 5529:"Deadly fighting rages in Lebanon" 5297:. 11 November 2012. Archived from 3271:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 3086:for the murder of the head of the 3058:and northern Israel. According to 2280:, about forty kilometers south of 2054:, as the subsidiary tax farmer of 1654:; the latter had been invested as 1189:was established there. During the 1068:, king and founder of the Persian 1005:, discovered in 1887 in the royal 14: 5885:Australia in the War of 1939–1945 5183:Holmes, Oliver (23 August 2013). 3020:Palestine Liberation Organization 2196:. Sheikh Zahir and the forces of 2139:Another son of Emir Mulhim, Emir 1939:into Syria, taking up shelter at 1844:masonry and a type of ornamented 1623:, Fakhr al-Din was appointed the 1408:It then became the center of the 5910:The International History Review 5698:Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim (1993). 5648:Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim (1985). 5553:. The Daily Star. Archived from 5214:Bassam, Laila (15 August 2013). 3018:was a battle fought between the 2372:– was occupied by the forces of 2295:The Ma'ns were succeeded by the 1468:. Julien Grenier sold it to the 1197:destroyed most of the cities of 1181:was discovered. In the reign of 1032:in 333 BC, and the start of the 643: 114: 5796:. Jerusalem: The Magnes Press. 5359:. Naharnet.com. 4 January 2013. 5345:. Naharnet.com. 3 January 2013. 5132:Hijazi, Ihsan A. (1991-07-06). 5096:Hijazi, Ihsan A. (1991-07-02). 4955:pp.6-7. No 148, 24 April 1981; 4392:Abu Izzeddin 1998, pp. 201–202. 2896:Israeli troops in Lebanon, 1982 2346:Egyptian–Ottoman War of 1831–33 1612:(1578–1590; 1603–1618) and the 1444:in December, 1110 and given to 1352:Roman Catholic Diocese of Sidon 5990:. Cambridge University Press. 5922:10.1080/07075332.2008.10416646 5370:BARBARA SURK (June 18, 2013). 3579:10.5149/9780807876657_millar.8 3561:10.5149/9780807876657_millar.8 3032:occupation of Southern Lebanon 2761:Popular Nasserite Organization 2501:Mutasarrifate of Mount Lebanon 2452:Mutasarrifate of Mount Lebanon 2448:French landed troops in Beirut 2127:Power struggle for the Emirate 1472:after it was destroyed by the 1362:Orthodox patriarchs of Antioch 986:Persian and Hellenistic period 795:In the Middle Bronze IIA, the 1: 3344:"Istanbul Archaeology Museum" 2832:. Israel denied involvement. 2780:Assassination of Maarouf Saad 1542:out of which it was created. 1518:In 1347 Sidon was hit by the 1374:Latin patriarchs of Jerusalem 5271:. Naharnet. 11 November 2012 4364:Khairallah, Shereen (1996). 3148:gained popularity in Sidon. 1691:Interregnum of Yunus and Ali 1328:By order of Baldwin and the 803:in the north and Kingdom of 500:Lebanese presidential crisis 460:Syrian occupation of Lebanon 5945:Tucker, Spencer C. (2019). 5851:Hourani, Alexander (2010). 5531:. Aljazeera.com. 2013-06-24 4063:, pp. 89, 91, note 87. 3378:Katzenstein, Jacob (1979). 3152:2012 and 2013 Sidon clashes 2642:, a considerable number of 2487:, Rida Al-Solh and his son 2334:siege by Napoleon Bonaparte 1850: 1840: 1832: 1820: 1604:(district governor, called 1573:Engraving of a portrait of 1015:Istanbul Archaeology Museum 749:) and Berytus (present-day 485:2007 North Lebanon conflict 389:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate 6032: 5832:Hamilton, Bernard (2016). 5489:. Bbc.co.uk. June 24, 2013 4738:Agoston & Masters 2009 4726:Agoston & Masters 2009 4684:Agoston & Masters 2009 4383:Abu Izzeddin 1998, p. 202. 4351:Abu Izzeddin 1998, p. 201. 3598:World History Encyclopedia 3384:The Biblical Archaeologist 3297:, no. 268, pp. 39–56, 1987 3168: 3109:Syrian Civil War spillover 3070:. This was evident in the 2969:Tensions grew between the 2658:Rise of political families 2340:Early and mid-19th century 1557: 1195:great earthquake of AD 551 978:(626–605 BC), and his son 853: 480:2006–08 political protests 5775:. Yale University Press. 5683:10.1017/S002074380002239X 4817:. Australian War Memorial 4581:Abu Izzeddin, pp 203–204. 4433:Harris 2012, pp. 114–115. 4294:Harris 2012, pp. 109–110. 3455:MAMcIntosh (2018-08-29). 2620:2/16th Infantry Battalion 2616:2/14th Infantry Battalion 2612:2/27th Infantry Battalion 1951:outside the port town of 1614:war with Hapsburg Austria 1610:wars against Safavid Iran 1340:was created and given to 728:List of Phoenician cities 505:Maritime boundary dispute 5771:Barber, Malcolm (2012). 3745:. Catholic-Hierarchy.org 3635:Steven Runciman (1952). 3512:The Histories, Book VIII 3179:in an eastern suburb of 2485:Syrian National Congress 1646:against his local rival 1179:an underground Mithraeum 998:, a late 4th century BC 757:and the pharaohs of the 490:2008 conflict in Lebanon 353:Emirate of Mount Lebanon 5986:Winter, Stefan (2010). 5889:Australian War Memorial 5880:Greece, Crete and Syria 5814:A History of the Druzes 5721:. Infobase Publishing. 5044:Nofal, Mamdouh (2006). 4696:Winter, Stefan (2020). 3497:The Histories, Book VII 3442:The Histories, Book III 3427:The Histories, Book III 3324:Encyclopedia Britannica 3134:Lebanon's Shi'a Muslims 3130:Lebanon's Sunni Muslims 2569:Australian 7th Division 2368:, Sidon – like much of 1530:After Sidon came under 1252:Crusader-Ayyubid period 1038:successors of Alexander 790:Suppiluliuma I of Hatti 5468:. English.ahram.org.eg 4752:"1840 Syrian Campaign" 3171:Battle of Sidon (2013) 2949: 2912:Battle of the Beaufort 2897: 2889: 2791:National Liberal Party 2577:Syria-Lebanon campaign 2559: 2350:Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt 2261: 1885:, and a bathhouse (or 1777:in the Gharb, and the 1705:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 1687: 1578: 1554:Era of Fakhr al-Din II 1482:Franco-Mongol alliance 1460:. It was conquered by 1330:Patriarch of Jerusalem 1268: 1203:Beirut's School of Law 1174: 1099: 1018: 881: 440:Palestinian insurgency 33: 5790:Cohen, Amnon (1973). 5747:. The Boydell Press. 4888:Khazen, 2000, p. 276. 4879:Khazen, 2000, p. 277. 4546:Abu Izzeddin, p. 203. 3743:"Sidon (Titular See)" 3530:penelope.uchicago.edu 3482:The Histories, Book V 3074:the following month. 2944: 2895: 2887: 2836:1982 Israeli invasion 2767:and socialism in the 2557: 2436:Alexander sarcophagus 2425:1860 Lebanon conflict 2374:Muhammad Ali of Egypt 2286:Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar 2259: 2234:Muhammad Pasha al-Azm 2221:Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar 2157:Uthman Pasha al-Kurji 2048:Arslan Mataraci Pasha 1673: 1572: 1387:patriarchs of Antioch 1364:. The first crusader 1259: 1168: 1090: 1050:Archaeological Museum 1042:Alexander Sarcophagus 996:Alexander Sarcophagus 993: 972:Neo-Babylonian Empire 944:Neo-Babylonian Empire 871: 520:2020 Beirut explosion 465:2005 Lebanon bombings 401:Allied administration 19: 5811:Firro, Kais (1992). 4702:Archivum Ottomanicum 4621:Harris, pp. 122–123. 4453:Harris 2012, p. 115. 4424:Harris 2012, p. 117. 4339:Harris 2012, p. 113. 4321:Harris 2012, p. 111. 4312:Harris 2012, p. 110. 4285:Harris 2012, p. 109. 3444:. pp. 218, §91. 3269:"Porphyrogennetos". 3126:Syrian Arab Republic 3003:Fahd of Saudi Arabia 2763:, a group espousing 2628:2/4th Field Regiment 2366:Egyptian–Ottoman War 2362:Bashir III al-Shihab 2284:. Both Napoleon and 1924:Koprulu Mehmed Pasha 1489:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1428:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1414:Kingdom of Jerusalem 932:‘Ashtart-Shem-Ba‘al, 296:Kingdom of Jerusalem 71:visited Sidon. Both 5773:The Crusader States 4865:, pp. 380–384. 4261:, pp. 205–207. 4249:, pp. 202–203. 4234:, pp. 208–209. 4222:, pp. 191–192. 4147:, pp. 101–102. 2769:tradition of Nasser 2614:around Adloun, the 2579:fought between the 2206:Battle of Lake Hula 1994:Regency of Bashir I 1684:Sidon-Beirut Sanjak 1478:Battle of Ain Jalut 1378:Patriarch Ghibbelin 1358:archbishops of Tyre 1139:Alexander the Great 1030:Alexander the Great 872:Persian style bull 840:Phoenician language 782:Rib-Hadda of Byblos 430:1958 Lebanon crisis 422:Republic of Lebanon 30:Sidon-Beirut Sanjak 5549:Mohammed Zaatari. 5510:. Dailystar.com.lb 5138:The New York Times 5102:The New York Times 4973:Davis, H. Thomas: 4930:. 21 January 1985. 4927:The New York Times 4815:"Capture of Sidon" 4662:, pp. 82, 98. 4135:, pp. 97, 99. 3776:Tschanz, David W. 3619:Stockwell, Stephen 3348:The New York Times 3235:History of Lebanon 3165:2013 Sidon clashes 3024:Lebanese Civil War 2950: 2898: 2890: 2818:South Lebanon Army 2775:Lebanese Civil War 2690:Takieddine el-Solh 2634:Palestinian refuge 2602:, under Brigadier 2560: 2421:sectarian violence 2393:Archduke Friedrich 2330:Jezzar Ahmed Pasha 2325:in the mid-1740s. 2262: 2252:Reign of Bashir II 2100:Battle of Ain Dara 2064:Istifan al-Duwayhi 2002:clan, convened in 1949:Alam al-Din family 1767:Muzaffar al-Andari 1688: 1682:), capital of the 1656:commander-in-chief 1579: 1491:, now centered on 1476:in 1260 after the 1391:Bernard of Valence 1334:Ghibbelin of Arles 1269: 1175: 1133:Hellenistic period 1104:Greco-Persian Wars 1100: 1019: 882: 780:in the south, and 650:Lebanon portal 533:By city and region 445:Lebanese Civil War 236:Rashidun Caliphate 215:Sassanid interlude 34: 28:), capital of the 5997:978-0-521-76584-8 5978:978-90-04-18193-9 5956:978-1-440-85353-1 5824:978-90-04-09437-6 5803:978-0-19-647903-3 5782:978-0-300-11312-9 5754:978-0-85115-661-3 5728:978-1-4381-1025-7 5374:. Huffington Post 4945:Dennis Walters MP 4123:, pp. 95–96. 4009:, pp. 24–25. 3946:, pp. 83–84. 3645:978-0-241-29876-3 3177:clashes broke out 2955:Battle of Jezzine 2947:Battle of Jezzine 2828:positions around 2481:Great Arab Revolt 2145:Maronite Catholic 1769:of the Jurd, the 1674:The port town of 1540:Damascus province 1497:Pope Alexander IV 1450:Mediterranean Sea 1446:Eustace I Grenier 1410:Lordship of Sidon 1366:king of Jerusalem 1338:Lordship of Sidon 1193:period, when the 1147:seven month siege 1116:Battle of Salamis 1070:Achaemenid Empire 980:Nebuchadnezzar II 940:Nebuchadnezzar II 786:kingdom of Amurru 774:Zimredda of Sidon 684: 683: 290:County of Tripoli 272:Ikhshidid dynasty 266:Fatimid Caliphate 248:Abbasid Caliphate 242:Umayyad Caliphate 20:The port town of 6023: 6016:History of Sidon 6001: 5982: 5960: 5941: 5900: 5870: 5864: 5856: 5847: 5828: 5807: 5786: 5767: 5758: 5746: 5737:Asbridge, Thomas 5732: 5711: 5694: 5665: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5609: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5582:on June 26, 2013 5572: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5562: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5515: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5443:. Archived from 5431: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5400: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5379: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5323:. Naharnet. 2012 5317: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5180: 5174: 5171: 5165: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5129: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5116: 5093: 5084: 5081: 5075: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5041: 5035: 5032: 5026: 5019: 5013: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4989: 4985:Mommsen, Klaus: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4960: 4937: 4931: 4919: 4913: 4910: 4901: 4898: 4889: 4886: 4880: 4877: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4811: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4747: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4710: 4709: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4646: 4640: 4637: 4622: 4619: 4613: 4610: 4591: 4588: 4582: 4579: 4573: 4570: 4547: 4544: 4529: 4526: 4491: 4488: 4479: 4476: 4470: 4467: 4454: 4451: 4434: 4431: 4425: 4422: 4413: 4410: 4393: 4390: 4384: 4381: 4372: 4371: 4361: 4352: 4349: 4340: 4337: 4322: 4319: 4313: 4310: 4295: 4292: 4286: 4283: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4025: 4019: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3782: 3781: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3715: 3709: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3654: 3648: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3605: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3536: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3484:. pp. §109. 3477: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3467: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3375: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3350:. Archived from 3340: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3330: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3251: 3115:Syrian Civil War 3038:Israeli conflict 2999:Israel Air Force 2965:War of the camps 2765:Arab nationalism 2464:political system 2382:wanted to seize 2380:Admiral Stopford 2266:Bashir Shihab II 2198:Ali Bey al-Kabir 1980:Musa Alam al-Din 1855: 1843: 1837: 1825: 1680:pictured in 1843 1261:Sidon Sea Castle 1244:. They exported 778:Abimilku of Tyre 676: 669: 662: 648: 647: 646: 510:Liquidity crisis 470:Cedar Revolution 377:El Assaad Family 308:Mamluk Sultanate 278:Mirdasid dynasty 260:Hamdanid dynasty 203:Hellenistic rule 118: 108: 90: 83:and then by the 26:pictured in 1843 6031: 6030: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6006: 6005: 6004: 5998: 5985: 5979: 5963: 5957: 5944: 5903: 5873: 5857: 5850: 5844: 5831: 5825: 5810: 5804: 5789: 5783: 5770: 5761: 5755: 5735: 5729: 5714: 5697: 5668: 5662: 5647: 5643: 5638: 5637: 5628: 5626: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5607: 5605: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5585: 5583: 5574: 5573: 5569: 5560: 5558: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5534: 5532: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5513: 5511: 5506: 5505: 5501: 5492: 5490: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5471: 5469: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5450: 5448: 5447:on 25 June 2013 5433: 5432: 5428: 5419: 5417: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5398: 5396: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5377: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5364: 5355: 5354: 5350: 5341: 5340: 5336: 5326: 5324: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5304: 5302: 5289: 5288: 5284: 5274: 5272: 5267: 5266: 5262: 5252: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5239: 5229: 5227: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5198: 5196: 5182: 5181: 5177: 5172: 5168: 5163: 5159: 5150: 5148: 5131: 5130: 5123: 5114: 5112: 5095: 5094: 5087: 5082: 5078: 5069: 5065: 5058: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5007: 5000:Morris, Benny: 4999: 4992: 4984: 4980: 4972: 4963: 4938: 4934: 4920: 4916: 4911: 4904: 4899: 4892: 4887: 4883: 4878: 4869: 4861: 4857: 4847: 4845: 4835: 4834: 4830: 4820: 4818: 4813: 4812: 4803: 4795: 4791: 4782: 4781: 4777: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4736: 4732: 4724: 4713: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4670: 4666: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4643: 4639:Harris, p. 123. 4638: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4612:Harris, p. 122. 4611: 4594: 4590:Harris, p. 121. 4589: 4585: 4580: 4576: 4572:Harris, p. 120. 4571: 4550: 4545: 4532: 4528:Harris, p. 119. 4527: 4494: 4490:Harris, p. 118. 4489: 4482: 4478:Harris, p. 117. 4477: 4473: 4469:Harris, p. 116. 4468: 4457: 4452: 4437: 4432: 4428: 4423: 4416: 4412:Harris, p. 114. 4411: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4375: 4363: 4362: 4355: 4350: 4343: 4338: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4284: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4245: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4206: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4182: 4175: 4169:Abu-Husayn 1985 4167: 4163: 4157:Abu-Husayn 1985 4155: 4151: 4145:Abu-Husayn 1985 4143: 4139: 4133:Abu-Husayn 1985 4131: 4127: 4121:Abu-Husayn 1985 4119: 4115: 4109:Abu-Husayn 1985 4107: 4103: 4097:Abu-Husayn 1985 4095: 4091: 4085:Abu-Husayn 1985 4083: 4079: 4073:Abu-Husayn 1985 4071: 4067: 4061:Abu-Husayn 1985 4059: 4055: 4049:Abu-Husayn 1985 4047: 4043: 4037:Abu-Husayn 1985 4035: 4028: 4020: 4013: 4007:Abu-Husayn 1985 4005: 4001: 3995:Abu-Husayn 1985 3993: 3989: 3983:Abu-Husayn 1985 3981: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3956:Abu-Husayn 1985 3954: 3950: 3944:Abu-Husayn 1985 3942: 3938: 3932:Abu-Husayn 1985 3930: 3926: 3920:Abu-Husayn 1993 3918: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3896:Abu-Husayn 1985 3894: 3890: 3884:Abu-Husayn 1985 3882: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3858: 3851: 3845:Abu-Husayn 1985 3843: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3821:Abu-Husayn 1992 3819: 3812: 3804: 3800: 3792: 3785: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3748: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3727: 3718: 3710: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3671: 3667: 3661:Thomas Asbridge 3655: 3651: 3634: 3630: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3603: 3601: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3571: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3534: 3532: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3514:. pp. §90. 3509: 3508: 3504: 3499:. pp. §23. 3494: 3493: 3489: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3465: 3463: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3429:. pp. §19. 3424: 3423: 3419: 3396:10.2307/3209545 3377: 3376: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3328: 3326: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3292: 3288: 3281: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3226: 3173: 3167: 3154: 3138:Bashar Al-Assad 3111: 3072:Ansariya ambush 3040: 3016:Battle of Sidon 3012: 3010:Battle of Sidon 2967: 2867:Beaufort Castle 2838: 2787:Camille Chamoun 2782: 2777: 2714: 2660: 2636: 2606:, crossed the 2565: 2505:Greater Lebanon 2477: 2475:Greater Lebanon 2472: 2444: 2395:first landed a 2344:As part of the 2342: 2254: 2178: 2129: 2117:Nasif al-Nassar 2112: 2110:Reign of Mulhim 2072: 2070:Reign of Haydar 2052:Umar al-Zaydani 1996: 1916: 1816: 1746:Harfush dynasty 1693: 1583:Fakhr al-Din II 1575:Fakhr al-Din II 1567: 1562: 1560:Fakhr al-Din II 1556: 1532:Ottoman Turkish 1528: 1505:Julian of Sidon 1470:Knights Templar 1466:Crusade of 1197 1432:Crusader States 1406: 1382:Pope Paschal II 1354: 1342:Eustace Grenier 1274: 1263:, built by the 1254: 1171:Peutinger Table 1163: 1135: 1066:Cyrus the Great 1062: 988: 952: 909:Murex trunculus 866: 854:Main articles: 852: 770:Egyptian Empire 716: 704:Heavy Neolithic 689: 680: 644: 642: 637: 636: 582: 574: 573: 534: 526: 525: 524: 424: 414: 413: 412: 341: 333: 332: 331: 230: 222: 221: 220: 197: 189: 188: 187: 176:Babylonian rule 137: 106: 99: 69:Herod the Great 12: 11: 5: 6029: 6027: 6019: 6018: 6008: 6007: 6003: 6002: 5996: 5983: 5977: 5961: 5955: 5942: 5916:(4): 709–740. 5901: 5871: 5848: 5842: 5829: 5823: 5808: 5802: 5787: 5781: 5768: 5759: 5753: 5733: 5727: 5712: 5695: 5677:(4): 665–675. 5666: 5660: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5614: 5593: 5567: 5541: 5520: 5499: 5478: 5457: 5426: 5416:. Naharnet.com 5405: 5395:. Naharnet.com 5384: 5362: 5348: 5334: 5312: 5301:on 5 June 2019 5295:The Daily Star 5282: 5260: 5249:. The Atlantic 5237: 5206: 5175: 5166: 5157: 5121: 5085: 5076: 5063: 5056: 5036: 5027: 5014: 5005: 4990: 4978: 4961: 4932: 4914: 4902: 4890: 4881: 4867: 4855: 4828: 4801: 4799:, p. 380. 4789: 4775: 4761: 4758:. W.L. Clowes. 4742: 4730: 4728:, p. 330. 4711: 4688: 4676: 4664: 4652: 4641: 4623: 4614: 4592: 4583: 4574: 4548: 4530: 4492: 4480: 4471: 4455: 4435: 4426: 4414: 4394: 4385: 4373: 4353: 4341: 4323: 4314: 4296: 4287: 4275: 4273:, p. 207. 4263: 4251: 4236: 4224: 4212: 4210:, p. 736. 4208:Olsaretti 2008 4200: 4198:, p. 210. 4188: 4186:, p. 213. 4173: 4171:, p. 102. 4161: 4159:, p. 106. 4149: 4137: 4125: 4113: 4101: 4089: 4077: 4065: 4053: 4041: 4026: 4024:, p. 729. 4022:Olsaretti 2008 4011: 3999: 3987: 3972: 3960: 3948: 3936: 3924: 3912: 3910:, p. 923. 3900: 3888: 3876: 3874:, p. 922. 3864: 3862:, p. 728. 3860:Olsaretti 2008 3849: 3837: 3835:, p. 191. 3825: 3823:, p. 673. 3810: 3798: 3796:, p. 120. 3783: 3768: 3765:John of Ibelin 3756: 3741:David Cheney. 3733: 3716: 3714:, p. 209. 3701: 3689: 3677: 3675:, p. 208. 3665: 3649: 3628: 3610: 3584: 3569: 3541: 3517: 3502: 3487: 3472: 3447: 3432: 3417: 3365: 3354:on 24 May 2012 3335: 3311: 3309:, p. 876. 3299: 3286: 3279: 3261: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3237: 3232: 3225: 3222: 3175:In June 2013, 3169:Main article: 3166: 3163: 3153: 3150: 3146:Ahmed al-Assir 3110: 3107: 3105:refugee camp. 3080:Osbat al-Ansar 3039: 3036: 3028:Taif Agreement 3011: 3008: 2966: 2963: 2908:Golani Brigade 2837: 2834: 2822:Bashir Gemayel 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2713: 2712:PLO insurgency 2710: 2659: 2656: 2638:Following the 2635: 2632: 2626:attacking the 2571:'s advance on 2564: 2561: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2470:Modern Lebanon 2468: 2443: 2440: 2388:Admiral Napier 2386:and entrusted 2341: 2338: 2328:In 1775, when 2304:family in the 2253: 2250: 2177: 2176:Reign of Yusuf 2174: 2128: 2125: 2111: 2108: 2071: 2068: 1995: 1992: 1915: 1914:Shihab dynasty 1912: 1815: 1814:Building works 1812: 1701:Jelali revolts 1692: 1689: 1621:Constantinople 1594:was appointed 1566: 1563: 1558:Main article: 1555: 1552: 1527: 1526:Ottoman period 1524: 1520:Bubonic Plague 1405: 1402: 1353: 1350: 1278:Egyptian fleet 1273: 1272:Siege of Sidon 1270: 1253: 1250: 1162: 1159: 1134: 1131: 1127:Artaxerxes III 1061: 1060:Persian period 1058: 987: 984: 951: 948: 851: 848: 724:Semitic people 715: 712: 698:dating to the 688: 685: 682: 681: 679: 678: 671: 664: 656: 653: 652: 639: 638: 635: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 583: 580: 579: 576: 575: 572: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 535: 532: 531: 528: 527: 523: 522: 517: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 442: 437: 432: 426: 425: 420: 419: 416: 415: 411: 410: 404: 398: 395:Beirut Vilayet 392: 386: 380: 374: 368: 362: 359:Tripoli Eyalet 356: 350: 343: 342: 339: 338: 335: 334: 330: 329: 323: 317: 311: 305: 302:Zengid dynasty 299: 293: 287: 281: 275: 269: 263: 257: 251: 245: 239: 232: 231: 228: 227: 224: 223: 219: 218: 212: 211:(64 BC–646 AD) 206: 199: 198: 195: 194: 191: 190: 186: 185: 179: 173: 167: 166:(1600–1178 BC) 161: 160:(1550–1077 BC) 155: 145: 139: 138: 133: 132: 129: 128: 120: 119: 111: 110: 101: 100: 93: 63:, and finally 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6028: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6011: 5999: 5993: 5989: 5984: 5980: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5952: 5948: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5854: 5849: 5845: 5843:9780860780724 5839: 5836:. Routledge. 5835: 5830: 5826: 5820: 5816: 5815: 5809: 5805: 5799: 5795: 5794: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5774: 5769: 5765: 5760: 5756: 5750: 5745: 5744: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5724: 5720: 5719: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5663: 5661:9780815660729 5657: 5653: 5652: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5624: 5618: 5615: 5603: 5597: 5594: 5581: 5577: 5571: 5568: 5557:on 2019-04-28 5556: 5552: 5545: 5542: 5530: 5524: 5521: 5509: 5503: 5500: 5488: 5482: 5479: 5467: 5461: 5458: 5446: 5442: 5441: 5436: 5430: 5427: 5415: 5409: 5406: 5394: 5388: 5385: 5373: 5366: 5363: 5358: 5352: 5349: 5344: 5338: 5335: 5322: 5316: 5313: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5286: 5283: 5270: 5264: 5261: 5248: 5241: 5238: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5207: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5176: 5170: 5167: 5161: 5158: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5064: 5059: 5057:9950-312-27-2 5053: 5049: 5048: 5040: 5037: 5031: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5015: 5009: 5006: 5003: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4988: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4949:Michael Adams 4946: 4942: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4915: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4885: 4882: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4859: 4856: 4843: 4839: 4832: 4829: 4816: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4793: 4790: 4785: 4779: 4776: 4771: 4765: 4762: 4757: 4753: 4750:Clowes, W.L. 4746: 4743: 4740:, p. 87. 4739: 4734: 4731: 4727: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4692: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4677: 4674:, p. 82. 4673: 4668: 4665: 4661: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4645: 4642: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4615: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4584: 4578: 4575: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4549: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4531: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4475: 4472: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4456: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4430: 4427: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4386: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4369: 4368: 4360: 4358: 4354: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4315: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4264: 4260: 4255: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4114: 4111:, p. 95. 4110: 4105: 4102: 4099:, p. 94. 4098: 4093: 4090: 4087:, p. 93. 4086: 4081: 4078: 4075:, p. 91. 4074: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4054: 4051:, p. 89. 4050: 4045: 4042: 4039:, p. 87. 4038: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4003: 4000: 3997:, p. 26. 3996: 3991: 3988: 3985:, p. 85. 3984: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3970:, p. 51. 3969: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3937: 3934:, p. 83. 3933: 3928: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3913: 3909: 3904: 3901: 3898:, p. 84. 3897: 3892: 3889: 3886:, p. 81. 3885: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3847:, p. 80. 3846: 3841: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3808:, p. 45. 3807: 3802: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3744: 3737: 3734: 3731:, p. 27. 3730: 3729:Hamilton 2016 3725: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3712:Asbridge 2000 3708: 3706: 3702: 3699:, p. 93. 3698: 3693: 3690: 3687:, p. 61. 3686: 3685:Hamilton 2016 3681: 3678: 3674: 3673:Asbridge 2000 3669: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3629: 3625:(2): 128–129. 3624: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3600: 3599: 3594: 3588: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3570:9780807830307 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3553: 3545: 3542: 3531: 3527: 3521: 3518: 3513: 3506: 3503: 3498: 3491: 3488: 3483: 3476: 3473: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3448: 3443: 3436: 3433: 3428: 3421: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3336: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3282: 3280:0-195-04652-8 3276: 3272: 3265: 3262: 3257: 3250: 3247: 3240: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3207: 3206:Ain el-Hilweh 3201: 3199: 3195: 3189: 3185: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3116: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3068:Lebanese Army 3065: 3061: 3057: 3056:security zone 3053: 3049: 3045: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2956: 2953:town. In the 2948: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2935:Ain al-Hilweh 2931: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2919:cluster bombs 2915: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2814:Easter Sunday 2810: 2808: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2779: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2756: 2754: 2749: 2746: 2745:Ain al-Hilweh 2742: 2737: 2735: 2734:Lebanese Army 2731: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2672: 2671:in Lebanon). 2670: 2665: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2648:Ein el-Hilweh 2645: 2641: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2562: 2556: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2545:Adel Osseiran 2542: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2497:Hisn al-Akrad 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2474: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2408:Mount Lebanon 2405: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2370:Ottoman Syria 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2323:Zahir al-Umar 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2297:Shihab family 2293: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2258: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2225:Ottoman Egypt 2222: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2202:Abu al-Dhahab 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2186:Zahir al-Umar 2183: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2134: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2118: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2077:Zahir al-Umar 2069: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2044:South Lebanon 2041: 2037: 2036:Bilad Bishara 2033: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2005: 2001: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1984:Deir al-Qamar 1981: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1862:Khan al-Franj 1857: 1854: 1853: 1847: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1829: 1824: 1823: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1762: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1576: 1571: 1564: 1561: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1433: 1430:, one of the 1429: 1425: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1308:Fatimid fleet 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1172: 1167: 1160: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1097: 1094:-era coin of 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1059: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1024: 1016: 1013:, now in the 1012: 1008: 1004: 1001: 997: 992: 985: 983: 981: 977: 973: 969: 968:Median Empire 965: 961: 957: 949: 947: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 912: 910: 906: 901: 899: 895: 891: 887: 879: 875: 870: 865: 864:King of Sidon 861: 857: 849: 847: 845: 841: 836: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 793: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 772:and ruled by 771: 766: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 745:; in Arabic, 744: 740: 736: 731: 729: 725: 721: 713: 711: 709: 705: 701: 697: 694: 686: 677: 672: 670: 665: 663: 658: 657: 655: 654: 651: 641: 640: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 584: 578: 577: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 536: 530: 529: 521: 518: 515: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 475:2006 July War 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 450: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 435:Chehabist era 433: 431: 428: 427: 423: 418: 417: 408: 405: 402: 399: 396: 393: 390: 387: 384: 381: 378: 375: 372: 369: 366: 363: 360: 357: 354: 351: 348: 345: 344: 337: 336: 327: 324: 321: 318: 315: 312: 309: 306: 303: 300: 297: 294: 291: 288: 285: 284:Seljuk Empire 282: 279: 276: 273: 270: 267: 264: 261: 258: 255: 252: 249: 246: 243: 240: 237: 234: 233: 226: 225: 217:(610s–628 AD) 216: 213: 210: 207: 204: 201: 200: 193: 192: 183: 180: 177: 174: 171: 170:Assyrian rule 168: 165: 162: 159: 158:Egyptian rule 156: 154:(2500–333 BC) 153: 149: 146: 144: 141: 140: 136: 131: 130: 127: 126: 122: 121: 117: 113: 112: 109: 102: 97: 91: 88: 86: 85:Ottoman Turks 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 41: 38: 31: 27: 23: 18: 5987: 5968: 5949:. ABC-CLIO. 5946: 5913: 5909: 5879: 5852: 5833: 5813: 5792: 5772: 5763: 5742: 5717: 5707: 5703: 5674: 5670: 5650: 5627:. Retrieved 5617: 5606:. Retrieved 5596: 5584:. Retrieved 5580:the original 5570: 5559:. Retrieved 5555:the original 5544: 5533:. Retrieved 5523: 5512:. Retrieved 5502: 5491:. Retrieved 5481: 5470:. Retrieved 5460: 5449:. Retrieved 5445:the original 5438: 5429: 5418:. Retrieved 5408: 5397:. Retrieved 5387: 5376:. Retrieved 5365: 5351: 5337: 5325:. Retrieved 5315: 5303:. Retrieved 5299:the original 5294: 5285: 5273:. Retrieved 5263: 5251:. Retrieved 5240: 5228:. Retrieved 5219: 5209: 5197:. Retrieved 5188: 5178: 5169: 5160: 5149:. Retrieved 5137: 5113:. Retrieved 5101: 5079: 5066: 5046: 5039: 5030: 5017: 5008: 5001: 4986: 4981: 4974: 4953:John Bulloch 4935: 4925: 4917: 4912:Dib, p. 259. 4884: 4858: 4846:. Retrieved 4841: 4831: 4819:. Retrieved 4792: 4783: 4778: 4769: 4764: 4755: 4745: 4733: 4705: 4701: 4691: 4686:, p. 9. 4679: 4667: 4655: 4644: 4617: 4586: 4577: 4474: 4429: 4388: 4366: 4317: 4290: 4266: 4254: 4227: 4215: 4203: 4191: 4164: 4152: 4140: 4128: 4116: 4104: 4092: 4080: 4068: 4056: 4044: 4002: 3990: 3963: 3951: 3939: 3927: 3922:, p. 3. 3915: 3908:Hourani 2010 3903: 3891: 3879: 3872:Hourani 2010 3867: 3840: 3828: 3801: 3771: 3759: 3747:. Retrieved 3736: 3692: 3680: 3668: 3657:The Crusades 3656: 3652: 3636: 3631: 3622: 3613: 3602:. Retrieved 3596: 3587: 3551: 3544: 3533:. Retrieved 3529: 3520: 3511: 3505: 3496: 3490: 3481: 3475: 3464:. Retrieved 3460: 3450: 3441: 3435: 3426: 3420: 3387: 3383: 3356:. Retrieved 3352:the original 3347: 3338: 3327:. Retrieved 3323: 3314: 3302: 3289: 3270: 3264: 3255: 3249: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3202: 3190: 3186: 3174: 3159: 3155: 3118:spilled over 3112: 3103:Ain al-Hilwa 3083: 3076: 3041: 3013: 2979: 2971:Amal militia 2968: 2959: 2951: 2932: 2916: 2903:Litani River 2899: 2879:Bekaa Valley 2842:Ariel Sharon 2839: 2811: 2803: 2799:Maarouf Saad 2783: 2757: 2750: 2738: 2726:Maarouf Saad 2722:Maarouf Saad 2719: 2715: 2706: 2702: 2696:, father of 2682: 2677:Maarouf Saad 2673: 2661: 2637: 2624: 2608:Litani River 2604:Jack Stevens 2600:21st Brigade 2597: 2585:Vichy French 2566: 2563:World War II 2549:Maarouf Saad 2541:Riad al-Solh 2537: 2493: 2478: 2445: 2429: 2401: 2378: 2343: 2327: 2294: 2263: 2238: 2218: 2179: 2152: 2138: 2130: 2121: 2113: 2104: 2089: 2073: 2028: 2023: 2009: 1997: 1969: 1961:Beqaa Valley 1957:Harfush clan 1920:Sidon Eyalet 1917: 1903:Bahri Mosque 1891: 1858: 1817: 1806: 1804: 1763: 1759:Sidon Eyalet 1753: 1741: 1734:Shaqif Arnun 1725: 1721: 1719: 1708: 1694: 1679: 1664: 1660: 1640:Ali Janbulad 1633: 1624: 1618: 1605: 1599: 1595: 1586: 1580: 1544: 1536:Sidon Eyalet 1529: 1517: 1436: 1418: 1407: 1395: 1355: 1327: 1316: 1305: 1286: 1275: 1215: 1187:Roman colony 1176: 1161:Roman period 1136: 1120: 1112:Xerxes Canal 1101: 1096:Abdashtart I 1082: 1063: 1020: 976:Nabopolassar 953: 931: 913: 902: 883: 844:Mount Hermon 837: 813:Kamid el-Loz 794: 767: 746: 732: 717: 690: 632:10th century 553: 365:Sidon Eyalet 347:Ottoman rule 184:(538–332 BC) 182:Persian rule 178:(605–538 BC) 172:(883–605 BC) 164:Hittite rule 123: 42: 35: 25: 5875:Long, Gavin 5641:Works cited 5327:27 November 5305:27 November 5275:27 November 4941:Lord Mayhew 3968:Winter 2010 3833:Bakhit 1972 3794:Winter 2010 3697:Barber 2012 3510:Herodotus. 3495:Herodotus. 3480:Herodotus. 3440:Herodotus. 3425:Herodotus. 3307:Tucker 2019 3084:in absentia 2923:Shayetet 13 2807:15-year war 2698:Tamam Salam 2644:Palestinian 2442:Dissolution 2404:Kaymakamate 2092:Ras al-Matn 1928:Shia Muslim 1899:Palestinian 1883:coffeehouse 1717:, Tuscany. 1697:Nasuh Pasha 1648:Yusuf Sayfa 1592:Murad Pasha 1398:Titular see 1213:in AD 636. 1141:during his 1064:In 539 BC, 1034:Hellenistic 1009:of Ayaa in 1003:sarcophagus 1000:Hellenistic 960:Sennacherib 916:Eshmun’azar 829:Tell Hizzin 797:Beqa Valley 763:Nile Valley 759:Old Kingdom 714:Late Bronze 627:9th century 622:8th century 617:7th century 612:6th century 607:5th century 602:4th century 597:3rd century 592:2nd century 587:1st century 409:(1920–1943) 407:French rule 403:(1918–1920) 397:(1888–1917) 391:(1861–1918) 385:(1843-1861) 379:(1749–1957) 373:(1697–1842) 367:(1660–1864) 361:(1579–1864) 355:(1516–1840) 349:(1516–1918) 328:(1493–1860) 322:(1490–1697) 316:(1306–1591) 310:(1291–1515) 304:(1127–1250) 298:(1099–1291) 292:(1099–1291) 286:(1037–1194) 280:(1024–1080) 205:(332–64 BC) 105:History of 49:Babylonians 5629:2013-06-29 5608:2013-06-29 5561:2013-06-24 5535:2013-06-24 5514:2013-06-24 5493:2013-06-24 5472:2013-06-24 5451:2013-06-24 5420:2013-06-24 5399:2013-06-24 5378:2013-06-24 5253:15 October 5151:2019-08-19 5115:2019-08-19 5047:Maghdouche 4848:4 February 4821:26 January 4708:: 219–242. 4672:Cohen 1973 4660:Cohen 1973 4271:Weber 2010 4259:Weber 2010 4247:Weber 2010 4232:Weber 2010 4220:Weber 2010 4196:Weber 2010 4184:Weber 2010 3806:Firro 1992 3604:2019-03-07 3535:2020-04-20 3466:2020-04-20 3461:Brewminate 3329:2020-04-22 3241:References 2995:Maghdouché 2826:Phalangist 2753:Saeb Salam 2694:Saeb Salam 2587:forces in 2525:Bint Jbeil 2499:) and the 2460:Mutasarrıf 2434:(like the 2406:, whereby 2397:detachment 2310:Jabal Amil 2229:Qabb Ilyas 2040:Jabal Amil 2032:Wa'il clan 2024:muqata'jis 2004:Semqaniyeh 1941:Jabal A'la 1936:Ahmad Ma'n 1807:sanjak-bey 1665:sanjak-bey 1661:sanjak-bey 1625:sanjak-bey 1601:sanjak-bey 1421:four major 1344:, later a 1267:in AD 1228 1224:cities of 1222:Phoenician 1218:Pax Romana 1183:Elagabalus 1110:built the 1092:Achaemenid 1026:Achaemenid 1007:necropolis 964:Esarhaddon 905:purple dye 886:Phoenician 878:Achaemenid 720:Canaanites 696:assemblage 687:Prehistory 581:By century 326:Harfushids 268:(909–1171) 262:(890–1004) 250:(750–1258) 209:Roman rule 143:Prehistory 77:Saint Paul 5965:Weber, S. 5938:153677447 5861:cite book 5855:. Beirut. 5817:. BRILL. 5704:Al-Abhath 5691:159670509 5230:30 August 5199:30 August 5146:0362-4331 5110:0362-4331 4947:, Editor 4863:Long 1953 4797:Long 1953 3639:, p. 74. 3412:165757132 3390:(1): 31. 3091:Al-Ahbash 3052:Hizbollah 2982:Rashidieh 2686:Riad Solh 2652:Mieh Mieh 2529:Nabatiyeh 2521:Marjeyoun 2423:. In the 2358:Maronites 2278:Palestine 2272:besieged 2190:Palestine 2149:Moukhtara 1943:south of 1907:d'Arvieux 1894:d'Arvieux 1848:known as 1783:Chbaniyeh 1775:Choueifat 1606:amir liwa 1596:beylerbey 1547:conflicts 1376:. He and 1370:Baldwin I 1303:in 1098. 1265:Crusaders 1207:conquered 1191:Byzantine 1155:crucified 956:Sargon II 898:Phoenicia 856:Phoenicia 823:, Hazor, 700:Acheulean 549:Kfarsghab 449:Aftermath 274:(935–969) 256:(868–905) 244:(661–750) 238:(636–661) 196:Classical 152:Phoenicia 53:Egyptians 45:Assyrians 6010:Category 5930:40213728 5877:(1953). 5739:(2000). 5586:June 10, 5224:Archived 5193:Archived 5074:pp.10-11 5072:Jim Muir 5023:Jim Muir 4957:Jim Muir 3663:, p. 125 3224:See also 3140:, whose 2988:between 2984:camp in 2973:and the 2871:Nabatieh 2730:as-Saiqa 2664:El-Bizri 2456:Maronite 2432:Istanbul 2412:Kisrawan 2270:Napoleon 2210:Nabatieh 2153:mudabbir 2096:Ain Dara 2042:(modern 2017:Maronite 2000:Jumblatt 1932:Keserwan 1852:muqarnas 1846:vaulting 1795:Ain Dara 1587:muqaddam 1545:Despite 1486:Crusader 1452:between 1442:captured 1424:fiefdoms 1301:Fatimids 1282:Damascus 1199:Phoenice 1108:Xerxes I 1054:Istanbul 936:Ugaritic 920:‘Ashtart 850:Iron Age 825:Damascus 559:Kisrawan 514:Reaction 340:Colonial 320:Ma'anids 254:Tulunids 229:Medieval 125:Timeline 96:a series 94:Part of 57:Persians 5897:3134080 5710:: 3–15. 5220:Reuters 5189:Reuters 3404:3209545 3142:Alawite 3122:Lebanon 3099:Tripoli 3044:Jezzine 2928:Jezzine 2906:of the 2875:Jezzine 2593:Lebanon 2533:Jezzine 2517:Hasbaya 2306:Galilee 2214:Russian 2165:Batroun 2020:Khazens 1976:Qalawun 1965:Baalbek 1959:of the 1785:in the 1779:Sawwafs 1750:Baalbek 1742:sekbans 1738:Subayba 1726:sekbans 1722:sekbans 1715:Livorno 1710:sekbans 1652:Tripoli 1636:Kurdish 1585:as the 1474:Mongols 1462:Saladin 1426:of the 1209:by the 1151:Melqart 1078:talents 1074:satrapy 1023:Persian 874:protome 833:Baalbek 708:pottery 569:Tripoli 371:Shihabs 135:Ancient 107:Lebanon 5994: 5975: 5953: 5936: 5928: 5895: 5840: 5821: 5800: 5779: 5751: 5725: 5689: 5658: 5144: 5108: 5054: 3643: 3577: 3567: 3410: 3402: 3358:10 May 3277: 3208:camp. 3060:UNIFIL 2863:Damour 2847:Ashdod 2720:While 2669:Nasser 2581:Allies 2573:Beirut 2543:, and 2531:, and 2354:Druzes 2316:, and 2314:Beirut 2302:Zaydan 2182:Barouk 2170:Dahdah 2161:Byblos 2133:Mansur 2085:Hermel 2081:Ghazir 1972:Byblos 1953:Beirut 1945:Aleppo 1887:hammam 1879:Medina 1867:Banias 1791:Ighmid 1771:Arslan 1754:sekban 1752:, the 1730:Mafraq 1644:Aleppo 1638:rebel 1513:Barons 1511:. The 1501:Franks 1495:; but 1458:Beirut 1297:Jordan 1289:Levant 1240:, and 1238:Persia 1232:, and 1226:Byblos 1123:Tennes 1046:Lycian 1044:, the 924:Eshmun 862:, and 860:Canaan 817:Beirut 751:Beirut 743:Byblos 693:lithic 539:Beirut 314:Assafs 148:Canaan 98:on the 65:Romans 61:Greeks 5934:S2CID 5926:JSTOR 5687:S2CID 3749:3 Jan 3575:JSTOR 3408:S2CID 3400:JSTOR 3230:Sidon 3198:Qatar 3194:Saudi 3181:Sidon 3120:into 3095:mufti 2859:Sidon 2830:Zahle 2795:Sidon 2741:Fatah 2589:Syria 2509:Sidon 2384:Sidon 2290:Egypt 2246:Akkar 2194:Syria 2141:Yusuf 2056:Safad 1988:Sidon 1875:Mecca 1841:ablaq 1834:qa'as 1822:saray 1799:Abeih 1676:Sidon 1629:Safed 1509:Sidon 1438:Sidon 1319:Arsuf 1246:cedar 1242:India 1230:Sidon 1211:Arabs 1011:Sidon 938:text. 928:Ba‘al 890:Homer 821:Sidon 805:Hazor 801:Qatna 755:Egypt 747:Jbeil 739:Sidon 554:Sidon 544:Chouf 81:Arabs 73:Jesus 37:Sidon 22:Sidon 5992:ISBN 5973:ISBN 5951:ISBN 5893:OCLC 5867:link 5838:ISBN 5819:ISBN 5798:ISBN 5777:ISBN 5749:ISBN 5723:ISBN 5656:ISBN 5588:2013 5329:2012 5307:2012 5277:2012 5255:2019 5232:2013 5201:2013 5142:ISSN 5106:ISSN 5052:ISBN 4850:2017 4823:2019 3751:2019 3641:ISBN 3565:ISBN 3360:2008 3275:ISBN 3196:and 3088:Sufi 3064:Amal 3014:The 2990:Amal 2986:Tyre 2861:and 2855:Tyre 2650:and 2591:and 2583:and 2519:and 2513:Tyre 2489:Riad 2454:, a 2416:Shuf 2414:and 2356:and 2318:Acre 2282:Tyre 2274:Acre 2241:Acre 2163:and 2060:Sa'b 2012:Matn 1877:and 1871:waqf 1828:iwan 1787:Matn 1736:and 1493:Acre 1456:and 1454:Tyre 1440:was 1323:Acre 1321:and 1312:Tyre 1293:Acre 1234:Tyre 1185:, a 1169:The 994:The 926:and 894:Tyre 831:and 809:Mari 737:and 735:Tyre 722:, a 564:Tyre 75:and 5918:doi 5679:doi 5440:NPR 5025:p.4 4959:p.3 3659:by 3557:doi 3392:doi 3097:of 3048:SLA 2975:PLO 2851:PLO 2812:On 2438:). 2038:in 2034:of 1889:). 1781:of 1748:of 1728:in 1650:of 1642:of 1627:of 1310:at 1052:of 6012:: 5932:. 5924:. 5914:30 5912:. 5908:. 5891:. 5883:. 5863:}} 5859:{{ 5708:41 5706:. 5702:. 5685:. 5675:24 5673:. 5437:. 5293:. 5222:. 5218:. 5191:. 5187:. 5140:. 5136:. 5124:^ 5104:. 5100:. 5088:^ 4993:^ 4964:^ 4951:; 4943:, 4924:. 4905:^ 4893:^ 4870:^ 4840:. 4804:^ 4754:. 4714:^ 4706:37 4704:. 4700:. 4626:^ 4595:^ 4551:^ 4533:^ 4495:^ 4483:^ 4458:^ 4438:^ 4417:^ 4397:^ 4376:^ 4356:^ 4344:^ 4326:^ 4299:^ 4278:^ 4239:^ 4176:^ 4029:^ 4014:^ 3975:^ 3852:^ 3813:^ 3786:^ 3719:^ 3704:^ 3595:. 3573:. 3563:. 3528:. 3459:. 3406:. 3398:. 3388:42 3386:. 3382:. 3368:^ 3346:. 3322:. 2809:. 2801:. 2797:, 2736:. 2688:, 2595:. 2527:, 2523:, 2515:, 2511:, 2348:, 2236:. 1797:, 1793:, 1416:. 1400:. 1389:, 1368:, 1348:. 1332:, 1228:, 1201:, 1056:. 946:. 900:. 858:, 835:. 827:, 819:, 765:. 710:. 87:. 67:. 59:, 55:, 51:, 47:, 6000:. 5981:. 5959:. 5940:. 5920:: 5899:. 5869:) 5846:. 5827:. 5806:. 5785:. 5757:. 5731:. 5693:. 5681:: 5664:. 5632:. 5611:. 5590:. 5564:. 5538:. 5517:. 5496:. 5475:. 5454:. 5423:. 5402:. 5381:. 5331:. 5309:. 5279:. 5257:. 5234:. 5203:. 5154:. 5118:. 5060:. 4852:. 4825:. 3958:. 3780:. 3753:. 3647:. 3607:. 3581:. 3559:: 3538:. 3469:. 3414:. 3394:: 3362:. 3332:. 3283:. 1678:( 1577:. 1017:. 675:e 668:t 661:v 516:) 512:( 451:) 447:( 150:/ 24:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index