2375:
90:
2832:
2603:
1997:
588:
535:
2535:
2645:
184:
1677:, along with her naval resources, had made Spain a vital part of European power politics. If the throne of Spain was to go to a relative of the king of France, or if the two countries were to be united, the balance of power in Europe would shift in France's favor. The wealth of the Spanish overseas empire would flow to France. If it remained in the hands of another member of the anti-French, Austrian Habsburg dynasty, the status quo would remain. European politics at the end of the 16th century became dominated by establishing an orderly succession in Spain that would not alter the balance between Europe's great powers.
630:
2179:, son of Philip V by his second wife, Elizabeth Farnese. Charles was the half-brother of Ferdinand VI, and not initially expected to ascend the throne of Spain. Since Ferdinand had no children, it was clear that Charles would ascend to the throne. In his half-brother's last years of ill physical and mental health and erratic behavior, Charles kept up to the minute on happenings in Spain. He learned of the "spreading administrative paralysis, breakdown of responsibility, and delays in making key decisions" and was worried that France and Spain in the event might attempt to carve up the
2543:
2495:
1777:), which had already existed in Castile, were appointed to the other reinos. An important reform was in taxation and royal debt. Some bonds issued by the crown were repudiated while others had their interest rate downgraded. New tax officials were efficient in collecting and administering taxes, to the benefit of the new monarchy. Regions that had not paid taxes at the same levels as Castile were not subject to taxation by the unitary state. Since Spain under the Bourbon monarchs pursued many wars, having a tax base to pay for them was crucial.
1892:, Austria declined to intervene against the powerful alliance, and Spain was left alone once again. French armies invaded the Basque country and Britain and Netherlands elected to capture Spain's New World empire and disrupt precious metal shipments hoping to prevent Philip from buying the Austrians into intervention; the allies suffered greater losses in men than the Spanish but the plan succeeded and Philip was forced to sue for peace in 1729. Elizabeth Farnese did get one of her wishes, though; securing the succession rights in the
66:
574:
2090:
59:
549:
521:
2402:. Aranda gained prominence during the crisis and led the government in the king's absence. He was the only titled aristocrat in Charles's administration; the king generally preferred men of lower social origin who were university graduates from outside Castile. Charles granted noble titles to able men in his administration, who became part of a loyal and progressive bureaucracy. Charles removed Esquilache from power in Madrid, naming him Ambassador to
507:
2210:
2048:
1966:, and seven years afterwards, in 1743, he was made Philip (and Elizabeth's) favorite at court, and for the remainder of Philip's reign, Ensenada effectively ruled Spain. Ensenada sought a cautious but independent foreign policy that distanced his country from both France or Britain, and desired a stable, peaceful environment in which Spain could reform her institutions. Ensenada commissioned a secret report on the state of
2750:
2159:
1872:
1639:
2343:
1765:
The four ministers formed a "cabinet council" and ministers were directly responsible to the crown. In general, aristocratic men no longer dominated government positions, but rather men of talent who were then elevated to high position and rewarded with noble titles. Some 200 new titles were created by Philip alone. Administrative reforms included the division of Spain into eight
1463:
1725:
1477:
2250:, who continued to lead Spain's government in the early years of Charles III. Charles, however, bore a grudge against the English and as the war became increasingly desperate for France, he went against his chief minister's wishes and intervened on France's behalf in 1762. Spain fared poorly in the war, and the British captured
1692:'s exclamation that the "Now there are no more Pyrenees!" now that his grandson was Spain's monarch did not come to pass. Although Charles II's chosen heir inaugurated a new dynastic house in Spain, the Habsburg Spanish empire in Europe was reduced to the Iberian peninsula itself, with the loss of Spanish Italy and the
1813:. He adopted an aggressive foreign policy that invested Spain in a series of costly wars throughout his reign. The loss of so much of the European territory promised to him by Charles II's will and Philip V's personal ambition put him at unease with the Treaty of Utrecht. Philip's wife Elizabeth, a member of the
1661:, were dominated by the politics of who would succeed the unfortunate monarch, the last Spanish king of the Habsburg dynasty. Spain was at the center of this political crisis, but it was the "object not the arbiter." Economic troubles, the decay of the Spanish bureaucracy, a series of defeats in wars against
2143:
Although his wife, Barbara, had always feared that
Ferdinand would die before her and leave her destitute – she had amassed huge personal wealth as a safeguard against this – she was the one who would precede him, dying in 1758. Deeply distraught by her death, Ferdinand became apathetic to his duties
2074:. Carvajal believed that the key to Spain's defense and modernization was a closer alliance with Britain, whose naval power could complement Spain's empire and whose commercial strength could encourage economic development in Spain. Carvajal's most enduring accomplishment was the 1750 agreement with
1764:
Also eliminated with the
Bourbon dynasty was the Habsburg system of conciliar government, replacing councils with four secretariats, later evolving into ministries: State & Foreign Affairs, Charity & Justice; Army & Navy, and The Indies, i.e., the overseas portions of the Spanish Empire.
2127:
A scandal at court, resulting from a conspiracy between
Carvajal and the British ambassador, led to the embarrassment of Ensenada and his disrepute at court. When Carvajal died in 1754, Ferdinand and his wife dismissed Ensenada, fearing that the Marquis's French sympathies would lead to an alliance
2061:
Ensenada continued to be the leading member of court in the early part of
Ferdinand's reign. After the successful alliance with France in the War of the Austrian Succession, he advised strengthening that bond as a means of protecting Spain's vulnerable security and checking British interests in her
2795:
at the head of a
British fleet in one of history's greatest naval engagements. The disastrous defeat that the Spanish and French suffered assured British dominance at sea and seriously shook the resolve of the Spanish, who began to doubt the usefulness of their always mutually suspicious alliance
1780:
Philip's selection of capable French and
Italian ministers to key positions in the government reined in independent, isolated, and corrupt ministries that had flourished in the later period of Habsburg rule. Philip aimed at expanding economic activity and moved toward economic freedom, especially
2413:
faction at court, favored a more decentralized system of government. Aragon's special rights in Spain had been suppressed when the
Bourbon monarch Philip V ascended the throne. Following the ouster of Esquilache, for a time Aranda was the leading figure in Spanish politics. A criminal prosecutor
2860:
to abdicate in his favor. Napoleon, however, had lost confidence in the
Spanish monarchy and when Ferdinand traveled to France to obtain the French emperor's support, Napoleon pressured Ferdinand to abdicate in favor of his father Charles IV, who had abdicated under pressure. Charles IV himself
2851:
In 1808, Spain and France agreed to the partition of
Portugal, which had renewed its support of the British after Trafalgar. The French and Spanish quickly occupied the country. Prince Ferdinand traveled to France, and rumors spread that he was asking for Napoleon to oust Godoy from power; the
2658:
The spirit of reform that had made the reign of
Charles III an era of renewed prosperity for Spain was extinguished in the reign of Charles IV. His queen and her lover were uninterested in the improvement of the Spanish bureaucracy and regarded Floridablanca as an exponent of the very sort of
2206:- a man of humble origins whose ability as a military supplier for the Neapolitan army impressed the king and raised him to royal prominence. Created "Marquis of Esquilache" in 1755, Gregorio was one of Spain's leading statesman from the arrival of Charles III to the Marquis's death in 1785.
2702:
Godoy, having abandoned his Austrian and British allies, faced a decision: whether to continue to fight the Revolutionary France that had already defeated Spain once before, or to join the French side and hope for better times. The Spanish, after initially opposing the French, signed the
2502:
Charles is considered "the most successful monarch of Spain after Ferdinand and Isabel" in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. "He deserves high a rank among the enlightened despots of the eighteenth century, for in many ways he accomplished more than such famous rulers as
2318:
in Spain and had arranged for Spain's kings to appoint her own bishops, a power that France's kings had held since the fifteenth century. Charles, who advocated a radical policy and rapid modernization of the country, expelled the Jesuit Order from Spain completely in 1767 (see
2302:) had put great pressure on the government to reform. Like neighboring Portugal, Spain's antiquated bureaucracy had grown dependent on the income and production from its colonies to support an unmanageable, large class of landowning, non-productive gentlemen and clergy.
1665:, and the erosion of imperial institutions in the seventeenth century had left Charles the king of a declining empire, and his physical and mental weakness provided him with little ability to reverse the course of his country. The vastness and wealth of the ultramarine
173:
2433:
The new count was named chief minister in 1777 and undertook the material reform of the Spanish bureaucracy. His chief bureaucratic successes were the creation of a true cabinet system of government in 1778 and the creation of Spain's first national bank, the
2364:
Although he believed in centralized government and continued the reforms of his predecessors to reduce the autonomy of the regional parliaments that could potentially challenge his power, Charles approved of establishing prototype chambers of commerce, the
172:
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The reforms were not without costs, however, and in 1766, in the context of a worldwide grain shortage and the difficulties of the recently liberalized grain trade, riots broke out in Madrid and other cities in Spain against rising grain prices. The
170:
1903:
After 1729, Philip was more reserved in his use of Spanish power and sought the close support of allies, in particular France: a more cautious strategy that yielded positive results. Philip sought a friendly axis with his relatives in France in the
166:
164:
2187:. He exhibited a martial spirit early on, acquiring Naples and Sicily by force of arms and becoming their king, though his tastes were generally more peaceful. Upon arriving in Spain, he did not share Carvajal's taste for an alliance with Britain.
1781:
regarding Spain's trade in its overseas empire, in theory a Spanish monopoly. Expanding Spanish manufactures and agricultural exports was envisioned, so that trade did not benefit foreign powers who had horned in on the Spanish American trade. The
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in Europe, and Charles, in applying its lessons to Spain, saw it less stridently, seeking to strengthen the power of the crown (regalism) against that of the Catholic Church and the papacy. Ferdinand VI had undertaken to reduce the power of the
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was both epileptic and mentally disabled and was passed over for the throne in favor of his second son, Charles. Charles IV was seen by many of his time as being as uninterested in politics just as Ferdinand VI had been. After growing up in
2442:
after the expulsion of the Jesuits, Floridablanca undertook drastic reform to hire new teachers and modernize Spain's education system. Floridablanca's most enduring accomplishment was the opening of free trade with Spain's empire in the
2330:
Land reform and agricultural reform alienated both clergymen and landed elites in Spain. Charles chose to ally with the merchantmen of his country and a growing middle class that came with a new prosperity during his rule. An advocate of
2515:
writes that Charles III "was probably the most successful European ruler of his generation. He had provided firm, consistent, intelligent leadership. He had chosen capable ministers.... personal life had won the respect of the people."
1760:
to support the losing Habsburg cause. The Nueva Planta decrees eliminated that regional autonomy. "The most enduring achievement of the reign of Philip V was to establish, for the first time since the Romans, a single, united polity."
2734:, who opposed the French, continued to trade with the British in spite of a series of French demands that they close their ports to British ships. In 1801, the Spanish delivered an ultimatum on behalf of France, and in the following
183:
2374:
2136:, was appointed to replace Ensenada as chief minister. Wall, a staunch defender of Spain's neutral policy, successfully kept the country out of war for the remainder of Ferdinand's reign, in spite of the outbreak of the
2028:
and she dictated much of his policy and political decisions; at the time of Ferdinand's coronation in 1746, it was said that "Queen Barbara has succeeded Queen Elizabeth." For her part, Queen Barbara, a member of the
2112:-established and -operated missions in southern Uruguay for Portuguese-founded and -controlled Uruguay. The plan (opposed by both the Jesuits and the British) led to resistance led by the Jesuits and their native
2663:
that was tearing France apart. The Aragonese faction led by Aranda, allied to many of the causes that had opposed Charles III's reforms, managed to undo much of the changes brought about in Charles III's tenure.
2120:. The war broke a traditionally friendly relationship between the Spanish government and the Jesuits and launched a period of anti-Jesuit policies both in Spain and Portugal that would be continued by
2202:, Charles carried with him a cadre of Italian reformers who saw potential in the Spanish bureaucracy for modernization. The architect of the first phase of Charles III's reforms was one such Italian,
2823:, who opposed the popularly despised Godoy. Ferdinand, however, favored an alliance with Britain, and Napoleon, always suspicious of the Bourbons, doubted the trustworthiness of any Spanish royalty.
2742:(Olivença) before the Portuguese agreed to the Spanish and French demands. The town – which is disputed to the present day – continues to be administered by Spain, though Portugal contends that the
2371:) to encourage local economic development and initiative. The national infrastructure was improved to foster the development of Spanish manufacturing, and a unified monetary system was implemented.
2458:
was too great an opportunity for Charles III to pass up, and Spain went to war against Britain alongside France and the Dutch Republic in 1779, after providing monetary assistance to the rebels.
2633:, the leader of the Aragonese faction. Godoy made an alliance with Aranda, with whom Godoy sympathized, against Floridablanca. With the outbreak of the French Revolution and the execution of
89:
1982:) and detailed the enmity between peninsular-born Spaniards and American-born colonials. Administrative reforms of the overseas empire was informed by the report Ensenada commissioned.
2298:
who lived primarily off of the state. The system had grown long obsolete, and a growing population (Spain's population would increase from eight to twelve million between 1700 and the
2012:
had awarded Ensenada a victory that cemented his support in Spain. However, two years before the war ended, King Philip, his strongest supporter, died, and was succeeded by his son
666:
1959:
1214:
2044:
from all taxes in 1755 and devoting large sums of money to the reconstruction of that part of the country. As king, he deferred many of his judgments to his leading ministers.
2380:
2292:
in particular donated large tracts of territory in religious piety. Much of this land went unused, and a great deal of the remainder of the country was owned by gentlemanly
2791:
in 1805, the Spanish navy and the French Mediterranean fleet, attempting to join forces with the French fleets in the north for the invasion, were attacked by Admiral Lord
2675:. The army, however, had been allowed to languish in Charles III's reign, and it was ill-equipped and ill-trained to invade France successfully. After a failed invasion of
156:
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2399:
1953:
2213:
2418:
gained prominence as the investigator of the riots and as an outspoken supporter of the king's reformist policies. The riots were attributed to the Jesuits, who were
2367:
1928:
of France was signed in 1733, bringing the two states closer together after the embarrassments of the Quadruple Alliance. Friction with Britain prompted by the
2626:
1876:
2357:
2335:, Charles reduced the tariff barriers that had been the core of Spanish trade policy for centuries. The Marquis of Esquilache successfully liberalized the
1024:
1008:
2024:, the queen who had effectively controlled Philip V, left the court on her husband's death. Like his father, Ferdinand was extremely devoted to his wife,
1793:
in 1717, while the monopoly on trade with the Spanish Empire was also opened to all the ports of peninsular Spain. Philip permitted the foundation of the
1680:
Bourbon France and Habsburg Austria and its allies went to war to determine the successor to Charles. The prize was the wealth of the Spanish Empire. The
2520:'s assessment is that in Bourbon Spain "Spaniards had to wait half a century before their government was rescued by Charles III, a giant among midgets."
1509:
2831:
1885:
3400:
Navarro i Soriano, Ferran (2019). Harca, harca, harca! Músiques per a la recreació històrica de la Guerra de Successió (1794-1715). Editorial DENES.
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1270:
2183:. At age 16, Charles had been named Duke of Parma at his mother's demand. His experience there gave him a place to experiment with the practice of
2285:
694:
1377:
1085:
2787:. The French planned an invasion of England in the coming year; the Spanish fleet was to be an integral part in assisting this invasion. At the
1742:(parliaments) and beginning a process of making uniform the laws among the various regions of Spain's empire by eliminating special privileges (
1364:
1301:
2629:, was not easily ousted and had many supporters in the court, particularly in Castile. Floridablanca's chief opponent in Spanish politics was
3405:
2591:, Charles arrived in Spain, with his chief interest being hunting. For all of his rule, his policies were dominated by the will of his wife,
1594:
1140:
2602:
2020:; he had suffered under the domineering influence of his stepmother as a child, and as king, he was constantly unsure of his own abilities.
3441:
1797:
in 1728, on the model of Northern European trading companies, to trade with Venezuela, a major producer of chocolate. The free trade zone (
839:
1860:. An alliance was concluded in 1725 with the Austrians, who agreed to help the Spanish in retaking key naval bases in the Mediterranean -
1341:
2644:
2237:
1996:
1387:
1230:
2861:
abdicated in favor of Napoleon, since he did not wish his detested son to return to the throne. Napoleon then placed his older brother
1958:
Late in his reign, Philip elected to place the reformation of his government in the hands of his ministers. The youthful and ambitious
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1188:
1857:
3387:
3373:
3352:
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3303:
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ended the conflict and Philip V of Spain renounced any claims to the French throne. Before the conflict ended, Philip's young wife,
2896:
1944:. This restored Spanish power in Italy to much of its pre-1700 extent and added new territories, albeit to a more indirect degree.
966:
871:
581:
2637:
in 1792, Floridablanca's liberalism faced greater skepticism. Aranda and Godoy had Floridablanca imprisoned in 1792 on charges of
2040:
Ferdinand's rule reaped good fortune and the rewards of Philip V's reforms. He was a charitable ruler, relieving drought-stricken
1849:, and the Netherlands to oppose Philip's ambitions. In 1720, embarrassed by the failure of Spanish arms at sea and on land in the
1756:
values. If the Austrian Habsburgs had won the War of the Spanish Succession, Habsburg pluralism promised to be continued, leading
2583:
2262:
was ceded to the British and Spain recognized British control over Menorca and Gibraltar in 1763, although the vast territory of
2233:
629:
2819:. Napoleon, however, had lost his faith in Godoy and King Charles; there was also growing support in Spain for the king's son,
2534:
2195:
2093:
2067:
1621:
1348:
1180:
1978:. Their report asserted that the overseas empire was inefficiently and incompetently administered by American-born Spaniards (
3421:
2931:
2704:
2450:
Although Floridablanca – like Carvajal before him – admired British governance and believed that a cordial relationship with
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allies in the area. Both Spain and Portugal responded in force to the crisis, suppressing the Jesuits and Guaraní in the
2108:
The agreement with Portugal, however, was to have important political consequences for Spain. The agreement traded seven
1963:
1905:
934:
918:
774:
567:
2542:
1853:, Philip dismissed Alberoni and signed a peace treaty with Austria, with both sides recognizing the Treaty of Utrecht.
2816:
2715:
Spain in 1797 and cut off her colonial empire from the mother country. By the end of 1798, the Spanish fleet had been
2117:
1893:
1448:
1060:
2033:, advocated a policy of neutrality that coincided with the opinions of her leading courtiers, far different from the
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2494:
2455:
2423:
2320:
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on the throne. As a way to legitimize the transfer of power, Napoleon summoned a group of Spanish aristocrats to
2430:
revoke the papal charter of the Jesuit Order. For this success, Charles named Moñino the Count of Floridablanca.
1495:
1431:
1416:
1309:
1254:
609:
396:
58:
1156:
3446:
2595:. Charles retained many of the ministers who served his father, but Charles and Maria Luisa fueled the rise of
2568:
2422:, when Bourbons were centralizing regal power. The role of the Jesuits in the riots was named as the reason to
2097:
1826:
1697:
1421:
1164:
800:
767:
728:
710:
309:
2779:
in 1802 provided for a temporary truce in hostilities, only to be broken in 1804 when the British captured a
3436:
3431:
2199:
1971:
1782:
1207:
1752:(1716) dismantled the composite system of rule in Spain, and replaced it with rule from Madrid and unitary
3247:
2953:
2920:
2857:
2836:
2820:
2780:
2668:
2517:
2475:
2267:
2263:
1929:
1897:
1617:
1382:
1109:
1077:
910:
346:
2688:
2463:
2184:
2101:
2055:
2013:
2001:
1991:
1941:
1713:
1426:
1356:
1148:
95:
2807:
that Napoleon had devised to combat Britain, only to join it again in 1807 after Napoleon had defeated
2459:
1738:
Philip V proved an effective administrator, centralizing the Spanish authority by eliminating regional
942:
2089:
65:
2870:
2615:
2592:
2306:
2217:
2203:
2176:
2153:
2121:
2017:
1917:
1749:
1609:
1574:
1570:'s rule began in 1715, although he had to renounce his place in the succession of the French throne.
1132:
887:
735:
2788:
2763:
2759:
2731:
2672:
2619:
2560:
2548:
2529:
2504:
2479:
2243:
2229:
2137:
2075:
2051:
2025:
1693:
1689:
1658:
1613:
1535:
1125:
715:
671:
422:
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2166:, 1786–1788. He was beloved of his subjects who "admired his simple life and his religious spirit.
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was scaled down, but not completely eradicated; as late as 1787, a woman was burned as a witch .
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2128:
with Louis XV of France and war, without Carvajal's British sympathies to counterbalance him. An
2071:
1937:
1825:, desired to have their claims in Italy and those of Philip restored. But an alliance of France,
1582:
1238:
1051:
1042:
855:
743:
646:
554:
259:
2687:. Godoy, unimpressed with Spain's military effectiveness, decided to come to terms with the new
2599:, a humble military officer who became the monarch's favorite, becoming chief minister in 1792.
1033:
926:
448:
3401:
3383:
3369:
3348:
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3257:
Noel, C.C. "Opposition to Enlightened Reform in Spain: Campomanes and the Clergy, 1765–1775."
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on 6 July 1808, Spain's first written constitution. The Spanish chose to resist, sparking the
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1016:
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71:
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ending the conflict, the French and Spanish Bourbon dynasties pledged not to unite formally.
3076:
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Spanish King sided with his favorite. Riots broke out in various parts of Spain, and in the
2776:
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in 1796, allying Spain to France, in exchange for the French permitting Charles IV's cousin
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2394:
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2209:
2191:
1975:
1921:
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1709:
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1547:
1527:
816:
659:
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244:
224:
211:
145:
17:
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had broken out in 1756, Spain had managed to remain strictly neutral under the ministry of
2047:
1833:
challenged Spain's ambitions which threatened the peace of Europe. In 1717, Philip invaded
1716:(1688–1714) died, but the Bourbon royal succession was assured with the birth of two sons.
3048:
The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492-1867
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1932:(1739–1741) pushed Philip into a closer alliance with France in the years leading to the
1657:
The last few years of the rule of the mentally challenged and childless Spanish Habsburg
1573:
Spain entered a period of reform and renewal, as well as continued decline. Ideas of the
3030:
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was quickly seized by the French, although the Spanish managed to hold their ground in
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2079:
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1222:
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847:
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had been treated with great charity by the Spanish kings of the seventeenth century -
1628:
Philip V, first Spanish Bourbon monarch (1700–1724, 1724–1746) and Louis I (1724–1724)
3415:
2696:
2512:
2435:
2385:
1962:
had been created Marquess of Ensenada in 1736 for his successful diplomacy after the
1577:
entered Spain and Spanish America during the eighteenth century. The invasion of the
1317:
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478:
264:
78:
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Martín Sarmiento : Ilustración, educación y utopía en la España del siglo XVIII
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in 1793, 20,000 men were mobilized and marched to the French border, beginning the
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1724:
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Reforma e Ilustración en la España del siglo XVIII. Pedro Rodríguez de Campomanes
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Historia ilustrada de Espana, v. 6: Guerra, revolucion y Restauracion. 1808–1833
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Historia ilustrada de Espana, v. 5: El Barroco espanol y el reformismo borbonico
3326:. Madrid : Alianza : Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.
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2398:" drove the king from his capital and embarrassed the king's chief minister the
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1845:
thereafter prompted the formation of the Quadruple Alliance of Britain, France,
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1638:
831:
790:
137:
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was established for the administration of justice. Local level administrators (
2660:
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2332:
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782:
112:
1880:. Philip V and Charles III made the navy a high priority of their governments
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Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire
2194:. Although Tanucci remained behind in Naples to advise Charles's son, King
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Apogee of Empire: Spain and New Spain in the Age of Charles III, 1759-1789
1856:
The Spanish again attempted to regain some of their lost territory in the
1801:) within the Spanish sphere expanded further with later Spanish Bourbons.
2840:
2797:
2784:
2739:
2724:
2712:
2339:
in 1765, but riots broke out in 1766 in due to the rise in grain prices.
1925:
1834:
1790:
702:
687:
473:
3266:
Enlightenment, Governance, and Reform in Spain and Its Empire, 1759–1808
2559:
King Charles III died on 14 December 1788 and was succeeded by his son,
2866:
2808:
2720:
2680:
2483:
2466:, led the campaign to retake the forts lost to the British since 1762;
2315:
2083:
1884:
In response, an alliance was forged by the British Secretary of State,
1861:
1786:
1705:
1172:
284:
248:
2426:
from Spain and its empire in 1767. In 1773 Moñino succeeded in having
3221:
Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 1492–1830
2611:
2588:
2564:
2410:
2255:
2251:
2109:
1842:
751:
201:
3144:
Earl Hamilton, "Plans for a National Bank in Spain, 1701–1783" in
2973:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press 1973, vol. 2, pp. 351-52.
2830:
2748:
2727:
were occupied. In 1800, the Spanish returned Louisiana to France.
2643:
2601:
2541:
2533:
2493:
2373:
2341:
2208:
2157:
2088:
2046:
1995:
1888:, with France and the Dutch Republic; when Philip did finally lay
1870:
1744:
1723:
1637:
1593:
and although France was defeated, the turmoil in Spain led to the
2579:, Spain felt the impact of the changed circumstances of France.
2856:, Godoy was arrested and Charles IV forced by his son and heir
2266:
was given to Spain to compensate her for her losses. After the
2198:, as the two thrones could not be united by consequence of the
1809:
Philip was often dominated in his policies by his second wife,
2144:
as king, and indeed, suicidal. He died a year later, in 1759.
3382:. Madrid : Debate; Valencia : Circulo de Lectores.
3368:. Madrid : Debate; Valencia : Circulo de Lectores.
3357:
Sellés, Manuel, José Luis Peset, and Antonio Lafuente, eds.
3324:
El reformismo borbonico : una visión interdisciplinar
3135:, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1996, vol. 1, p. 278.
2625:
The chief minister at the time of Charles IV's accession,
2190:
He had been introduced to reform by his mentor in Sicily,
2148:
Charles III, Enlightened despotism and reform (1759–1788)
3161:, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1971, p. 51.
3083:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2003, p. 10.
3050:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1991, pp.470-72.
2360:
caused a sharp rise in grain prices, and in turn, riots.
2070:, a mixed British-Spanish gentleman descended from the
2270:, however, Spain could focus on internal development.
2016:. Ferdinand was Philip's son by his first marriage to
3275:. Bloomington : Indiana University Press, c1979.
2827:
Ferdinand VII and the Napoleonic upheaval (1808–1814)
2695:, guaranteeing peace with France with the cession of
2216:, Sicilian statesman and reformer in service to King
2454:
of Great Britain was the best policy for Spain, the
1612:
continued to reign from 1814 to 1868 (following the
3235:
Philip V of Spain : the king who reigned twice
2711:to continue ruling Parma. In response, the British
2171:
Italian experience, ascension to the Spanish throne
1837:, one of the territories lost to Austria after the
472:
462:
445:
432:
419:
406:
393:
380:
366:
356:
337:
322:
308:
296:
283:
273:
217:
207:
197:
34:
3289:Economía e Ilustación en la España del siglo XVIII
3133:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
3131:Carlos Marichal, "Banco de San Carlos (Spain)" in
1936:, in which Philip obtained the Duchy of Parma and
1908:, where he succeeded in regaining the kingdoms of
2368:Economic Societies of the Friends of the Country
192:during the Enlightenment, between 1713 and 1808.
1589:upended the stability of the Spanish state and
3273:Spanish Politics and Imperial Trade, 1700–1789
1954:Zenón de Somodevilla, 1st Marquess of Ensenada
3230:. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1958.
1503:
135:
39:
8:
3308:Fernandez, Roberto (Fernandez Diaz) (2001).
2478:restored much of what Spain had lost in the
2284:By far the largest landholder in Spain, the
2078:, which ended a long, low-level conflict in
3237:. New Haven : Yale University Press.
2960:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers 1989, p. 22.
2356:. The liberalization of the grain trade by
110:
3347:. La Coruña: Fundación Barrié de la Maza.
3228:The Eighteenth-Century Revolution in Spain
2438:, in 1782. Recognizing the damage done to
1510:
1496:
603:
182:
31:
3452:Former countries on the Iberian Peninsula
3359:Carlos III y la ciencia de la ilustración
2803:After Trafalgar, Godoy withdrew from the
2162:Portrait of Charles III as a huntsman by
1886:Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend
1542:monarch, who died childless in 1700. The
2524:Charles IV, decline and fall (1788–1808)
1684:(1702–14) was won by France, but by the
2946:
2913:
2627:José Moñino, 1st Count of Floridablanca
1877:Nuestra Señora de la Santísima Trinidad
617:
606:
206:
188:Territories that were ever part of the
1821:, and her favorite minister, Cardinal
1534:) entered a new era with the death of
1239:Revolution and Asturian miners' strike
2869:, where they signed and ratified the
2758:", Capt. E. Harvey, in the Memorable
2498:Spanish and Portuguese empires, 1790.
2384:, Spanish statesman and reformer, by
1769:headed by a military official and an
1595:Spanish American wars of independence
1562:. After the wars were ended with the
444:
431:
418:
405:
392:
379:
375:
336:
321:
317:
307:
7:
3298:. Madrid : Arlanza Ediciones.
2575:. In its aftermath with the rise of
1731:, queen of Spain and second wife of
3312:. Madrid : Arlanza Ediciones.
2641:, of which he was later acquitted.
2238:Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762)
1546:was fought between proponents of a
1388:Catalan declaration of independence
2887:Social class in 18th-century Spain
1720:Changes in government under Philip
25:
3361:. Madrid: Alianza Editorial 1988.
3294:Egido Martínez, Teofanes (2001).
2474:were seized later that year. The
2584:Infante Philip, Duke of Calabria
1475:
1461:
628:
586:
572:
547:
533:
519:
505:
153:
88:
64:
57:
3378:Ubieto Arteta, Antonio (1997).
3364:Ubieto Arteta, Antonio (1997).
3010:A History of Spain and Portugal
2997:A History of Spain and Portugal
2984:A History of Spain and Portugal
2971:A History of Spain and Portugal
1181:Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
2932:Spanish American Enlightenment
2010:War of the Austrian Succession
1934:War of the Austrian Succession
410:War of the Austrian Succession
1:
3198:History of Spain and Portugal
3172:History of Spain and Portugal
2902:Contemporary history of Spain
2490:Assessments of Charles's rule
2409:Aranda, as the leader of the
2086:) between the two countries.
2062:empire. He was opposed by an
1858:Anglo-Spanish War (1727–1729)
1851:War of the Quadruple Alliance
1839:War of the Spanish Succession
1682:War of the Spanish Succession
1653:War of the Spanish Succession
1647:War of the Spanish Succession
1544:War of the Spanish Succession
880:War of the Spanish Succession
3146:Journal of Political Economy
3037:. Penguin Books, 2008. p.211
3021:Herr, "Flow and Ebb" p. 184.
2897:History of Spain (1808–1874)
2094:Jose de Carvajal y Láncaster
2068:Jose de Carvajal y Láncaster
1964:War of the Polish Succession
1906:War of the Polish Succession
1600:The 18th century in Spanish
840:Colonisation of the Americas
72:Top: Cross of Burgundy Flag
18:History of Spain (1700-1808)
3442:Former monarchies of Europe
3261:3, 1 (1973) pp. 21–43.
3148:, 58, no. 3 (1949): 315–36.
2817:War of the Fourth Coalition
2436:National Bank of San Carlos
2234:Anglo-Spanish War (1762–63)
2118:War of the Seven Reductions
1894:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
3468:
2527:
2456:American Revolutionary War
2321:Suppression of the Jesuits
2277:
2227:
2214:The Marquess of Esquilache
2175:Ferdinand's successor was
2151:
2054:, Queen of Spain, wife of
1989:
1951:
1650:
1631:
1620:), from 1874 to 1931, and
1378:2008–2014 financial crisis
3322:Guimera, Agustín (1996).
2892:Spain in the 17th century
2746:restored it to Portugal.
2691:, and in 1795 signed the
2614:faction in the courts of
2582:Charles III's eldest son
2538:New naval flag since 1785
2470:was retaken in 1782, and
1940:from Austria for his son
1310:Spain during World War II
1141:Regency of María Cristina
1009:Regency of María Cristina
484:
458:
397:Spanish War of Succession
376:
352:
318:
181:
130:
106:
53:
48:
27:Period of Spanish history
3185:Bourbon Spain, 1700-1808
2958:Bourbon Spain, 1700–1808
2440:Spain's education system
2420:advocates of papal power
2066:faction at court led by
1986:Ferdinand VI (1746–1759)
1916:for his son, the future
1604:is often referred to as
1365:1981 coup d'état attempt
1165:Spain during World War I
744:Kingdom of the Visigoths
3336:Rodríguez Díaz, Laura.
3287:Anes Alvares, Gonzalo.
3252:Bourbon Spain 1700–1808
3187:. Blackwell 1989, p. 2.
2738:, occupied the town of
2717:defeated by the British
2705:Treaty of San Ildefonso
2511:of Austria." Historian
2031:Portuguese royal family
1948:First Minister Ensenada
1349:Transition to democracy
208:Official languages
2921:Enlightenment in Spain
2848:
2781:Spanish treasure fleet
2772:
2669:Execution of Louis XVI
2655:
2622:
2563:. Seven months later,
2556:
2539:
2499:
2476:Treaty of Paris (1783)
2388:
2381:Count of Floridablanca
2361:
2268:Treaty of Paris (1763)
2220:
2167:
2105:
2058:
2005:
1898:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1881:
1795:Basque Caracas Company
1735:
1643:
1531:
1383:2017 Barcelona attacks
1215:Provisional Government
1086:Provisional Government
959:Absolutist restoration
911:Abdications of Bayonne
136:
111:
40:
3422:18th century in Spain
3343:Santos, José (2002).
3264:Paquette, Gabriel B.
3233:Kamen, Henry (2001).
2834:
2752:
2647:
2605:
2545:
2537:
2497:
2377:
2345:
2212:
2185:enlightened despotism
2161:
2092:
2056:Ferdinand VI of Spain
2050:
2037:policy of Elizabeth.
2002:Ferdinand VI of Spain
1999:
1992:Ferdinand VI of Spain
1874:
1727:
1714:Maria Louisa of Savoy
1641:
1370:Madrid train bombings
1247:1936 general election
1149:Reign of Alfonso XIII
935:Constitution of Cádiz
79:Bottom: Naval ensign
3271:Walker, Geoffrey J.
2871:Bayonne Constitution
2754:His Majesty's Ship "
2610:, the leader of the
2593:Maria Luisa of Parma
2569:stormed the Bastille
2489:
2309:had been a force of
2204:Leopoldo de Gregorio
2154:Charles III of Spain
2122:Charles III of Spain
2096:, leader of the pro-
2018:Maria Luisa of Savoy
1960:Zenón de Somodevilla
1918:Charles III of Spain
1868:– from the British.
1750:Nueva Planta decrees
1575:Age of Enlightenment
1396:Coronavirus pandemic
1357:Current constitution
1342:Contemporary history
1157:Spanish–American War
1133:Reign of Alfonso XII
1025:Regency of Espartero
1002:Reign of Isabella II
888:Nueva Planta Decrees
736:Kingdom of the Suebi
2789:Battle of Trafalgar
2760:Battle of Trafalgar
2673:War of the Pyrenees
2530:Charles IV of Spain
2505:Frederick the Great
2395:Motin de Esquilache
2052:Barbara de Braganza
2026:Barbara of Portugal
1930:War of Jenkins' Ear
1694:Spanish Netherlands
1690:Louis XIV of France
1558:claimant, Archduke
1554:, and the Austrian
1271:Nationalist victory
1192:of Dámaso Berenguer
1078:Sexenio Democrático
1061:Glorious Revolution
967:Sexenio Absolutista
817:Early modern period
716:Diocese of Hispania
3170:Stanley G. Payne,
2969:Payne, Stanley G.
2854:Tumult of Aranjuez
2849:
2805:Continental System
2773:
2744:Congress of Vienna
2736:War of the Oranges
2656:
2631:Pedro Pablo Aranda
2623:
2577:Napoleon Bonaparte
2557:
2540:
2500:
2468:Pensacola, Florida
2462:, the governor of
2460:Bernardo de Gálvez
2389:
2362:
2223:
2221:
2168:
2106:
2072:House of Lancaster
2059:
2006:
1938:Duchy of Guastalla
1890:siege to Gibraltar
1882:
1841:. The invasion of
1805:Military conflicts
1785:long operating in
1736:
1704:and the island of
1644:
1583:Napoleon Bonaparte
1482:History portal
1052:Bienio progresista
1043:Second Carlist War
943:Treaty of Valençay
801:Christian kingdoms
672:Carthaginian Spain
647:Prehistoric Iberia
555:Kingdom of Navarre
218:Regional languages
3406:978-84-16473-45-8
3291:. Barcelona 1969.
3219:Elliott, John H.
3077:Stein, Barbara H.
3073:Stein, Stanley J.
2766:Ships of the Line
2699:to the Republic.
2573:French Revolution
2464:Spanish Louisiana
2300:French Revolution
2022:Elizabeth Farnese
1811:Elizabeth Farnese
1733:Philip V of Spain
1729:Elisabeth Farnese
1710:Treaty of Utrecht
1686:Treaty of Utrecht
1642:Philip V of Spain
1634:Philip V of Spain
1579:Iberian Peninsula
1520:
1519:
1437:Religious history
1126:Restoration Spain
1102:Third Carlist War
1094:Reign of Amadeo I
1017:First Carlist War
824:Catholic Monarchs
729:Early Middle Ages
667:Pre-Roman peoples
602:
601:
598:
597:
594:
593:
560:
559:
454:24 September 1808
371:Enlightenment era
361:Cortes of Castile
342:
327:
324:• 1700–1724
303:Absolute monarchy
174:
16:(Redirected from
3459:
3427:House of Bourbon
3201:
3194:
3188:
3181:
3175:
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3149:
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2993:
2987:
2980:
2974:
2967:
2961:
2951:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2918:
2863:Joseph Bonaparte
2777:Treaty of Amiens
2571:, launching the
2567:revolutionaries
2507:of Prussia, and
2480:Seven Years' War
2428:Pope Clement XIV
2424:oust the Jesuits
2349:Esquilache Riots
2244:Seven Years' War
2230:Seven Years' War
2224:Seven Years' War
2200:Treaty of Vienna
2192:Bernardo Tanucci
2138:Seven Years' War
2100:faction in King
1976:Antonio de Ulloa
1922:Pacte de Famille
1610:Spanish Bourbons
1564:Peace of Utrecht
1540:Spanish Habsburg
1524:Kingdom of Spain
1512:
1505:
1498:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1468:Spain portal
1466:
1465:
1464:
1432:Military history
1417:Economic history
1400:
1392:
1374:
1361:
1353:
1330:
1322:
1314:
1306:
1302:Republican exile
1298:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1255:1936 coup d'état
1251:
1243:
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1227:
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1196:
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1177:
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1145:
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1090:
1065:
1057:
1047:
1039:
1029:
1021:
1013:
990:
982:
972:
947:
939:
931:
923:
919:Napoleonic Spain
915:
892:
884:
876:
868:
860:
852:
844:
836:
828:
805:
797:
787:
779:
756:
752:Byzantine Spania
748:
740:
707:
706:(218 BCE–472 CE)
699:
676:
632:
622:
604:
590:
589:
576:
575:
568:Napoleonic Spain
564:
563:
551:
550:
541:Crown of Castile
537:
536:
523:
522:
509:
508:
502:
501:
486:
485:
423:Seven Years' War
382:• Death of
340:
325:
186:
176:
175:
149:
141:
126:"Further Beyond"
124:
116:
92:
82:
75:
68:
61:
43:
36:Kingdom of Spain
32:
21:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3447:Former kingdoms
3412:
3411:
3397:
3392:
3340:. Madrid, 1975.
3283:
3278:
3226:Herr, Richard.
3216:
3210:
3208:Further reading
3205:
3204:
3200:(1973) 2:415–21
3195:
3191:
3182:
3178:
3169:
3165:
3156:
3152:
3143:
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3126:
3117:
3113:
3104:
3100:
3091:
3087:
3071:
3067:
3058:
3054:
3046:Brading, D.A.
3045:
3041:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3007:
3003:
2994:
2990:
2981:
2977:
2968:
2964:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2883:
2839:when Prince of
2829:
2693:Treaty of Basel
2689:French Republic
2649:Manuel de Godoy
2608:Count of Aranda
2532:
2526:
2492:
2447:to foreigners.
2400:Count of Aranda
2311:anticlericalism
2282:
2280:Bourbon Reforms
2276:
2260:Spanish Florida
2258:within a year.
2240:
2228:Main articles:
2226:
2173:
2156:
2150:
2008:The end of the
1994:
1988:
1970:carried out by
1968:Spanish America
1956:
1950:
1823:Giulio Alberoni
1807:
1789:, was moved to
1722:
1655:
1649:
1636:
1630:
1552:Philip of Anjou
1532:Reino de España
1516:
1487:
1476:
1474:
1462:
1460:
1442:
1441:
1422:Law enforcement
1412:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1390:
1372:
1359:
1351:
1344:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1326:Basque conflict
1320:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1289:
1287:Francoist Spain
1279:
1278:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1233:
1231:Second Biennium
1225:
1217:
1210:
1208:Second Republic
1200:
1199:
1194:
1183:
1175:
1167:
1159:
1151:
1143:
1135:
1128:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1081:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1055:
1045:
1037:
1034:Década moderada
1027:
1019:
1011:
1004:
994:
993:
988:
980:
977:Trienio Liberal
970:
961:
951:
950:
945:
937:
929:
927:Cortes of Cádiz
921:
913:
906:
896:
895:
890:
882:
874:
866:
858:
850:
842:
834:
826:
819:
809:
808:
803:
795:
785:
777:
775:Muslim conquest
770:
760:
759:
754:
746:
738:
731:
721:
720:
705:
697:
690:
680:
679:
674:
662:
652:
651:
642:
620:
613:
587:
573:
548:
534:
527:Crown of Aragon
520:
506:
451:
449:Cortes of Cádiz
438:
425:
412:
399:
389:1 November 1700
386:
343:
328:
269:
193:
177:
154:
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143:
125:
118:
102:
101:
100:
97:
93:
85:
84:
80:
77:
73:
69:
62:
44:
41:Reino de España
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3465:
3463:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3437:1810s in Spain
3434:
3432:1800s in Spain
3429:
3424:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3376:
3362:
3355:
3341:
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3320:
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3292:
3284:
3282:
3279:
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3276:
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3262:
3255:
3245:
3231:
3224:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3189:
3176:
3163:
3157:Richard Herr,
3150:
3137:
3124:
3111:
3098:
3085:
3065:
3052:
3039:
3031:Simms, Brendan
3023:
3014:
3012:, pp. 356-357.
3001:
2988:
2975:
2962:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2924:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2882:
2879:
2875:Peninsular War
2846:Francisco Goya
2828:
2825:
2793:Horatio Nelson
2770:John Constable
2653:Francisco Goya
2554:Francisco Goya
2547:The Family of
2528:Main article:
2525:
2522:
2491:
2488:
2354:Francisco Goya
2278:Main article:
2275:
2272:
2225:
2222:
2181:Spanish Empire
2172:
2169:
2164:Francisco Goya
2152:Main article:
2149:
2146:
2080:Banda Oriental
2004:(r. 1746–1759)
1990:Main article:
1987:
1984:
1952:Main article:
1949:
1946:
1831:Dutch Republic
1806:
1803:
1799:comercio libre
1783:House of Trade
1721:
1718:
1667:Spanish Empire
1651:Main article:
1648:
1645:
1632:Main article:
1629:
1626:
1602:historiography
1587:Peninsular War
1548:Bourbon prince
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1471:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1399:(2020–present)
1393:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1367:
1362:
1354:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1323:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1294:Spanish Maquis
1290:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1223:First Biennium
1220:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1110:First Republic
1107:
1099:
1091:
1082:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1058:
1048:
1040:
1030:
1022:
1014:
1005:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
992:
991:
986:Ominous Decade
983:
973:
962:
957:
956:
953:
952:
949:
948:
940:
932:
924:
916:
907:
904:Peninsular War
902:
901:
898:
897:
894:
893:
885:
877:
869:
861:
853:
845:
837:
829:
820:
815:
814:
811:
810:
807:
806:
798:
788:
780:
771:
766:
765:
762:
761:
758:
757:
749:
741:
732:
727:
726:
723:
722:
719:
718:
713:
708:
700:
695:Roman Conquest
691:
688:Roman Hispania
686:
685:
682:
681:
678:
677:
669:
663:
658:
657:
654:
653:
650:
649:
643:
638:
637:
634:
633:
625:
624:
615:
614:
607:
600:
599:
596:
595:
592:
591:
584:
578:
577:
570:
561:
558:
557:
552:
544:
543:
538:
530:
529:
524:
516:
515:
513:Habsburg Spain
510:
498:
497:
492:
482:
481:
476:
470:
469:
464:
460:
459:
456:
455:
452:
446:
443:
442:
439:
436:Peninsular War
433:
430:
429:
426:
420:
417:
416:
413:
407:
404:
403:
400:
394:
391:
390:
387:
381:
378:
377:
374:
373:
368:
367:Historical era
364:
363:
358:
354:
353:
350:
349:
344:
338:
335:
334:
329:
323:
320:
319:
316:
315:
312:
306:
305:
300:
294:
293:
287:
281:
280:
275:
271:
270:
268:
267:
262:
257:
252:
242:
237:
232:
221:
219:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
190:Spanish Empire
187:
179:
178:
152:
128:
127:
104:
103:
94:
87:
86:
70:
63:
56:
55:
54:
51:
50:
46:
45:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3464:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3388:84-226-6343-0
3385:
3381:
3377:
3375:
3374:84-226-6342-2
3371:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3353:84-9752-009-2
3350:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3333:
3332:84-206-2863-8
3329:
3325:
3321:
3319:
3318:84-95503-21-2
3315:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3304:84-95503-22-0
3301:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3243:0-300-08718-7
3240:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:Lynch, John.
3180:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2914:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2837:Ferdinand VII
2833:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2697:Santo Domingo
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2662:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2544:
2536:
2531:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2514:
2513:Stanley Payne
2510:
2506:
2496:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2387:
2386:Pompeo Batoni
2383:
2382:
2376:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2344:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2307:Enlightenment
2303:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2242:Although the
2239:
2235:
2231:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1708:as well. The
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1646:
1640:
1635:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1618:Ferdinand VII
1615:
1611:
1607:
1606:Bourbon Spain
1603:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1318:Blue Division
1316:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:
998:
997:
987:
984:
979:
978:
974:
969:
968:
964:
963:
960:
955:
954:
944:
941:
936:
933:
928:
925:
920:
917:
912:
909:
908:
905:
900:
899:
889:
886:
881:
878:
873:
870:
865:
864:Iberian Union
862:
857:
854:
849:
846:
841:
838:
833:
830:
825:
822:
821:
818:
813:
812:
802:
799:
794:
793:
789:
784:
781:
776:
773:
772:
769:
764:
763:
753:
750:
745:
742:
737:
734:
733:
730:
725:
724:
717:
714:
712:
709:
704:
701:
696:
693:
692:
689:
684:
683:
675:(575–206 BCE)
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
661:
660:Early history
656:
655:
648:
645:
644:
641:
636:
635:
631:
627:
626:
623:
616:
611:
605:
585:
583:
580:
579:
571:
569:
566:
565:
562:
556:
553:
546:
545:
542:
539:
532:
531:
528:
525:
518:
517:
514:
511:
504:
503:
500:
499:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
483:
480:
477:
475:
474:ISO 3166 code
471:
468:
465:
461:
457:
453:
450:
440:
437:
427:
424:
414:
411:
401:
398:
388:
385:
372:
369:
365:
362:
359:
355:
351:
348:
347:Ferdinand VII
345:
333:
330:
313:
311:
304:
301:
299:
295:
291:
288:
286:
282:
279:
276:
272:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
250:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
230:
226:
223:
222:
220:
216:
213:
210:
203:
200:
196:
191:
185:
180:
151:"Royal March"
147:
140:
139:
133:
129:
122:
115:
114:
109:
105:
99:
91:
83:
76:
67:
60:
52:
47:
42:
33:
30:
19:
3379:
3365:
3358:
3344:
3337:
3323:
3309:
3295:
3288:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3197:
3192:
3184:
3179:
3174:(1973) 2:371
3171:
3166:
3158:
3153:
3145:
3140:
3132:
3127:
3119:
3114:
3106:
3101:
3093:
3088:
3080:
3068:
3060:
3055:
3047:
3042:
3034:
3026:
3017:
3009:
3004:
2996:
2991:
2983:
2978:
2970:
2965:
2957:
2949:
2927:
2916:
2850:
2835:
2802:
2774:
2762:between two
2753:
2729:
2701:
2666:
2657:
2639:embezzlement
2624:
2597:Manuel Godoy
2581:
2558:
2546:
2501:
2482:, including
2449:
2432:
2408:
2393:
2390:
2378:
2366:
2363:
2352:(1766)", by
2347:
2329:
2304:
2293:
2283:
2248:Ricardo Wall
2241:
2196:Ferdinand IV
2189:
2174:
2142:
2134:Ricardo Wall
2126:
2107:
2102:Ferdinand VI
2060:
2039:
2014:Ferdinand VI
2007:
1979:
1957:
1902:
1883:
1875:
1855:
1808:
1798:
1779:
1775:corregidores
1774:
1766:
1763:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1679:
1656:
1605:
1599:
1572:
1523:
1521:
1473:
1459:
1447:
1427:LGBT history
1189:
1076:
1050:
1032:
975:
965:
791:
711:Romanization
698:(206–27 BCE)
495:Succeeded by
494:
489:
467:Spanish real
339:• 1808
131:
108:Motto:
107:
98:(since 1761)
74:(until 1785)
29:
3248:Lynch, John
2800:'s regime.
2616:Charles III
2472:The Bahamas
2416:José Moñino
2337:grain trade
2325:Inquisition
2218:Charles III
2177:Charles III
2035:irredentist
1815:ducal house
1675:Philippines
1614:restoration
1538:, the last
1352:(1975–1978)
1329:(1959–2011)
1321:(1941–1944)
1313:(1939–1945)
1305:(1939–1977)
1297:(1939–1965)
1266:(1936–1939)
1234:(1933–1936)
1226:(1931–1933)
1195:(1930–1931)
1190:Dictablanda
1184:(1923–1930)
1168:(1914–1918)
1152:(1886–1931)
1144:(1885–1902)
1136:(1874–1885)
1113:(1873–1874)
1105:(1872–1876)
1097:(1870–1873)
1089:(1868–1871)
1056:(1854–1856)
1046:(1846–1849)
1038:(1844–1854)
1028:(1840–1843)
1020:(1833–1840)
1012:(1833–1840)
989:(1823–1833)
981:(1820–1823)
971:(1814–1820)
930:(1810–1814)
922:(1808–1813)
891:(1707–1716)
883:(1701–1714)
875:(1700–1808)
867:(1580–1640)
859:(1556–1659)
851:(1516–1700)
843:(1492–1898)
835:(1482–1492)
832:Granada War
827:(1479–1516)
792:Reconquista
768:Middle Ages
619:History of
490:Preceded by
357:Legislature
278:Catholicism
227:(including
138:Marcha Real
81:(1760–1785)
3416:Categories
3395:In Catalan
3310:Carlos III
3281:In Spanish
3214:In English
2954:John Lynch
2941:References
2732:Portuguese
2667:After the
2661:liberalism
2620:Charles IV
2561:Charles IV
2549:Charles IV
2518:John Lynch
2452:George III
2358:Esquilache
2333:free trade
2082:(southern
2064:anglophile
1972:Jorge Juan
1829:, and the
1659:Charles II
1622:since 1975
1608:, but the
1536:Charles II
856:Golden Age
804:(718–1479)
796:(711–1492)
786:(711–1492)
783:Al-Andalus
640:Prehistory
384:Charles II
298:Government
285:Demonym(s)
113:Plus Ultra
96:Royal Arms
3296:Carlos IV
2999:, p. 356.
2986:, p. 355.
2858:Ferdinand
2821:Ferdinand
2713:blockaded
2709:Ferdinand
2685:Catalonia
2677:Rousillon
2635:Louis XVI
2612:Aragonese
2509:Joseph II
2445:New World
2411:Aragonese
2290:Philip IV
2264:Louisiana
2104:'s court.
2042:Andalusia
1866:Gibraltar
1771:audiencia
1754:Castilian
1702:Gibraltar
1700:captured
1671:New World
1263:Civil War
848:Habsburgs
778:(711–716)
755:(552–624)
747:(418–721)
739:(409–585)
441:1807–1814
428:1756–1763
415:1740–1748
402:1700–1715
292:, Spanish
274:Religion
260:Aragonese
229:Valencian
49:1700–1808
3259:Societas
3122:, p. 59.
2881:See also
2841:Asturias
2798:Napoleon
2740:Olivenza
2725:Trinidad
2295:hidalgos
2130:Irishman
2076:Portugal
1980:criollos
1926:Louis XV
1835:Sardinia
1673:and the
1568:Philip V
1556:Habsburg
1449:Timeline
872:Bourbons
703:Hispania
610:a series
608:Part of
463:Currency
332:Philip V
290:Spaniard
255:Asturian
235:Galician
3196:Payne,
3109:, p. 51
3096:, p. 51
3063:, p. 51
3008:Payne,
2995:Payne,
2982:Payne,
2867:Bayonne
2815:in the
2809:Prussia
2756:Victory
2721:Menorca
2681:Navarre
2484:Florida
2323:). The
2316:Jesuits
2274:Reforms
2114:Guaraní
2098:British
2084:Uruguay
1862:Menorca
1847:Austria
1827:Britain
1787:Seville
1748:). The
1706:Menorca
1698:Britain
1669:in the
1585:in the
1560:Charles
1528:Spanish
1176:(–1927)
1173:Rif War
447:•
434:•
421:•
408:•
395:•
326:(first)
310:Monarch
249:Aranese
245:Occitan
225:Catalan
212:Spanish
198:Capital
146:Spanish
132:Anthem:
3404:
3386:
3372:
3351:
3330:
3316:
3302:
3268:(2007)
3254:(1989)
3241:
3223:(2007)
3118:Herr,
3105:Herr,
3092:Herr,
3059:Herr,
2813:Russia
2764:French
2719:, and
2589:Naples
2565:French
2414:named
2404:Venice
2286:Church
2256:Manila
2252:Havana
2236:, and
2110:Jesuit
1942:Philip
1920:. The
1914:Sicily
1910:Naples
1843:Sicily
1767:reinos
1758:Aragon
1745:fueros
1740:cortes
1696:, and
1663:France
1591:empire
1391:(2017)
1373:(2004)
1360:(1978)
1274:(1939)
1258:(1936)
1250:(1936)
1242:(1934)
1218:(1931)
1160:(1898)
1064:(1868)
946:(1813)
938:(1812)
914:(1808)
612:on the
341:(last)
314:
240:Basque
202:Madrid
142:
134:
117:
3159:Spain
3120:Spain
3107:Spain
3094:Spain
3061:Spain
2908:Notes
2796:with
2785:Cádiz
2651:, by
2000:King
1924:with
1819:Parma
1791:Cádiz
1411:Topic
621:Spain
582:Spain
121:Latin
3402:ISBN
3384:ISBN
3370:ISBN
3349:ISBN
3328:ISBN
3314:ISBN
3300:ISBN
3239:ISBN
3075:and
2811:and
2783:off
2775:The
2730:The
2723:and
2618:and
2606:The
2379:The
2305:The
2254:and
1974:and
1912:and
1896:and
1864:and
1522:The
265:Fala
2844:by
2768:by
2552:by
1817:of
1616:of
1581:by
3418::
3250:.
3079:,
3033:.
2956:,
2877:.
2679:,
2486:.
2406:.
2232:,
2140:.
2132:,
2124:.
1900:.
1624:.
1597:.
1566:,
1550:,
1530::
479:ES
3408:.
2392:"
2346:"
1526:(
1511:e
1504:t
1497:v
251:)
247:(
231:)
148:)
144:(
123:)
119:(
20:)
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