History of spiritism in Brazil

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of Spiritism in Brazil" and extended until 3 September. Visitors had the opportunity to appreciate various mediumistic works, such as psychographic writings in normal characters, shorthand and telegraphy in foreign languages (including Oriental languages), psychopictography, copies of correspondence between the Academic Society and foreign Spiritist associations, Spiritist newspapers and magazines from Europe and America, various Spiritist works, portraits of notable figures of Spiritism from various countries, as well as books and newspapers opposing the Doctrine. On this occasion, the newspaper "

1939:"It is the cocaine of nervous debilitated individuals who engage in the practice of Spiritism. And with one more aggravating factor: it is cheap, within reach of everyone, and precisely for this reason, it leads more people, many more, to asylums than the 'devil's dust,' the 'marvelous cocaine'... It is the toxic substance with which the mentally weak, future guests of insane asylums, poison themselves every day. They read it, assimilate it, include the diabolical essence of which it is composed, and merge the knowledge acquired in Spiritist sessions." 2032: 2019:

document aimed to unify the state federations around FEB. In the following year (1950), the National Federative Council was established, composed of representatives from the affiliated entities. Also in 1950, the Caravana da Fraternidade (Fraternity Caravan) departed from Rio de Janeiro to the Northeast Region of Brazil, including participants such as Lins de Vasconcelos, Carlos Jordão da Silva, and Leopoldo Machado. This resulted in an increase in the number of state federations in the country.

1709: 893:"We regret that Mr. Déchambre's erudition" – commented Kardec – "did not allow him to go further, because he would have found the phenomenon in ancient Egypt and India." (Op. cit., v. VIII, p. 334-335). The Spiritists in Bahia immediately refuted these articles in the very "Diário da Bahia", in the edition of 28 September. The letter that preceded the refutation, addressed to the editorial office of the Bahian newspaper and signed by Teles de Menezes, 2248:, which claimed 179 lives and left over 300 injured on 1 February 1974. Also in 1979, one of the most famous cases involving Chico Xavier and which had worldwide repercussion occurred: the case in which José Divino Nunes, accused of killing his best friend, Maurício Henriques, was acquitted by the judge, who accepted as valid evidence (among others presented by the defense) a psychographed text by Chico Xavier from the deceased victim himself. 1950: 1694: 807: 52: 2325: 1974:

Evangelho" was published, also psychographed by Francisco Cândido Xavier and attributed to the spirit of Humberto de Campos. The book narrates the formation of Brazil from a Spiritist perspective, in which spiritual entities are said to have influenced the country's main historical events, from the "diversion" of Cabral's fleet to the abolition of slavery, prophesying a prominent place among Christianity.

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one observes in the cinema, in those dances of Negroes, with their extravagant movements, contortions, and gestures." The professionals educated at the Faculty of Medicine of Rio de Janeiro considered Spiritism as a contagious pathology capable of incapacitating large human contingents for work. For this reason, it should be repressed by the authorities and eradicated through public health campaigns:

2313: 1992: 1611: 2361:", 2008). The popularity achieved by these authors, as well as the profits obtained from the sales of their works, however, sparked controversy among more orthodox followers of the Spiritist doctrine, under the argument of disinterest in classical authors (and the consequent decline in sales of their titles). Nevertheless, this did not prevent the emergence of successful authors such as 981: 992: 2083:– whose daughter had been treated by Arigó – and another in 1964, during which he spent a few months in prison but continued to perform mediumistic treatments. Chico Xavier completed his 100th psychographed book and always assigned the copyright of his psychographed books to charitable institutions, and he co-founded the "Christian Spiritist Communion" 2000:

Vergolino de Campos, widow of writer Humberto de Campos (who passed away in 1934), filed a lawsuit against FEB and medium Francisco Cândido Xavier, seeking to receive copyright over the psychographed messages attributed to her late husband. Also in this city and year, the Crusade of Spiritist Military Personnel was founded (10 December 1944).

1920:"The fight against Spiritism must be equated with the fight against syphilis, alcoholism, psychoactive drugs (opium, cocaine, etc.), tuberculosis, leprosy, worm diseases, and, in short, all the evils that contribute to the annihilation of the vital, physical, and psychic energies of our people, of our race in formation." 2741:). They distinguish themselves from traditional spiritist centers due to their greater emphasis on universalism (the common origin of religions) and the comparative study of Western and Eastern spiritualist religions and philosophies. There is also a more pronounced influence of Eastern schools of thought, such as 1319:" Two weeks later, on the 21st, the same committee returned to the palace to learn of the response to the considerations expressed in the exposition delivered to the Emperor. He stated that he had sent the papers to the Minister of the Empire to resolve the case and once again affirmed, with a touch of humor, " 1288:

extraordinary session to take defensive measures if the news were confirmed. Still on the same day, the Board of the Academic Society appeared before the Minister of Justice, who received them warmly, stating that there must have been some misunderstanding and that he would not allow the persecution of anyone.

2044: 1077:, a traditional newspaper of the Brazilian capital at the time, in an article published on 23 September 1863 in the section "Chronicles of Paris," addressed the shows about spirits that were popular in the theaters of Paris and then went on to make comments about Spiritism. This article is mentioned in the 2022:

In terms of dissemination, the Second Pan-American Spiritist Congress took place on 2 October 1949, in Rio de Janeiro, promoted by the Confederação Espírita Pan-Americana and the Liga Espírita do Brasil. Almost all Latin American countries, as well as the United States, participated in the event. The

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In 1944, Cornélio Pires published the work "Coisas D'Outro Mundo" (Things from Another World) on the theme of Spiritism. He would publish another Spiritist work in 1947 – "Onde estás, oh Morte?" (Where Are You, O Death?) – and after his death, his literary work would continue through the psychography

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Since the 1920s, clashes between Spiritism and psychiatry had been occurring in Brazil, which only ended around the mid-20th century due to advancements such as the research conducted between the 1950s and 1960s on mediumship in the country by French sociologist and ethnologist Roger Bastide. Bastide

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the decision of Bezerra de Menezes, who, after preaching the need for greater understanding among Spiritists through articles and advice, finally accepted the position of director of FEB, succeeding Ewerton Quadros, who had managed it from 1884 to 1888 and had been transferred to the then Province of

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On 17 August 1885, in a room on Rua da Alfândega, FEB inaugurated a cycle of public conferences that became prominent, with speakers including Elias da Silva, Bittencourt Sampaio, and other pioneers of Spiritism in the country. The increase in the public's attendance led these lectures to be moved to

1353:. The new institution aimed to bring together and guide Spiritist societies at the national level. Among its members was the name of Lima e Cirne. This Society launched a magazine in January 1881, the second Spiritist periodical in Rio de Janeiro, with Major Ewerton Castro as one of its contributors. 1999:

Also starting from 1943, the spirit André Luiz, through the mediumship of Francisco Cândido Xavier, began a series of books that address life in the spiritual plane. The first work, "Nosso Lar" (Our Home), was released in Rio de Janeiro the following year (1944). In the same year (1944), D. Catarina

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It was at this moment that the Center of the Spiritist Union of Brazil, in its second phase, was reorganized and installed in the FEB's facilities, with Bezerra de Menezes as president and later Elias da Silva (1893). It was also Bezerra de Menezes who incorporated the "Grupo dos Humildes" (Group of

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It was Elias da Silva who, at the end of that year (27 December 1883), held a preparatory meeting for the reorganization of the movement in the Municipality of the Court at his own residence, given the apparent lack of understanding among the members of the various existing Spiritist entities there:

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In the state of Bahia, at the end of the decade, the charitable work of Divaldo Pereira Franco began. Together with a group of collaborators, he founded the Caminho da Redenção Spiritist Center in Salvador (7 September 1947), where the following year, under the guidance of the spirit Auta de Souza,

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In 1945, the Espírita Pedro de Alcântara Hospital was founded in Rio de Janeiro. In the same year, in São Paulo, initiated by its federations, a new process for the unification of the Spiritist movement in the country began, leading to the First Spiritist Congress of the State of São Paulo in 1947,

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During the context of World War II, starting from 1943, writer Monteiro Lobato held Spiritist sessions at his residence. These sessions, with his wife Dona Purezinha as the medium, were conducted using the method of the glass and were recorded by the writer himself and published posthumously in the

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Henrique Roxo (1877–1969) dedicated an entire chapter to Spiritism in his "Manual de Psiquiatria" (1921), reproducing the medical and Catholic discourse of the time, still marked by slavery, which attributed the belief in the country to remnants of African fetishism, observing: "One often sees what

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Historians of the movement record that at the time, there was an ideological and doctrinal division between the so-called "lay" or "scientific" individuals, represented by Prof. Angeli Torteroli, who advocated the scientific aspect of Spiritism, and the "mystics," led by Dr. Bezerra de Menezes, who

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To mark the first anniversary of the news about the repression of Spiritists, the I Espírita Exposition of Brazil was opened on 28 August 1882, at the headquarters of the Academic Society, at 120 Rua da Alfândega. The commemorative program, organized by the Society itself, was entitled "Celebration

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However, on 30 August, a Judicial Officer presented the Society with a copy of the summons from the 2nd Police Delegate of the Municipality of the Court, a summons that suspended and prohibited the meetings of the said Society, alleging that it was not legally constituted. Immediately, the Board of

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The decade ended with the reform of the Penal Code (1940), which no longer explicitly criminalized the practice of Spiritism. However, in the following year (1941), all Spiritist centers in the then federal capital were suspended by police order, similarly to all Afro-Brazilian temples. In Rio de

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During this time, on 28 August 1897, the "Center of Spiritist Union for Propagation in Brazil" held the "Permanent Spiritist Congress," paying tribute to the "Academic Society God, Christ, and Charity," which had been the target of an attempted persecution against spiritists in 1881. However, the

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announced in their pages, in an exclusive report, the police order that banned the activities of the "Academic Society God, Christ, and Charity" and its affiliated centers, making Spiritists who contradicted the police provisions subject to criminal sanctions. On the same day, the Society held an

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At that time, a significant event occurred: Spiritists, either due to disagreement of ideas or criminal pretension, created a considerable number of groups, whose members, for the most part, were unaware of the most rudimentary precepts of the Doctrine. Any Spiritist would form a group, solely to

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Espiritism was also one of the religions that showed growth (65%) since the census conducted in 2000: it went from 1.3% of the population (2.3 million) in 2000 to 2% in 2010 (3.8 million). (...) Also, in the highest position when it comes to income, 19.7% of Spiritists declared themselves in the

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Given the movement in São Paulo in favor of unification, the most important event of the period took place in Rio de Janeiro: the approval of the eighteen items of the Pacto Áureo (Golden Pact), considered the most important document of the Spiritist movement in the country (5 October 1949). The

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presidency of the Second Congress was entrusted to Argentine doctor Luís Di Cristóforo Postiglione, who invited Francisco Klörs Wemeck and Deolindo Amorim to serve as secretaries. Representatives from almost all Latin American countries, as well as the United States, participated in this event.

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In 1933, the Union Federativa Espírita was founded in São Paulo, affiliated with FEB. Later, in 1936, the Liga Espírita was created in the same state, affiliated with the Liga Espírita do Brasil. In the same year, through Radio Cultura de Araraquara in the interior of São Paulo, Cairbar Schutel

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It was also in 1931 that the spirit Emmanuel presented himself to medium Francisco Cândido Xavier, initiating a joint work that would continue until the end of the medium's life. The following year, FEB released the book "Parnaso de Além-Túmulo" (6 July 1932), psychographed by Francisco Cândido

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With Júlio César Leal's resignation from the presidency of FEB, after seven months in office due to a profound administrative, financial, and ideological crisis experienced by the institution, Bezerra de Menezes accepted to assume the position once again on 3 August 1895. In the exercise of his

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Concerned about possible pockets of resistance to the regime, the Government authorized the police to raid meetings and homes in search of opponents. As a result, in 1891, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, several spiritists were detained. Persecuted and prohibited from gathering, the few existing

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in the country in 1937, repression against Spiritism increased. FEB itself was closed by the police (27 October) and reopened three days later by order of the then Minister of Justice, Dr. José Carlos de Macedo Soares. In the following year (1938), the work "Brasil, Coração do Mundo, Pátria do

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The doctoral candidate appealed to the Brazilian League of Mental Hygiene and the Catholic Church to sensitize public opinion and the established powers, even proposing an "anti-Spiritist week" similar to the existing "anti-alcohol week" to mobilize society against this evil.

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In his work "Espiritismo e Loucura" (1931), Antônio Xavier de Oliveira stated that of the cases he studied at the "Pavilhão de Assistência a Psicopatas," 1,723 people went mad "solely and exclusively due to Spiritism." And regarding "O Livro dos Médiuns" (The Mediums' Book):

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In the same year (1931), Murilo de Campos and Leonídio Ribeiro published the anti-Spiritism book "O Espiritismo no Brasil," seeking to relate Spiritism to Medicine, where it is stated: "The practice of Spiritism is a police problem, it is a crime against the penal code."

1548:, limited himself to stating that the text referred to the practice of so-called "low Spiritism." On 22 December 1890, Bezerra de Menezes, as the president of the "Center of the Spiritist Union of Brazil," sent an official letter to the President of the Republic, Marshal 1085:, where Kardec comments that the author of the article did not delve into the study of Spiritism, of which he was ignorant of the theoretical aspects. However, Kardec praises his sensible behavior in the face of the facts, for which he did not raise reckless theories. " 2639:

manifested on Earth not in a physical body, but in a spiritual form. In Brazil, the resulting historical controversy contributed to and fueled a long-standing division between so-called "mystical" and "scientific" spiritists, with ongoing repercussions to this day.

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spiritist centers found themselves forced to close their doors to avoid the penalties of the law. FEB itself was obliged to suspend the publication of its magazine, the "Reformador," at that time. However, it was in this context that Bezerra de Menezes founded the

1679:(7 June 1923), who had been an uncompromising opponent of Spiritism but converted to it after participating in a conversation over the telephone between his deceased granddaughter and her mother. In the same year, he delivered a speech about his adherence to the 1411:, the most widely circulated periodical of the time. Under the name "Estudos Filosóficos – Espiritismo" (Philosophical Studies – Spiritism), the articles were regularly published on Sundays from 23 October 1887, to December 1893, signed under the pseudonym "Max." 1385:(Brazilian Spiritist Federation) was founded on 1 January 1884, considered as the "House of Ismael," with the aim of federating all groups through a "balanced or mixed program" and disseminating Spiritism through all means, especially the press and books. 1326:

Although the police order was never officially revoked, it also did not proceed. Finally, in an official letter dated 10 January 1882, addressed to H.M. D. Pedro de Alcântara, Emperor of Brazil, the Board of the Academic Society expressed its jubilation

3650:(...) Espiritism followers have the highest proportions of people with completed higher education (31.5%) and literacy rate (98.6%), as well as the lowest percentages of individuals with no education (1.8%) and with incomplete primary education (15.0%). 3158:, delivered during the Spiritist Conference Brazil-Portugal (Salvador (BA), 16–19 March 2000), attributes the work "The Times Are Coming" to the authorship of Professor Lieutaud and the translation of "Spiritism in Its Simplest Expression" to Professor 2763:

Although not a religious or doctrinal current, Apometry was based on teachings dictated by spirits. It emerged in the 1960s as an alternative treatment for patients given up by conventional medicine. Through a systematization effort coordinated by Dr.

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Also emerged as a dissent from the spiritist movement, since September 2002. While not ceasing to follow Spiritist Doctrine, it claims to do so with greater seriousness than the Brazilian movement itself, which is an argument used for distancing.

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This episode is referred to by some authors as the founding of the "Centro Espírita do Brasil" (Spiritist Center of Brazil) on 21 April 1889, with Bezerra as its first president, which established the first School of Mediums along with Elias da

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reiterated the Catholic condemnation of Spiritism. In the same year, the Brazilian Spiritist Federation (FEB) declared that practitioners of Umbanda could be considered Spiritists, which caused strong reactions within the Spiritist movement.

1231:" (Group of the Humble), popularly known as the "Sayão Group" (15 July 1880). This group, in its first phase, which lasted about a year, held productive meetings. Later, the group came to be called the "Ismael Group" and integrated into the 1191:

However, ideological disagreements between those advocating for a "scientific" Spiritism and others supporting a "mystical" Spiritism, led to dissensions within the Society of Studies. Initially, in 1877, a group separated to establish the

908:", which led Kardec to state: "The verbatim quotations from Spiritist works are, in fact, the best refutation of the distortions that certain critics impose on the Doctrine." (Op. cit., p. 336. Apud Zêus Vantuil and Francisco Thiesen. 1061: 2592:

Spiritists are strongly associated with charitable practices. They maintain nursing homes, orphanages, schools for underprivileged people, daycare centers, and other social assistance and promotion institutions in all Brazilian states.

741:), who published a work with spiritualist teachings in 1844. The oldest group of these scholars and practitioners was formed in Rio de Janeiro, then the capital of the Empire of Brazil, around the figure of the physician and historian 3305:

The medium was visited by a committee from the Brazilian Spiritist Federation, composed of Bezerra de Menezes, Antônio Sayão, and others, at a boarding house in Glória, where he was staying. Slade provided undeniable evidence of his

2200:". The first interview took place on the night of 28 July, which achieved the highest audience rating in the history of Brazilian television, and the second on 21 December 1971, which was also a great success in terms of viewership. 2918:

The arguments of Dr. Bezerra de Menezes in favor of his spiritist orientation are nothing more than colorful soap bubbles blown by his mysticism to dazzle the ignorant simplicity of those who do not know or do not want to bother to

1204:(Academic Society God, Christ, and Charity) (3 October 1879), following the orientation of the "scientific" group, which opposed the religious character of the Doctrine. Consequently, a final group, under the leadership of medium 1628:

On 15 April 1905, the headquarters of FEB, located at 97 Rosário Street in the historic center of the city, was visited by officials from the General Directorate of Public Health, who issued citations against the medium Dr.

2601:, all derived from Kardec's works, the Spiritist publishing market in Brazil exceeds 4,000 titles published and over 100 million copies sold. Spiritist books top the bestseller list in major bookstores in the country. 1279:, who would later become one of the founders of the FEB and its first president (7 June). However, the year was marked by the beginning of official persecution of Spiritism (28 August). The Rio de Janeiro newspapers 2597:, the codifier of Spiritism, is a well-known and respected figure in Brazil. He is the most widely read French author in the country, with his books selling over 25 million copies nationwide. If we consider other 1533:

to incite feelings of hatred or love, to claim to heal curable or incurable diseases, in short, to fascinate and subjugate public credulity. Penalty: imprisonment from 1 to 6 months and a fine of 100$ 000 to 500$

3466:, July 1953, p. 149). Years later, in 1958, the Second Brazilian Congress of Journalism and Spiritist Writers opposed considering Umbandists as Spiritists. Two decades later, in 1978, the official FEB magazine 1373:(21 January 1883). The idea of publishing the latter was influenced by a Pastoral Letter opposing Spiritism, published in 1882 by the Bishop of Rio de Janeiro, which prompted responses from the physician 1586:

The following year (1894), with the easing of the political situation, Augusto Elias, together with Fernandes Figueira and Alfredo Pereira, launched a fundraising campaign to support FEB's projects. The

1129:. Its activities also included free homeopathic prescriptions and the application of passes to those in need. However, its greatest virtue was promoting the translation of Kardec's basic works into the 967:

was founded in Salvador, a continuation of the "Family Group of Spiritism," and the following year (1874), in the same city, some members of this association founded the "Santa Teresa de Jesus Group."

2513:(2010), a documentary film directed by Cristiana Grumbach, showing the testimony of families who received news from their deceased loved ones through letters psychographed by Francisco Cândido Xavier. 1962:

Xavier, which gained great repercussion in the Brazilian press, just as the collection "Do País da Luz" had in Portugal at the beginning of the century, through the mediumship of Fernando de Lacerda.

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the "Centro da União Espírita do Brasil," the "Grupo dos Humildes," the "Grupo Espírita Fraternidade," and the "Sociedade Acadêmica Deus, Cristo e Caridade." As a result of this understanding, the

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Still in this context, Antônio Luís Sayão, who unsuccessfully attempted to reconcile the "Academic Society God, Christ, and Charity" with the "Fraternity Spiritist Group," founded, together with

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ceased circulation in the last quarter of that year. The "Fraternity Spiritist Group," after changing its bylaws and renaming itself the "Psychological Fraternity Society," dissolved during the

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at the Salão da Guarda Velha in Rio de Janeiro. That same year, the prescribing mediumship service of FEB reached its highest number of consultations, with nearly 400,000 people attended to.

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Matos, who had been attending spiritist centers in Santos since 1909, believed that there was an excess of religiosity and mysticism among spiritist followers, and that Spiritism should be "

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In this context, on 6 September 1881, the first Spiritist Congress in Brazil took place, promoted by the Academic Society. On the same day, a committee of Spiritists was received by Emperor

1807:, where she began receiving messages from spirits of suicide victims through her mediumship. The following year (May 1927), the first spiritist session was held at the Xavier residence in 886:", where the doctor made a semi-burlesque exposition of the subject, stating, for example, that the phenomenon of turning and speaking tables had already been mentioned by the Greek poet 4780: 2075:

to thousands of people and faced two legal proceedings accusing him of witchcraft and illegal practice of medicine: one in 1958, in which he was not imprisoned because he received a

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It was also in Bahia that the reaction of the Catholic Church began, through the pastoral letter "Against the Pernicious Errors of Spiritism", authored by the then Archbishop of the

2140:, created the gathering known as Concafras-PSE – Fraternity Campaigns of Auta de Souza and Spiritist Social Promotion, held annually during the Carnival period in different cities. 1099:

We verify, with satisfaction, that the Spiritist idea is making significant progress in Rio de Janeiro, where it has numerous fervent and devoted representatives. The small booklet

1315:, to whom they handed a document with a detailed exposition of the facts and a request for justice to be served. The Emperor, on that occasion, is also said to have stated: " 4607: 2095:, where they conducted extensive mediumistic and philanthropic activities. He was also accused of fraud (which was not proven and later retracted), in 1958, by his nephew 3443: 1988:

work "Monteiro Lobato e o Espiritismo" (Monteiro Lobato and Spiritism). Sessions were even held in Argentina during the writer's trips to that country from 1946 to 1947.

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Considering the wide horizons of written propaganda, we believe it will render extremely important services for popularizing the philosophical principles of Spiritism.

3637: 2099:, and he was involved, along with Waldo Vieira, in the scandal of the so-called "materializations of Uberaba" in 1964, which was covered in 70 pages of the magazine " 2180: 1603:

and Bezerra de Menezes, who resigned from it in 1896 due to a campaign of personal insults against him, as he was considered a mystic who did not bother to reason.

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in 2010, there were 3.8 million followers of the Spiritist Doctrine in Brazil. Spiritists are the social segment with the highest income and education level.

729:, from Portugal, who arrived in the country in 1840 and applied it to their patients. Among the personalities interested in the study of the "vital fluid" were 3460:

Based on Kardec, we can say: anyone who believes in spirit manifestations is a Spiritist; now, Umbandists believe in them, therefore Umbandists are Spiritists.

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During the tumultuous days that stretched from the Abolition of Slavery in Brazil (1888) to the proclamation of the Republic (1889), the following stand out:

3862: 4920: 3236:. The same author indicates that the November edition of the magazine of the Academic Society presents a list of affiliated institutions until that month. 1687: 1571:

against the Penal Code, once again in vain, as the code's review committee did not meet their demands. Faced with external and internal difficulties, the

870:" in its editions of 26 and 27 September 1865, published two articles, a Portuguese translation of those that had been published six years earlier by Dr. 1984:

Janeiro, the Society of Medicine and Spiritism of Rio de Janeiro was founded (11 June 1941), with Dr. Levindo Gonçalves de Mello as its first president.

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Verdadeira Medicina Física e Espiritual associada a Cirurgia: jornal cientifico sobre as ciências ocultas e especialmente de propaganda magnetotherapia

788: 2964: 2733:, it dates back to the second half of the 1950s, when some spiritist centers began studying and defending the works and ideas dictated by the spirit 3194:: due to ideological affinity, almost all of the "mystics" defended it, while the majority of the "scientists" repudiated it. in: QUINTELLA, Mauro. 2118: 1200:(Charity Spiritist Group) (8 June). Both had short durations and had disappeared by 1879. In the same year, the Society of Studies gave way to the 1863:, the founding of a spiritist center at Palmella Farm (1929), which later became the municipality of Palmelo, known today as the "Spiritist City." 2008:

in favor of unification. The following year (1948), the Centro-Sulino Spiritist Congress, also in favor of unification, took place in São Paulo.

1117:(Society of Spiritist Studies – Confucius Group), in 1873. As stated in its bylaws, it was to follow the principles and formalities set forth in 946: 730: 1308:, contacted the Chief of Police, who, despite receiving them amiably, resolved nothing, suggesting that the order came from a higher authority. 901:, suggests that the newspaper published Dr. Déchambre's work because it believed that it provided an accurate assessment of Spiritist Doctrine. 4655: 4600: 4539: 3834: 4830: 1740: 3065: 1173: 4442: 2452:

The end of the first decade of the century was marked by the use of cinema as a means of dissemination. The following films were released:

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he started the "Campanha de Fraternidade Auta de Souza" (Auta de Souza Fraternity Campaign) to assist families in need (9 September 1948).

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The proposal was to establish an ideologically neutral institution that would not be either "mystical" or "scientific." QUINTELLA, Mauro.

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publicly proclaimed his Spiritist convictions before an audience of over a thousand people (1,500 or two thousand, according to sources).

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To prove the neutrality of the new society, scientists Angeli Torteroli and Joaquim Távora were invited to register as founding members.

3124: 2259:(1983), a permanent institutional campaign aimed at promoting collective deepening in the studies of the Spiritist Doctrine. Journalist 876: 644: 4462: 2151: 1114: 717:

In Brazil the ideas that gave rise to Spiritism date back to the early experiences with the so-called "vital fluid" (animal magnetism,

3825: 3363: 3334: 3135: 2413: 705: 119: 2244:" psychographed by Chico Xavier. This is the first Brazilian film with a central spiritist theme and the only one that portrayed the 1925:

João Coelho Marques, "Espiritismo e Ideias Delirantes," Doctoral thesis presented to the Faculty of Medicine of Rio de Janeiro, 1929.

4759: 4696: 4593: 3596: 693: 109: 991: 855:. It was in this group that Teles de Menezes came into contact with the strange phenomena and corresponded with French Spiritists. 670: 4915: 3187: 2457: 1903: 1181: 939: 4805: 4427: 2431: 2341:

In terms of publishing, popular Spiritist literature gained popularity with the so-called "Spiritist novels," by authors such as

1599:, under the direction of Prof. Angeli Torteroli, located at 9 Silva Jardim Street. Its board of directors included names such as 1454: 1414:

the message of the spirit of Allan Kardec in the "Grupo Espírita Fraternidade," calling on Spiritists to seek harmony (1888); and

1201: 4723: 2409: 2169: 1668:(31 March 1926), which had a similar purpose. In response, the Federative Council of FEB met for the first time that same year. 1579:, and on Christmas of that same year, Bezerra de Menezes concluded the series "Philosophical Studies" he had been publishing in 1035:

In 1860, Professor Casimir Lieutaud, founder and director of the French School in Rio de Janeiro, published the translation, in

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This first police action against Spiritism resulted in the foundation, in Rio de Janeiro, in September or October 1881, of the

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functions, he imparted an evangelical orientation to the institution's work and remained in office until his passing in 1900.

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Outside the Municipality of the Court, during this period, the founding of the Spiritist newspaper "A Cruz" (The Cross) in

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satisfy their vanity by giving it a name they revered. Only a few groups were productive, but they were too few in number."

4930: 4890: 4870: 3829: 3604: 3342: 2655: 2286: 2036: 1048: 699: 596: 114: 51: 3943: 2708:" in 1914, which became a fundamental work of the new doctrine, now distributed under the title "Christian Rationalism." 1888: 147: 4925: 4825: 4764: 4701: 4660: 4079: 3573: 3000: 2769: 2144: 1980:

During this decade, the medium Francisco Peixoto Lins, affectionately referred to as "Peixotinho," also began his work.

1630: 1435: 1362: 1346: 1276: 300: 3510: 2011:

With the end of the Estado Novo, the Brazilian Constitution of 1946 guaranteed broad religious freedom in the country.

1500:(15 November 1889), on 22 December, the FEB congratulates the Provisional Government for the advent of the new regime. 1144:

In 1875, the Confúcio Group launched the second Spiritist periodical in the country (the first in Rio de Janeiro), the

4966: 4900: 4815: 4686: 4640: 3855: 3848: 3162:, mentioning that the latter's name as a translator only appeared in the third edition of the work, published in 1862. 2297: 1867:

The first major dissensions within the spiritist movement occurred in the early 20th century. The first took place in

1842: 1568: 1193: 1010:, the first Spiritist sessions were held by French individuals, many of whom were political exiles from the regime of 844: 4865: 4706: 4630: 4457: 2957: 2891: 2701: 2490: 2063: 1953:

An allegory representing Chico Xavier psychographing a message from Emmanuel, according to the Spiritist perspective.

1816: 1751: 1729: 1503:

However, since the country still did not have a Constitution, Decree No. 847, dated 11 October 1890, promulgated the

1342:(Twenty-Eighth of August Spiritist Group), a date that the Spiritists of that time wanted to preserve for posterity. 964: 762: 734: 611: 4875: 4810: 4564: 2671: 2335: 2263:

brought to public attention what would become a media phenomenon in the country, with international projection: the

2117:

In the context of the federative movement that spread after the signing of the so-called "Golden Pact," in 1953 the

1876: 1853: 1474: 1301: 742: 4905: 4895: 4840: 4754: 4691: 3623: 3571:

Bisturi suspeito: Engenheiro que incorpora o Doutor Fritz é acusado de homicídio, charlatanismo e sonegação fiscal.

2441:

For the movement in the country, the 21st century brought the advent of Spiritist television with channels such as

1812: 1382: 1249: 1232: 852: 4860: 4170: 4119: 2943:

Professor Rivail had heard about the subject a year earlier (1854), through a friend, Mr. Fortier, who was also a

1762: 1557: 1397: 1293: 1205: 393: 340: 4880: 4820: 4391: 4386: 2573: 2172:

was founded, which soon influenced the emergence of several other medical-spiritist associations in the country.

1213: 1180:. Its doctrinal program, in which the work codified by Allan Kardec was an essential part, included the study of 4835: 4785: 4733: 4330: 2517: 1804: 1661: 1389:

Salão da Guarda Velha (in the street of the same name, currently Av. 13 de Maio), where, on 16 August 1886, Dr.

950: 898: 553: 4270: 4074: 2916:

The "mystics" would also be called "bezerrists." Bezerra, in fact, would be attacked through notes like this: "

2730: 2155: 1823: 1595:

advocated the religious aspect. Thus, on 4 April 1894, the "Center of Spiritist Union" changed its name to the

920: 616: 493: 295: 4716: 4711: 4650: 4376: 4340: 3917: 3541: 3426: 3411: 2809: 2561: 2405: 2279: 2053: 1800: 1712: 1545: 1442: 1305: 1220: 1158: 1133:. The reaction in the press of the time is expressed, for example, in a comment published in the pages of the 957: 563: 4728: 4524: 3191: 3151: 2864: 2765: 2628: 2550: 2537: 2382: 2268: 2162: 1654: 1640:

The new headquarters of FEB, on Sacramento Street (now Avenida Passos), was inaugurated on 10 December 1911.

1374: 1350: 1297: 1197: 1185: 637: 4245: 4195: 3902: 2713:

the science of sciences, the philosophy of philosophies, but should not be linked to any religious dimension

2366: 2346: 2137: 1770: 1701: 1449:(1836–1912), sympathized with the Spiritist doctrine. In the literary field, noteworthy individuals include 1370: 1239: 984: 894: 746: 658: 468: 418: 3115:

PALMEIRA, Vivian. "Curious Stories of Spiritism". in: "Universos Espírita", no. 49, year 5, 2008. pp. 8–12.

2683: 2566: 2290: 2100: 1151: 890:(300–250 BC), from which he concluded that, since this phenomenon was not new, it had no basis in reality. 813:

It is claimed that the history of Spiritism in Brazil dates back to the year 1845 when, in the district of

792:

Parisian salon with people practicing three variations of turning tables with a ring, a table, and a hat. (

754: 137: 4665: 4534: 4483: 4230: 4044: 4003: 3897: 3400:

FULLER, John Grant. Arigo: Surgeon of the Rusty Knife. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1974. ISBN 0690005121

2961: 2667: 2598: 2530: 2342: 2215: 2204: 2043: 2031: 1884: 1697: 1665: 1470: 1040: 1011: 822: 726: 669:" became a popular fad. In France, this type of phenomenon, in 1855, caught the attention of the educator 453: 265: 162: 4437: 4366: 4315: 4280: 4139: 4084: 2072: 1725: 1633:

for the illegal practice of Medicine. In the subsequent legal process against the then-president of FEB,

1600: 1485: 935: 871: 814: 766: 538: 503: 360: 305: 4544: 4300: 4265: 4180: 3887: 3879: 3724: 3558: 2840: 2693: 2610: 2554: 2398: 2390: 2358: 2350: 2328: 2211: 2058: 1660:

The centralizing role of FEB at the national level was questioned in the 1920s with the founding of the

1650: 1576: 1564: 1228: 1020: 758: 523: 488: 403: 365: 71: 4406: 4401: 4235: 4190: 4175: 4144: 4124: 3739: 2264: 2229: 1614: 1067: 924: 738: 685:". The foundation of the Spiritist doctrine is contained in this book and four others published later: 458: 413: 398: 345: 4493: 4432: 4064: 4034: 2697: 2370: 2084: 1892: 1146: 1025: 882: 591: 285: 255: 217: 207: 4478: 4290: 4275: 4250: 4205: 4185: 4069: 3968: 2789: 2689: 2502: 2486: 2394: 2386: 2222: 2130: 2080: 1970: 1880: 1774: 1512: 1504: 1465:(1847–1871), who intended to write a Spiritist work as the final poem of "Os Escravos" (The Slaves); 1426: 1122: 1118: 905: 867: 722: 687: 675: 513: 498: 473: 428: 408: 290: 177: 104: 99: 4089: 4039: 3159: 2773: 2446: 2362: 2338:, a virtual study and news dissemination group that brought the Spiritist movement to the Internet. 1634: 1196:(Spiritist Congregation Angel Ismael) (20 May). The following year (1878), another group formed the 1029: 310: 260: 4635: 4519: 4498: 4260: 3998: 3912: 3871: 3726:

Afinal, espiritismo é religião? A doutrina espírita na formação da diversidade religiosa brasileira

3173: 2795: 2738: 2622: 2542: 2477: 2462: 2378: 2354: 2193: 2107: 1721: 1625:

By 1904, there were no less than 19 periodicals dedicated to Spiritism circulating in the country.

1461:" – "The Volunteers of the Fatherland") incorporating Spiritist elements; and sympathizers such as 1284: 1209: 1162: 1134: 1130: 1104: 1080: 1074: 1036: 931: 483: 235: 187: 43: 4554: 4350: 3963: 2466: 1766: 1349:(Center of the Spiritist Union of Brazil) was founded within the "Academic Society," by Professor 573: 172: 4961: 4670: 4645: 4371: 4225: 4210: 4200: 3938: 3062: 2845: 2832: 2470: 2233: 2096: 1680: 1549: 1390: 1358: 1312: 1166: 995: 630: 448: 433: 423: 142: 33: 4345: 4054: 3666: 3467: 3463: 3246: 3207: 3041: 2442: 2241: 2197: 1789: 1708: 1366: 1292:

the Academic Society sent letters to the Chief of Police and the Minister of Justice, Counselor

1244: 833: 568: 275: 4396: 3708: 1544:, who was then the Minister of Justice, but without success. The rapporteur of the Penal Code, 4850: 4616: 4381: 4109: 4019: 3948: 3617: 3359: 3023: 2868: 2758: 2420: 2252: 2057:, popularly known as "Zé Arigó" – whose mediumistic practice was not strictly affiliated with 1831: 1466: 1446: 794: 750: 330: 192: 152: 17: 4488: 2734: 2724: 240: 4320: 4165: 3988: 3015: 2944: 2578: 2497: 2374: 1949: 1838: 1743:, on Futuro Street, Aflitos neighborhood, on 26 August 1894, the first spiritist society in 1693: 1672: 1450: 1408: 1137:, accusing Spiritism of creating "madmen" and calling for police intervention, concluding: " 1007: 916: 840: 806: 543: 388: 3686: 3331: 3132: 3090:(14 October 2014). Aventuras na História – Guia do Estudante. Accessed on 18 November 2014. 2609:

Throughout the history of Spiritism in the country, the following schisms or dissents from

2154:(IBPP) was founded in the city of São Paulo by the engineer and Spiritist parapsychologist 1107:, contributed, not insignificantly, to spreading the true principles of the Doctrine there. 923:

by Teles de Menezes. It was this same individual who guided, that year, the first recorded

4335: 4255: 4240: 4215: 3983: 3717: 3600: 3581: 3577: 3514: 3447: 3338: 3139: 3069: 2968: 2245: 1827: 826: 825:, the year would have been 1849, characterized by a confrontation between elements of the 558: 478: 463: 438: 202: 3593: 2565:(2011), directed by André Marouço and Michel Dubret, with a screenplay loosely based on " 2188:

The 1970s began with two historic interviews with Chico Xavier, aired by the now-defunct

1657:

was founded in 1919, a traditional charitable institution that has survived to this day.

2047:

Postage stamp from the Post Office in honor of the centenary of Kardec's passing (1969).

1567:, the Government further hardened the regime. Spiritists submitted a new protest to the 1333:

a clear sign that the persecutions initiated against Spiritism and Spiritists have ended

4559: 3787: 3554: 2260: 2111: 1977:

In 1939, the First Brazilian Congress of Journalists and Spiritist Writers took place.

1808: 1732:

and a periodical with the same name, composed and printed in its own typography (1890);

1015: 1003: 980: 666: 2670:), an incident culminated in the manifestation of an entity that identified itself as 2324: 4950: 4295: 4024: 3993: 3907: 2522: 2482: 2251:

The 1980s were marked by the campaign to propose Chico Xavier as a candidate for the

1058:

The first newspaper to publish translated excerpts from Allan Kardec's works was the

832:

The phenomenon of turning tables was first reported in the country by the newspaper "

518: 245: 212: 81: 2165:

launched the informational newsletter "Serviço Espírita de Informações" (May 1965).

2051:

In the country, Spiritism in the 1950s and 1960s was marked by two major phenomena:

1438:, the Grupo Espírita Fraternidade (Fraternity Spiritist Group) would also join FEB. 4305: 4285: 4220: 4160: 4099: 4059: 4029: 3958: 3756: 2805: 2801: 2777: 2636: 2632: 2594: 2546: 2526: 2237: 2092: 1785: 1758: 1541: 1516: 1462: 1126: 770: 681: 528: 508: 443: 383: 320: 280: 250: 167: 66: 3638:"IBGE: com maior rendimento e instrução, espíritas crescem 65% no País em 10 anos" 2312: 1944:

António Xavier de Oliveira, "Espiritismo e Loucura," Rio de Janeiro, 1921, p. 211.

1912:

demonstrated the prejudices and ethnocentrism in previous studies on the subject.

4325: 4310: 4129: 4114: 4094: 4049: 2301: 2103:," accompanied by 87 photographs, in eleven editions over a three-month period. 1991: 1793: 1676: 1610: 1469:, who conducted Spiritist sessions and engaged in psychography in his hometown; 1296:, demonstrating the arbitrariness of that measure. A committee, composed of Dr. 1176:(Society of Spiritist Studies God, Christ, and Charity), under the direction of 848: 665:(1848), the phenomena quickly spread to Europe where, in France, the so-called " 662: 548: 533: 350: 335: 315: 270: 2505:, based on the book of the same name psychographed by Francisco Cândido Xavier. 2207:(1971) was founded, becoming the first spiritist radio station in the country. 2184:

Serviço Espírita de Informações in Portuguese, Esperanto, Spanish, and English.

2067:, popularly known as "Chico Xavier". Zé Arigó, while "receiving" the spirit of 1653:, who was responsible for it for over three decades. Under his presidency, the 3978: 3973: 3485: 2663: 2136:

Also in 1957, in Ribeirão Preto, the caravan members of Auta de Souza, led by

1868: 1744: 1530: 1508: 1434:

the Humble), later renamed "Grupo Ismael" (Ismael Group), into FEB. After the

1280: 1161:, who in 1875 presented the first translation of "The Spirits' Book" into the 887: 197: 182: 3570: 3027: 1488:

on 6 July 1881, the first Spiritist periodical in the capital of Pernambuco.

4569: 4549: 4529: 4514: 4134: 3505: 2871:, claimed to be the newspaper with the highest circulation in South America. 2800:

It emerged in the mid-1960s with the end of the partnership between mediums

2424: 2275: 2110:

settled in Brazil, initiating a wide dissemination of his interpretation of

2068: 1777:'s spiritist advocacy, who founded a spiritist center and began publishing " 847:

was founded in August 1857, with the participation of personalities such as

718: 355: 2962:

Historical-Biographical Dictionary of Health Sciences in Brazil (1832–1930)

2423:, further fueling the controversy surrounding the activities of the entity 1275:(Humility and Fraternity Spiritist Group) was founded, with the support of 904:

The refutation consisted of an extensive excerpt from the introduction of "

821:, the first manifestations were said to have been registered. According to 3720:. Brazilian Cultural Studies, North America, 224 07 2013. p. 106-124. 3322:(National Library History Magazine), year 3, no. 33, June 2008, pp. 14–19. 2674:, who announced the foundation of a new religion in the country: Umbanda. 2533:" and the work "O Avesso de um Balzac Contemporâneo" by Osmar Ramos Filho. 1345:

As a result of the Spiritist Congress, on 3 October of the same year, the

4104: 2746: 2742: 2581:, based on the homonymous work psychographed by Francisco Cândido Xavier. 1860: 1849: 1778: 1526: 1457:(1806–1879), who held psychographic sessions in Paris and wrote a play (" 1419: 1271:

The following year (1881), as an offshoot of the "Fraternity Group," the

661:

events in Hydesville, New York, United States, via the mediumship of the

325: 3753:. Catanduva (SP): InterVidas, 2009. 256p. photos. ISBN 978-85-60960-00-2 2221:

In 1975, the first Brazilian soap opera with a central spiritist theme,

1321:

No one will persecute them. But... they shouldn't try to be martyrs now.

1070:, not because he considered himself a Spiritist, but rather a democrat. 915:

This episode coincided with the foundation, in the same year (1865), in

4574: 3933: 2649: 2189: 2088: 1872: 1113:

In this capital, the first Spiritist institution to be founded was the

3840: 3318:

GIUMBELLI, Emerson. "Kardec nos Trópicos" (Kardec in the Tropics). in

1966:

started the first Spiritist radio program in the country (19 August).

1400:(Seventh of March Spiritist Group), which remained active until 1890. 1014:(1852–1870), in the 1860s. Some of these pioneers were the journalist 733:, the patriarch of Independence, also a cultivator of homeopathy, and 3734:

Da Elite ao Povo. Advento e Expansão do Espiritismo no Rio de Janeiro

3415:. 2nd ed. São Paulo: Editora Planeta do Brasil, 2003; pp. 20 and 189. 3291:

The Brazilian Spiritist Federation is in the process of organization.

3186:

At the root of the divergence was the appreciation/study of the work

2076: 1736: 1645: 1525:

It is a crime to practice Spiritism, magic, and their spells, to use

1481: 4585: 3314: 3312: 2489:, follows the footsteps of the previous film and tells the story of 2334:

The 1990s were marked by the establishment, in October 1992, of the

709:, 1868. These combined books are called the "Kardecist Pentateuch". 3019: 3545:. 2nd edition. São Paulo: Editora Planeta do Brasil, 2003; pg. 226 3470:

published that the designation of "Spiritists" for Umbandists is "

2419:

In 1999, there was a scandal involving accusations against medium

2323: 2311: 2179: 2042: 2030: 1990: 1948: 1902: 1781:" (1905), a periodical that continues to be published to this day; 1707: 1692: 1609: 1259:

Regarding this turbulent period, researcher Pedro Richard stated:

990: 979: 818: 805: 787: 3098: 3096: 1887:" (Rational and Scientific Christian Spiritism), systematized by 673:. As a result of his research, he published the first edition of 2586: 1365:

and Professor Afonso Angeli Torteroli. A few months later, the "

4589: 3844: 1235:(Brazilian Spiritist Federation), where it exists to this day. 910:

Allan Kardec – Bibliographic Research and Interpretation Essays

3953: 3761:

Revista Espírita – Jornal de Estudos Psicológicos (12 volumes)

2274:

In the mid-1980s, there was a resurgence of the phenomenon of

1815:, presided over by José Cândido Xavier, brother of the medium 157: 3430:. 2nd ed. São Paulo: Editora Planeta do Brasil, 2003; p. 141. 2729:

Initially called "Ramatis' Spiritism" and currently known as

2549:, with a screenplay by the same directors based on the book " 2129:

was founded in the city of Rio de Janeiro by the sociologist

1622:"Center" disappeared during the same period as the Congress. 3072:

in "História da Educação na Bahia" Accessed on 12 June 2011.

3001:"Mind the Gap: Spiritualism and the Infrastructural Uncanny" 1856:, under the direction of Cairbar Schutel (15 February 1925). 1407:

a series of articles on the Spiritist Doctrine published in

1369:" (The Reformer) would be published, under the direction of 1256:(Union of Brazilian Spiritists), of which he presided over. 956:

In July 1869, in Salvador, the publication of the magazine "

927:

in the annals of Spiritism in the country, on 17 September.

3517:. Uol – Portal A TARDE (online). Retrieved on 23 July 2013. 2808:, when the latter began his own research on what he called 2147:, a Catholic activist opposed to Spiritism, was published. 1769:

as its first president, the beginning of the activities of

1637:, and the medium Domingos Filgueiras, both were acquitted. 3689:. Revista Época, 26 June 2009. Retrieved on 23 July 2013. 3389:

História do Espiritismo em Pernambuco (vol. I: 1853–1900)

1773:

in the Triângulo Mineiro region (1904), and the start of

3622:– In Revista Online de Comunicação, Linguagem e Mídias ( 2430:

The end of the decade was marked by the founding of the

829:

and spiritists, with the intervention of police forces.

721:) by practitioners of homeopathy, namely the physicians 3710:

CULTURA ESPÍRITA NO BRASIL/ SPIRITIST CULTURE IN BRASIL

3619:

Notas para pensar a onda dos filmes espíritas no Brasil

3289:

of January 1, 1884, referred to the event as follows: "

3102:

PALMEIRA, Vivian. "Curious Stories of Spiritism". in: "

1741:

God and Charity Association of the Afflicted Spiritists

1511:, associated the practice of Spiritism with rituals of 3768:

O Grande Mediador. Chico Xavier e a cultura brasileira

2585:

According to the last demographic census conducted by

2408:

took place in Brasília, with 3,000 registrations. The

1441:

Prominent figures in the republican movement, such as

1174:

Sociedade de Estudos Espíritas Deus, Cristo e Caridade

3665:

Mission of the Brazilian Spiritist Federation (FEB).

3653:

group of people with an income above 5 minimum wages.

3087:

Allan Kardec and Spiritism, a Very Brazilian Religion

2285:

The year 1987 stood out for the release of the book "

1477:(1816–1882), a physician, historian, and politician. 1157:

Prominent figures associated with this group include

1139:

It is an epidemic more dangerous than yellow fever...

3507:

Chico Xavier: a mais famosa entrevista do Pinga-Fogo

874:(1812–1886), coordinator of the publication of the " 4798: 4773: 4742: 4679: 4623: 4507: 4471: 4415: 4359: 4153: 4012: 3926: 3878: 3441:

RIZZINI, Jorge. "Materializações de Uberaba." 1964.

2898:. Rio de Janeiro: Grupo Espírita Regeneração, 1991. 2660:

Spiritist Federation of the State of Rio de Janeiro

1690:, notable developments during this period include: 1597:

Center of Spiritist Union for Propagation in Brazil

866:", Kardec informed his readers that the newspaper " 3557:. "Um fim trágico para Edson Queiroz". São Paulo: 1907:I Congresso de Mocidades Espíritas do Brasil, 1948 877:Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences médicales 4463:Brazilian Institute of Psychobiophysical Research 3826:Cronologia Espírita: 1914–1945 Tempos de Comoções 3702:Esboço histórico da Federação Espírita Brasileira 3332:Cronologia Espírita: 1914–1945 Tempos de Comoções 2152:Brazilian Institute of Psychobiophysical Research 2143:In 1960, the work "Spiritism in Brazil" by Friar 1115:Sociedade de Estudos Espiríticos - Grupo Confúcio 960:" began under the direction of Teles de Menezes. 2833:Template must be given at least one article name 2635:, defended, among other things, the thesis that 2414:Brazilian Association of Spiritist Psychologists 942:" by Kardec, without indicating the translator. 3784:. São Paulo, Cia. Editora Nacional, 1931. 199p. 2772:, the Laws of Apometry were established in the 1937: 1918: 1172:The group dissolved in 1876, giving way to the 3156:Beginnings of the Spiritist Movement in Brazil 2039:in honor of the centenary of Spiritism (1957). 1784:In Minas Gerais, 1916 marked the beginning of 1643:On 1 May 1912, the weekly spiritist newspaper 1252:(Brazilian Spiritist Federation), founded the 1066:, published from January to April 1861 by Dr. 880:". The articles were transcriptions from the " 4601: 3856: 3584:, 17 February 1999. Retrieved on 15 May 2011. 3374:GIUMBELLI, Emerson. "Kardec nos Trópicos" in 1792:, receiving messages signed by the spirit of 1649:was founded in the city of Rio de Janeiro by 1560:(18 February 1891), the "House of Benefits." 1519:, as expressed in Article 157, which stated: 638: 8: 2458:Bezerra de Menezes - O Diário de um Espírito 940:Spiritism Reduced to Its Simplest Expression 4428:International Medical-Spiritist Association 3835:História Ilustrada do Espiritismo no Brasil 2907:Who would later become the president of FEB 2867:. The header of the newspaper, directed by 2737:(mainly through the psychographed works of 2432:International Spiritist Medical Association 1361:" (The Renewer) was also launched by Major 1202:Sociedade Acadêmica Deus, Cristo e Caridade 1101:"Le Spiritisme à sa plus simple expression" 4739: 4608: 4594: 4586: 3863: 3849: 3841: 3607:, 14 July 1999. Retrieved on 23 July 2013. 3376:Revista de História da Biblioteca Nacional 3320:Revista de História da Biblioteca Nacional 2410:Brazilian Association of Spiritist Doctors 2255:(1981), and by the launch, by FEB, of the 2170:Medical-Spiritist Association of São Paulo 1507:of the Republic. This decree, inspired by 1141:" (Jornal do Commercio, 13 December 1874) 930:The following year (1866), in the city of 645: 631: 28: 2706:Espiritismo Racional e Científico Cristão 2436:Brazilian Association of Spiritist Judges 1885:Espiritismo Racional e Científico Cristão 1675:" published an interview with the writer 1473:(1827–1901), a poet and philologist; and 1053:Le Spiritisme à sa plus simple expression 3736:. Rio de Janeiro: Bertrand Brasil, 1994. 3528:J. Herculano Pires, o apóstolo de Kardec 2510:As Cartas Psicografadas por Chico Xavier 2127:Institute of Spiritist Culture of Brazil 2119:National Conference of Bishops of Brazil 1811:, which led to the establishment of the 1091:he does not judge what he does not know. 780:can be divided into three major stages: 4423:Brazilian Medical-Spiritist Association 3378:, year 3, no. 33, June 2008, pp. 14–19. 2936: 2896:Queda e Ascensão da Casa dos Benefícios 2890:For a history of the institution, see: 2856: 2654:On 15 November 1908, during a visit by 2282:, who would later be murdered in 1991. 1273:Grupo Espírita Humildade e Fraternidade 1212:, formed a new organization called the 1028:, and the psychographic medium, Madame 42: 3808:. Rio de Janeiro: Sociedade Acadêmica. 3780:RIBEIRO, Leonídio; CAMPOS, Murilo de. 3486:"Associação Médico-Espírita do Brasil" 3142:in GEAE, accessed on 12 December 2010. 3080: 3078: 2278:, through the medium from Pernambuco, 2257:Systematic Study of Spiritist Doctrine 2214:movement also began, with philosopher 1799:Also in Minas Gerais, in 1926, medium 1498:Proclamation of the Republic of Brazil 1425:the visit of American physical medium 1225:Francisco Leite de Bittencourt Sampaio 1178:Francisco Leite de Bittencourt Sampaio 769:), and other prominent figures of the 3806:O Espiritismo no Brasil e em Portugal 2999:Geoghegan, Bernard Dionysius (2016). 2525:, based on the psychographed work by 2106:It was also in the 1950s that Father 1563:In 1893, at the height of the second 1340:Grupo Espírita Vinte e Oito de Agosto 1216:(Fraternity Spiritist Group) (1880). 7: 4443:Pan-American Spiritist Confederation 3830:Grupo de Estudos Avançados Espíritas 3744:Personagens do Espiritismo (2nd ed.) 3343:Grupo de Estudos Avançados Espíritas 2287:O Lado Oculto do Folclore Brasileiro 1396:In 1887, Elias da Silva founded the 1049:Spiritism in Its Simplest Expression 947:Archdiocese of São Salvador da Bahia 679:(Paris, 1857), under the pseudonym " 597:Pan American Spiritist Confederation 3472:improper, abusive, and illegitimate 2666:, then the capital of the state of 2397:(the latter two also classified as 2061:or any official institution -; and 1879:(1908), and the second occurred in 1453:(1839–1908) as a critic; Spiritist 3799:Homeopatia e Espiritismo (2nd ed.) 3729:. Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. 3561:, n° 230, November 1991, p. 47-49. 2770:Spiritist Hospital of Porto Alegre 1822:In São Paulo, the founding of the 1631:Domingos de Barros Lima Filgueiras 1363:Salustiano José Monteiro de Barros 1347:Centro da União Espírita do Brasil 1277:Francisco Raimundo Ewerton Quadros 706:The Genesis According to Spiritism 657:Following the emergence of modern 25: 4479:Conscientiology and projectiology 3746:. São Paulo: Edições FEESP, 1990. 3272:QUINTELLA also points out that: " 3261:História do Espiritismo no Brasil 3234:História do Espiritismo no Brasil 3221:História do Espiritismo no Brasil 3106:", nº 49, year 5, 2008. pp. 8–12. 3043:L'Illustration Paris, 14 May 1853 2923:Vida e Obra de Bezerra de Menezes 2863:According to Spiritist historian 2308:From the 1990s to the present day 2232:(1979) was released, directed by 1875:, traditionally initiated by the 731:José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva 694:The Gospel According to Spiritism 110:The Gospel According to Spiritism 2704:in 1910 and published the work " 2605:Dissent from Kardecism in Brazil 2298:International Spiritist Congress 1843:Bahia State Spiritist Federation 1552:, regarding the new Penal Code. 1317:I do not consent to persecution. 1223:, João Gonçalves do Nascimento, 1194:Congregação Espírita Anjo Ismael 845:Conservatório Dramático da Bahia 50: 4458:Portuguese Spiritist Federation 4448:International Spiritist Council 3777:. Niterói (RJ): Lachâtre, 1996. 3775:Os Intelectuais e o Espiritismo 2958:Homeopathic Institute of Brazil 2702:Centro Espírita Amor e Caridade 1899:From Estado Novo to Pacto Áureo 1852:, São Paulo, the launch of the 1830:, the mediumistic phenomena of 1752:Pernambuco Spiritist Federation 1750:In Recife, the founding of the 1730:Truth and Light Spiritist Group 965:Brazilian Spiritist Association 763:José Cesário de Miranda Ribeiro 735:Mariano José Pereira da Fonseca 612:Portuguese Spiritist Federation 602:International Spiritist Council 4565:Spiritist perspective on Jesus 4453:Brazilian Spiritist Federation 3640:. Último Segundo › Brasil 3196:History of Spiritism in Brazil 3133:Spiritist Chronology 1857–1869 3131:Accessed on 12 December 2010. 2956:Both were the founders of the 2672:Caboclo das Sete Encruzilhadas 2336:Advanced Spiritist Study Group 2318:Brazilian Spiritist Federation 2296:At the end of the decade, the 2091:with the medium and physician 2027:Decades of the 1950s and 1960s 1969:With the establishment of the 1877:Caboclo das Sete Encruzilhadas 1854:International Spiritist Review 1826:(1908), and later, during the 1475:Alexandre José de Mello Moraes 1329:for the beginning of tolerance 1302:Carlos Joaquim de Lima e Cirne 1150:(Spiritist Review), edited by 987:, spiritist pioneer in Brazil. 778:history of Spiritism in Brazil 743:Alexandre José de Mello Moraes 671:Hippolyte Léon Denizard Rivail 607:Brazilian Spiritist Federation 18:History of Spiritism in Brazil 1: 3636:iG São Paulo (29 June 2012). 3063:Luís Olímpio Teles de Menezes 2004:of Francisco Cândido Xavier. 1841:, Bahia, the founding of the 1813:Luiz Gonzaga Spiritist Center 1455:Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre 1383:Federação Espírita Brasileira 1254:União dos Espíritas do Brasil 1250:Federação Espírita Brasileira 1233:Federação Espírita Brasileira 1227:, and others, the so-called " 971:Development in Rio de Janeiro 963:Later, in November 1873, the 853:Luís Olímpio Teles de Menezes 4360:Prominent Discarnate Spirits 3356:Legado de Bezerra de Menezes 2925:. Rio de Janeiro: FEB 1963.) 2316:Current headquarters of the 2114:as a response to Spiritism. 1871:, with the establishment of 1763:Minas Gerais Spiritist Union 1558:Spiritist Group Regeneration 1436:proclamation of the Republic 1398:Grupo Espírita Sete de Março 1294:Manuel Pinto de Souza Dantas 1242:, the future founder of the 1206:João Gonçalves do Nascimento 843:, the capital of Bahia, the 3813:Grandes Espíritas do Brasil 3801:. Rio de Janeiro: FEB 1983. 3751:Pinga-fogo com Chico Xavier 3530:. São Paulo: Paideia, 2000. 2161:In Rio de Janeiro, Colonel 1484:stands out, established by 1422:due to his military duties. 1214:Grupo Espírita Fraternidade 1018:, editor of the periodical 4983: 4957:History of Brazil by topic 3770:. Bauru (SP): EDUSC, 2004. 3763:. São Paulo: Edicel, 1985. 3345:. Accessed on 4 June 2011. 2971:. Accessed on 25 May 2011. 2828: 2793: 2787: 2756: 2722: 2681: 2656:Zélio Fernandino de Moraes 2647: 2620: 2518:O Último Romance de Balzac 2304:from 1 to 5 October 1989. 1883:(1910) and called itself " 1805:Spiritist Center of Lavras 1788:through the mediumship of 1662:Spiritist League of Brazil 1089:" – Kardec referred to – " 951:Manuel Joaquim da Silveira 899:Joaquim Carneiro de Campos 817:, in the then Province of 725:, a native of France, and 3723:ARRIBAS, Célia da Graça. 3513:26 September 2013 at the 3446:27 September 2013 at the 2980:Reformador, 1944, p. 207. 2921:" (SOARES, Sylvio Brito. 2731:universalist spiritualism 2469:, narrating the story of 2156:Hernani Guimarães Andrade 2150:On 13 December 1963, the 1824:São Paulo Spiritist Union 1391:Adolfo Bezerra de Menezes 1331:" towards that Society, " 921:Family Group of Spiritism 617:National Spiritism Museum 4724:Uprisings and rebellions 4377:Cairbar Schutel (spirit) 3918:Basic works of Spiritism 3815:. Rio de Janeiro: FEB, . 3716:21 February 2015 at the 3542:As Vidas de Chico Xavier 3427:As Vidas de Chico Xavier 3412:As Vidas de Chico Xavier 3154:, in a lecture entitled 2892:Francisco Cândido Xavier 2810:consciousness projection 2692:, Portuguese immigrants 2491:Francisco Cândido Xavier 2406:World Spiritist Congress 2280:Edson Cavalcante Queiroz 2228:In the cinema, the film 2210:In the early 1970s, the 2125:On 9 December 1957, the 2064:Francisco Cândido Xavier 1817:Francisco Cândido Xavier 1801:Yvonne do Amaral Pereira 1713:Yvonne do Amaral Pereira 1540:Spiritists protested to 1459:Os Voluntários da Pátria 1443:Joaquim Saldanha Marinho 1306:Joaquim Carlos Travassos 1221:Frederico Pereira Júnior 1159:Joaquim Carlos Travassos 1073:In the same period, the 912:. Rio de Janeiro: FEB.) 4916:International relations 4525:Barcelona Acts of Faith 3782:O espiritismo no Brasil 3576:23 January 2013 at the 3192:Jean-Baptiste Roustaing 3152:Juvanir Borges de Souza 2989:Reformador, 1 May 1883. 2967:23 October 2009 at the 2865:Silvino Canuto de Abreu 2766:José Lacerda de Azevedo 2629:Jean-Baptiste Roustaing 2551:Por Trás do Véu de Ísis 2538:As Mães de Chico Xavier 2383:O Amor é para os Fortes 2269:Luiz Antônio Gasparetto 2203:In Rio de Janeiro, the 2163:Jaime Rolemberg de Lima 2035:Postage stamp from the 1995:Divaldo Pereira Franco. 1655:Tereza de Jesus Shelter 1375:Antônio Pinheiro Guedes 1351:Afonso Angeli Torteroli 1298:Antônio Pinheiro Guedes 1198:Grupo Espírita Caridade 1186:Jean-Baptiste Roustaing 1045:Les Temps sont arrivés" 148:Law of cause and fffect 3903:Kardec - The Biography 3127:Kardecism in São Paulo 2367:Nada fica sem Resposta 2331: 2321: 2185: 2145:Boaventura Kloppenburg 2138:Nympho de Paula Corrêa 2048: 2040: 1996: 1954: 1947: 1928: 1908: 1803:started attending the 1761:, the founding of the 1739:, the founding of the 1716: 1705: 1618: 1429:(1835–1905) to Brazil. 1371:Augusto Elias da Silva 1240:Augusto Elias da Silva 1012:Napoleon III of France 1006:, then capital of the 999: 988: 895:José Álvarez do Amaral 823:Divaldo Pereira Franco 810: 803: 800:Histoire de la semaine 4906:Afro-Brazilian people 3539:Souto Maior, Marcel. 3424:SOUTO MAIOR, Marcel. 3409:SOUTO MAIOR, Marcel. 2841:Timeline of Spiritism 2684:Christian Rationalism 2678:Christian Rationalism 2567:O Livro dos Espíritos 2562:O Filme dos Espíritos 2327: 2315: 2291:Luiz Antonio Millecco 2240:, based on the work " 2183: 2073:mediumistic treatment 2054:José Pedro de Freitas 2046: 2034: 1994: 1952: 1906: 1711: 1696: 1613: 1591:resumed circulation. 1546:João Batista Pinheiro 1152:Antônio da Silva Neto 994: 983: 809: 791: 755:Bernardo José da Gama 4535:Spiritist literature 4484:Racionalismo Cristão 4246:Eurípedes Barsanulfo 4154:Prominent Spiritists 3898:Scientific Spiritism 3749:GOMES, Saulo (ed.). 3599:3 March 2016 at the 3337:6 April 2011 at the 3177:", July 1864, p. 213 3138:2 April 2011 at the 3068:3 March 2016 at the 2658:to a session of the 2631:, a contemporary of 2577:(2012), directed by 2574:E a Vida Continua... 2541:(2011), directed by 2531:Cristo Espera por Ti 2521:(2010), directed by 2501:(2010), directed by 2461:(2008), directed by 2343:Vera Lúcia Marinzeck 2246:Joelma Building fire 2225:, aired on TV Tupi. 2216:José Herculano Pires 2205:Radio Rio de Janeiro 2081:Juscelino Kubitschek 2079:from then-president 1771:Eurípedes Barsanulfo 1702:Eurípedes Barsanulfo 1698:Colégio Allan Kardec 1686:Outside of the then 1666:Aurino Barbosa Souto 1471:Antônio Castro Lopes 1041:The Times Are Coming 958:O Écho d'Alêm-Tumulo 858:In the pages of the 747:Pedro de Araújo Lima 727:João Vicente Martins 469:Eurípedes Barsanulfo 378:Prominent spiritists 163:Scientific spiritism 153:Spiritual projection 4438:Allan Kardec School 4316:Vera Kryzhanovskaia 4281:Hermínio C. Miranda 4140:Spiritual treatment 4085:Spiritual obsession 4004:Mediumistic meeting 3949:Spiritual unfolding 3913:Modern spiritualism 3893:Spiritism in Brazil 3872:Kardecist spiritism 3804:TORTEROLI, Angeli. 3773:MACHADO, Ubiratan. 3742:; LUCENA, Antônio. 3387:AURÉLIO, Dâmocles. 2416:were also founded. 2176:The 1970s and 1980s 1845:(25 December 1915); 1285:Jornal do Commercio 1163:Portuguese language 1135:Jornal do Commercio 1131:Portuguese language 1075:Jornal do Commercio 936:Literary Typography 864:Spiritism in Brazil 862:, under the title " 784:Pioneering in Bahia 767:Viscount of Uberaba 539:Vera Kryzhanovskaia 504:Hermínio C. Miranda 361:Spiritual treatment 306:Spiritual obsession 188:Modern spiritualism 44:Kardecist spiritism 4967:Religion in Brazil 4911:Psychiatric reform 4545:Spiritist pedagogy 4392:Humberto de Campos 4372:Bezerra de Menezes 4331:Wantuil de Freitas 4271:Hermani G. Andrade 4266:Haroldo Dutra Dias 4211:Camille Flammarion 4201:Bezerra de Menezes 4171:A. Moreira-Almeida 3766:LEWGOY, Bernardo. 3740:GODOY, Paulo Alves 3232:QUINTELLA, Mauro. 3219:QUINTELLA, Mauro. 3104:Universos Espírita 2846:Religion in Brazil 2694:Luís José de Matos 2555:Marcel Souto Maior 2471:Bezerra de Menezes 2399:Umbanda literature 2391:Tambores de Angola 2359:Vencendo o Passado 2351:Violetas na Janela 2332: 2329:José Raul Teixeira 2322: 2212:Spiritist Pedagogy 2196:, on the program " 2186: 2059:Spiritist Doctrine 2049: 2041: 1997: 1955: 1909: 1754:(8 December 1904); 1717: 1706: 1681:spiritist doctrine 1651:Inácio Bittencourt 1619: 1577:Revolt of the Navy 1565:Revolt of the Navy 1550:Deodoro da Fonseca 1313:Pedro II of Brazil 1229:Grupo dos Humildes 1208:, inspired by the 1167:Bezerra de Menezes 1021:Courrier do Brésil 1000: 996:Bezerra de Menezes 989: 811: 804: 759:Viscount of Goiana 554:Wantuil de Freitas 494:Hermani G. Andrade 489:Haroldo Dutra Dias 434:Camille Flammarion 424:Bezerra de Menezes 394:A. Moreira-Almeida 218:Mediumship meeting 4944: 4943: 4886:Industrialization 4794: 4793: 4750:Governors-general 4617:History of Brazil 4583: 4582: 4540:Audiovisual works 4402:Joanna de Ângelis 4236:Emídio Brasileiro 4191:Aristides Spínola 4125:Psychopictography 4110:Automatic writing 3837:in CPDOC Espírita 3732:DAMAZIO, Sylvia. 3125:RIBEIRO, Gérson. 2869:Quintino Bocaiuva 2816:Christian Renewal 2481:(2010), starring 2421:Rubens Farias Jr. 2401:), among others. 2265:psychopictography 2253:Nobel Peace Prize 2230:Joelma 23rd Floor 1832:Carmine Mirabelli 1615:Aristides Spinola 1569:National Congress 1492:Republican period 1467:Augusto dos Anjos 1447:Quintino Bocaiuva 1123:The Mediums' Book 1119:The Spirits' Book 1068:Eduardo Monteggia 925:spiritist session 906:The Spirits' Book 751:Marquis of Olinda 739:Marquis of Maricá 723:Benoît Jules Mure 688:The Mediums' Book 676:The Spirits' Book 655: 654: 459:Emídio Brasileiro 414:Aristides Spínola 346:Psychopictography 331:Automatic writing 193:Spiritual healing 105:The Mediums' Book 100:The Spirits' Book 77:History in Brazil 16:(Redirected from 4974: 4876:Workers' strikes 4740: 4610: 4603: 4596: 4587: 4494:Renovação Cristã 4433:Spiritist center 4321:Victorien Sardou 4065:Obsessing spirit 4035:Spiritual colony 3989:Life after death 3944:Cause and effect 3865: 3858: 3851: 3842: 3792:Religiões do Rio 3690: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3647: 3645: 3633: 3627: 3614: 3608: 3591: 3585: 3568: 3562: 3552: 3546: 3537: 3531: 3526:RIZZINI, Jorge. 3524: 3518: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3484:Folha Espírita. 3481: 3475: 3456: 3450: 3437: 3431: 3422: 3416: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3392: 3385: 3379: 3372: 3366: 3352: 3346: 3329: 3323: 3316: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3283: 3277: 3270: 3264: 3257: 3251: 3243: 3237: 3230: 3224: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3188:The Four Gospels 3184: 3178: 3169: 3163: 3149: 3143: 3122: 3116: 3113: 3107: 3100: 3091: 3084:Tiago Cordeiro. 3082: 3073: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3008:Critical Inquiry 3005: 2996: 2990: 2987: 2981: 2978: 2972: 2954: 2948: 2941: 2926: 2914: 2908: 2905: 2899: 2888: 2882: 2878: 2872: 2861: 2780:city in Brazil. 2698:Luís Alves Tomás 2579:Paulo Figueiredo 2434:(AME-I) and the 2371:Mônica de Castro 2355:Zíbia Gasparetto 2085:spiritist center 2071:, provided free 1945: 1926: 1893:Luís Alves Tomás 1688:Federal District 1673:Jornal do Brasil 1601:Júlio César Leal 1486:Júlio César Leal 1451:Machado de Assis 1445:(1816–1895) and 1182:The Four Gospels 1147:Revista Espírita 1039:, of the works " 1026:Casimir Lieutaud 1024:, the professor 1008:Empire of Brazil 953:(16 June 1867). 883:Gazette Médicale 872:Amédée Dechambre 815:Mata de São João 647: 640: 633: 592:Spiritist Center 544:Victorien Sardou 286:Obsessing spirit 256:Spiritual colony 54: 29: 21: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4971: 4947: 4946: 4945: 4940: 4931:Musical theater 4790: 4769: 4760:Prime ministers 4738: 4717:Military juntas 4697:Economic crises 4675: 4619: 4614: 4584: 4579: 4503: 4467: 4411: 4387:Spirit of Truth 4355: 4336:William Crookes 4291:Jésus Gonçalves 4276:Herculano Pires 4256:Gabriel Delanne 4251:Florêncio Anton 4241:Ernesto Bozzano 4206:Cairbar Schutel 4149: 4080:Materialization 4070:Astral hospital 4008: 3984:Spiritual plane 3969:Law of progress 3922: 3874: 3869: 3822: 3811:WANTUIL, Zeus. 3797:THIAGO, L. S.. 3718:Wayback Machine 3698: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3671: 3669: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3651: 3643: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3616:CÁNEPA, Laura. 3615: 3611: 3601:Wayback Machine 3592: 3588: 3578:Wayback Machine 3569: 3565: 3559:Revista Planeta 3555:DUBUGRAS, Elsie 3553: 3549: 3538: 3534: 3525: 3521: 3515:Wayback Machine 3504: 3500: 3490: 3488: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3457: 3453: 3448:Wayback Machine 3438: 3434: 3423: 3419: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3386: 3382: 3373: 3369: 3353: 3349: 3339:Wayback Machine 3330: 3326: 3317: 3310: 3304: 3300: 3284: 3280: 3271: 3267: 3258: 3254: 3250:, 1924, p. 497. 3244: 3240: 3231: 3227: 3218: 3214: 3206: 3202: 3185: 3181: 3170: 3166: 3150: 3146: 3140:Wayback Machine 3123: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3101: 3094: 3083: 3076: 3070:Wayback Machine 3061: 3057: 3048: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3003: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2969:Wayback Machine 2955: 2951: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2889: 2885: 2879: 2875: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2837: 2827: 2818: 2798: 2792: 2790:Conscientiology 2786: 2784:Conscientiology 2761: 2755: 2727: 2721: 2688:In the city of 2686: 2680: 2652: 2646: 2625: 2619: 2607: 2599:Spiritist books 2503:Wagner de Assis 2395:Rubens Saraceni 2387:Robson Pinheiro 2310: 2178: 2131:Deolindo Amorim 2029: 1946: 1943: 1927: 1924: 1901: 1828:First World War 1775:Cairbar Schutel 1494: 1103:, published in 1093:" And he adds: 1002:In the city of 978: 976:Imperial period 973: 868:Diário da Bahia 827:Catholic Church 786: 745:, and included 715: 700:Heaven and Hell 651: 622: 621: 587: 579: 578: 559:William Crookes 514:Jésus Gonçalves 499:Herculano Pires 479:Gabriel Delanne 474:Florêncio Anton 464:Ernesto Bozzano 429:Cairbar Schutel 379: 371: 370: 301:Materialization 291:Astral hospital 231: 223: 222: 203:Spiritual Plane 178:Law of progress 133: 125: 124: 115:Heaven and Hell 95: 87: 86: 62: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4980: 4978: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4949: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4802: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4788: 4783: 4777: 4775: 4774:of legislators 4771: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4746: 4744: 4737: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4720: 4719: 4712:Military coups 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4656:World Heritage 4653: 4651:Historiography 4648: 4643: 4641:Fortifications 4638: 4633: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4620: 4615: 4613: 4612: 4605: 4598: 4590: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4560:Parapsychology 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4419: 4417: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4341:Yvonne Pereira 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4231:Divaldo Franco 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4090:Spiritual pass 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4040:Disincarnation 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4016: 4014: 4013:Other concepts 4010: 4009: 4007: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3884: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3870: 3868: 3867: 3860: 3853: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3832: 3821: 3820:External links 3818: 3817: 3816: 3809: 3802: 3795: 3785: 3778: 3771: 3764: 3754: 3747: 3737: 3730: 3721: 3705: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3691: 3687:Leitores de Fé 3679: 3667:"Allan Kardec" 3657: 3628: 3609: 3586: 3563: 3547: 3532: 3519: 3498: 3476: 3451: 3432: 3417: 3402: 3393: 3380: 3367: 3364:978857513091-9 3347: 3324: 3308: 3298: 3278: 3265: 3252: 3238: 3225: 3212: 3210:, August 1973. 3200: 3179: 3164: 3160:Alexandre Canu 3144: 3117: 3108: 3092: 3074: 3055: 3033: 3020:10.1086/686945 3014:(4): 899–922. 2991: 2982: 2973: 2949: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2927: 2909: 2900: 2883: 2873: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2848: 2843: 2826: 2823: 2817: 2814: 2794:Main article: 2788:Main article: 2785: 2782: 2774:Casa do Jardim 2757:Main article: 2754: 2751: 2723:Main article: 2720: 2717: 2682:Main article: 2679: 2676: 2668:Rio de Janeiro 2648:Main article: 2645: 2642: 2627:The Frenchman 2621:Main article: 2618: 2615: 2606: 2603: 2583: 2582: 2570: 2558: 2534: 2514: 2506: 2494: 2487:Ângelo Antônio 2474: 2447:TV Mundo Maior 2363:Elisa Masselli 2347:Reconciliation 2309: 2306: 2300:took place in 2261:Elsie Dubugras 2218:as a pioneer. 2177: 2174: 2112:parapsychology 2028: 2025: 1941: 1922: 1900: 1897: 1865: 1864: 1857: 1846: 1835: 1820: 1809:Pedro Leopoldo 1797: 1782: 1755: 1748: 1733: 1635:Leopoldo Cirne 1538: 1537: 1493: 1490: 1431: 1430: 1423: 1415: 1412: 1269: 1268: 1238:Also in 1880, 1111: 1110: 1030:Perret Collard 1016:Adolphe Hubert 1004:Rio de Janeiro 985:Elias da Silva 977: 974: 972: 969: 802:, 14 May 1853) 795:L'Illustration 785: 782: 714: 711: 667:turning tables 653: 652: 650: 649: 642: 635: 627: 624: 623: 620: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 588: 585: 584: 581: 580: 577: 576: 571: 566: 564:Yvonne Pereira 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 454:Divaldo Franco 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 380: 377: 376: 373: 372: 369: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 311:Spiritual pass 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 261:Disincarnation 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 232: 230:Other concepts 229: 228: 225: 224: 221: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 134: 131: 130: 127: 126: 123: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 96: 93: 92: 89: 88: 85: 84: 79: 74: 69: 63: 60: 59: 56: 55: 47: 46: 40: 39: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4979: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4926:Free software 4924: 4922: 4921:Postal system 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4831:Constitutions 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4707:Constitutions 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4661:Periodization 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4611: 4606: 4604: 4599: 4597: 4592: 4591: 4588: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4520:Spiritist art 4518: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4499:Roustainguism 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4301:Raul Teixeira 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4261:Gustave Geley 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4196:Augusto Elias 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4181:Alfred Russel 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4075:Incorporation 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4025:Clairaudience 4023: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3994:Reincarnation 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3908:Table-turning 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3861: 3859: 3854: 3852: 3847: 3846: 3843: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3807: 3803: 3800: 3796: 3793: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3769: 3765: 3762: 3758: 3757:KARDEC, Allan 3755: 3752: 3748: 3745: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3722: 3719: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3683: 3680: 3668: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3639: 3632: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3620: 3613: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3594:Médicos de fé 3590: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3572: 3567: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3543: 3536: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3502: 3499: 3487: 3480: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3445: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3429: 3428: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3413: 3406: 3403: 3397: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3381: 3377: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3333: 3328: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3302: 3299: 3295: 3292: 3288: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3269: 3266: 3262: 3256: 3253: 3249: 3248: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3183: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3174:Revue Spirite 3168: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3128: 3121: 3118: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3088: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3064: 3059: 3056: 3045: 3044: 3037: 3034: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3002: 2995: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2963: 2959: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2931: 2924: 2920: 2913: 2910: 2904: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2860: 2857: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2835: 2834: 2824: 2822: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2796:Projectiology 2791: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2760: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2739:Hercílio Maes 2736: 2732: 2726: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2651: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2623:Roustainguism 2617:Roustainguism 2616: 2614: 2612: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2590: 2588: 2580: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2543:Glauber Filho 2540: 2539: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2523:Geraldo Sarno 2520: 2519: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2504: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2483:Nelson Xavier 2480: 2479: 2475: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2463:Glauber Filho 2460: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2404:In 1995, the 2402: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2379:Marcelo Cezar 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2353:", 1993) and 2352: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2330: 2326: 2319: 2314: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2236:and starring 2235: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2206: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2192:Channel 4 in 2191: 2182: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2168:In 1968, the 2166: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2120: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2108:Oscar Quevedo 2104: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2045: 2038: 2033: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1951: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1905: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1889:Luís de Matos 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1753: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1703: 1700:, founded by 1699: 1695: 1691: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1626: 1623: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1592: 1590: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1437: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1386: 1384: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1267: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1210:spirit Ismael 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1148: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1108: 1106: 1100: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1082: 1081:Revue Spirite 1076: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1063: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 997: 993: 986: 982: 975: 970: 968: 966: 961: 959: 954: 952: 948: 943: 941: 937: 933: 928: 926: 922: 918: 913: 911: 907: 902: 900: 896: 891: 889: 885: 884: 879: 878: 873: 869: 865: 861: 860:Revue Spirite 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 837: 835: 830: 828: 824: 820: 816: 808: 801: 797: 796: 790: 783: 781: 779: 774: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 712: 710: 708: 707: 702: 701: 696: 695: 690: 689: 684: 683: 678: 677: 672: 668: 664: 660: 648: 643: 641: 636: 634: 629: 628: 626: 625: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 589: 583: 582: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 524:Raul Teixeira 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 484:Gustave Geley 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 419:Augusto Elias 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 404:Alfred Russel 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 381: 375: 374: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 296:Incorporation 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 246:Clairaudience 244: 242: 239: 237: 236:Spiritist art 234: 233: 227: 226: 219: 216: 214: 213:Reincarnation 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 135: 129: 128: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 97: 91: 90: 83: 82:Table-turning 80: 78: 75: 73: 70: 68: 65: 64: 58: 57: 53: 49: 48: 45: 41: 37: 36: 31: 30: 27: 19: 4555:Metapsychics 4416:Institutions 4351:Zêus Wantuil 4306:Oliver Lodge 4286:Hugh Dowding 4221:Chico Xavier 4186:Amalia Soler 4166:A. de Rochas 4161:Allan Kardec 4100:Precognition 4060:Spirit guide 4030:Clairvoyance 3999:Inner reform 3964:Cosmic fluid 3927:Key Concepts 3812: 3805: 3798: 3791: 3788:RIO, João do 3781: 3774: 3767: 3760: 3750: 3743: 3733: 3725: 3709: 3701: 3696:Bibliography 3682: 3670:. 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Retrieved 3479: 3471: 3459: 3454: 3435: 3425: 3420: 3410: 3405: 3396: 3388: 3383: 3375: 3370: 3355: 3354:CURY, Aziz. 3350: 3327: 3319: 3301: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3273: 3268: 3260: 3255: 3245: 3241: 3233: 3228: 3220: 3215: 3203: 3195: 3182: 3172: 3167: 3155: 3147: 3126: 3120: 3111: 3103: 3086: 3058: 3047:, retrieved 3042: 3036: 3011: 3007: 2994: 2985: 2976: 2952: 2939: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2903: 2895: 2886: 2876: 2859: 2830: 2819: 2806:Waldo Vieira 2802:Chico Xavier 2799: 2778:Porto Alegre 2762: 2728: 2712: 2710: 2700:founded the 2687: 2662:(located in 2653: 2637:Jesus Christ 2633:Allan Kardec 2626: 2608: 2595:Allan Kardec 2591: 2584: 2572: 2560: 2547:Halder Gomes 2536: 2527:Waldo Vieira 2516: 2508: 2496: 2478:Chico Xavier 2476: 2467:Joe Pimentel 2456: 2451: 2440: 2429: 2418: 2403: 2340: 2333: 2295: 2289:" by medium 2284: 2273: 2250: 2238:Beth Goulart 2227: 2220: 2209: 2202: 2187: 2167: 2160: 2149: 2142: 2135: 2124: 2116: 2105: 2093:Waldo Vieira 2062: 2052: 2050: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1986: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1866: 1786:psychography 1767:Antônio Lima 1759:Minas Gerais 1728:founded the 1685: 1670: 1659: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1605: 1593: 1588: 1585: 1580: 1572: 1562: 1554: 1542:Campos Sales 1539: 1524: 1517:charlatanism 1502: 1495: 1479: 1463:Castro Alves 1458: 1440: 1432: 1402: 1395: 1387: 1379: 1355: 1344: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1310: 1290: 1270: 1264: 1258: 1253: 1243: 1237: 1218: 1190: 1171: 1156: 1145: 1143: 1138: 1127:Allan Kardec 1112: 1102: 1098: 1090: 1086: 1078: 1072: 1059: 1057: 1052: 1044: 1034: 1019: 1001: 962: 955: 944: 929: 914: 909: 903: 892: 881: 875: 863: 859: 857: 838: 831: 812: 799: 793: 777: 775: 771:Second Reign 716: 704: 698: 692: 686: 682:Allan Kardec 680: 674: 659:Spiritualist 656: 586:Institutions 574:Zêus Wantuil 529:Oliver Lodge 509:Hugh Dowding 444:Chico Xavier 409:Amalia Soler 389:A. de Rochas 384:Allan Kardec 321:Precognition 281:Spirit guide 251:Clairvoyance 208:Inner reform 173:Cosmic fluid 132:Key concepts 67:Allan Kardec 34: 32:Part of the 26: 4936:Territorial 4806:Agriculture 4326:Victor Hugo 4311:Paul Gibier 4226:Conan Doyle 4130:Telekinesis 4120:Psychometry 4115:Psychophony 4105:Premonition 4095:Poltergeist 4050:Incarnation 3644:15 December 3306:mediumship. 3049:29 February 2960:, in 1843. 2613:stand out: 2445:(2004) and 2320:(Brasília). 2234:Clery Cunha 2097:Amauri Pena 2037:Post Office 1971:Estado Novo 1794:Victor Hugo 1677:Coelho Neto 1583:newspaper. 1427:Henry Slade 1359:O Renovador 938:published " 849:Rui Barbosa 836:" in 1853. 663:Fox sisters 549:Victor Hugo 534:Paul Gibier 449:Conan Doyle 351:Telekinesis 341:Psychometry 336:Psychophony 326:Premonition 316:Poltergeist 271:Incarnation 120:The Genesis 94:Basic works 4951:Categories 4866:Philosophy 4765:Presidents 4666:Settlement 4631:Chronology 4489:Ramatisism 4472:Dissenters 4367:André Luiz 4346:Zilda Gama 4296:Léon Denis 4055:Erraticity 3979:Perispirit 3974:Mediumship 3707:ABIB, D.. 3603:. 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