History of Spokane, Washington

1648:) in his 1891 Annual Report, writing: "By reason of her geographical position and railroad connections Spokane is fitted as no other city is, or ever can be, to be the distributing center of all that country within a radius of 150 miles, and in some instances territory much farther away. There is no point 150 miles from Spokane that is not at least 225 miles from any other city of 10,000 population. We have about us a territory of 60,000 square miles in extent, to every point of which we are nearer than any other city, to every point of which we have better railroad connections and easier grades than any other city ... We have eight lines of railroad that radiate out in all directions through it, so that shipments made here in the morning can reach any point within its borders by nightfall. We have a telephone system connecting us with almost every shipping town and shipping station within its borders. Goods may be ordered, shipped and received, in most instances, within one day. Never was a city more intimately knit to its surrounding territory than Spokane, and never was one more free from a legitimate rival in trade ..." 1419: 828: 950: 691: 1491: 1503: 1591: 1567: 1467: 959: 1479: 1539: 1579: 977:. Initially, the Palouse region to the south of Spokane was thought to be not suited for wheat production due to the hilly terrain, believing wheat could not be cultivated on the tops of the hills, but the region showed great promise for wheat production when it began in the late 1850s in part due to the hilltops. Agricultural potential and productivity depends greatly on a region's soil qualities which in turn is dependent on the climate and amount and timing of rainfall events. The Inland Empire, with its cool, snowy and rainy winters, rainy spring, and hot and dry summers lends itself to a wide variety of farming. The commercial farming activities were greatly enhanced by the founding of two state 1455: 1199:

potential Japanese attack and because Spokane already had the expensive railroad infrastructure in place to be a good logistics center, notably the Northern Pacific Railway and the Spokane International Railroad. Construction of the depot began in May 1942 and the six warehouses were formally commissioned on January 1, 1943, becoming one of only two inland depots and once in full service, the 5th largest naval supply depot in the United States. The depot still operated at a lower capacity until the start of the Korean War in the 1950s; the facilities were sold later in the decade to a business consortium to eventually become the Spokane Business and Industrial Park.

1555: 1443: 1431: 4347: 457: 1216: 1228:. Soon, focus to revitalize the economy focused on improving Havermale Island, which was dominated by railroad depots and warehouses. A recreation park that would showcase the Spokane falls was the preferred option, and the organization successfully negotiated freeing up the island property and relocating the rail lines. In the early 1970s, Spokane was approaching its one-hundredth birthday, and Spokane Unlimited hired a private firm to start preparations for a celebration and fair. In a report delivered by the firm, the proposal of a world's fair was introduced, which culminated in Expo '74. 1162:

continued until 1917, when the population reached 150,323. Spokane's slowing economy largely contributed to this decline. Control of regional mines and resources became increasingly dominated by national corporations rather than locals, diverting capital outside of Spokane and decreasing growth and investment opportunities in the city. At the turn of the 20th century, much of the Inland Empire's mining districts were sold to outside interests due to the regions' insufficient capital to fully exploit the mines potential. Local morale was also affected for years by the collapse of the

781: 1515: 549: 1154: 1243: 36: 315: 1527: 1033: 1070: 564:, which happened nearby), began just after 6:00 p.m. and destroyed the city's downtown commercial district. Due to technical problems with a pump station, there was no water pressure in the city when the fire started. In a desperate bid to starve the fire, firefighters began razing buildings with dynamite. Eventually the winds and the fire died down; 32 blocks of Spokane's downtown core had been destroyed and one person killed. 603: 702:, an electrified interurban railway, began with Francis H. Cook's Spokane and Montrose Street Railway. He sold to a group headed by Jay P. Graves in 1902, who reorganized as the Spokane Traction Company, in 1903, and incorporated as the Spokane and Inland Empire Railroad Company in 1904, rebuilding with standard gauge line. Routes were extended through various areas of Spokane, including Corbin Park, Hillyard, and Lincoln Heights. 1395:. The 2010s saw the building of the WSU Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Building in 2013 and the Davenport Grand Hotel in 2015 and the renovation of Riverfront Park. The Kendall Yards development on the west side of downtown Spokane is one of the largest construction projects in the city's history. Directly across the Spokane River from downtown, it will blend residential and retail space with plazas and walking trails. 892:. In Idaho, lumber production reached its height in the late 1910s and 1920s; in 1925 there were seven lumber mills operating in the area that were producing 500 million board feet of lumber. Although overshadowed in importance by the vast timbered areas on the coastal regions west of the Cascades, and burdened with monopolistic rail freight rates and stiff competition, Spokane became a noted leader in the manufacture of doors, 1328: 156: 756:, the Asian community started off as an encampment for migrant laborers, mostly Chinese, working on the railroads. Initially, these workers came without their families, and the district gained an unsavory reputation. By about 1900, the community was improving as more immigrants families, especially Japanese families, moved in. The immigrant populations also established houses of worship in their traditions, such as the 473:

located between the Colville and Spokane reservations—protecting the growing non-Indian communities of Spokane Falls (later Spokane) and Cheney. While stationed, Merriam's troops erected some temporary buildings at the post, which they initially called Camp Spokane, but in 1881 one of the four infantry companies was still living in tents. Then early in 1882,

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In the 1990s, market forces began to impact Kaiser and layoffs, pension cuts, and a 1998-1999 labor strike ensued. In 2000, Kaiser Aluminum, the area's largest industrial employer shuttered the Mead Works plant. Although a tough period, Spokane's economy had begun to benefit from economic diversification, being the home to growing companies such as

486: 819:, which began trading mining shares on January 18, 1897. The exchange originally consisted of 32 members and listed 37 stocks of mines across northeastern Washington, northern Idaho and southern British Columbia. Today, the Spokane area is still considered one of the most productive mining districts in North America. 1191:

melting pots and the Trentwood Works rolling mill in the Spokane Valley, which would then roll the ingots into sheet metal. Locally, the two aluminum plants as well as a magnesium plant brought 2,100 jobs to the Spokane area and supplied the materials to make airplanes and boats for the war effort. After the war,

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institutions," which stretched from the Spokane River to the site of the Northern Pacific railroad tracks below the South Hill. Yet the rebuilding and development of the city was far from smooth: between 1889 and 1896 alone, all six bridges over the Spokane River were destroyed by floods before their completion.

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in the face of a less prominent manufacturing sector. Developing the city's strength in the medical and health sciences fields has seen some success, resulting in the expansion of the University District with a University of Washington and Washington State University medical school branches. The city

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The success seen in the late 1970s and early 1980s once again was interrupted by another U.S. recession in which silver, timber, and farm prices dropped. The period of decline for the city lasted into the 1990s and was also marked by a loss of many steady family-wage jobs in the manufacturing sector.

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The 1920 census showed a net increase of just 35 individuals, which actually indicates that thousands left the city when considering the natural growth rate of a population. The 1920s and 1930s saw the similar, but less drastic slow growth of the 1910s, and this change of outlook forced city boosters

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As the downtown was rebuilt, the city reincorporated under the name "Spokane" in 1891. According to historian David H. Stratton, "From the late 1890s to about 1912, a great flurry of construction created a modern urban profile of office buildings, banks, department stores, hotels and other commercial

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and Jasper Matheney, Oregonians passing through the region in 1873, recognized the value of the Spokane River and its falls for the purpose of water power. They realized the investment potential and bought the claims of 160 acres (0.65 km) and the sawmill from Downing and Scranton for a total of

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The original Act of Incorporation spelled the city's name correctly, but the territorial printing office incorrectly spelled it as Spokan Falls, a phonetic spelling that was used elsewhere during the period, including on the 1880 census. This spelling was also used for Spokane's first newspaper, the

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was slated for demolition. The Chinatown Asian community thrived until the 1940s, after which its population decreased and became integrated and dispersed, losing its Asian character; urban blight and the preparations leading up to Expo '74 led to Chinatown's eventual demolition. Coinciding with the

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near Coeur d'Alene, Spokane became the outfitter of choice among prospectors due to the areas lower prices and convenience of being able to obtain everything "from a horse to a frying pan". It would keep this status for subsequent rushes in the region due to its trade center status and accessibility

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With the arrival of railroads and additions to the city's railroad infrastructure, Spokane became the commercial center of the Inland Northwest, as well as an important rail and shipping center because of its location between the Rocky Mountains and the Cascade Range and between mining (particularly

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on June 4, 1889. By 1893, Dutch investors held one-fourth of real estate in Spokane, and continued to provide a significant contribution to Spokane's growth through the middle of the 20th century. However, following the depression of 1893, many of these Dutch bankers sold their ventures to new local

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was finally completed in 1942, the Northwest was designated the preferred location to mass produce sheet aluminum to build materiel for World War II. The government sited two facilities in Spokane, the Mead Works reduction plant in Mead, which molded molten aluminum into large ingots using electric

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The growth of the Inland Northwest's rural counties also was the result of the governmental and private efforts to irrigate and develop farmlands in the region. These programs, especially the Big Bend Project, resulted in an estimated 2,000,000 acres of arable farmland worth an estimated value of $

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The transition from rail travel to the personal automobile was complete in 1936 when Spokane's streetcar service was ended, which had a negative impact on the vitality of the downtown core as a destination. The 1950s especially, with the car making travel to and from places more convenient, growth

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The city became noted for processing and distributing dairy and orchard products and for producing products milled from timber. The Spokane area is a major center for the timber and agriculture in the Inland Northwest region. By the early twentieth century Spokane was primarily a commercial center

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During this time of stagnation, unrest was prevalent among the area's unemployed, who became victimized by "job sharks", who charged a fee for signing up workers in the logging camps. Job sharks and employment agencies were known to cheat itinerant workers, sometimes paying bribes to periodically

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Spokane became home to many entrepreneurs, companies and managers as well as the place to finance mining and other business operations. As a regional shipping center, the city furnished supplies to the miners who passed through on their way to mine in the Coeur d’Alene region. At the onset of the

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toward Spokane. By June 30, 1881, the western branch reached the city. The connection to the east completed September 8, 1883. The railroad facilitated major European settlement, by bringing people, supplying locally unavailable consumer goods, and carrying local products of mining, farming, and

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After the devastation of the fire, Spokane experienced a building boom, financed in large part by real estate investments from Dutch bankers. In 1883, Herman A. Van Valkenburg, a Dutch businessman, came to Spokane to appraise railroad investments, and in 1885, formed the Northwestern and Pacific

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and Spokane Rivers, to protect the construction of the Northern Pacific Railway and secure a place for U.S. settlement. Settlers among the Spokane and Colville Indians in Eastern Washington were afraid that war might break out. Camp Spokane served to separate the Indians from the settlers, being

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Spokane continued to grow rapidly through the early 20th century. By 1900, the population had reached 36,848, and by 1910 had more than tripled, to 104,402. The expansion and growth of Spokane abruptly stopped in the 1910s and was followed by a period of population decline. This growth pattern

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As with mining in the late 1880s, Spokane was an important agricultural market and supply center. Inland Empire farmers exported wheat, fruit, livestock, and other agricultural products to ports such as New York, Liverpool and Tokyo through the Spokane rail and highway infrastructure. Wayne D.

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merchants could ship goods first to Seattle and then back to Spokane for less than shipping directly to Spokane, even though the rail line ran through Spokane on the way to the coast. This had a significant impact on the local economy, with many merchants simply choosing not to do business in

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had received a government charter to build a main line across this northern route. Amid many delays in construction and uncertainty over the completion of the railroad and its exact course, Matheney sold his interest in the claim to Glover. Glover confidently held on to his claim and became a

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In addition to aluminum plants, the government also sited a military distribution center, the Velox Naval Depot, in the Spokane Valley. The decision to locate a naval depot 300 miles inland from the Pacific Ocean was made because it was believed the Cascade Range would help protect it from a

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In 1883, with the discovery of gold, silver, and lead in the Coeur d'Alene region, mining emerged as a major stimulus to Spokane and the city served as a popular outfitting and jumping-off point for miners. The discovery of gold, silver, and lead in the Coeur d'Alene region (which generally

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An increasing American settler presence in Washington Territory caused simmering tensions and conflicts between the Native American tribes and white settlers, many miners en route to seek fortune in the gold fields in the Colville district. These conflicts and reprisals eventually prompted

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investors. The downtown was swiftly rebuilt with local investment from the regions mineral resources using brick, stone masonry, and terra cotta. Within a year, 100 buildings had been built on the blank canvas that is now the downtown core, much of it from esteemed architects such as

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passing through the region in 1873, recognized the value of the Spokane River and its falls. They realized the development potential and bought the claims of 160 acres (0.65 km) and the sawmill from Downing and Scranton for $ 4,000 total. Glover and Matheney knew that the

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and Sullivan mines. A railroad to quickly connect the mines and mill to markets was evident and Corbin beat various competitors to completing one. In 1886, with his son, Austin Corbin, he began two lines, the Spokane Falls & Idaho, connector to Northern Pacific, and the

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societies who lived off the plentiful game in the area. Initially, the settlers hunted predominantly bison and antelope, but after the game migrated out of the region, the native people became dependent on gathering various roots, berries, and nuts, and harvesting fish. The

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counties and northern Idaho) in the 1880s precipitated a rush of prospectors into the region. The Inland Empire erupted with numerous mining rushes from 1883 to the late 19th century. In the 1890s the city was subject to intrastate migration by African-Americans from

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The late 1970s was a period of growth for Spokane which led to the construction in the early 1980s of the two tallest buildings in the city, the 18-story Farm Credit Banks Building and the 20-story Seafirst Financial Center, now the Bank of America building.

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By 1910, the population hit 104,000. These railroads made Spokane a transportation hub for the Inland Northwest region. The railroads connected Spokane to major commerce centers on the east and west coast, as well as in Canada, and allowed Spokane to eclipse

2282: 1615:, the vocalization of a sound made by a snake, which the Chief of the Spokanes came to call "power from the brain" after pondering it made his head vibrate. It is unknown when the present meaning of the word, "Sun People" replaced this earlier meaning. 307:, and the post was the headquarters of the fur trade between the Rocky and Cascade mountains for 16 years. After the latter business absorbed the North West Company in 1821, the major operations at the Spokane House were eventually shifted north to 194:

The Spokane Falls were the tribe's center of trade and fishing. The Spokane consisted of three bands that lived along the Spokane River. The Spokane people shared their culture and Salishan language family with several other tribes, including the

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After decades of slow growth, Spokane businessmen headed by King Cole formed Spokane Unlimited, an organization that sought to revitalize downtown Spokane. Early but modest success came in the form of a new parking garage in 1965,

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in the city of Walla Walla, Washington in their memory. Rev. Eells built the first church in Spokane in 1881. Between 1881 and 1882 the first Baptist and Episcopal churches were started, and the first Presbyterian church in 1883.

1051:, immediately to the east of Spokane, was not a good candidate for wheat, but instead developed extensive fruit orchards. By 1922, there were more than 1.6 million apple trees planted in the Valley and huge packing plants built. 1490: 871:

and millmen working in the hundreds of mills along the railroads, rivers, and lakes of northern Washington and Idaho. The population explosion and the building of homes, railroads, and mines in northern Idaho and southern

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had begun to garner national attention. Now, with grievances concerning the unethical practices of the employment agencies, they initiated a free speech fight in September 1908 by purposely breaking a city ordinance on

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Rasmussen notes the U.S. Works Progress Administration showed in 1940, "3 flour mills, 5 meat packing plants, 23 creameries, 17 bakeries, and 6 poultry plants" as well as 300 factories operating in the city.

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developed and grew with the completion of the railroad networks and highway system that centered around the city, which aided farmers around the region in distributing their products to market at low cost.

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was elected as the first mayor of the city, with a Council of seven - S. G. Havermale, A. M. Cannon, Dr. L. H. Whitehouse, L. W. Rima, F. R. Moore, George A. Davis, and W. C. Gray, all serving without pay.

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years saw a decline in lumber demand and by the mid 1930s about half the woodworkers in northern Idaho were laid off and the surviving mills were producing only 160 million board feet of lumber per year.

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The financing for rebuilding the downtown core came in large part from the infusion of investment from Dutch bankers; this investment was so deep that by 1896, one prominent Dutch mortgage company, the

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The small population increased rapidly, streets were built, and the small settlement became a city. The city's population grew from 4,130 to 8,891 between 1881 and 1885 and wrested the county seat from

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in the U.S. The first observation of Father's Day in Spokane was on June 19, 1910. Sonora conceived the idea in Spokane's Central Methodist Episcopal Church while listening to a Mother's Day sermon.

204: 1466: 1104:. With IWW encouragement, union members from many western states came to Spokane to take part in what had become a publicity stunt. Many Wobblies were incarcerated, including feminist labor leader 114:

was completed, bringing major European settlement to the area. With the arrival of the Northern Pacific Railroad and the later additions to the city's railroad infrastructure by the arrival of the

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to market the city as a quiet, comfortable place suitable for raising a family rather than a dynamic community full of opportunity. The Inland Northwest region was heavily dependent on

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and its surroundings were a gathering place for numerous cultures for thousands of years. The area's indigenous people settled there due to the fertile hunting grounds and abundance of

745:. The marketing campaigns of transportation companies with affordable fertile land to sell along their trade routes lured many settlers into the region they dubbed "Spokane Country". 690: 949: 729:) and agricultural areas (the Palouse). Located at crossroads of four transcontinental railroads, Spokane became one of the most important rail centers in the western United States. 737:

The population grew to 36,848 in 1900 with the arrival of the additional railroads. The railroads lured settlers from as far away as Finland, Germany, and England and as close as

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and its surroundings were a gathering place and focus for settlement for the area's indigenous people for thousands of years, due to the fertile hunting grounds and abundance of

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to search for fur. They were friendly with the native people they encountered. The trappers became the first two white men met by the Spokane tribe, who believed them to be

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railroads, Spokane became the commercial center of the Inland Northwest. It was one of the most important rail centers in the western United States. Spokane hosted the first

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fire entire work crews, thus generating repetitive fees for themselves. Crime spiked in the 1890s and 1900s, with eruptions of violent activity involving unions such as the

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and staff would help the industry by improving farm management, conducting research, and teaching students to be better, more competent farmers. Industry innovators such as

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During this period, railroad companies charged what many believed were unfair shipping rates on goods going into Spokane. These rates were much higher than rates to coastal

1024:. As marketed by the Spokane Chamber of Commerce in 1907, it was defined as the area between the Cascades and Rocky Mountains, British Columbia and the Blue Mountains. Its 1258:, becoming the then-smallest city to ever host a World's Fair. Expo '74 also had the distinction of being the first American fair after World War II to be attended by the 1669:

agreed with the city after it filed a complaint about these practices, but that decision was struck down by a federal court. In 1906, Spokane sued under the newly passed

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agreed with the city after it filed a complaint about these practices, but that decision was struck down by a federal court. In 1906, Spokane sued under the newly passed

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Charter of the city of Spokane, Washington: approved by the people at an election held March 24, 1891, attested and went into effect April 4, 1891 (including amendments)

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Secretary of the Spokane chamber of commerce, John R. Reavis tells of Spokane's significance to the Inland Northwest region as a distributing center (largely the city's

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in 1954, where there was ample parking space, as opposed to downtown where parking was difficult and more scarce even after demolishing buildings to create more space.

187:), are believed to be either direct descendants of the original hunter-gatherers who settled in the region, or descendants of tribes that migrated to the area from the 806:, looking for work after the closure of the area's mines. Two African-American churches, Calvary Baptist and Bethel African Methodist Episcopal, were founded in 1890. 1621:

Unbeknownst to them, the Spokane Valley was the only area within 200 miles that could provide passage to the Inland Empire through the Rockies at a reasonable grade.

1262:. This event transformed Spokane's downtown, removing a century of railroad industry that built the city and reinventing the urban core. Just prior to the fair, the 721:, machine shops, and roundhouse, because of the area's flat ground. A town was built to house railroad workers, mainly immigrant laborers working in the local yard. 772:

as the commercial center of the Inland Northwest. In time the city came to be known as the "capital" of the Inland Empire and the heart of a vast tributary region.

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leased the facilities in 1946 and eventually purchased them in 1958. In 1950, Washington state accounted for half of all aluminum production in the United States.

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fueled the industry. Before the construction of the railroads that connected the region, Spokane's lumber supply was largely imported from North Idaho, especially

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aimed to keep its last anchor tenant, Nordstrom, and some credit the project for sparking a flurry of other projects in the mid-2000s. The historic

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early in the morning on December 15, 1915, which killed five people and injured over 20, but a new bridge was built (eventually replaced in 1994).

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and having research, marketing, and assembly plants for other technology companies helped lessen Spokane's dependency on natural resources.

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After mining declined at the turn of the 20th century, agriculture and logging became the primary influences in the Spokane economy. The

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valley for the winter. The tribe discovered the men brought no "big magic" to the tribe, as their members had continued to die from

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The Inland Northwest region has also long been associated with farming, especially wheat production where it is one of the largest

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and established a claim at Spokane Falls in 1871. Together they built a small sawmill on a claim near the south bank of the falls.

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Federal-led development that sought to harness the power of the Columbia River resulted in hydroelectric dams, starting with the

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on the Spokane River in Washington and trade with the local Indians. This post was established in 1810, at the confluence of the

268: 3713: 4732: 4656: 4382: 3793:. Pacific Northwest Collections, University of Washington Libraries. Spokane, Washington: W.D. Knight Co. pp. 6–7, 10–12. 1404: 1133: 1123: 1092: 998: 844: 798: 97:

J.J. Downing, with his wife, stepdaughter, and S.R. Scranton, built a cabin and established a claim at Spokane Falls in 1871.

3905: 3871: 1666: 1263: 921: 653: 1976:"U.S. Army Colonel George Wright hangs Yakama and Palouse prisoners at the Ned-Whauld River beginning on September 25, 1858" 644:, between Coeur d’Alene and the Silver Valley. In 1888, he sold the Coeur d’Alene line to Northern Pacific, and started the 3738: 631:

about 1866. Here he branched into banking, smelting, and the mining industry. Starting in 1885, his interest turned to the

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trading posts in what are now Idaho and Montana, Thompson then attempted to expand further west. He sent out two trappers,

4817: 4692: 4641: 4398: 1633:"The corporate name of the city is Spokane Falls, and by that name shall have perpetual succession," (Charter, Article I). 1371:, who also added a Safari-themed 20 story tower to the hotel in 2007. Other major projects included the renovation of the 1364: 714: 710: 456: 3687:"Restored Fox Theater in Spokane reopens as the Martin Woldson Theater at the Fox in a gala concert on November 17, 2007" 1359:

in 1999. The $ 110 million dollar investment in the mall and an its controversial attached parking garage created from a

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in the Spokane River. The first humans to arrive in the Spokane area arrived between 12,000 and 8,000 years ago and were

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underwent a major renovation in 2002 after being vacant for over 20 years. The project was funded by local entrepreneur

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industry in Spokane began with the city's founding in 1871 when Downing and Scranton built Spokane's first business, a

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Looking east from Stevens. Old National Bank is on Riverside Ave. at the northeast corner of Stevens, at left in 1914.

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The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Volume 2: Continental America, 1800–1867

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Spokane City Directory: 1917. Joel E. Ferris Archive, Northwest Museum of Arts & Culture. Spokane, Washington.

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in 1938, which allowed the Pacific Northwest region to transition to new industries. When the construction of the

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History of the city of Spokane and Spokane County, Washington: from its earliest settlement to the present time

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The city of Spokane Falls officially incorporated as a city of about 1,000 residents on November 29, 1881.

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products produced from farms, forests, and mines which experienced a fall in demand. In Coeur d'Alene the

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rivers, becoming the first enduring European settlement of significance in Washington state. Known as the

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In 1886, Daniel Chase Corbin built his first railroad into the Spokane Valley. D. C. Corbin, brother of

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in 1999 sparked a downtown rebirth that included the building of the Spokane Arena and expansion of the

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faces challenges such as a scarcity of high-paying jobs, pockets of poverty, and areas of high crime.

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in 1889, from Spokane to Northport. He added subsidiaries: the Nelson and Fort Sheppard in 1891, the

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successful Spokane business owner and mayor. He later came to be known as the "Father of Spokane".

264: 75: 30: 3555: 2174:"Spokane Falls (later renamed Spokane) is incorporated as a first-class city on November 29, 1881" 4845: 4615: 4388: 1645: 1368: 1096: 1064: 803: 749: 561: 531: 465: 379: 260: 184: 71: 4089:

Coeur D'Alene Beautiful and Progressive: An Illustrated History of Coeur D'Alene Idaho 1878-1990

2144: 110:

had received a government charter to build a main line across this northern route. By 1881, the

3464: 2087:"U.S. Army establishes Fort Spokane at the junction of the Spokane and Columbia rivers in 1882" 2030:"J. J. Downing and S. R. Scranton file claims and build a sawmill at Spokane Falls in May 1871" 330:

visited the area and reported that around 800 Native Americans were living in Spokane Falls. A

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First Annual Report of the Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce of Spokane for the Year 1891

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Following more decades of lackluster growth and the continuing effects of post World War II

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to railroad infrastructure. During the mining boom, Spokane had its own stock exchange, the

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tribe, after which the city is named (which means "Children of the Sun" or "sun people" in

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However, a later article in that same charter, voted on concurrently, changed the name to

1352: 1348: 1340: 1272: 1192: 864: 856: 628: 592: 579: 523: 439: 359: 223: 180: 175: 131: 98: 35: 3768: 1283: 863:

began to inventory the timberlands, acquire land and invest in facilities across much of

3879:

Kensel, W.H. (April 1969). "Inland Empire Mining and the Growth of Spokane, 1883–1905".

1294:. The Expo site itself, located on Havermale Island, became the 100-acre (0.40 km) 1271:

opened the same week on May 1, 1974, during a dedicated ceremony that featured Governor

4782: 4742: 3510: 1380: 1183: 1048: 1014: 588: 477:

formally set aside a military reservation at the site, which was renamed Fort Spokane.

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The present name, set forth by an 1891 charter reincorporated the city under the name

485: 4865: 4850: 4477: 4003: 1037: 1006: 994: 889: 881: 848: 706: 624: 510: 394:, who won decisive victories against a confederation of tribes in engagements at the 367: 355: 343: 300: 296: 280: 167: 83: 51: 1298:, containing, among other features, the U.S. Pavilion, the turn-of-the-20th-century 1259: 1025: 1010: 897: 753: 431: 308: 188: 3623:"1994-2006: A DEAL TO SAVE DOWNTOWN LEADS TO YEARS TRAPPED IN PARKING GARAGE HELL" 602: 556:

Spokane's grow continued unabated until August 4, 1889, when a fire, now known as

155: 17: 4025: 3935: 3837: 748:

The city also developed a sizable Asian community, centered in a district called

3979: 1670: 1351:, downtown Spokane had undergone another major rebirth in the decade before the 1255: 1237: 1225: 1171: 1021: 925: 916: 893: 596: 371: 127: 3355: 3235: 267:, became the first European to explore the Inland Empire (now often called the 3714:"WSU Spokane prepares to open pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences building" 1327: 1316: 868: 383: 4201: 687:

which connected the line to their transcontinental rail system to the south.

4282: 4255: 4228: 1276: 811: 738: 435: 288: 94: 87: 63: 4106: 534:

in the 1886 elections. The city's population ballooned to 19,922 in 1890.

2571:"Spokane Neighborhoods: Old Chinatown -- Trent Alley -- Thumbnail History" 1286:

are still standing and in use. The United States Pavilion sits next to an

599:, and Spokane was able to host the 1890 Northwest Industrial Exposition. 464:

In 1880, Fort Spokane was established by U.S. Army troops under Lt. Col.

239: 235: 2475: 2449: 90:, which is the first long-term European settlement in Washington state. 4351: 1332: 1128:

Spokane is known as the birthplace of the national movement started by

1101: 1069: 929: 908: 904: 840: 742: 164: 48: 4137:

Spokane and the Inland Empire: An Interior Pacific Northwest Anthology

2352:"Great Spokane Fire destroys downtown Spokane Falls on August 4, 1889" 366:

In 1853, Washington Territory was established and its first governor,

3554:. City-County of Spokane Historic Preservation Office. Archived from 2975: 836: 171: 102: 55: 3323: 1203:

and shopping became decentralized to the outskirts of town, such as

3293:"The next phase: Kaiser's Mead smelting plant undergoes demolition" 3047:"IWW formally begins Spokane free-speech fight on November 2, 1909" 1544:

Looking north. Shows IXL Clothing Co. at 425-7 Riverside Ave., and

526:, second mayor, is considered the founder and "Father of Spokane". 468:

56 miles (90 km) northwest of Spokane, at the junction of the

374:

and the Spokanes at Antoine Plantes’ Ferry, not far from Millwood.

4296: 1326: 1241: 1214: 1152: 1068: 1031: 826: 779: 689: 601: 547: 484: 455: 313: 154: 34: 3148:"City's Population for 1920 104,204." Spokane Press. May 7, 1920. 4301: 1287: 4317: 3860:(Spring 1968). "The Early Spokane Lumber Industry, 1871–1910". 2633:"First German / Arthur Street / Saint Matthew's Baptist Church" 4307: 3600:"With new school opening, medical education surges in Spokane" 242:

in 1782. As much as half the tribe had died in that epidemic.

4238:

The Spokane Valley: A History of the Growing Years, 1921-1945

4070:

Consumer Rites: The Buying & Selling of American Holidays

3413:"A brief history of Spokane's downtown, through the decades:" 967:

The harvesting and packing of wheat in the early 20th century

4066:"The Invention of Father's Day: The Humbug of Modern Ritual" 4304:, A public history program at Eastern Washington University 3937:

Consumer Rites: The Buying and Selling of American Holidays

2213: 2211: 4139:. Pullman, Washington: Washington State University Press. 4117:

Urban Tourism and Urban Change: Cities in a Global Economy

2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 1787:"The North West Company establishes Spokane House in 1810" 1375:, the building of the Big Easy concert house (renamed the 3894:

Kensel, W.H. (Spring 1971). "Spokane: The First Decade".

1339:

Spokane is still trying to make the transition to a more

552:

The makeshift Daily Chronicle office after The Great Fire

3020:"Spokane Wobblies create the first IWW songbook in 1909" 2758:"Coasian Contracts in the Coeur d'Alene Mining District" 1424:

Northwest corner of Front and Washington Streets c. 1895

58:

in the Spokane River. The first European to explore the

3842:. Vol. 3. Chicago, Illinois: S.J. Clarke Pub. Co. 2635:. City - County of Spokane Historic Preservation Office 2123:"First train arrives at Spokane Falls on June 25, 1881" 1548:

at Riverside Ave., northeast corner of Stevens in 1914.

1132:

that led to the proposal and eventual establishment of

1017:

with applications for the region and around the world.

652:

in 1895, the Eastern British Columbia Railway, and the

2505:"Spokane Neighborhoods: Hillyard -- Thumbnail History" 1290:

theater, and the Washington State Pavilion became the

847:

done in the 1890s that there were large quantities of

671:

extended a line from the south, connecting Spokane to

4297:

City - County of Spokane Historic Preservation Office

4267:. Vol. 3. Spokane, WA: Arthur H. Clark Company. 4240:. Vol. 2. Spokane, WA: Arthur H. Clark Company. 4213:. Vol. 1. Spokane, WA: Arthur H. Clark Company. 4072:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 2417:. City-County of Spokane Historic Preservation Office 1095:(IWW), or "Wobblies" as they were often known, whose 1036:

The fertile rolling hills of the Palouse viewed from

1219:

The distinctive sign and building top of The Parkade

430:

after a large influx of American settlers along the

271:). Crossing what is now the U.S.–Canada border from 47:

in the northwestern United States developed because

4805: 4770: 4725: 4700: 4691: 4671: 4640: 4606: 4597: 4562: 4522: 4465: 4458: 4437: 4369: 3889:(2). Seattle, Washington: University of Washington. 3526:"Expo 74 Spokane World's Fair opens on May 4, 1974" 2345: 2343: 4002: 3964:. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. 2847:Ferris, Joel E.; Wilma, David W. (July 10, 2005). 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 997:. The strategically placed universities and their 4310:, Online encyclopedia of Washington state history 662:Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad 578:Mortgage Company. The company was reorganized in 489:Spokane's historic Northern Pacific Railway Depot 230:, or sacred. They helped them get shelter in the 4211:The Spokane Valley: A History of the Early Years 3943:. Princeton University Press. pp. 275–292. 2201: 2199: 2167: 2165: 2138: 2136: 1596:View of Spokane from Sacred Heart Hospital, 1919 888:and then rafted down to Spokane's mills via the 694:Worker moving boxes at a train station, ca. 1900 390:, was brought to a close by the actions of Col. 4186:. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 4091:. Coeur D'Alene, Idaho: Museum of North Idaho. 3257: 3255: 3253: 880:; lumber would be rafted 25 miles north on the 370:, made an initial effort to make a treaty with 3961:James J. Hill: Empire Builder of the Northwest 3916:Police Files: The Spokane Experience 1853–1995 3317: 3315: 3313: 3229: 3227: 3225: 2080: 2078: 1508:Post Street looking north from 1st Ave c. 1910 1496:Stevens St looking south from Main Ave c. 1910 1310:1980s and 1990s: Recession and diversification 717:township (annexed by Spokane in 1924) for his 4329: 3286: 3284: 2806: 2804: 2785: 2783: 2434: 2432: 1937:"Yakama Indian War begins on October 5, 1855" 1828: 1826: 8: 3739:"Grand opening at the Davenport Grand Hotel" 3406: 3404: 3402: 2564: 2562: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 1771: 1769: 975:wheat producing regions in the United States 642:Coeur d'Alene Railway and Navigation Company 3598:Geranios, Nicholas K. (February 12, 2017). 3375: 3373: 3349: 3347: 3345: 2764:. The Independent Institute. Archived from 2498: 2496: 443:$ 4,000. Glover and Matheney knew that the 4767: 4722: 4697: 4668: 4637: 4603: 4559: 4519: 4462: 4336: 4322: 4314: 3712:Lawrence-Turner, Jody (December 5, 2013). 3158: 3156: 3154: 1715: 1713: 1703: 1701: 1691: 1689: 1687: 700:Spokane and Inland Empire Railroad Company 698:Starting in 1890, the first components of 402:, avenging an earlier loss under Lt. Col. 346:Indians and hikers of the Oregon Trail at 3552:"Great Northern Depot Tower/ Clock Tower" 3236:"Trentwood Kaiser Aluminum Rolling Plant" 2666: 2664: 2654: 2652: 2650: 1969: 1967: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1157:W.P. Fuller and Co. Warehouse, built 1915 1108:, who published her account in the local 238:, which had first struck the tribe in an 4027:The Spokane Indians: Children of the Sun 3381:"Then and Now: Velox Naval Supply Depot" 2929: 2927: 2899: 2897: 1727: 1725: 1520:Panorama of Spokane, Washington in 1911. 1448:Panorama of Spokane, Washington in 1908. 1436:Panorama of Spokane, Washington in 1908. 222:sent two white fur trappers west of the 120:Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific 4024:Ruby, Robert H.; John A. Brown (2006). 3584: 3582: 3206: 3204: 3090: 3088: 3086: 2962:Tourist's Guide to Spokane and Environs 2706:Kensel (1969), p. 85. According to the 2409: 2407: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 1683: 1414: 1211:1960s and 1970s: Revitalization efforts 2222:. Spokane, Washington: W.D. Knight Co. 1930: 1928: 1657:Northwestern and Pacific Hypotheekbank 843:. When it became widely known after a 669:Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company 635:, where he invested in a mill for the 584:Northwestern and Pacific Hypotheekbank 4265:The Spokane Valley: Out in the Gravel 4184:Walking Washington's History: Spokane 3621:Walters, Daniel (December 22, 2016). 2960:Spokane Chamber of Commerce, c. 1920. 1907:"Chief Spokane Garry (ca. 1811-1892)" 1282:Many of the structures built for the 1086:began publication in Spokane in 1909. 705:Three years after the fire, in 1892, 418:Joint American–British occupation of 386:. The last campaign of this war, the 7: 4550:First Interstate Center for the Arts 4419:National Register of Historic Places 3324:"Spokane Valley — Thumbnail History" 2976:"Spokane Valley — Thumbnail History" 1292:First Interstate Center for the Arts 311:, reducing the post's significance. 4626:Washington State University Spokane 3658:Arksey, Laura (November 29, 2005). 3262:Tinsley, Jesse (February 1, 2021). 2729:Arksey, Laura (February 28, 2009). 2503:Kershner, Jim (December 15, 2007). 2450:"Corbin, Daniel Chase, (1832-1918)" 2246:Arksey, Laura (September 4, 2005). 1935:Becker, Paula (February 26, 2003). 1472:Howard Street looking north c. 1909 1246:The 1974 World's Fair U.S. Pavilion 851:, a highly prized softwood, in the 501:headed west, meanwhile starting in 287:and Finan McDonald, to construct a 4049:. American Geographic Publishing. 4009:. University of Washington Press. 1379:), the remodeling of the historic 936:rather than an industrial center. 646:Spokane Falls and Northern Railway 25: 4495:Manito Park and Botanical Gardens 3767:. City of Spokane. Archived from 3524:Wilma, David (January 27, 2003). 3071:Stratton (2005), pp. 148–151 2942:Stratton (2005), pp. 128-129, 134 2596:Kershner, Jim (January 8, 2007). 2304:Kershner, Jim (August 11, 2007). 2172:Arksey, Laura (October 3, 2009). 2121:Wilma, David (January 28, 2003). 2028:Wilma, David (January 27, 2003). 1974:Wilma, David (January 29, 2003). 1878:Tate, Cassandra (April 3, 2013). 1584:Spokane from the South Hill, 1919 1355:, after the redevelopment of the 1118:First celebration of Father's Day 1065:Free_speech_fights § Spokane 713:to Spokane. He platted and named 650:Columbia and Red Mountain Railway 445:Northern Pacific Railroad Company 382:on October 5, 1855, starting the 108:Northern Pacific Railroad Company 4345: 4047:Spokane: The City and The People 4030:. University of Oklahoma Press. 3264:"Then and Now: Kaiser Trentwood" 3080:Kienholz (1999), p. 209–210 3018:Long, Priscilla (June 8, 2005). 2849:"Hill, James Jerome (1838–1916)" 2569:Kershner, Jim (March 30, 2007). 2350:Arksey, Laura (March 20, 2006). 1905:Kershner, Jim (August 1, 2008). 1785:Oldham, Kit (January 23, 2003). 1611:The name is said to derive from 1589: 1577: 1565: 1553: 1537: 1525: 1513: 1501: 1489: 1484:Riverside Ave looking east, 1909 1477: 1465: 1453: 1441: 1429: 1417: 957: 948: 823:Emergence of logging and milling 481:The Railroad and Population Boom 4733:Spokane Veterans Memorial Arena 4657:Spokane Falls Community College 3802:Durham (1912), pp. 599–603 3765:"Riverfront Park Redevelopment" 3411:Kershner, Jim (June 25, 2017). 3113:Kershner, Jim (June 17, 2010). 1833:Tate, Cassandra (May 8, 2014). 1405:Timeline of Spokane, Washington 1093:Industrial Workers of the World 845:United States Geological Survey 218:Early in the 19th century, the 4872:History of Spokane, Washington 4154:Williamson, Jerrelene (2010). 3906:Idaho State Historical Society 3872:Idaho State Historical Society 3685:Kershner, Jim (July 2, 2008). 3493:"Governor Opens Retail Center" 3322:Kershner, Jim (May 25, 2012). 3045:Reider, Ross (June 22, 2005). 2756:Higgs, Robert (June 2, 2004). 2598:"Spokane's Japanese Community" 2392:Stratton (2005), p. 33, p. 200 1667:Interstate Commerce Commission 1300:Riverfront Park Looff Carousel 922:Interstate Commerce Commission 654:Spokane International Railroad 322:, who visited the area in 1836 45:history of Spokane, Washington 1: 4818:Spokane International Airport 4642:Community Colleges of Spokane 3291:Sowa, Tom (October 6, 2013). 2511:. HistoryLink. Archived from 2283:"Spokane Falls Weekly Review" 2248:"Spokane – Thumbnail History" 2085:Oldham, Kit (March 4, 2003). 1572:Spokane from Cliff Park, 1915 1460:Davenport Restaurant in 1908. 633:Coeur d’Alene Mining District 560:(not to be confused with the 354:by Indians in 1847, Reverend 93:The first American settlers, 86:, Thompson's men built a new 4157:African Americans in Spokane 4045:Schmeltzer, Michael (1988). 4005:Washington State Place Names 3436:Stratton (2005), pp. 211–212 2951:Stratton (2005), pp. 126-127 2837:Kensel (1968), pp. 28–29, 31 2401:Stratton (2005), pp. 189–191 2376:Schmeltzer (1988), pp. 42–43 2285:. October 8, 1885. p. 2 2218:Spokane, Washington (1896). 1707:Phillips (1971), pp. 134–135 1659:owned a quarter of the city. 1411:Historic photographs gallery 1124:Father's Day (United States) 4263:Boutwell, Florence (1996). 4236:Boutwell, Florence (1995). 4209:Boutwell, Florence (1994). 4135:Stratton, David H. (2005). 4087:Singletary, Robert (2019). 4001:Phillips, James W. (1971). 3958:Malone, Michael P. (1996). 3882:Pacific Northwest Quarterly 3660:"Davenport Hotel (Spokane)" 3602:. The Seattle Times Company 3103:Schmidt (1995), pp. 275–276 1719:Ruby et al. (2006), pp. 7–8 1673:, and won on July 24, 1911. 1391:) and the expansion of the 983:Washington State University 831:Logging activities ca. 1890 758:First German Baptist Church 656:in 1906, connecting to the 4888: 4758:Charlotte Y. Martin Centre 4120:. Routledge. p. 210. 4064:Schmidt, Leigh E. (1995). 3836:Durham, Nelson W. (1912). 2882:Durham (1912), pp. 599–603 1868:Durham (1912), pp. 356–357 1859:Durham (1912), pp. 100–101 1695:Ruby et al. (2006) pp. 5–6 1361:public-private partnership 1235: 1121: 1062: 660:, with its connections to 541: 28: 4841:Spokane metropolitan area 4831: 4823:Spokane Transit Authority 4813:Spokane Intermodal Center 4753:McCarthey Athletic Center 4652:Spokane Community College 4599:Colleges and universities 4580:Spokane Convention Center 4358: 3986:. Yale University Press. 3198:Stratton (2005), p. 35–36 2710:December 1, 1883 edition. 2337:Schmeltzer (1988), pp. 44 2272:Durham (1912), p. 362–363 2145:"Early Spokane Railroads" 1961:Stratton (2005), p. 81-83 1731:Ruby et al. (2006), p. 12 1393:Spokane Convention Center 1331:Spokane has an extensive 1250:Spokane hosted the first 940:Emergence of agribusiness 259:, working as head of the 140:Spokane Convention Center 101:and Jasper Matheney, two 70:, working as head of the 3815:Creighton, Jeff (2013). 3789:Reavis, John R. (1892). 3588:Schmeltzer (1988), p. 87 3576:Schmeltzer (1988), p. 85 3501:. May 1, 1974. p. 3 2731:"Spokane Stock Exchange" 2719:Kensel (1969), pp. 85–89 2697:Kensel (1969), pp. 84–85 2679:Kensel (1969), pp. 88-89 2556:Kensel (1971), pp. 22–23 2547:Schmeltzer (1988), p. 41 2072:Schmeltzer (1988), p. 40 2054:Schmeltzer (1988), p. 39 1763:Ruby et al (2006), p. 29 1754:Ruby et al (2006), p. 35 1740:Ruby et al (2006), p. 34 1341:service-oriented economy 1020:"Spokane Country" was a 1013:and farm management and 789:encompasses present-day 658:Canadian Pacific Railway 544:The Great Fire (Spokane) 495:Northern Pacific Railway 426:, eventually led to the 400:Battle of Spokane Plains 352:the Whitmans were killed 255:The explorer-geographer 132:service-oriented economy 112:Northern Pacific Railway 4114:Spirou, Costas (2011). 3934:Leigh, Eric S. (1997). 3498:Spokane Daily Chronicle 3454:Stratton (2005), p. 207 3445:Stratton (2005), p. 215 3356:"The Velox Naval Depot" 3094:Stratton (2005), p. 152 3008:Stratton (2005), p. 132 2999:Stratton (2005), p. 127 2933:Stratton (2005), p. 128 2921:Stratton (2005), p. 121 2912:Stratton (2005), p. 120 2903:Stratton (2005), p. 119 1254:themed World's Fair in 1003:William Jasper Spillman 979:land-grant universities 853:Coeur d'Alene Mountains 683:. It was bought out by 428:Oregon Boundary Dispute 126:themed World's Fair in 4182:Bentley, Judy (2016). 4160:. Arcadia Publishing. 3821:. Arcadia Publishing. 3210:Stratton (2005), p. 38 3189:Creighton (2013), p.82 3162:Stratton (2005), p. 35 3139:Schmidt (1995), p. 276 2828:Singletary p.79, p. 93 2688:Williamson (2010), p.7 2658:Stratton (2005), p. 28 2622:Stratton (2005), p. 32 2538:Stratton (2005), p. 33 2476:"Spokane's Streetcars" 2438:Creighton (2013), p.7 2000:Stratton (2005), p. 84 1775:Stratton (2005), p. 19 1357:River Park Square Mall 1336: 1269:River Park Square Mall 1247: 1220: 1164:Division Street Bridge 1158: 1106:Elizabeth Gurley Flynn 1087: 1040: 1005:(1863-1931) and later 920:Spokane. In 1892, the 832: 817:Spokane Stock Exchange 785: 711:Great Northern Railway 695: 685:Union Pacific Railroad 611: 553: 490: 461: 422:, in effect since the 378:intervention from the 323: 285:Jacques Raphael Finlay 160: 136:River Park Square Mall 118:, Great Northern, and 78:. At the nexus of the 40: 4545:Spokane Civic Theatre 4488:Numerica Skate Ribbon 4459:Landmarks and culture 3913:Kienholz, M. (1999). 3648:Spirou (2010), p. 210 2873:Durham (1912), p. 598 2670:Malone (1996), p. 201 2205:Durham (1912), p. 362 1373:Holley-Mason Building 1330: 1245: 1218: 1156: 1149:Growth and stagnation 1072: 1035: 861:Eastern United States 830: 783: 752:. As in many western 693: 605: 551: 514:lumbering to market. 488: 460:Fort Spokane ca. 1895 459: 317: 220:Northwest Fur Company 159:Spokane Falls in 1888 158: 134:. The opening of the 38: 4679:Whitworth University 4570:Monroe Street Bridge 3771:on September 7, 2015 3743:The Spokesman-Review 3718:The Spokesman-Review 3465:"Expo Time Capsules" 3417:The Spokesman-Review 3385:The Spokesman-Review 3358:. Spokane Historical 3297:The Spokesman-Review 3268:The Spokesman-Review 3238:. Spokane Historical 3180:Kensel (1969), p. 96 2891:Kensel (1969), p. 91 2789:Kensel (1968), p. 25 2708:Spokane Falls Review 2111:Kensel (1971), p. 23 2063:Kensel (1971), p. 20 2018:Kensel (1971), p. 19 1811:Meinig (1993), p. 69 1231: 1044:50,000,000 in 1920. 993:eight miles away in 896:, blinds, and other 608:Monroe Street Bridge 408:Battle of Pine Creek 396:Battle of Four Lakes 350:in the south. After 305:Hudson's Bay Company 66:explorer-geographer 39:Main Avenue ca. 1920 4738:One Spokane Stadium 4608:University District 4575:The Davenport Hotel 4530:Bing Crosby Theater 3904:(1). Boise, Idaho: 3870:(1). Boise, Idaho: 2810:Kensel (1968) p. 31 2515:on February 2, 2015 2149:Go Spokane Magazine 1117: 1076:Little Red Songbook 999:experiment stations 991:University of Idaho 784:Spokane Falls, 1890 507:Seattle, Washington 414:American settlement 334:was established by 265:Columbia Department 146:Pre-contact to 1810 76:Columbia Department 31:Spokane, Washington 4846:Washington (state) 4616:Gonzaga University 4302:Spokane Historical 3818:Bridges of Spokane 1820:Ruby (1988), p. 75 1337: 1264:Chinatown district 1248: 1221: 1159: 1097:free speech fights 1088: 1041: 915:; so much so that 886:Lake Coeur d'Alene 833: 786: 696: 612: 562:Great Fire of 1910 554: 491: 466:Henry Clay Merriam 462: 380:United States Army 326:In 1836, Reverend 324: 261:North West Company 161: 72:North West Company 41: 18:History of Spokane 4859: 4858: 4801: 4800: 4793:Spokane Zephyr FC 4766: 4765: 4721: 4720: 4687: 4686: 4667: 4666: 4636: 4635: 4621:Riverpoint Campus 4593: 4592: 4558: 4557: 4518: 4517: 4167:978-0-7385-7011-2 4146:978-0-87422-277-7 4127:978-1-136-85903-8 4079:978-0-691-01721-1 3971:978-0-8061-2860-3 3926:978-0-87062-286-1 3919:. Mary Kienholz. 3849:978-1-152-77997-6 3828:978-0-7385-9635-8 2762:Working Paper #52 2415:"Spokane History" 1546:Old National Bank 1387:(now home to the 1232:1974 World's Fair 1130:Sonora Smart Dodd 1111:Industrial Worker 1083:Industrial Worker 1059:Free speech fight 878:St. Maries, Idaho 519:Robert W. Forrest 499:Duluth, Minnesota 388:Coeur d'Alene War 384:Yakima Indian War 16:(Redirected from 4879: 4788:Spokane Velocity 4768: 4723: 4698: 4669: 4638: 4604: 4560: 4523:Arts and theater 4520: 4505:High Bridge Park 4463: 4445:Mayor Lisa Brown 4350: 4349: 4348: 4338: 4331: 4324: 4315: 4286: 4259: 4232: 4205: 4171: 4150: 4131: 4110: 4083: 4060: 4041: 4020: 4008: 3997: 3975: 3954: 3942: 3930: 3909: 3897:Idaho Yesterdays 3890: 3875: 3863:Idaho Yesterdays 3853: 3832: 3803: 3800: 3794: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3595: 3589: 3586: 3577: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3508: 3506: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3461: 3455: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3408: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3377: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3354:Welsh, Zachary. 3351: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3319: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3288: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3259: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3231: 3220: 3219:Singletary p. 93 3217: 3211: 3208: 3199: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3149: 3146: 3140: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3095: 3092: 3081: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3015: 3009: 3006: 3000: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2971: 2965: 2958: 2952: 2949: 2943: 2940: 2934: 2931: 2922: 2919: 2913: 2910: 2904: 2901: 2892: 2889: 2883: 2880: 2874: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2844: 2838: 2835: 2829: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2811: 2808: 2799: 2798:Singletary p. 27 2796: 2790: 2787: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2768:on June 15, 2010 2753: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2726: 2720: 2717: 2711: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2689: 2686: 2680: 2677: 2671: 2668: 2659: 2656: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2629: 2623: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2566: 2557: 2554: 2548: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2500: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2445: 2439: 2436: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2411: 2402: 2399: 2393: 2390: 2377: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2347: 2338: 2335: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2243: 2224: 2223: 2215: 2206: 2203: 2194: 2193: 2187: 2185: 2169: 2160: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2140: 2131: 2130: 2118: 2112: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2082: 2073: 2070: 2064: 2061: 2055: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2025: 2019: 2016: 2001: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1971: 1962: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1932: 1923: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1880:"Cayuse Indians" 1875: 1869: 1866: 1860: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1830: 1821: 1818: 1812: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1782: 1776: 1773: 1764: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1741: 1738: 1732: 1729: 1720: 1717: 1708: 1705: 1696: 1693: 1664: 1653: 1643: 1626: 1620: 1610: 1593: 1581: 1569: 1557: 1541: 1532:Spokane in 1911. 1529: 1517: 1505: 1493: 1481: 1469: 1457: 1445: 1433: 1421: 1389:Spokane Symphony 1377:Knitting Factory 1188:Grand Coulee Dam 1138:national holiday 961: 952: 874:British Columbia 505:headed north to 503:Portland, Oregon 475:President Arthur 340:Narcissa Whitman 289:fur trading post 277:Kullyspell House 273:British Columbia 269:Inland Northwest 151:First habitation 88:fur trading post 60:Inland Northwest 21: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4862: 4861: 4860: 4855: 4827: 4797: 4778:Spokane Indians 4762: 4717: 4683: 4663: 4632: 4589: 4554: 4540:Garland Theater 4514: 4500:Finch Arboretum 4473:Riverfront Park 4454: 4433: 4365: 4354: 4352:City of Spokane 4346: 4344: 4342: 4308:Historylink.org 4293: 4275: 4262: 4248: 4235: 4221: 4208: 4194: 4181: 4178: 4176:Further reading 4168: 4153: 4147: 4134: 4128: 4113: 4099: 4086: 4080: 4063: 4057: 4044: 4038: 4023: 4017: 4000: 3994: 3978: 3972: 3957: 3951: 3940: 3933: 3927: 3912: 3893: 3878: 3856: 3850: 3835: 3829: 3814: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3788: 3784: 3774: 3772: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3748: 3746: 3745:. June 18, 2015 3737: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3669: 3667: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3633: 3631: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3580: 3575: 3571: 3561: 3559: 3558:on May 27, 2008 3550: 3549: 3545: 3535: 3533: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3504: 3502: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3410: 3409: 3400: 3390: 3388: 3387:. June 24, 2019 3379: 3378: 3371: 3361: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3343: 3333: 3331: 3321: 3320: 3311: 3301: 3299: 3290: 3289: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3261: 3260: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3124: 3122: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3029: 3027: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2974:Kershner, Jim. 2973: 2972: 2968: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2895: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2858: 2856: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2819:Kensel p. 25–26 2818: 2814: 2809: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2781: 2771: 2769: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2740: 2738: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2662: 2657: 2648: 2638: 2636: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2607: 2605: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2580: 2578: 2568: 2567: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2528: 2518: 2516: 2502: 2501: 2494: 2484: 2482: 2474:Kershner, Jim. 2473: 2472: 2468: 2458: 2456: 2448:Arksey, Laura. 2447: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2430: 2420: 2418: 2413: 2412: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2359: 2349: 2348: 2341: 2336: 2325: 2315: 2313: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2288: 2286: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2257: 2255: 2245: 2244: 2227: 2217: 2216: 2209: 2204: 2197: 2183: 2181: 2171: 2170: 2163: 2153: 2151: 2142: 2141: 2134: 2120: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2096: 2094: 2084: 2083: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2039: 2037: 2027: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1985: 1983: 1973: 1972: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1946: 1944: 1934: 1933: 1926: 1916: 1914: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1889: 1887: 1877: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1844: 1842: 1832: 1831: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1796: 1794: 1784: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1744: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1723: 1718: 1711: 1706: 1699: 1694: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1661: 1660: 1650: 1649: 1640: 1639: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1616: 1607: 1604: 1597: 1594: 1585: 1582: 1573: 1570: 1561: 1558: 1549: 1542: 1533: 1530: 1521: 1518: 1509: 1506: 1497: 1494: 1485: 1482: 1473: 1470: 1461: 1458: 1449: 1446: 1437: 1434: 1425: 1422: 1413: 1401: 1365:Davenport Hotel 1353:Great Recession 1349:suburbanization 1325: 1312: 1296:Riverfront Park 1273:Daniel J. Evans 1252:environmentally 1240: 1234: 1213: 1193:Kaiser Aluminum 1151: 1146: 1126: 1120: 1067: 1061: 971: 970: 969: 968: 964: 963: 962: 954: 953: 942: 907:cities such as 857:lumber industry 825: 778: 735: 629:Helena, Montana 621: 593:Kirtland Cutter 580:The Netherlands 575: 570: 546: 540: 524:James N. Glover 483: 454: 440:James N. Glover 416: 360:Whitman College 332:medical mission 253: 248: 224:Rocky Mountains 197:Coeur d' Alenes 176:hunter-gatherer 153: 148: 124:environmentally 99:James N. Glover 33: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4885: 4883: 4875: 4874: 4864: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4836:Spokane County 4832: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4809: 4807: 4806:Transportation 4803: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4783:Spokane Chiefs 4780: 4774: 4772: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4743:Avista Stadium 4740: 4735: 4729: 4727: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4704: 4702: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4675: 4673: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4646: 4644: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4629: 4628: 4618: 4612: 4610: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4566: 4564: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4526: 4524: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4483:Looff Carousel 4480: 4469: 4467: 4460: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4452: 4447: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4375: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4362:The Lilac City 4359: 4356: 4355: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4333: 4326: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4292: 4291:External links 4289: 4288: 4287: 4274:978-0870622687 4273: 4260: 4247:978-0870622465 4246: 4233: 4220:978-0870622359 4219: 4206: 4192: 4177: 4174: 4173: 4172: 4166: 4151: 4145: 4132: 4126: 4111: 4097: 4084: 4078: 4061: 4055: 4042: 4036: 4021: 4015: 3998: 3992: 3976: 3970: 3955: 3949: 3931: 3925: 3910: 3891: 3876: 3854: 3848: 3833: 3827: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3804: 3795: 3782: 3756: 3730: 3704: 3677: 3650: 3641: 3613: 3590: 3578: 3569: 3543: 3516: 3511:Newspapers.com 3484: 3456: 3447: 3438: 3429: 3398: 3369: 3341: 3309: 3280: 3249: 3234:Hovda, Kegan. 3221: 3212: 3200: 3191: 3182: 3173: 3164: 3150: 3141: 3132: 3105: 3096: 3082: 3073: 3064: 3037: 3010: 3001: 2992: 2966: 2953: 2944: 2935: 2923: 2914: 2905: 2893: 2884: 2875: 2866: 2839: 2830: 2821: 2812: 2800: 2791: 2779: 2748: 2721: 2712: 2699: 2690: 2681: 2672: 2660: 2646: 2624: 2615: 2588: 2558: 2549: 2540: 2526: 2492: 2466: 2440: 2428: 2403: 2394: 2378: 2369: 2339: 2323: 2296: 2274: 2265: 2225: 2207: 2195: 2161: 2132: 2129:. HistoryLink. 2113: 2104: 2074: 2065: 2056: 2047: 2020: 2002: 1993: 1963: 1954: 1924: 1897: 1870: 1861: 1852: 1822: 1813: 1804: 1777: 1765: 1756: 1742: 1733: 1721: 1709: 1697: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1552: 1550: 1543: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1400: 1397: 1381:Montvale Hotel 1324: 1321: 1311: 1308: 1236:Main article: 1233: 1230: 1212: 1209: 1205:NorthTown Mall 1184:Bonneville Dam 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1122:Main article: 1119: 1116: 1063:Main article: 1060: 1057: 1049:Spokane Valley 1015:animal science 966: 965: 956: 955: 947: 946: 945: 944: 943: 941: 938: 824: 821: 777: 774: 734: 733:New Immigrants 731: 620: 619:More Railroads 617: 589:Herman Preusse 574: 571: 569: 566: 558:The Great Fire 542:Main article: 539: 538:The Great Fire 536: 509:then over the 482: 479: 453: 450: 424:Treaty of 1818 420:Oregon Country 415: 412: 404:Edward Steptoe 293:Little Spokane 257:David Thompson 252: 249: 247: 244: 232:Colville River 215:among others. 152: 149: 147: 144: 80:Little Spokane 68:David Thompson 29:Main article: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4884: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4852: 4851:United States 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4830: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4804: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4478:Spokane Falls 4476: 4475: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4451: 4450:Former mayors 4448: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4404:Neighborhoods 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4357: 4353: 4339: 4334: 4332: 4327: 4325: 4320: 4319: 4316: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4193:9780295806761 4189: 4185: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4159: 4158: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4119: 4118: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4098:9780982522097 4094: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4056:0-938314-53-X 4052: 4048: 4043: 4039: 4037:0-8061-3761-4 4033: 4029: 4028: 4022: 4018: 4016:0-295-95158-3 4012: 4007: 4006: 3999: 3995: 3993:0-300-05658-3 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3956: 3952: 3950:0-691-01721-2 3946: 3939: 3938: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3918: 3917: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3898: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3883: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3845: 3841: 3840: 3834: 3830: 3824: 3820: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3783: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3705: 3693:. HistoryLink 3692: 3688: 3681: 3678: 3666:. HistoryLink 3665: 3661: 3654: 3651: 3645: 3642: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3617: 3614: 3601: 3594: 3591: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3557: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3532:. HistoryLink 3531: 3527: 3520: 3517: 3512: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3473:. May 2, 2024 3472: 3471: 3466: 3460: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3433: 3430: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3357: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3330:. HistoryLink 3329: 3325: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3237: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3216: 3213: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3177: 3174: 3168: 3165: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3136: 3133: 3121:. HistoryLink 3120: 3116: 3109: 3106: 3100: 3097: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3077: 3074: 3068: 3065: 3053:. HistoryLink 3052: 3048: 3041: 3038: 3026:. 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