843:; Paraguay, which had been subordinate to Lima, now became an outpost of Buenos Aires. Located at the periphery of the empire, Paraguay served as a buffer state. The Portuguese blocked Paraguayan territorial expansion in the north, Indians blocked it - until their expulsion - in the south, and the Jesuits blocked it in the east. Paraguayans were forced into the colonial militia to serve extended tours of duty away from their homes, contributing to a severe labor shortage.
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vacuum left by the Jesuit ouster, the
Indians experienced for the first time direct contact with Spanish officials. Ultimately, however, the administrative and military tactics of imperial control proved far less successful and palatable than those of the Jesuits. Tensions between the natives and the Europeans grew steadily during the last years of the 18th century.
707:(1759–88), expelled the Jesuits in 1767. Within a few decades of the expulsion, most of what the Jesuits had accomplished was lost. The missions lost their valuables, became mismanaged, and were abandoned by the Guaraní. The Jesuits vanished almost without a trace. Today, a few weed-choked ruins are all that remain of this 160-year period in Paraguayan history.
24:
1220:
399:. The cédula granted colonists the right to elect the governor of Río de la Plata Province either if Mendoza had failed to designate a successor or if a successor had died. Two years later, the colonists elected Irala as governor. His domain included all of present-day Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay, most of
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in 1560 and 1561. Political instability began troubling the colony and revolts became commonplace. Also, given his limited resources and manpower, Irala could do little to check the raids of
Portuguese marauders along his eastern borders. Still, Irala left Paraguay prosperous and relatively at peace.
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and opposed his efforts to protect the interests of the
Indians. Cabeza de Vaca tried to placate his enemies by launching an expedition into the Chaco in search of a route to Peru. This move disrupted the Chaco tribes so much that they unleashed a two-year war against the colony, thus threatening its
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to Europe. Asunción subsequently became the nucleus of a
Spanish province that encompassed a large portion of southern South America, so large, in fact, that it was dubbed "La Provincia Gigante de Indias." Asunción also was the base from which this part of South America was colonized. Spaniards moved
299:
to mount an expedition to the Plata basin. The emperor also named
Mendoza governor of Río de la Plata and granted him the right to name his successor. But Mendoza, a sickly, disturbed man, proved to be utterly unsuitable as a leader, and his cruelty nearly undermined the expedition. Choosing what was
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Indians attacked them. About forty kilometers below the site of Asunción, Cabot encountered a tribe of Guaraní in possession of silver objects, perhaps some of the spoils of Garcia's treasure. Hoping he had found the route to the riches of Peru, Cabot renamed the river Río de la Plata, although today
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Leaving a small force on the northern shore of the broad estuary, Cabot proceeded up the Río Paraná uneventfully for about 160 kilometers and founded a settlement he named Sancti
Spiritu. He continued upstream for another 800 kilometers, past the junction with the Río Paraguay. When navigation became
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posed a direct threat to his rule, Governor
Bernardo de Velasco dispersed and disarmed the forces under his command and sent most of the soldiers home without paying them for their eight months of service. Velasco previously had lost face when he fled the battlefield at Paraguarí, thinking Belgrano
99:
in 1537. Paraguay's colonial experience differed from that of neighboring countries, such as
Bolivia and Argentina, because it did not have gold and other mineral deposits that the Spanish were searching for. Because of its lack of mineral wealth and its remoteness, Paraguay remained underpopulated
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bungled their effort to extend control over
Paraguay by choosing José Espínola y Peña as their spokesman in Asunción. Espínola was "perhaps the most hated Paraguayan of his era," in the words of historian John Hoyt Williams. Espínola's reception in Asunción was less than cordial, partly because he
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from among the Guaraní women. Irala had 70 Guaraní concubines (his name fills several pages in the Asunción phone directory), and he encouraged his men to marry Indian women and give up thoughts of returning to Spain. Paraguay soon became a colony of mestizos, and, prompted by Irala's example, the
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was divided into two smaller provinces: Paraguay, with Asunción as its capital, and Río de la Plata, with headquarters in Buenos Aires. With this action, Asunción lost control of the Río de la Plata estuary and became dependent on Buenos Aires for maritime shipping. In 1776 the crown created the
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proclaimed that only the "sword of the word" should be used to subdue
Paraguayan Indians. The church granted Jesuits extensive powers to phase out the encomienda system, angering settlers dependent on a continuing supply of Indian labor and concubines. In one of history's greatest experiments in
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had nominal authority over Paraguay, while Madrid largely neglected the colony. Madrid preferred to avoid the intricacies and the expense of governing and defending a remote colony that had shown early promise but ultimately proved to have dubious value. The governors of Paraguay had no Spanish
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and on the land surrounding the missions. This theocratic society endured until 1767, when Spanish authorities expelled the Jesuits from Paraguay, fearing that the massive wealth and land accumulated by the Jesuits had made the mission communes (reducciones) an "empire within an empire." In the
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called the Jesuit government "a triumph of humanity." To the contrary the detractors say that 'the Jesuits took away the Indians' freedom, forced them to radically change their lifestyle, physically abused them, and subjected them to disease." Moreover, the missions were inefficient and their
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wrote, "the Jesuits established a monarchical authority in Paraguay, founded solely on their powers of persuasion and on their lenient methods of government. Masters of the country, they rendered happy the people under their sway; they succeeded in subduing them without ever having recourse to
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and mounting wild horses in full gallop, and catching deer bare-handed. Accordingly, the Guaraní accepted the arrival of the Spaniards and looked to them for protection against fiercer neighboring tribes. The Guaraní also hoped the Spaniards would lead them once more against the Incas.
543:. Under this system, settlers received estates of land along with the right to the labor and produce of the Indians living on those estates. Although encomenderos were expected to care for the spiritual and material needs of the Indians, the system quickly degenerated into virtual
890:, and the subsequent war in Europe inevitably weakened Spain's ability to maintain contact with and defend and control its colonies. When British troops attempted to seize Buenos Aires in 1806, the attack was repulsed by the city's residents, not by Spain. Napoleon's
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economic success "depended on subsidies from the Jesuit order, special protection and privileges from the Crown, and the lack of competition". The Jesuits are portrayed as "exploiters" who "sought to create a kingdom independent of the Spanish and Portuguese Crowns."
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descended on Paraguay and, over a period of generations, transformed the lives of the Guaraní people in eastern Paraguay. By the beginning of the 18th century, about 100,000 of the once polytheistic Indians had converted to Christianity and were resident at the
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Irala's rule set the pattern for Paraguay's internal affairs until independence. In addition to the Spaniards, Asunción included people - mostly men - from present-day France, Italy, Germany, England, and Portugal. This community of about 350 chose wives and
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and the government that protected them. Although this revolt failed, it was one of the earliest and most serious risings against Spanish authority in the New World and caused the crown to question its continued support for the Jesuits. The Jesuit-inspired
971:. Officers from both armies, however, fraternized openly during the campaign. From these contacts the Paraguayans came to realize that Spanish dominance in South America was coming to an end, and that they, and not the Spaniards, held the real power.
816:, broke out when the viceroy in Lima reinstated a pro-Jesuit governor whom the settlers had deposed. The revolt was in many ways a rehearsal for the radical events that began with independence in 1811. The most prosperous families of Asunción (whose
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at that time, and it marked the transition among the settlers from conquerors to landowners. Irala kept up good relations with the Guaraní, pacified hostile Indians, made further explorations of the Chaco, and began trade relations with Peru. This
90:
for King Charles V in 1524, semi-nomadic Chaco Indian tribes populated Paraguay's rugged landscape. Although few relics or physical landmarks remain from these tribes, the fact that nearly 90 percent of Paraguayans still understand the indigenous
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plantations competed directly with the Jesuits) initially led this revolt. But as the movement attracted support from poor farmers in the interior, the rich abandoned it and soon asked the royal authorities to restore order. In response,
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Despite their efforts the Jesuits could not duplicate their success with the Guarani among the nomadic and semi-nomadic people of western Paraguay, who resisted Spanish settlement and Christianity until the late 18th and 19th century.
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objects that the Indians said came from a land far to the west. Cabot retraced his route on the Río Paraná and entered the Río Paraguay. Sailing upriver, Cabot and his men traded freely with the Guaraní tribes until a strong force of
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Tensions between royal authorities and settlers came to a head in 1720 over the status of the Jesuits, whose efforts to organize the Indians had denied the settlers easy access to Indian labor. A full-scale rebellion, known as the
443:. Because the Guaraní were surrounded by other hostile tribes, however, they were frequently at war. They believed that permanent wives were inappropriate for warriors, so their marital relations were loose. Some tribes practiced
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borrowed from British merchants to finance their purchases; merchants in Buenos Aires borrowed from Spain; those in Asunción borrowed from the porteños (as residents of Buenos Aires were called); and Paraguayan peones (landless
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began to seize the estates of the upper class and drive them out of the countryside. A radical army nearly captured Asunción and was repulsed, ironically, only with the help of Indian troops from the Jesuit reducciones.
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The revolt was symptomatic of decline. Since the refounding of Buenos Aires in 1580, the steady deterioration in the importance of Asunción contributed to growing political instability within the province. In 1617 the
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with death. Like the area's other tribes, the Guaraní were cannibals. But they usually ate only their most valiant foes captured in battle in the hope that they would gain the bravery and power of their victims.
910:. Joseph had no constituency in Spanish America. Without a king, the entire colonial system lost its legitimacy, and the colonists revolted. Buoyed by their recent victory over British troops, the Buenos Aires
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and met up with Irala. Leaving him after a short time, Salazar and Gonzalo de Mendoza descended the river, stopping at a fine anchorage. They commenced building a fort on August 15, 1537, the date of the
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for the histories of Argentina and Paraguay. News of the events in Buenos Aires at first stunned the citizens of Asunción, who had largely supported the royalist position. Discontent with the Spanish
227:, forced the Guaraní and Garcia to withdraw. Indian allies later murdered Garcia and the other Europeans, but news of the raid on the Incas reached the Spanish explorers on the coast and attracted
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was closely linked to rapacious policies of the ex-governor, Lázaro de Rivera, who had arbitrarily shot hundreds of his citizens until he was forced from office in 1805. Barely escaping a term of
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Because Paraguay was located far from colonial centers, it had little control over important decisions that affected its economy. Spain appropriated much of Paraguay's wealth through burdensome
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tribe that resented having the Spaniards as neighbors. The new outpost was named Buenos Aires (Nuestra Señora del Buen Ayre), although it was hardly a place one would visit for the "good air."
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with the aim of increasing the number of offspring. Chiefs often had twenty or thirty concubines whom they shared freely with visitors, yet they treated their wives well. They often punished
338:, returned with a welcome load of corn and news that Cabot's fort at Sancti Spiritu had been abandoned. Mendoza promptly dispatched Ayolas to explore a possible route to Peru. Accompanied by
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class that dominates Paraguay today. From the beginning, however, Indians retained their Guaraní language, even as Spanish influence was accepted, and embraced, in other aspects of society.
370:, and called it Asunción (Nuestra Señora Santa María de la Asunción). Within 20 years, the settlement had a population of about 1,500. Transcontinental shipments of silver passed through
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industry and the introduction of cattle, which flourished in the country's fertile hills and meadows. The arrival of Father Pedro Fernández de la Torre on April 2, 1556, as the first
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in Bolivia; eastward to occupy the rest of present-day Paraguay; and southward along the river to refound Buenos Aires, which its defenders had abandoned in 1541 to move to Asunción.
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took an Indian wife and a series of Indian concubines and encouraged other male settlers to do likewise. Intermarriage fused Indian culture with that of the Europeans, creating the
479:, also called Chiriguanos, were implacable enemies of the whites. Travelers in the Chaco reported that the Indians there were capable of running with incredible bursts of speed,
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existence. In the colony's first of many revolts against the crown, the settlers seized Cabaza de Vaca, sent him back to Spain in irons, and returned the governorship to Irala.
168:. Garcia was intrigued by reports of "the White King" who, it was said, lived far to the west and governed cities of incomparable wealth and splendor, a reference to the
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in Peru agreed to allow Indians to bear arms. Well-trained and highly motivated Indian units bloodied the raiders and drove them off. This victory set the stage for the
499:. Almost immediately, however, the Rio de la Plata Province - now consisting of 800 Europeans - split into 2 warring factions. Cabeza de Vaca's enemies accused him of
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passions in Paraguay, the Paraguayan royalists' ill-conceived actions that followed inflamed them. Believing that the Paraguayan officers who had beaten the
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on the southern side of the Plata estuary on an inhospitable, windswept, dead-level plain where not a tree or shrub grew. Dusty in the dry season, a
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for Portuguese military support against Belgrano's forces, who were encamped just over the border in present-day Argentina. Far from bolstering the
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Irala eventually antagonized the Indians, however. In the last years of his life, he yielded to pressure from settlers and established the
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Irala ruled without further interruption until his death in 1556. In many ways, his governorship was one of the most humane in the Spanish
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thirteen years before it was founded. The Guaraní assembled an army of 2,000 warriors to carry out the invasion and set out across the
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586:(Jesuits), influenced the colony more strongly than the governors who succeeded Irala. The first Jesuits arrived in 1588, and in 1610
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of his age, as governor of the province. Cabeza de Vaca arrived in Asunción after having lived for ten years among the Indians of
854:, for instance, was priced practically out of the regional market. At the same time, Spain was using most of its wealth from the
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s position, this move instantly ignited an uprising and the overthrow of Spanish authority in Paraguay on May 14 and 15, 1811.
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Europeans raised their offspring as Spaniards. Nevertheless, continued arrivals of Europeans allowed for the development of a
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342:, Ayolas again sailed upstream until he reached a small bay on the Río Paraguay, which he named Candelaria, the present-day
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gave them the right to choose and depose their governors. The colony, and in particular the Asunción municipal council (
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possibly the continent's worst site for the first Spanish settlement in South America, in February 1536 Mendoza built a
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fell prey to changing times. During the 1720s and 1730s, Paraguayan settlers rebelled against Jesuit privileges in the
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in Portuguese Brazil. Having depleted the Indian population near Sâo Paulo, they discovered the richly populated
148:. After Solís's death at the hands of Indians, the expedition renamed the estuary Río de Solís and sailed back to
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547:. In Paraguay 20,000 Indians were divided among 320 encomenderos. This action helped spark a full-scale Indian
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Mendoza soon provoked the Querandís into declaring war on the Europeans. Thousands of them and their Timbú and
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172:. In 1524, Garcia mustered men and supplies for a trip to the interior and left Santa Catarina with several
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403:, as well as large parts of Brazil and Bolivia. In 1542 the province became part of the newly established
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and adventurers. The Spaniards were soon reduced to eating rats and the flesh of their deceased comrades.
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that would stretch from the Paraguay-Paraná confluence to the coast and back to the Paraná headwaters.
630:. The Spanish authorities chose not to defend the settlements, and the Jesuits and their thousands of
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peoples. Garcia became the first European to cross the Chaco and penetrated the outer defenses of the
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companions with the intention of joining or organizing a raid on the dominions of the white king.
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is testament to Paraguay's Indian lineage. The Spanish conquistadors arrived in 1524 and founded
435:, and related subgroups, were generous people who inhabited an immense area stretching from the
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composed of colonists. Paraguayans took advantage of this situation and claimed that the 1537
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and amassed a considerable hoard of silver. Counter-attacks by the army of the reigning Inca,
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threat ended only after 1639, after the capture of thousands of Indian neophytes, when the
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deposed the Spanish viceroy on May 25, 1810, vowing to rule in the name of Ferdinand VII.
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in Paraguay's far north, Espínola fled back to Buenos Aires and lied about the extent of
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The recorded history of Paraguay began indirectly in 1516 with the failed expedition of
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to import manufactured goods from the more industrialized countries of Europe, notably
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The peace that had prevailed under Irala broke down in 1542 when Charles V appointed
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After Mendoza returned unexpectedly to Spain, two other members of the expedition--
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enlightenment, who were not predisposed to favor Jesuits. "By means of religion,"
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would win. Discontent spread, and the last straw was the request by the Asunción
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for suppressing this "empire within an empire." In a move to gain control of the
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offered the Guaraní protection from Spanish settlers, and physical security. The
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Sacks, Richard S. "Early explorers and conquistadors". In Hanratty & Meditz.
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to make an equally disastrous move. In a bid to settle the issue by force, the
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Because of their success, the Paraguayan Jesuits gained many enemies, and the
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adventurer who over a period of several years acquired a working knowledge of
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might provide easier passage to the Pacific and the Orient than the stormy
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was dismissed because of a bigger rivalry with the city of Buenos Aires.
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808:), earned the reputation of being in continual revolt against the crown.
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and actors' troupes earned praise from some of the leading lights of the
654:, which became quite wealthy, exported goods and supplied Indian armies.
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Although European fortune seekers headed elsewhere in South America, the
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334:, who was Mendoza's second-in-command and who had been sent upstream to
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In contrast with the hospitable Guaraní, the Chaco tribes, such as the
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Uncertainties over the departure of Pedro de Mendoza led Charles V to
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During the next 200 years, the Roman Catholic Church, especially the
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Sacks, Richard S. "The sword of the word". In Hanratty & Meditz.
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595:, the Jesuits had soon organized about 100,000 Guaraní in about 20
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the name applies only to the estuary as far inland as the city of
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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295:(1519–56) about his discoveries. Charles gave permission to Don
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Sacks, Richard S. "The young colony". In Hanratty & Meditz.
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in Peru, he was loved by his people, who lamented his passing.
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in 1526 when he heard of Garcia's exploits. Cabot thought the
17:
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difficult, Cabot turned back, but only after obtaining some
959:
to subdue Asunción. Paraguayan troops soundly thrashed the
411:. Beginning in 1559, the Audiencia of Charcas (present-day
350:, Ayolas ventured into the Chaco and was never seen again.
794:
troops at their disposal and were instead dependent on a
152:. On the home voyage, one of the vessels was wrecked off
601:(reductions or townships), and they dreamed of a Jesuit
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in Paraguay. Irala presided over the construction of a
41:
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allies besieged the miserable company of half-starved
1125:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 6–7.
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in Paraguay and an increasingly impoverished empire.
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If the Espínola and Belgrano affairs served to whet
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in the rains, the place was inhabited by the fierce
262:
where he was bound, and, eager to win the riches of
622:, who captured Indians and sold them as slaves to
156:near the Brazilian coast. Among the survivors was
634:thus had little means to protect themselves. The
1111:the preceding paragraph is based on pages 249–50
612:, however, were threatened by the slave-raiding
431:The Guaraní, the Cario, Tapé, Itatine, Guarajo,
100:and economically underdeveloped. Early governor
266:, he became the first European to explore that
195:, a harsh semidesert. In the Chaco, they faced
947:support in Paraguay, causing the Buenos Aires
395:a cédula (decree) that was unique in colonial
246:(who had led the first European expedition to
898:, and Napoleon's attempt to put his brother,
291:Cabot returned to Spain in 1530 and informed
179:Marching westward, Garcia's group discovered
8:
1204:Hanratty, Dannin M. & Sandra W. Meditz.
524:of Asunción marked the establishment of the
753:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
516:soldier of fortune saw the beginnings of a
415:) controlled the province's legal affairs.
1065:At the tomb of the inflatable pig page 122
894:in 1808, the capture of the Spanish king,
661:, where the Jesuits sponsored orchestras,
773:Learn how and when to remove this message
64:Learn how and when to remove this message
646:of the Jesuits in Paraguay. Life in the
379:northwestward across the Chaco to found
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871:in debt to landlords) bought goods on
250:), Sebastian Cabot was sailing to the
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1251:Spanish colonization of the Americas
751:adding citations to reliable sources
695:(1750–61), increased sentiment in
14:
574:Jesuit missions among the Guaraní
219:. Garcia and the army engaged in
125:Early explorers and conquistadors
1218:
1148:"Imagining Guarinis and Jesuits"
955:sent 1,100 troops under General
723:
22:
1123:The Guarani and their Missions
841:Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata
1:
1246:History of Paraguay by period
1121:Sarreal, Julia J. S. (2014).
187:, and arrived at the site of
459:(whence the name Paraguay),
215:, eight years in advance of
693:War of the Seven Reductions
491:, one of the most renowned
355:Juan de Salazar de Espinosa
1272:
1091:"The Age of Reason Begins"
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489:Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
75:
1215:Federal Research Division
1207:Paraguay: a country study
1146:Wilde, Guillermo (2015).
703:wealth, the Spanish king
552:Although he had found no
340:Domingo Martínez de Irala
102:Domingo Martínez de Irala
1256:History of South America
1093:. Simon & Schuster.
836:Río de la Plata Province
477:Eastern Bolivian Guarani
207:to the foothills of the
36:may need to be rewritten
925:unforeseen consequences
688:Revolt of the Comuneros
368:Feast of the Assumption
346:. Appointing Irala his
875:. The result was dire
532:, two churches, three
1089:Durant, Will (1961).
526:Roman Catholic Church
154:Santa Catarina Island
1178:"Paraguay - HISTORY"
791:Audiencia of Charcas
747:improve this section
82:Long before Spanish
1212:Library of Congress
827:subsistence farmers
787:Viceroyalty of Peru
536:, and two schools.
407:, with its seat in
405:Viceroyalty of Peru
260:Straits of Magellan
78:History of Paraguay
888:Napoleon Bonaparte
556:to equal those of
374:on their way from
359:Gonzalo de Mendoza
131:Juan Díaz de Solís
1241:Colonial Paraguay
1217:(December 1988).
1182:data.mongabay.com
892:invasion of Spain
884:French Revolution
850:and regulations.
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663:musical ensembles
439:in Brazil to the
293:Emperor Charles V
235:two years later.
217:Francisco Pizarro
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46:lead layout guide
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463:, including the
461:Guaycuru peoples
437:Guyana Highlands
387:The young colony
297:Pedro de Mendoza
140:, which divides
93:Guarani language
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42:improve the lead
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40:Please help
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33:lead section
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976:nationalist
923:action had
705:Charles III
701:reducciones
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441:Río Uruguay
336:reconnoitre
330:Meanwhile,
205:Inca Empire
170:Inca Empire
86:discovered
1235:Categories
1187:2024-03-02
1106:2006-04-22
1007:References
904:metropolis
862:. Spanish
852:Yerba maté
818:yerba maté
763:March 2022
671:d'Alembert
644:golden age
588:Philip III
541:encomienda
475:, and the
449:adulterers
421:concubines
393:promulgate
381:Santa Cruz
348:lieutenant
304:at a poor
244:John Cabot
221:plundering
185:Río Paraná
162:Portuguese
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908:satellite
864:merchants
856:New World
734:does not
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615:mamelucos
554:El Dorado
530:cathedral
509:New World
306:anchorage
242:explorer
142:Argentina
1162:24 March
1158:(3): 4–5
995:See also
989:cabildo'
980:porteños
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314:Querandí
310:quagmire
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189:Asunción
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88:Paraguay
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268:estuary
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197:drought
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252:Orient
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618:, or
465:Mbayá
401:Chile
193:Chaco
150:Spain
1164:2022
1127:ISBN
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