History of Protestantism in the United States

981:

tradition, however, as the Anglican Church had been the established church in the South during the colonial period. It was linked to the traditions of landed gentry and the wealthier and educated planter classes, and the Southern traditions longer than any other church. In addition, while the Protestant missionaries of the Great Awakening initially opposed slavery in the South, by the early decades of the 19th century, Baptist and Methodist preachers in the South had come to an accommodation with it in order to evangelize with farmers and artisans. By the Civil War, the Baptist and Methodist churches split into regional associations because of slavery.

559: 1154: 81: 1626: 1351: 387: 24: 1525: 1145:. This influx would eventually bring increased political power for the Roman Catholic Church and a greater cultural presence, led at the same time to a growing fear of the Catholic "menace." As the 19th century wore on animosity waned, Protestant Americans realized that Roman Catholics were not trying to seize control of the government. Nonetheless, fears continued into the 20th century that there was too much "Catholic influence" on the government. 1737: 809: 2651:, major new interpretive history. Hempton concludes that Methodism was an international missionary movement of great spiritual power and organizational capacity; it energized people of all conditions and backgrounds; it was fueled by preachers who made severe sacrifices to bring souls to Christ; it grew with unprecedented speed, especially in America; it then sailed too complacently into the 20th century. 998: 1709: 1375:

instance), doctrinal precisionism from the Presbyterians, and individualistic introspection from the Puritans – even as the North American context itself has profoundly shaped the various manifestations of evangelicalism.: fundamentalism, neo-evangelicalism, the holiness movement, Pentecostalism, the charismatic movement, and various forms of African-American and Hispanic evangelicalism.

1723: 463:, many more Quakers were prepared to grasp the opportunity to live in a land where they might worship freely. By 1685, as many as 8,000 Quakers had come to Pennsylvania. Although the Quakers may have resembled the Puritans in some religious beliefs and practices, they differed with them over the necessity of compelling religious uniformity in society. 546:

another sees a "rising vitality in religious life" from 1700 onward; a third finds religion in many parts of the colonies in a state of "feverish growth." Figures on church attendance and church formation support these opinions. Between 1700 and 1740, an estimated 75-80% of the population attended churches, which were being built at a headlong pace.

717: 928:. Due to the students' anti-slavery position, Oberlin soon became one of the most liberal colleges and accepted African American students. Along with Garrison, were Northcutt and Collins as proponents of immediate abolition. These two ardent abolitionists felt very strongly that it could not wait and that action needed to be taken right away. 1574:, the first translation to benefit from the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls. The organization is headquartered in New York City, with a public policy office in Washington, DC. The NCC is related fraternally to hundreds of local and regional councils of churches, to other national councils across the globe, and to the 1543:, founded in 1908, marked the first major expression of a growing modern ecumenical movement among Christians in the United States. It was active in pressing for reform of public and private policies, particularly as they impacted the lives of those living in poverty, and developed a comprehensive and widely debated 777:, used by the Presbyterian Church in Scotland, which frequently produced emotional, demonstrative displays of religious conviction. In Kentucky, the pioneers loaded their families and provisions into their wagons and drove to the Presbyterian meetings, where they pitched tents and settled in for several days. 1403:(Chicago). Although there exists a diversity in the Evangelical community worldwide, the ties that bind all Evangelicals are still apparent: a "high view" of Scripture, belief in the Deity of Christ, the Trinity, salvation by grace through faith, and the bodily resurrection of Christ, to mention a few. 1374:

Evangelicalism itself, I believe, is quintessentially North American phenomenon, deriving as it did from the confluence of Pietism, Presbyterianism, and the vestiges of Puritanism. Evangelicalism picked up the peculiar characteristics from each strain – warmhearted spirituality from the Pietists (for

789:

In October 1801, members of the Danbury Baptists Associations wrote a letter to the new president-elect Thomas Jefferson. Baptists, being a minority in Connecticut, were still required to pay fees to support the Congregationalist majority. The Baptists found this intolerable. The Baptists, well aware

571:

Evangelicalism is difficult to date and to define. Scholars have argued that, as a self-conscious movement, evangelicalism did not arise until the mid-17th century, perhaps not until the Great Awakening itself. The fundamental premise of evangelicalism is the conversion of individuals from a state of

416:, a religious dissenter also banned from the Massachusetts Bay Colony, was another notable founder of the Rhode Island Colony. Some migrants who came to Colonial America were in search of the freedom to practice forms of Christianity which were prohibited and persecuted in Europe. Since there was no 1589:

organization set up in opposition to what became the National Council of Churches. The organization is headquartered in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. The ACCC is related fraternally to the International Council of Christian Churches. McIntire invited the Evangelicals for United Action to join with them,

1213:

The Catholic parochial school system developed in the early-to-mid-19th century partly in response to what was seen as anti-Catholic bias in American public schools. The recent wave of newly established Protestant schools is sometimes similarly attributed to the teaching of evolution (as opposed to

1060:

was the faster-growing sector of the American church. Liberal wings of denominations were on the rise, and a considerable number of seminaries held and taught from a liberal perspective as well. In the post-World War II era, the trend began to swing back towards the conservative camp in America's

793:

In his January 1, 1802 reply to the Danbury Baptist Association Jefferson summed up the First Amendment's original intent, and used for the first time anywhere a now-familiar phrase in today's political and judicial circles: the amendment established a "wall of separation between church and state."

596:

and other itinerant preachers continued the movement, traveling across the colonies and preaching in a dramatic and emotional style. Followers of Edwards and other preachers of similar religious piety called themselves the "New Lights," as contrasted with the "Old Lights," who disapproved of their

1198:

This violence was fed by claims that Catholics were destroying the culture of the United States. Irish Catholic immigrants were blamed for being lazy, as well as bringing violence and drinking culture. They were also considered unable to control themselves sexually, which was demonstrated by their

252:

as the official religion in the colony, and would remain so until it was disestablished shortly after the American Revolution. Establishment meant that local tax funds paid the parish costs, and that the parish had local civic functions such as poor relief. The upper class planters controlled the

509:

in particular. These positions were brought to the New World by British colonists who were predominantly Protestant, and who opposed not only the Roman Catholic Church but also the Church of England which, due to its perpetuation of Catholic doctrine and practices, was deemed to be insufficiently

1379:

The 1950s saw a boom in the Evangelical church in America. The post–World War II prosperity experienced in the U.S. also had its effects on the church. Church buildings were erected in large numbers, and the Evangelical church's activities grew along with this expansive physical growth. In the

649:

offered prayers for the monarch, beseeching God "to be his defender and keeper, giving him victory over all his enemies," who in 1776 were American soldiers as well as friends and neighbors of American Anglicans. Loyalty to the church and to its head could be construed as treason to the American

1621:

movement, which affirmed a higher view of Scripture than liberalism but did not tie the doctrines of the Christian faith to precise theories of Biblical inspiration. If anything, thinkers in this camp denounced such quibbling as a dangerous distraction from the duties of Christian discipleship.

980:

One historian observed that ritualist churches separated themselves from heretics rather than sinners; he observed that Episcopalians and Lutherans also accommodated themselves to slavery. (Indeed, one southern Episcopal bishop was a Confederate general.) There were more reasons than religious

545:

Against a prevailing view that 18th-century Americans had not perpetuated the first settlers' passionate commitment to their faith, scholars now identify a high level of religious energy in colonies after 1700. According to one expert, religion was in the "ascension rather than the declension";

256:

The colonists were typically inattentive, uninterested, and bored during church services, according to the ministers, who complained that the people were sleeping, whispering, ogling the fashionably dressed women, walking about and coming and going, or at best looking out the windows or staring

673:

One of the most contentious issues was whether the state would support the church financially. Advocating such a policy were the ministers and most members of the Congregational Church, which had been established, and hence had received public financial support, during the colonial period. The

1516:. According to same data most of the Jews who identify themselves as some sort of Christian (1.6 million) were raised as Jews or are Jews by ancestry. A 2015 study estimated some 450,000 American Muslims convert to Christianity, most of whom belong to an evangelical or Pentecostal community. 1124:

By the 1850s, Roman Catholics had become the country's largest single denomination. Between 1860 and 1890 the population of Roman Catholics in the United States tripled through immigration; by the end of the decade it would reach 7 million. These huge numbers of immigrant Catholics came from

1090:

Especially targeting critical approaches to the interpretation of the Bible, and trying to blockade the inroads made into their churches by secular scientific assumptions, the fundamentalists grew in various denominations as independent movements of resistance to the drift away from historic

780:

When assembled in a field or at the edge of a forest for a prolonged religious meeting, the participants transformed the site into a camp meeting. The religious revivals that swept the Kentucky camp meetings were so intense and created such gusts of emotion that their original sponsors, the

677:

The Constitutional Convention chose to support the church and Article Three authorized a general religious tax to be directed to the church of a taxpayers' choice. Despite substantial doubt that Article Three had been approved by the required two thirds of the voters, in 1780 Massachusetts

820:

The Christianity of the black population was grounded in evangelicalism. The Second Great Awakening has been called the "central and defining event in the development of Afro-Christianity." During these revivals Baptists and Methodists converted large numbers of blacks. However, many were

1500:

within already established denominations; some Pentecostals use the two terms interchangeably. Pentecostalism claims more than 250 million adherents worldwide. When Charismatics are added with Pentecostals the number increases to nearly a quarter of the world's 2 billion Christians.

1554:, or NCC) represented a dramatic expansion in the development of ecumenical cooperation. It was a merger of the Federal Council of Churches, the International Council of Religious Education, and several other interchurch ministries. Today, the NCC is a joint venture of 35 1086:

in modern Christianity. In reaction to liberal Protestant groups that denied doctrines considered fundamental to these conservative groups, they sought to establish tenets necessary to maintaining a Christian identity, the "fundamentals," hence the term fundamentalist.

549:

By 1780 the percentage of adult colonists who adhered to a church was between 10 and 30%, not counting slaves or Native Americans. North Carolina had the lowest percentage at about 4%, while New Hampshire and South Carolina were tied for the highest, at about 16%.

1053:, liberal Christianity is an umbrella term covering movements and ideas within 19th- and 20th-century Christianity. New attitudes became evident, and the practice of questioning the nearly universally accepted Christian orthodoxy began to come to the forefront. 277: 192:

Altogether, Protestants comprised the majority of the population until 2012 when the Protestant share of U.S. population dropped to 48%, thus ending its status as religion of the majority. The decline is attributed mainly to the dropping membership of the

658:, that Anglicans elsewhere had shown some care in using too prominently due to their own reservations about the nature of the Church of England, and other Anglican bodies, vis-à-vis later radical reformers who were happier to use the term Protestant. 1225:

partially vitiated these amendments, in theory, when they ruled that vouchers were constitutional if tax dollars followed a child to a school, even if it were religious. However, no state school system had, by 2009, changed its laws to allow this.

378:, between February 1692 and May 1693. Over 150 people were arrested and imprisoned, but "19 were hanged, one pressed to death, and five others died in jail". Church leaders finally realized their mistake, ended the trials, and never repeated them. 781:

Presbyterians, soon repudiated them. The Methodists, however, adopted and eventually domesticated camp meetings and introduced them into the eastern United States, where for decades they were one of the evangelical signatures of the denomination.

583:

The first generation of New England Puritans required that church members undergo a conversion experience that they could describe publicly. Their successors were not as successful in reaping harvests of redeemed souls. The movement began with

653:

Another result of this was that the first constitution of an independent Anglican Church in the country bent over backwards to distance itself from Rome by calling itself the Protestant Episcopal Church, incorporating in its name the term,

253:

vestry, which ran the parish and chose the minister. The church in Virginia was controlled by the Bishop of London, who sent priests and missionaries but there were never enough, and they reported very low standards of personal morality.

263:

for private prayer and devotion (rather than the Bible). This allowed devout Anglicans to lead an active and sincere religious life apart from the unsatisfactory formal church services. The stress on personal piety opened the way for the

1017:. African-American activists and their writings were rarely heard outside the black community; however, they were tremendously influential to some sympathetic white people, most prominently the first white activist to reach prominence, 993:

ridiculed it as a mushroom growth, a distraction from the real issues. Although the Know-Nothing legislature of Massachusetts honored Garrison, he continued to oppose them as violators of fundamental rights to freedom of worship.

339:. Within two years, an additional 2,000 settlers arrived. Beginning in 1630, some 20,000 Puritans emigrated as families to New England to gain the liberty to worship as they chose. Theologically, the Puritans were "non-separating 984:

After O'Connell's failure, the American Repeal Associations broke up; but the Garrisonians rarely relapsed into the "bitter hostility" of American Protestants towards the Roman Church. Some antislavery men joined the

518:, were fleeing religious persecution, early American religious culture exhibited a more extreme anti-Catholic bias of these Protestant denominations, thus were Roman Catholics forbidden from holding public office. 268:, which pulled people away from the established church. By the 1760s, dissenting Protestants, especially Baptists and Methodists, were growing rapidly and started challenging the Anglicans for moral leadership. 878: 1043:. In the United States, religious observance is much higher than in Europe, and the United States' culture leans conservative in comparison to other western nations, in part due to the Christian element. 931:

After 1840 "abolition" usually referred to positions like Garrison's; it was largely an ideological movement led by about 3000 people, including free blacks and people of color, many of whom, such as

505:. Because the Reformation was based on an effort to correct what it perceived to be errors and excesses of the Catholic Church, it formed strong positions against the Roman clerical hierarchy and the 1601:

was formed by a group of 147 people who met in St. Louis, Missouri on April 7–9, 1942. The organization was called the National Association of Evangelicals for United Action, soon shortened to the

670:

establishing how each would be governed. For three years, from 1778 to 1780, the political energies of Massachusetts were absorbed in drafting a charter of government that the voters would accept.

920:

in 1833 to form the Anti-Slavery Society (Faragher 381). The following year Weld encouraged a group of students at Lane Theological Seminary to form an anti-slavery society. After the president,

343:". The Puritans created a deeply religious, socially tight-knit and politically innovative culture that is still present in the modern United States. They hoped this new land would serve as a " 1795: 489:

to find a proper role for their support of religion—and the degree to which religion can be supported by public officials without being inconsistent with the revolutionary imperative of

2754: 616:—became the largest American Protestant denominations by the first decades of the 19th century. By the 1770s, the Baptists were growing rapidly both in the north (where they founded 794:

Largely unknown in its day, this phrase has since become a major Constitutional issue. The first time the U.S. Supreme Court cited that phrase from Jefferson was in 1878, 76 years later.

1605:(NEA). There are currently 60 denominations with about 45,000 churches in the organization. The organization is headquartered in Washington, D.C. The NEA is related fraternally the 650:

cause. Patriotic American Anglicans, loathing to discard so fundamental a component of their faith as The Book of Common Prayer, revised it to conform to the political realities.

3171: 1195:, which achieved prominence in the 1840s, was whipped into a frenzy of anti-Catholicism that led to mob violence, the burning of Catholic property, and the killing of Catholics. 529:" and that Colonial charters and laws contained specific proscriptions against Roman Catholics. Ellis also wrote that a common hatred of the Roman Catholic Church could unite 867: 1622:

Neo-orthodoxy's highly contextual modes of reasoning often rendered its main premises incomprehensible to American thinkers and it was frequently dismissed as unrealistic.

1296:

intentionally violated the Act. Scopes was charged on May 5, 1925, with teaching evolution from a chapter in a textbook which showed ideas developed from those set out in

1780: 1113: 1566:, African-American, Evangelical and historic Peace churches. The NCC took a prominent role in the Civil Rights Movement, and fostered the publication of the widely used 634:

The Revolution split some denominations, notably the Church of England, whose ministers were bound by oath to support the king, and the Quakers, who were traditionally

3145: 3020: 943:

in Philadelphia, played prominent leadership roles. Abolitionism had a strong religious base including Quakers, and people converted by the revivalist fervor of the

748:(1800–1830s), unlike the first, focused on the unchurched and sought to instill in them a deep sense of personal salvation as experienced in revival meetings. 1306:. The trial pitted two of the pre-eminent legal minds of the time against one another; three-time presidential candidate, Congressman and former Secretary of State 790:

of Jefferson's own unorthodox beliefs, sought him as an ally in making all religious expression a fundamental human right and not a matter of government largesse.

674:

Baptists, who had grown strong since the Great Awakening, tenaciously adhered to their long-held conviction that churches should receive no support from the state.

1384:, have experienced a notable surge displacing the caricature of the pulpit pounding country preachers of fundamentalism. The stereotypes have gradually shifted. 2897: 2107: 1278: 828:

When their discontent could not be contained, forceful black leaders followed what was becoming an American habit—they formed new denominations. In 1787,

257:

blankly into space. There were too few ministers for the widely scattered population, so ministers encouraged parishioners to become devout at home, using the

638:. Religious practice suffered in certain places because of the absence of ministers and the destruction of churches, but in other areas, religion flourished. 3176: 189:

began as a significant Protestant majority nation. Significant minorities of Roman Catholics and Jews did not arise until the period between 1880 and 1910.

3166: 3070: 1221:, forbidding tax money be used to fund parochial schools, a possible outcome with heavy immigration from Catholic Ireland after the 1840s. In 2002, the 1170:

in the United States reached a peak in the 19th century when the Protestant population became alarmed by the influx of Catholic immigrants. Fearing the

870:, was an unusually early, clear and forceful argument against slavery and initiated the process of banning slavery in the Society of Friends (1776) and 2154:

Presbyterian historian Matzko notes that "Oliver Cowdery claimed that Smith had been 'awakened' during a sermon by the Methodist minister George Lane."

1157:

Famous 1876 editorial cartoon by Thomas Nast showing bishops as crocodiles attacking public schools, with the connivance of Irish Catholic politicians.

295: 1790: 1760: 1649: 2610:

The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ

2280: 2960: 1582: 1474: 1119: 859: 1642:. Their history as a focal point for the Black community and as a link between the Black and White worlds made them natural for this purpose. 620:), and in the South. Opponents of the Awakening or those split by it—Anglicans, Quakers, and Congregationalists—were left behind. 3010: 2359: 1894: 1697:

are among the many notable minister-activists. They were especially important during the later years of the movement in the 1950s and 1960s.

1672: 1162: 486: 98: 1821: 1602: 1598: 1528: 558: 404:, who preached religious tolerance, separation of church and state, and a complete break with the Church of England, was banished from the 1199:

large families and unsubstantiated rumors of sexual violence—replete with flagellation and basement dungeons–at monasteries and convents.

45: 1593:

First meeting in Chicago, Illinois in 1941, a committee was formed with Wright as chairman.A national conference for United Action Among

862:(now part of Philadelphia) wrote a two-page condemnation of the practice and sent it to the governing bodies of their Quaker church, the 3025: 2920: 1400: 1083: 214: 3115: 1755: 1455: 833: 2510: 1138: 3030: 2890: 2718: 2648: 2334: 2307: 2249: 2190: 2090: 1750: 67: 3140: 1886:

Under the Cope of Heaven: Religion, Society, and Politics in Colonial America: Religion, Society, and Politics in Colonial America

2422: 1421: 106: 102: 3120: 2575: 1770: 641:

The American Revolution inflicted deeper wounds on the Church of England in America than on any other denomination because the

391: 371: 2827:

Schultz, Kevin M., and Paul Harvey. "Everywhere and Nowhere: Recent Trends in American Religious History and Historiography,"

2207: 1558:

denominations in the United States with 100,000 local congregations and 45,000,000 adherents. Its member communions include

1285: 1021:, who was its most effective propagandist. Garrison's efforts to recruit eloquent spokesmen led to the discovery of ex-slave 990: 821:

disappointed at the treatment they received from their fellow believers and at the backsliding in the commitment to abolish

678:

authorities declared it and the rest of the state constitution to have been duly adopted. Such tax laws also took effect in

762:

movement as one of the most prominent religious leaders of the young republic. Traveling throughout the eastern seaboard,

2906: 1765: 1264: 367: 2376: 951:

in the North in the 1830s. Belief in abolition contributed to the breaking away of some small denominations, such as the

3075: 2883: 2562:

Encyclopedia of Southern Baptists: Presenting Their History, Doctrine, Polity, Life, Leadership, Organization & Work

1606: 1551: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1153: 432: 521:

Monsignor Ellis wrote that a universal anti-Catholic bias was "vigorously cultivated in all the thirteen colonies from

80: 3110: 3105: 3015: 2965: 2925: 2127: 1540: 1222: 1049:, exemplified by some theologians, sought to bring to churches new critical approaches to the Bible. Sometimes called 585: 401: 363: 38: 32: 3130: 1625: 3125: 2945: 1532: 893: 235: 3135: 1458:

and continued until roughly 1915. The revival was characterized by ecstatic spiritual experiences accompanied by

3085: 3000: 2975: 2397: 1575: 573: 3100: 3095: 3090: 1524: 1314:

spoke for the defense. The famous trial was made infamous by the fictionalized accounts given in the 1955 play

49: 3050: 2985: 2955: 2930: 1775: 1302: 1075: 1070: 1013:, especially in the black church, who argued that the old Biblical justifications for slavery contradicted the 829: 460: 405: 395: 328: 126: 85: 3080: 3065: 3060: 2990: 2970: 2564:

Knoxville: Broadman Press, v 1–2 (1958), 1500 pp; 2 supplementary volumes 1958 and 1962; vol 5 = Index, 1984

1785: 1563: 1433: 1316: 766:

grew quickly under Asbury's leadership into one of the nation's largest and most influential denominations.

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to require office-holders to renounce foreign authorities "in all matters ecclesiastical as well as civil".

309: 1350: 386: 3005: 2995: 2940: 2935: 2549: 2241: 1645: 1367: 1307: 1018: 944: 917: 745: 725: 711: 502: 375: 284: 280: 241: 198: 3055: 2980: 1639: 1363: 1273:" This is often interpreted as meaning that the law forbade the teaching of any aspect of the theory of 952: 741: 646: 577: 456: 340: 265: 259: 210: 146: 90: 2284: 2443: 1948:

Richard R. Beeman, "Social Change and Cultural Conflict in Virginia: Lunenberg County, 1746 to 1774."

2950: 1742: 1497: 1490: 1486: 1443: 1104:

has become the main identifier of the groups holding to the movement's moderate and earliest ideas.

1057: 1046: 1040: 1034: 1002: 733: 694: 598: 526: 2141: 1462:, dramatic worship services, and inter-racial mingling. It was the primary catalyst for the rise of 773:. The revivals were organized by Presbyterian ministers who modeled them after the extended outdoor 597:

movement. To promote their viewpoints, the two sides established academies and colleges, including

1714: 1559: 1505: 1246: 1240: 1192: 1126: 836:, which, along with independent black Baptist congregations, flourished as the century progressed. 629: 490: 409: 288: 194: 2615:

Frey, Sylvia R. "The Visible Church: Historiography of African American Religion since Raboteau,"

1818: 1686: 1668: 1657: 1547:

which served as a humanitarian "bill of rights" for those seeking improvements in American life.

1466:, and as spread by those who experienced what they believed to be miraculous moves of God there. 1447: 1203: 1184: 1022: 932: 863: 825:

that many white Baptists and Methodists had advocated immediately after the American Revolution.

728:, Protestantism grew and took root in new areas, along with new Protestant denominations such as 479: 351: 331:

in 1629 with 400 settlers. Puritans were English Protestants who wished to reform and purify the

249: 850:

The first American movement to abolish slavery came in the spring of 1688 when German and Dutch

832:

and his colleagues in Philadelphia broke away from the Methodist Church and in 1815 founded the

2751:

Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism, 1870-1925

1856: 1005:, 1852, USA edition; published simultaneously on both sides of the Atlantic by American author. 2726:

Revivals, Awakenings, and Reform: An Essay on Religion and Social Change in America, 1607-1977

2714: 2644: 2355: 2330: 2303: 2245: 2186: 2119: 2086: 1890: 1653: 1482: 1429: 1289: 1218: 1010: 774: 593: 332: 317: 245: 2082: 2075: 1884: 580:

refers to a northeastern Protestant revival movement that took place in the 1730s and 1740s.

2324: 2056: 1451: 1207: 1179: 1167: 1134: 1130: 1079: 617: 602: 471: 182: 1399:— or even Evangelical institutions such as Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary (Boston) or 808: 2579: 2514: 2112:

Annotation - the Newsletter of the National Historical Publications and Records Commission

1825: 1678: 1648:

was but one of many notable Black ministers involved in the movement. He helped found the

1550:

In 1950, the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA (usually identified as

1311: 970: 925: 901: 642: 421: 413: 305: 178: 150: 138: 134: 122: 118: 1991: 2461: 1935:

Edward L. Bond, "Anglican theology and devotion in James Blair's Virginia, 1685–1743,"

1728: 1661: 1586: 1470: 1463: 1432:, and arose out of the meetings in 1906 at an urban mission on Azusa Street Revival in 1417: 1412: 1359: 1345: 1297: 1142: 1100: 958: 948: 755: 448: 417: 344: 130: 1838: 1078:

began as a movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to reject influences of

3160: 2167: 1694: 1175: 1014: 986: 962: 936: 921: 913: 909: 683: 522: 313: 206: 110: 2572: 2215: 1828:, Pew Research Center (The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life), 9 October 2012 1618: 1594: 1555: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1381: 1202:

The nativist movement found expression in a national political movement called the

997: 940: 882: 871: 845: 803: 770: 667: 609: 452: 276: 218: 202: 1922:

Jacob M. Blosser, "Irreverent Empire: Anglican Inattention in an Atlantic World,"

2803:

United Methodism and American Culture. Vol. 1, Ecclesiology, Mission and Identity

2656:

Righteous Discontent: The Woman's Movement in the Black Baptist Church, 1880–1920

2180: 493:

for all citizens—is a question that is still debated in the country today.

2875: 2836:

Revivalism and Social Reform: American Protestantism on the Eve of the Civil War

1690: 1682: 1665: 1585:(ACCC), now with 7 member bodies, in September 1941. It was a more militant and 1478: 1459: 1293: 1171: 905: 679: 440: 439:. Quakers were severely persecuted in England for daring to deviate so far from 412:, which became a haven for other religious refugees from the Puritan community. 166: 142: 2713:(2007. Vol. 1, A–Z: xxxii, 515 pp. Vol. 2, Primary Documents: xx, 663 pp. 478:

and possibly some Dutch Quakers. These mostly German settlers would become the

244:

was among the first group of English colonists, arriving in 1607. In 1619, the

2687:

The Great Awakening: The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America

2680: 1704: 1638:

As the center of community life, Black churches held a leadership role in the

1513: 1509: 1437: 1254: 1250: 444: 436: 424:, and since Protestantism had no central authority, religious practice in the 359: 174: 2569:

Under the Cope of Heaven: Religion, Society, and Politics in Colonial America

2123: 2675:

Keller, Rosemary Skinner, Rosemary Radford Ruether, and Marie Cantlon, eds.

1708: 1358:

In the U.S. and elsewhere in the world, there has been a marked rise in the

1274: 1271:, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals. 1258: 855: 763: 759: 744:

was centered on reviving the spirituality of established congregations, the

737: 729: 613: 589: 511: 475: 354:

were a series of hearings before local magistrates followed by county court

336: 170: 162: 154: 2028: 1257:, which made it unlawful, in any state-funded educational establishment in 347:". By the mid-18th century, the Puritans were known as Congregationalists. 813: 690: 635: 530: 425: 324: 301: 158: 114: 2782: 2144:(2007). "The Encounter of the Young Joseph Smith with Presbyterianism". 588:, a Massachusetts preacher who sought to return to the Pilgrims' strict 2869: 2858: 2807:

Vol. 2. The People(s) Called Methodist: Forms and Reforms of Their Life

2778: 2729: 2690: 2627: 2589: 2401: 1953: 1425: 886: 851: 822: 605:. The Great Awakening has been called the first truly American event. 534: 515: 467: 186: 2670:

Errand to the World: American Protestant Thought and Foreign Missions.

716: 451:, where they soon became well entrenched. In 1681, when Quaker leader 316:

in 1620, seeking refuge from conflicts in England which led up to the

2822:

Grace Sufficient: A History of Women in American Methodism, 1760-1939

2744:

Modern American Religion, Volume 3: Under God, Indivisible, 1941-1960

1979:

First Founders: American Puritans and Puritanism in an Atlantic World

1819:"Nones" on the Rise: One-in-Five Adults Have No Religious Affiliation 1508:

that as of 2013, about 1.6 million adult Jews identify themselves as

1477:. Within classical Pentecostalism there are three major orientations: 1009:

The abolitionist movement was strengthened by the activities of free

897: 752: 506: 2480: 2163:

Dooley 11–15; McKivigan 27 (ritualism), 30, 51, 191, Osofsky;

2796:

Slave Religion: The "invisible Institution' in the Antebellum South

2016:

A Storm of Witchcraft: The Salem Trials and the American Experience

881:

was the first American abolition society, formed 14 April 1775, in

2740:

Modern American Religion. Vol. 2: The Noise of Conflict, 1919-1941

2185:. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 115. 1624: 1523: 1349: 1268: 1152: 996: 966: 715: 565:

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, A Sermon Preached at Enfield

557: 385: 355: 275: 2603:

A Consuming Faith: The Social Gospel and Modern American Culture.

2444:"A PORTRAIT OF JEWISH AMERICANS: Chapter 1: Population Estimates" 1039:

The "secularization of society" is attributed to the time of the

879:

Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage

608:

The supporters of the Awakening and its evangelical thrust—

2736:

Modern American Religion, Vol. 1: The Irony of It All, 1893-1919

2699:(2005), general survey and history by a Southern Baptist scholar 1380:

southern U.S., the Evangelicals, represented by leaders such as

974: 2879: 2481:"Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census" 2302:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 44–45. 1025:, who eventually became a prominent activist in his own right. 470:

to settle in Pennsylvania arrived in Philadelphia in 1683 from

1535:, represents the majority of Evangelicals in the United States 1362:

movement. It began in the colonial era in the revivals of the

1277:. The case was a critical turning point in the United States' 17: 2843:

Religion on the American Frontier: vol I: Baptists, 1783-1830

666:

After independence the American states were obliged to write

2817:(1999), historical essays by scholars; focus on 20th century 2586:

Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People.

1871:

Empire, Religion and Revolution in Early Virginia, 1607-1786

1454:

preacher and began with a meeting on April 14, 1906, at the

866:. Though the Quaker establishment took no immediate action, 2596:

Revive Us Again: The Reawakening of American Fundamentalism

2073:

Carnes, Mark C.; John A. Garraty; Patrick Williams (1996).

1796:

List of religious movements that began in the United States

1652:(1957), serving as its first president. King received the 1178:, went so far as to claim that the Catholic Church was the 1098:

being retained by the smaller and more hard-line group(s).

1206:

of the 1850s, which (unsuccessfully) ran former president

1035:

Liberal Christianity § Influence in the United States

769:

The principal innovation produced by the revivals was the

443:. This reign of terror impelled Friends to seek refuge in 327:, a much larger group than the Pilgrims, established the 2773:

Miller, Randall M., Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan.

2396:

Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life (5 October 2006).

2238:

Hellfire Nation: The Politics of Sin in American History

2281:"Tennessee Anti-evolution Statute - UMKC School of Law" 1310:

headed up the prosecution and prominent trial attorney

1217:

Most states passed a constitutional amendment, called "

904:

advocates helped persuade numerous slaveholders in the

2815:

Vol. 4, Questions for the Twenty-First Century Church.

2608:

Foster, Douglas Allen, and Anthony L. Dunnavant, eds.

1387:

Evangelicals are as diverse as the names that appear:

812:"Wade in the water." A postcard of a river baptism in 514:). Because many of the British colonists, such as the 2539:

The Urban Impact on American Protestantism, 1865-1900

1071:

Christian fundamentalism § In the United States

205:

are stable or continue to grow. Today, 46.5% of the

3039: 2913: 2677:

Encyclopedia of Women And Religion in North America

1814: 1812: 1810: 1590:but those who met in St. Louis declined the offer. 1174:, some American Protestants who believed they were 868:

the 1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery

537:ministers despite their differences and conflicts. 2598:(1999), good coverage of Fundamentalism since 1930 2329:. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. vii–viii. 2074: 2055: 1578:. All of these bodies are independently governed. 961:abolitionists founded some colleges, most notably 924:, attempted to suppress it, the students moved to 2704:Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience 2462:"American-Jewish Population Rises to 6.8 Million" 2352:The Future of Pentecostalism in the United States 1781:History of Roman Catholicism in the United States 1263:to teach any theory that denies the story of the 1114:History of Roman Catholicism in the United States 501:American Anti-Catholicism has its origins in the 86:The Early Puritans of New England Going to Church 2438: 2436: 2244:: Yale University Press. pp. 192–198, 262. 1857:"Mainline Churches: The Real Reason for Decline" 1424:. The Pentecostal movement had its roots in the 1094:Over time, the movement divided, with the label 889:who had strong religious objections to slavery. 2423:"How many Jews are there in the United States?" 335:in the New World of what they considered to be 2711:Encyclopedia of Religious Revivals in America. 2891: 2866:Methodism and the Shaping of American Culture 2182:Urban Religion and the Second Great Awakening 1839:"US Protestants no longer a majority - study" 8: 3172:History of Christianity in the United States 2864:Wigger, John H.. and Nathan O. Hatch, eds. 2829:Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 2624:The Democratization of American Christianity 2548:(1972, 2nd wed. 2004) the standard history 109:. Colonists from Northern Europe introduced 2768:Melton's Encyclopedia of American Religions 2350:Patterson, Eric; Rybarczyk, Edmund (2007). 1937:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 1911:The Episcopal Church in Virginia, 1607–2007 751:In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, 2898: 2884: 2876: 2789:Encyclopedia of American Religious History 2546:A Religious History of the American People 2479:Miller, Duane; Johnstone, Patrick (2015). 2077:Mapping America's Past: A Historical Atlas 382:Tolerance in Rhode Island and Pennsylvania 337:unacceptable residues of Roman Catholicism 2556:Religion in America Since 1945: A History 2375:BBC -Religion & Ethics (2007-06-20). 1996:The National Endowment for the Humanities 1966:The transformation of Virginia, 1740-1790 1284:After the passage of the Butler Act, the 68:Learn how and when to remove this message 2354:. New York: Lexington Books. p. 4. 1791:History of religion in the United States 1761:History of religion in the United States 1650:Southern Christian Leadership Conference 834:African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church 807: 435:formed in England in 1652 around leader 79: 31:This article includes a list of general 2831:March 2010, Vol. 78 Issue 1, pp 129–162 2632:Hein, David, and Gardiner H. Shattuck. 1889:. Oxford University Press. p. 16. 1806: 1210:as its presidential candidate in 1856. 563:Edwards, Rev. Jonathan (July 8, 1741), 141:. The first arrivals were adherents to 2847:Vol. II - The Presbyterians: 1783-1840 1909:Edward L. Bond and Joan R. Gundersen. 1597:was called to meet in April 1942. The 1583:American Council of Christian Churches 1120:Roman Catholicism in the United States 662:Massachusetts: church and state debate 2663:Encyclopedia of Religion in the South 2267:NO:Choice forces educators to improve 2146:Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 1568:Revised Standard Version of the Bible 1496:Pentecostalism would later birth the 1163:Anti-Catholicism in the United States 576:" through preaching of the Word. The 459:to his father into a charter for the 7: 2619:Jan 2008, Vol. 29 Issue 1, pp 83–110 1603:National Association of Evangelicals 1599:National Association of Evangelicals 1581:Carl McIntire led in organizing the 1529:National Association of Evangelicals 1336:television films of the same title. 1149:Anti-Catholic sentiment and violence 1108:Roman Catholics in the United States 989:in the collapse of the parties; but 296:Migration to New England (1620–1640) 3177:History of Protestantism by country 2775:Religion and the American Civil War 2269:. The Atlanta Constitution-Journal. 2108:"Religion and the Founding Fathers" 2081:. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 1992:"Records of the Salem Witch Trials" 1469:Many Pentecostals embrace the term 1401:Trinity Evangelical Divinity School 1346:Evangelicalism § United States 3167:Protestantism in the United States 2851:Volume III, The Congregationalists 2746:(1999), standard scholarly history 2326:The Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism 2214:. Catholic Answers. Archived from 1756:Protestantism in the United States 1456:African Methodist Episcopal Church 1370:in 1830–50. Balmer explains that: 1061:seminaries and church structures. 916:, a free African American, joined 37:it lacks sufficient corresponding 14: 2208:"The History of Anti-Catholicism" 1751:Christianity in the United States 181:from British, German, Dutch, and 97:Christianity was introduced with 3021:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2861:about 800pp of documents in each 2811:Vol. 3. Doctrines and Discipline 2511:"We Shall Overcome: The Players" 1735: 1721: 1707: 1214:creationism) in public schools. 645:was the head of the church. The 22: 2907:Christianity in North America 2801:Richey, Russell E. et al. eds. 2753:(1980). very important history 2641:Methodism: Empire of the Spirit 1771:List of Christian denominations 1629:Martin Luther King, Jr. in 1964 912:, an evangelical minister, and 447:in the 1670s, formally part of 392:First Baptist Church in America 358:to prosecute people accused of 2665:(2005), comprehensive coverage 1617:A less popular option was the 1288:financed a test case, where a 1286:American Civil Liberties Union 1279:creation-evolution controversy 785:Separation of church and state 420:, in fact there was not yet a 1: 2654:Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks. 2300:War, Peace, and All That Jazz 2106:Kaminski, John (March 2002). 1766:Religion in the United States 1056:In the post-World War I era, 3146:United States Virgin Islands 1607:World Evangelical Fellowship 1572:New Revised Standard Version 1552:National Council of Churches 433:Religious Society of Friends 2265:Bush, Jeb (March 4, 2009). 2179:Bilhartz, Terry D. (1986). 1883:Patricia U. Bonomi (2003). 1541:Federal Council of Churches 1420:arose and developmented in 1223:United States Supreme Court 720:1839 Methodist camp meeting 99:the first European settlers 3193: 2558:(2004), very good overview 2054:Ellis, John Tracy (1956). 1950:William and Mary Quarterly 1533:World Evangelical Alliance 1410: 1343: 1292:high school teacher named 1238: 1160: 1117: 1111: 1068: 1032: 894:American Revolutionary War 843: 801: 709: 627: 293: 236:Religion in early Virginia 233: 3121:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 2761:Religion in the Old South 2236:Morone, James A. (2004). 2206:Jimmy Akin (2001-03-01). 1576:World Council of Churches 1570:, followed by an updated 1422:20th-century Christianity 798:African American churches 592:roots. British preacher 3141:Turks and Caicos Islands 2709:McClymond, Michael, ed. 2702:Lippy, Charles H., ed. 2691:exxcerpt and text search 1776:History of Protestantism 1303:On the Origin of Species 1267:of man as taught in the 1076:Christian fundamentalism 860:Germantown, Pennsylvania 461:Province of Pennsylvania 455:parlayed a debt owed by 406:Massachusetts Bay Colony 396:Providence, Rhode Island 329:Massachusetts Bay Colony 127:Massachusetts Bay Colony 2870:excerpt and text search 2855:Vol. IV, The Methodists 2783:complete edition online 2779:excerpt and text search 2766:Melton, J. Gordon, ed. 2730:excerpt and text search 2724:McLoughlin, William G. 2681:excerpt and text search 2628:excerpt and text search 2590:excerpt and text search 2550:excerpt and text search 2323:Randall Balmer (2002). 1939:(1996) 104#3 pp. 313–40 1926:(2008) 77#3 pp. 596–628 1786:History of Christianity 1656:for his efforts to end 908:to free their slaves. 52:more precise citations. 3071:British Virgin Islands 2617:Slavery and Abolition, 2242:New Haven, Connecticut 1646:Martin Luther King Jr. 1630: 1536: 1473:, while others prefer 1395:, J. Vernon McGee, or 1377: 1368:Second Great Awakening 1355: 1308:William Jennings Bryan 1158: 1019:William Lloyd Garrison 1006: 945:Second Great Awakening 918:William Lloyd Garrison 817: 746:Second Great Awakening 726:Second Great Awakening 721: 712:Second Great Awakening 706:Second Great Awakening 568: 398: 376:colonial Massachusetts 291: 285:Antinomian Controversy 215:Evangelical Protestant 199:Evangelical Protestant 94: 3011:Saint Kitts and Nevis 2820:Schmidt, Jean Miller 2770:(2nd ed. 2009) 1386pp 2668:Hutchison William R. 2661:Hill, Samuel, et al. 1640:Civil Rights Movement 1634:Civil Rights Movement 1628: 1527: 1520:National associations 1411:Further information: 1372: 1364:First Great Awakening 1353: 1156: 1000: 953:Free Methodist Church 811: 742:First Great Awakening 736:, and groups such as 719: 647:Book of Common Prayer 561: 389: 279: 266:First Great Awakening 260:Book of Common Prayer 209:population is either 91:George Henry Boughton 83: 2872:, essays by scholars 2791:(3rd ed. 3 vol 2009) 2787:Queen, Edsward, ed. 2697:Baptists in America. 2567:Bonomi, Patricia U. 2544:Ahlstrom, Sydney E. 2058:American Catholicism 1743:United States portal 1498:Charismatic movement 1444:Azusa Street Revival 1322:1960 film adaptation 1168:Anti-Catholic animus 1047:Liberal Christianity 1029:Liberal Christianity 734:Restoration Movement 695:New York Legislature 3026:Trinidad and Tobago 2921:Antigua and Barbuda 2841:Sweet, W. W., ed. 2749:Marsden, George M. 2594:Carpenter, Joel A. 2448:Pew Research Center 2427:Pew Research Center 2298:Hakim, Joy (1995). 1977:Francis J. Bremer, 1715:Christianity portal 1560:Mainline Protestant 1506:Pew Research Center 1460:speaking in tongues 1247:Scopes Monkey Trial 1241:Scopes Monkey Trial 1235:Scopes Monkey Trial 1193:"Nativist" movement 1176:God's chosen people 630:American Revolution 624:American Revolution 510:reformed (see also 491:freedom of religion 485:The efforts of the 466:The first group of 410:Rhode Island Colony 289:free grace theology 211:Mainline Protestant 195:Mainline Protestant 2961:Dominican Republic 2834:Smith, Timothy L. 2794:Raboteau, Albert. 2658:(Harvard UP, 1993) 2578:2012-07-21 at the 2014:Emerson W. Baker. 1824:2014-08-26 at the 1687:Fred Shuttlesworth 1669:civil disobedience 1631: 1537: 1448:William J. Seymour 1356: 1204:Know-Nothing Party 1185:Book of Revelation 1159: 1023:Frederick Douglass 1007: 933:Frederick Douglass 864:Society of Friends 818: 722: 569: 480:Pennsylvania Dutch 399: 352:Salem witch trials 341:Congregationalists 292: 283:, who sparked the 240:Anglican chaplain 225:Early Colonial era 95: 3154: 3153: 3043:other territories 2759:Mathews, Donald. 2734:Marty, Martin E. 2695:Leonard, Bill J. 2636:. (Praeger; 2004) 2634:The Episcopalians 2622:Hatch, Nathan O. 2554:Allitt, Patrick. 2361:978-0-7391-2102-3 1952:(1978): 455-476. 1896:978-0-19-972911-1 1654:Nobel Peace Prize 1430:Holiness movement 1290:Dayton, Tennessee 1219:Blaine Amendments 1011:African-Americans 1003:Uncle Tom's Cabin 816:, North Carolina. 775:communion seasons 758:led the American 594:George Whitefield 333:Church of England 318:English Civil War 300:A small group of 246:Church of England 147:Congregationalism 101:beginning in the 78: 77: 70: 3184: 3111:Saint Barthélemy 3041:Dependencies and 2914:Sovereign states 2900: 2893: 2886: 2877: 2685:Kidd, Thomas S. 2639:Hempton, David. 2526: 2525: 2523: 2522: 2513:. Archived from 2507: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2440: 2431: 2430: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2409: 2400:. Archived from 2398:"Pentecostalism" 2393: 2387: 2386: 2384: 2383: 2377:"Pentecostalism" 2372: 2366: 2365: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2283:. 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910:Theodore Weld 907: 903: 899: 895: 890: 888: 884: 880: 875: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 847: 839: 837: 835: 831: 830:Richard Allen 826: 824: 815: 810: 805: 797: 795: 791: 784: 782: 778: 776: 772: 767: 765: 761: 757: 754: 749: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 718: 713: 705: 700: 698: 696: 692: 687: 685: 684:New Hampshire 681: 675: 671: 669: 668:constitutions 661: 659: 657: 651: 648: 644: 639: 637: 631: 623: 621: 619: 615: 611: 610:Presbyterians 606: 604: 600: 595: 591: 587: 581: 579: 575: 566: 560: 553: 551: 547: 540: 538: 536: 532: 528: 524: 523:Massachusetts 519: 517: 513: 508: 504: 496: 494: 492: 488: 483: 481: 477: 473: 469: 464: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 429: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 397: 393: 388: 381: 379: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 348: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 321: 319: 315: 314:Massachusetts 311: 307: 303: 297: 290: 286: 282: 278: 271: 269: 267: 262: 261: 254: 251: 248:was formally 247: 243: 237: 229: 224: 222: 220: 216: 212: 208: 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Retrieved 1995: 1986: 1978: 1973: 1965: 1964:Rhys Isaac, 1960: 1949: 1944: 1936: 1931: 1923: 1918: 1910: 1905: 1885: 1878: 1870: 1865: 1851: 1842: 1833: 1677: 1673:assassinated 1644: 1637: 1619:neo-orthodox 1616: 1595:Evangelicals 1592: 1580: 1571: 1567: 1549: 1545:Social Creed 1544: 1538: 1531:, a part of 1503: 1495: 1468: 1441: 1416: 1397:Jimmy Carter 1393:Chuck Colson 1389:Billy Graham 1386: 1382:Billy Graham 1378: 1373: 1357: 1354:Billy Graham 1315: 1301: 1283: 1262: 1244: 1230:20th century 1216: 1212: 1201: 1197: 1190: 1183: 1166: 1123: 1099: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1074: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1038: 1008: 983: 979: 957: 941:James Forten 930: 891: 883:Philadelphia 876: 872:Pennsylvania 849: 846:Abolitionism 840:Abolitionism 827: 819: 804:Black church 792: 788: 779: 771:camp meeting 768: 750: 740:. 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Vivian 1683:Bernard Lee 1666:non-violent 1660:and racial 1658:segregation 1512:, most are 1487:Higher Life 1471:Evangelical 1434:Los Angeles 1360:evangelical 1294:John Scopes 1172:end of time 1101:Evangelical 959:Evangelical 906:Upper South 858:descent in 724:During the 680:Connecticut 503:Reformation 441:Anglicanism 281:John Cotton 272:New England 250:established 242:Robert Hunt 167:Lutheranism 143:Anglicanism 50:introducing 3161:Categories 3101:Montserrat 3096:Martinique 3091:Guadeloupe 2946:Costa Rica 2521:2007-05-29 2408:2008-09-24 2382:2009-02-10 2222:2008-11-10 2001:2024-06-04 1802:References 1514:Protestant 1510:Christians 1438:California 1324:, and the 1255:Butler Act 1251:legal case 1118:See also: 1058:Liberalism 892:After the 693:urged the 656:Protestant 614:Methodists 572:sin to a " 476:Mennonites 457:Charles II 445:New Jersey 437:George Fox 360:witchcraft 294:See also: 221:attendee. 175:Anabaptism 33:references 3086:Greenland 3001:Nicaragua 2976:Guatemala 2643:, (2005) 2212:This Rock 2124:0160-8460 1675:in 1968. 1671:. He was 1556:Christian 1275:evolution 1259:Tennessee 947:, led by 856:Mennonite 764:Methodism 760:Methodist 738:Mormonism 730:Adventism 689:In 1788, 636:pacifists 599:Princeton 590:Calvinist 574:new birth 512:Ritualism 372:Middlesex 287:with his 171:Quakerism 163:Calvinism 155:Methodism 121:forms to 58:July 2019 3051:Anguilla 2986:Honduras 2956:Dominica 2931:Barbados 2857:(1931) 2845:(1931); 2824:, (1999) 2813:(1999); 2809:(1998); 2805:(1997); 2798:, (1979) 2742:(1991); 2738:(1986); 2728:(1978). 2626:(1989). 2588:(1990). 2576:Archived 2571:(1988) 1954:in JSTOR 1843:BBC News 1822:Archived 1701:See also 1664:through 1564:Orthodox 1483:Holiness 1479:Wesleyan 1428:and the 1366:and the 1300:'s book 902:Moravian 874:(1780). 814:New Bern 691:John Jay 531:Anglican 516:Puritans 426:colonies 325:Puritans 310:Plymouth 302:Pilgrims 230:Virginia 177:and the 119:Reformed 115:Anglican 3081:Curaçao 3066:Bonaire 3061:Bermuda 2991:Jamaica 2971:Grenada 2926:Bahamas 2868:(2001) 2777:(1998) 2672:(1987). 2605:(1991). 2541:(1943). 2466:haaretz 2018:(2014). 1873:(2013). 1491:Oneness 1426:Pietism 1182:in the 1127:Ireland 887:Quakers 852:Quakers 823:slavery 535:Puritan 527:Georgia 468:Germans 368:Suffolk 217:, or a 187:America 185:stock. 113:in its 46:improve 3006:Panama 2996:Mexico 2941:Canada 2936:Belize 2838:, 1957 2763:(1979) 2721:/set.) 2717: 2647: 2612:(2004) 2358: 2333: 2306: 2248: 2189: 2122: 2089: 1981:(2012) 1968:(1982) 1913:(2007) 1893: 1489:, and 1332:, and 1320:, the 1139:Poland 935:, and 898:Quaker 753:Bishop 732:, the 507:Papacy 356:trials 183:Nordic 157:, the 137:, and 93:(1867) 35:, but 3056:Aruba 2981:Haiti 1450:, an 1269:Bible 1135:Italy 967:Maine 422:state 364:Essex 3126:Saba 2951:Cuba 2715:ISBN 2645:ISBN 2497:2016 2491:(10) 2485:IJRR 2356:ISBN 2331:ISBN 2304:ISBN 2246:ISBN 2187:ISBN 2120:ISSN 2116:30:1 2087:ISBN 2041:2014 1891:ISBN 1693:and 1539:The 1442:The 1334:1999 1330:1988 1326:1965 1245:The 1141:and 1082:and 975:Ohio 969:and 939:and 900:and 877:The 682:and 601:and 431:The 390:The 370:and 350:The 323:The 201:and 117:and 105:and 103:16th 2165:ANB 1261:, " 973:in 965:in 854:of 525:to 394:in 362:in 308:in 89:by 3163:: 2853:; 2849:; 2781:; 2489:11 2487:. 2483:. 2464:. 2446:. 2435:^ 2425:. 2240:. 2210:. 2150:40 2148:. 2118:. 2114:. 2110:. 2085:. 2083:50 2031:. 1994:. 1841:. 1809:^ 1689:, 1685:, 1681:, 1609:. 1562:, 1493:. 1485:, 1436:, 1391:, 1328:, 1281:. 1188:. 1137:, 1133:, 1129:, 977:. 955:. 896:, 686:. 482:. 366:, 320:. 312:, 213:, 173:, 169:, 165:, 161:, 153:, 149:, 145:, 133:, 129:, 125:, 2899:e 2892:t 2885:v 2524:. 2499:. 2468:. 2429:. 2411:. 2385:. 2364:. 2339:. 2312:. 2254:. 2225:. 2195:. 2095:. 2062:. 2043:. 2004:. 1899:. 1859:. 1845:. 1481:- 71:) 65:( 60:) 56:( 42:.

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