History of Provence

121: 695: 2063: 2248: 2515: 2445: 1635: 1373: 464: 472: 241: 2941: 1823: 2761: 101: 3058: 3326: 2612: 2162: 19: 2749: 1048: 677: 188:. At the beginning of the paleolithic period, the sea level in western Provence was 150 meters higher than it is today. By the end of the paleolithic, it had dropped 100 to 150 meters lower than today's sea level. The cave dwellings of the early inhabitants of Provence were inundated by the rising sea or left far from the sea and swept away by erosion. 1036: 3357:(begun in 1939), and many other major events. With the building of new highways, particularly the Paris-Marseille autoroute which opened in 1970, Provence became a destination for mass tourism from all over Europe. Many Europeans, particularly from Britain, bought summer houses in Provence. The arrival of the 228:, arrived in Provence. They were farmers and warriors, and gradually displaced the pastoral people from their lands. They were followed in about 2500 BC by another wave of settlers, also farmers, known as the Courronniens, who arrived by sea and settled along the coast of what is now the French department of 2479:, for support. In exchange for his support, Frederic demanded that the cities of Arles and Avignon be governed by the Holy Roman Empire. A prolonged struggle took place between Raymond VII and his allies, the cities of Marseille and Avignon, against Ramon Berenguer for authority in Provence. Arles was 1348:

produced the special purple dye used for the robes of the Emperors. Marseille developed a profitable commerce, first importing and then making elaborate carved sacrophogi for the wealthy residents of all of Gaul. Communities of Syrians, Phoenicians and Jews settled in Marseille and Arles. Arles built

2286:

During the 12th century some of the cities of Provence became virtually autonomous. They were ruled by consuls, formally under the Counts of Provence but with considerable authority. Consulates existed in Avignon in 1229, 1131 in Arles, between 1140 and 1150 in Tarascon, Nice and Grasse, and 1178 in

1877:

over the Frankish kingdom (768-814) brought a period of relative calm and order to Provence, but the region was desperately poor; the coastal and river trade that had made Provence such a prosperous part of the Roman Empire had halted, and the region was reduced to living from the cultivation of its

876:

came to Provence to reinforce Domitius. Domitius defeated a Gallic army of Allobroges and Arverni on the plains of the Rhône Valley. One hundred thousand Gauls were killed in the battle. After the battle Domitius claimed the entire territory between Italy and Spain as a Roman province. In 118 BC, at

202:

Beginning in about 8,500 BC, at the end of the Neolithic period, the climate of Provence began to warm again. The sea rose gradually to its present level, and the forests began to retreat. The disappearance of the forests and of deer and other large game meant that the inhabitants of Provence had to

2486:

The French army finally intervened to help Ramon Berenguer, the French king's father-in-law. Raymond VII was forced to abandon his quest, and Ramon Berenguer was able to appoint his own candidate as bishop of Avignon and to subdue the rest of eastern Provence. When Ramon Berenguer died in 1245, not

734:

The Massalians had good trade relations with peoples throughout Gaul. They were not a great military power and often had difficult relations with their neighbors, the Ligurian and Celtic Gauls. In the 2nd century BC the Massalians appealed to Rome for help against the Gauls. They did not understand

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age the inhabitants of Provence lived in caves, or in huts made of branches or covered with animal skins. Evidence found at the Grotte du Vallonnet shows they were more scavengers than hunters, using tools to scrape meat from the carcasses of bison, deer, rhinoceros, horses and other game killed by

2638:

History and legend has given René the title "Good King René of Provence", though he only lived in Provence in the last ten years of his life, from 1470 to 1480, and his political policies of territorial expansion were costly and unsuccessful. Provence benefitted from population growth and economic

2467:

The ambitions of Ramon Berenguer were energetically resisted by the new Count of Toulouse, Raymond VII, who had lost most of his own territory to France. Raymond VII became an ally of Marseille and Avignon in their fight against Ramon Berenguer. In 1232 his army devastated the territories of Ramon

1861:

In 736 Arles and Marseille and other towns of western Provence rebelled against Charles Martel, and installed their own leader. Charles Martel invaded Provence and recaptured and punished the rebel towns. In 737 the cities of Provence rebelled again, this time calling for help from the Arabs. Once

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The French Revolution was as violent and bloody in Provence as it was in other parts of France. On April 30, 1790, Fort Saint-Nicolas in Marseille was besieged, and many of the soldiers inside were massacred. On October 17, 1791, a massacre of royalists and religious figures took place in the ice

2144:

The expulsion of the Saracens in 973 became an epic event in the history and legends of Provence. William became known as "William the Liberator." He distributed the lands taken from the Saracens between Toulon and Nice to his entourage. His descendants became the recognized leaders of Provence,

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wrote of them: "Their country is savage and dry. The soil is so rocky that you cannot plant anything without striking stones. The men compensate for the lack of wheat by hunting... They climb the mountains like goats." They were also warlike; they invaded Italy and went as far as Rome in the 4th

923:, to Provence with six legions to block the path of the Teutons and Cimbri toward Italy. Gaius Marius waited patiently for two years, while the Teutons and Cimbri ventured into Spain and northern Gaul. The Roman general kept his soldiers busy digging a canal next to the Rhône between Arles and 2300:

in Italy. Other cities, however, such as Aix, Toulon, Hyères, Digne, Cavaillon and Carpentras, remained under the authority of the Counts. In the 13th century the counts of Provence suppressed most of the consulates, but the seeds of civil liberty and democracy had been planted in the cities.

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The Ligures were more numerous than the Celtic peoples, and the Celto-Ligures eventually shared the territory of Provence, each tribe in its own alpine valley or settlement along a river, each with its own king and dynasty. They built hilltop forts and settlements, later given the Latin name

3250:

The Germans began a systematic rounding-up of French Jews and refugees from Nice and Marseille. Many thousands were taken to concentration camps, and few survived. A large quarter around the port of Marseille was emptied of inhabitants and dynamited, so it would not serve as a base for the

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were not maintained. The amphitheater at Arles and the theater at Orange were abandoned and filled with residences. Populations left the cities and moved to fortified villages on the hilltops. The only city to thrive was the port of Marseille, supported by its commerce with the east.

1688:

With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Visigoths and Burgundians divided Provence. The Visigoths ruled the lands south of the Durance, while the Burgundians ruled the lands to the north. The barbarians installed their own system of government: Each city was ruled by a count

2030:, also known as Hugh of Arles. Hugh moved the capital of Provence from Vienne to Arles, and when Louis died took the title Duke of Provence. Hugh, like Louis, aspired to become King of Italy, but with more success. When Berengar died, Hugh claimed the title and was crowned in 2090:

and the coast between modern Fréjus and Hyères. Between 900 and 910, and 925 and 940, the Saracens raided throughout Provence. They usually avoided walled towns but attacked isolated villas and monasteries. They raided from the Rhône as far east as the Italian Riviera, to

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After Massalia lost its independence and its territories, the town of Arles became the most important economic center of Provence. It had inherited the territories taken from Massalia, it had the most important bridge across the Rhône, and it was the meeting point of the

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or charitable and religious organization of the one hundred leaders of the professions, crafts and businesses in the city, which drew up a code of justice and municipal regulations. Several Provençal cities directly negotiated commercial treaties with the republics of

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breached the walls of Massalia and captured it. The Massalians paid a heavy price for backing Pompey; the city lost its independence, had to surrender its warships and treasury, and was forced to give up all of its territories on the coast and interior, except for the

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in Marseille. The monasteries became the centers of learning and religious doctrine for Provence and for much of Gaul. Monks from Lerins Abbey became bishops in Arles, Cimiez, Vence, Riez, and other cities in Provence; they actively promoted the cult of saints, local

221:, were among the first people in Europe to domesticate wild sheep, which allowed them to stay in one place and to develop new industries. Inspired by imported pottery from the eastern Mediterranean, in about 6000 BC they created the first pottery made in France. 1324:. In 397, this new province was split in two; The Province of Vienne kept the Rhône Valley, Arles and Vienne, while a new province, called Narbonensis the Second, was created, with its capital at Aix. The Romans also added new layers of administration, called 2456:, of the Catalan dynasty. He was the first Count of Provence to actually reside in Provence permanently, usually living with his court in Aix. He launched a military campaign to impose his authority over the cities of Provence, ending the independence of 3123:. Under Napoleon III, Marseille grew to a population of 250,000, including a very large Italian community. Toulon had a population of 80,000. Large cities like Marseille and Toulon saw construction of churches, opera houses, grand boulevards, and parks. 3364:

At the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, the residents of Provence were struggling to reconcile economic development and population growth with their desire to preserve the landscape and culture that make Provence unique.

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At the beginning of the 17th century, Provence had a population of about 450,000 people. It was predominantly rural, devoted to raising wheat, wine, and olives, with small industries for tanning, pottery, perfume-making, and ship and boat building.

2201:, which it remained until 1246. Within the family of the Counts, shared inheritance was practiced from the start of the 11th century, leading to two lines each using the title of Count. The claim of one of these lines, sometimes using the title of 1593:, Christianity was not only permitted, it was required. Churches were built in all the large cities of Provence, usually near the city walls, and often using the sites and even the pillars and other architectural elements of old Roman temples. A 1343:

ravaged other parts of Roman Gaul, but Provence was largely spared. The high walls of Arles and Marseille successfully resisted barbarian invaders. The ports of Provence prospered, thanks to their trade with the Roman Mediterranean world.

2209:. This led to a long-standing Toulouse claim to the county, finally resolved by partition in 1125. A similar situation resulted in another partition in the next generation, one branch retaining a smaller County of Provence, the other the 549:

Massalia became one of the major trading ports of the ancient world. At its height, in the 4th century BC, it had a population of about 6,000 inhabitants, on about fifty hectares surrounded by a wall. It was governed as an aristocratic

72:. In 1486 Provence was legally incorporated into France. Provence has been a part of France for over 400 years, but the people of Provence, particularly in the interior, have kept a cultural identity that persists to this day. 1881:

When the successors of Charlemagne began to quarrel and divide the empire, the troubles of Provence began again. Invaders came by sea to raid the coast and the Rhône Valley. In 838 Marseille was captured and devastated by Arab

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of Marseille. He was the first scientist to observe that the tides were connected with the phases of the moon. Between 330 and 320 BC he organized an expedition by ship into the Atlantic and as far north as England; he visited

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decided to intervene, and a French royal army marched down the valley of the Rhône and laid siege to Avignon. The city held out for three months but was finally forced by hunger to surrender. Avignon was forced to destroy its

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After the end of the war, Provence faced an enormous task of repair and reconstruction, particularly of the ports and railroads destroyed during the war. As part of this effort, the first modern concrete apartment block, the

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Between World War I and World War II Provence was bitterly divided between the more conservative rural areas and the more radical big cities. There were widespread strikes in Marseille in 1919, and riots in Toulon in 1935.

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One enduring legacy of the Merovingian rule is the current northern boundary of Provence; beginning at this time, the name "Provincia" was given to the Ostrogoth and Visigoth territories south of a line midway between the

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To connect these towns and allow easy movement of Roman armies between Italy and Spain or up the Rhône Valley, Roman engineers constructed a series of new roads, solidly built and regularly maintained. The oldest was the

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that swept the country in the 16th century. Between 1493 and 1501, many Jews were expelled from their homes and sought sanctuary in the region of Avignon, which was still under the direct rule of the Pope. In 1545, the

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was usually constructed next to the church. The oldest still-existing Christian structure in Provence is the baptistery of the cathedral in Fréjus, dating from the 5th century. By the 5th century there were twenty-one

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and accept a French castle on the other side of the river, and by a treaty signed in Paris on April 12, 1229, the part of Provence west of the Rhône that had belonged to the Counts of Toulouse became part of France.

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After the defeat of France by Germany in June 1940, France was divided into an occupied zone and unoccupied zone, with Provence in the unoccupied zone. Parts of eastern Provence were occupied by Italian soldiers.

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along the coast and up and down the Rhône. The major products of Provence were wheat, oil, pork, mutton, the sausages and other preserved meats of Avignon and Arles, and fish from Antibes and Fréjus. The Emperor

304:, probably coming from Central Europe, also began moving into Provence. They had weapons made of iron, which allowed them to defeat the Ligures, who were still armed with bronze weapons. One tribe, called the 3142:, took control of the city. The Commune was crushed by the army and Cremieux was executed on November 30, 1871. Though Provence was generally conservative, it often elected reformist leaders; Prime Minister 2148:

During this long period of wars and banditry in Provence, the population retreated to walled cities, maritime trade was rare, and little new art or architecture, other than fortification, was created. The

2049:, the King of Burgundy, also known as Conrad the Peaceful, who named the counts of Arles, Avignon and Apt, and viscounts of Cavaillon and Marseille, all of whom were of Burgundian origin. Of these, Count 2053:

of Arles would give rise to a new dynasty who would become the Counts of Provence, beginning with his son Boson, who last appears in 965/7. They would control the county for the next century and a half.

1357:, are found in such abundance there that one would believe they were the products of the countryside." The circus and amphitheater of Arles were still being used for Roman games in the 4th century. The 3976:, pg. 53. Palanque notes that excavations of these hilltop forts found traces of the Roman siege, including stone balls weighing six kilograms that had been thrown by Roman catapults. See also Bastié, 3006:). In Toulon, the opponents of the Revolution handed the city to a British and Spanish fleet on August 28, 1793. A Revolutionary Army laid siege to the British positions for four months (see the 1657:

and Spain, and occupied the entire region between the Atlantic and the Rhône. They unsuccessfully attacked Arles in 425, 452, and 458. But Roman power could no longer defend Provence. An army of

1066:, for the first time had the same language, administration, currency and culture. Residents of Provence felt secure enough to give up their fortified hilltop towns and move down into the plains. 927:, allowing his soldiers to be supplied from the sea and also making navigation much easier through the Rhône delta. In 102 BC the Cimbres went east while the Teutons and their new allies, the 2007:, the son of the younger Boso, was not satisfied with Provence, and aspired to become King of Italy and Emperor, basing his claim on the fact that he was grandson of the Carolingian Emperor 1944:, and had himself declared King of Provence. He was immediately challenged by the other Carolingian rulers because he was not of Carolingian blood, and had to flee into the mountains of 953:

Until this time the city of Massalia had guarded its independence and profited from its alliance with Rome. However, in 49 BC, when the struggle for the leadership of Rome began between

3014:, defeated the British and drove them out in December, 1793. About 15,000 royalists escaped with the British fleet, but five to eight hundred of the 7,000 who remained were shot on the 1499:

period. Relics claiming to be those of the Three Marys were discovered in the 15th century and put on display. However, there is no other historical evidence to support these legends.

2576:(1348–1350) killed fifteen thousand people in Arles, half the population of the city, and greatly reduced the population of the whole region. The defeat of the French Army during the 2174: 3041:

blockaded Toulon, and almost all maritime commerce was stopped, causing hardship and poverty. When Napoleon was defeated, his fall was celebrated in Provence. When he escaped from

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struck the region between 1720 and 1722, beginning in Marseille, killing some 40,000 people. Still, by the end of the century, many artisanal industries began to flourish; making

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and some of the cities of Provence, particularly Marseille, continued to rebel against the authority of the Bourbon king. After uprisings in 1630–31 and 1648–1652, the young King

1909:, a kingdom of Provence was briefly created for his third son Charles. It was composed of the lands between the Rhône, the Alps and the Mediterranean, and reached north as far as 1502:

In the second quarter of the 3rd century the Christian Church in Rome began to send missionaries to evangelize Provence. By Catholic tradition, the first bishops in Provence were

4463: 1697:). The arrival of the barbarians brought a decline to the fortunes of Arles and a resurgence of Marseille, which imported spices and other goods from around the Mediterranean. 2153:

was formed, based on Latin and closer to Latin than the French spoken in northern France. In the 11th century Provençal terms began to appear, mixed with Latin, in documents.

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officially made Alpes Cottiae a Roman province in 67 AD. The purpose of these new provinces was to secure the passes of the Alps for the passage of Roman armies and traders.

2267:, international commerce began to resume in the ports of the Mediterranean and along the Rhône. The port of Marseille flourished again. A new city built on the Petit-Rhône, 2583:

The Angevin rulers of Provence also had a difficult time. An assembly of nobles, religious leaders, and town leaders of Provence organized to resist the authority of Queen

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and the Mediterranean, and from the Rhône to the Alps, belonged to the Counts of Provence. The capital of Provence was moved from Arles to Aix-en-Provence, and later to

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At the beginning of the 4th century, with the conversion and baptism of Constantine, Christianity became the official religion of the Empire. Later, under the Emperors

1147:. Citizens of these towns had the full rights of Roman citizens, including the right to vote. The Emperor August founded seven more colonies of Roman army veterans at 3342:, was built in Marseille in 1947–52. In 1962, Provence absorbed a large number of French citizens who had left Algeria after its independence. Since that time, large 2879:

Though most of Provence, with the exception of Marseille, Aix and Avignon, was rural, conservative and largely royalist, it did produce some memorable figures in the

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found signs of an encampment on a prehistoric beach, with traces of some of the earliest fireplaces found in Europe, dating to about 400,000 BC. Tools dating to the

1304:(280-337) was forced to take refuge in Arles. By the end of the 5th century, Roman power in Provence had vanished, and an age of invasions, wars, and chaos began. 2019:. He promised to leave Italy forever, and Berengar released him, but the following year he attacked Italy again. He was again captured by Berengar at a battle at 931:

marched south through Provence, heading toward northern Italy. Gaius Marius met them near Aix in the autumn of 102 BC and defeated them, killing, according to

668:, his trip was not a commercial success, and it was not repeated. The Massalians found it cheaper and simpler to trade with Northern Europe over land routes. 2887: 2042:

in exchange for preserving his power in Italy. But finally he was chased out of Italy and forced to return to Arles, where he became a monk and died in 948.

1720:, who entered Provence, lifted the Burgundian siege of Arles, and took Marseille and Avignon in 508. Theodoric was both a barbarian king and an ally of the 690:

in 6 BC to commemorate the victory of Julius Caesar over the Ligurian tribes of the southern Alps. The monument marked the eastern border of Roman Provence.

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works built by the Romans fell into ruins and the fields which the Romans had drained in the Rhône Valley turned back into marshes. Roman buildings and

268:, but had not yet discovered iron. They did not have their own alphabet, but their language remains in place names in Provence ending in the suffixes - 2141:. The Saracens who were not killed at the battle were forcibly baptized and made into slaves, and the remaining Saracens in Provence fled the region. 1316:

redrew the provincial borders within the Roman Empire, dividing Gallia Narbonensis into two provinces. The new province east of the Rhône was called

946:, who governed it from 58 to 49 BC. He was rarely there, using Narbonensis as a supply base for his famous wars against the Gauls further north.(See 2967:. It became famous when sung on the streets of Paris by the volunteers from Marseille, who had heard it in Marseille sung by a young volunteer from 2428: 1459:

There were many legends about the earliest Christians in Provence. One claimed that the bishop of Arles, Lazarus, buried at Marseille, was the same

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through Provence on their way to Italy to attack Rome, the Massalians and Romans became allies. The Romans sent sixty ships with two legions led by

1712:, in 507. The Burgundians, allied with the Franks, tried to take all of Provence for themselves. They were stopped by another barbarian power, the 2221: 2166: 961:). Caesar immediately sent an army to Massalia and besieged the city. He built long trenches around the town, as he had done against the Gauls at 2865:

and Piedmont in Italy. By the end of the 18th century, Marseille had a population of 120,000 people, making it the third-largest city in France.

108:, decorated with paintings of penguins, bison, seals and outlines of hands dating to 27,000 to 19,000 BC, is 37 meters under the surface of the 1785:

The second half of the 6th century was a terrible time for Provence; the region suffered continual conflicts between the two kings, attacks by

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Since the time of Julius Caesar, they also worshiped the official cult of the Roman emperors and later the empresses. From the time of Emperor

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ran up the Rhône Valley from Arles to Lyon, through Avignon, Orange, and Valence. It was completely rebuilt six times during the height of the

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forced the cities of Provence to build walls and towers to defend themselves against armies of former soldiers who ravaged the countryside.

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enlisted the Byzantine fleet to blockade Fraxinetum, and was preparing an attack, when an uprising in Italy forced him to cancel his plans.

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The Massalians established a series of small colonies and trading posts along the coast, which later became towns. They founded Citharista (

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at Arles could seat twenty thousand spectators. Roman engineers and architects built monuments, theaters, baths, villas, fora, arenas and

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coast and moved south into Gaul, looking for a new homeland. They moved into the Rhône Valley and in 105 BC defeated the Roman legions of

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In 122 BC the Romans faced a new uprising of the Gauls, led by another Salye chief, Teutonmotulus, who was joined in his uprising by the

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During Roman times the people of Provence worshiped a wide variety of gods and religions; they worshiped goddesses of fecundity (called

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origin, and were not considered sufficiently orthodox Catholics. Most of Provence remained strongly Catholic, with only one enclave of

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The coast of Provence has some of the earliest sites of human habitation known in Europe. Primitive stone tools have been found in the

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in Provence, but the region around Marseille still produced famous wines and all the cities of Provence imported wines from Italy.

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are decorated with drawings of bisons, seals, penguins, horses and outlines of human hands, dating to between 27,000 and 19,000 BC.

145: 88:, simply "the Roman province". This eventually was shortened to Provincia (the province), and as the language evolved from Latin to 2741:

between 1573 and 1578. The wars did not stop until the end of the 16th century, with the consolidation of power in Provence by the

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The 14th century was a terrible time in Provence, and all of Europe: the population of Provence had been about 400,000 people; the

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quite forty years old, he controlled all of Provence between the Rhône and Italian border except the rebellious city of Marseille.

2427:

Soldiers from Tarascon, Marseille and Avignon joined the army of the Counts of Provence to fight the French. The French commander,

1185:, were founded throughout the rest of Provence. Some of the capital towns or villages of Gallic tribes were transformed into Roman 2431:, was killed at the siege of Toulouse in 1218. Then Raymond VI died in 1222, and a dispute over his lands in Provence began. King 2224:, who as a result became Raymond Berenguer I, Count of Provence. He ruled Provence from 1112 until 1131, and his descendants, the 2476: 2471:

Ramon Berenguer responded to this attack by strengthening his alliance with France; he married his daughter, Marguerite, to King

1614: 861:, met the Gauls with a new and terrifying weapon, elephants, and was able to defeat the much larger Gallic army at the battle of 184:, tigers, panthers and other predators. They endured two ice ages, which caused dramatic changes in climate, vegetation and even 1131:

The Romans established twenty-five towns and a common system of administration throughout Provence. Julius Caesar created three

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and massacring a large part of the population. The rebellion broke out again in 739, and Charles Martel was forced to bring in

2991: 2421: 2206: 2067: 1960:. This solved the problem of legitimacy and succession; Louis was crowned King of an independent kingdom of Provence in 890. 1887: 3490:(Catalog of the antiquities collection of the Museum of the History of Marseille.) Imprimerie Municipale of Marseille, 1988. 570:

coins minted in Massalia were found in all parts of Ligurian-Celtic Gaul. Traders from Massalia ventured into France on the

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At the beginning of the 18th century Provence suffered from the economic malaise of the end of the reign of Louis XIV. The

1062:, or Roman Peace, in Provence lasted for nearly three centuries. During this period, all of Provence, from the Alps to the 984:, and blockaded the city from the sea. Disease ravaged the population. In September 49 BC, the soldiers of Caesar's legate 3307: 3081: 2960: 2409: 2217: 1492: 977: 828: 3065:

Provence enjoyed prosperity in the 19th century; the ports of Marseille and Toulon connected Provence with the expanding

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in 732 and kept them from advancing further north, but the Arabs remained a formidable power on the Mediterranean coast.

3997:, called Aix "the city which took his name." Cited by J.R. Palanque in "La Rattachement a l'Empire Romain" in Baratier, 2769: 2686: 2050: 2008: 1575: 218: 3322:, Arles, and Avignon. The Germans in Toulon resisted until August 27, and Marseille was not liberated until August 25. 2133:, the Count of Arles, organized an army with the help of allied soldiers from Piedmont, and defeated the Saracens near 120: 3393: 2777: 2786: 578:. They exported their own products: local wine, salted pork and fish, aromatic and medicinal plants, coral and cork. 1433:, was designated each year to oversee worship of the emperors, placing their busts and shrines throughout Provence. 3275: 3263: 2924:(1748–1836), an abbot, essayist and political leader, who was one of the chief theorists of the French Revolution, 574:

and Rhône rivers, established overland trade routes to Switzerland and Burgundy, and travelled as far north as the

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language and culture, particularly traditional rural values, driven by a movement of writers and poets called the

2781: 2999: 2921: 2915: 2655: 2252: 935:, one hundred thousand Teutons and Ambrones. Italy and Provence were safe from invasion for a century afterward. 191:

In 1985, a diver named Henri Cosquer discovered the mouth of a submarine cave 37 meters below the surface of the

161: 2698: 2381: 3240: 2822:, made from the mid-17th century onwards, were successfully exported to England, Spain, Italy, Germany and the 2730: 2178: 1480: 1286: 3335: 3251:

resistance. Nonetheless, the resistance grew stronger; the leader of the pro-German militia in Marseille, the

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in May 1793, a real counter-revolution broke out in Avignon, Marseille and Toulon. A revolutionary army under

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of the Netherlands, which was created in 1544 and was not incorporated into France until 1673. An army of the

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Beginning in the 8th century, Provence became the frontier and battleground between the Frankish kings of the

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were visiting the coast of Provence in the 7th century BC. Rhodes pottery from that century has been found in

429: 3379: 2975:. It became the most popular song of the French Revolution and in 1879 became the national anthem of France. 1408:, worshiped at Aix and Orange. In the large cities, they worshiped the traditional Roman gods and goddesses: 834:

After the battle Sextus Calvinus destroyed the hilltop fortress of Entremont. At the foot of the hill, where

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In 109 BC Provence faced a new invasion from the north. An enormous migration of Celto-Germanic tribes, the

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and blinded for breaking his promise. He was sent back to Provence, where he ruled until his death in 928.

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For four centuries Provence was ruled by a series of Counts or Marquises of Provence. They were nominally

1921:. When Charles died eight years later, this first kingdom of Provence became the southern part of the new 905: 816: 812: 699: 3162: 2553:

in 1378 between the Roman and Avignon churches, which led to rival popes in each place. After that three

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pirates. Arles was pillaged in 842 but resisted an Arab attack in 850. During the same period, a band of

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The Merovingians were the first northern European rulers to govern Provence. They had their capitals in

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from the 6th to 3rd centuries B.C., as well as vestiges of Celto-Ligurian temples and public buildings.

393:

to trade iron, silver, alabaster, marble, gold, resin, wax, honey and cheese with other tribes in Gaul.

133: 4211: 3283: 2826:. There was considerable commerce along the coast, and up and down the Rhône. The cities of Marseille, 2577: 2228:, ruled Provence until 1246. In 1125, Provence was divided; the part of Provence north and west of the 2026:

During the last part of the reign of Louis the Blind, Provence was effectively governed by his cousin,

1936:(also known as Boson) brought together the high clergy and the principal counts of southeast France at 1277:

Arles and the other towns of Provence were the showcases of Roman wealth, culture and power. The Roman

1218: 1000:

The final phase of the Roman conquest of Provence took place between 24 BC and 14 BC, when the Emperor

958: 796: 2830:, Avignon and Aix-en-Provence saw the construction of boulevards and richly decorated private houses. 1948:, but refused to renounce the throne. The situation was confused until he died in 887, and his widow, 727:

led another Carthaginian army to attack Rome, Rome and Massalia became allies again. The Roman orator

3354: 3154: 2628: 2499: 2491: 2432: 1766:, and rarely visited the south. After 561, Provence was split between two distant Merovingian kings; 1735:

territories; in 532 they annexed Burgundy and laid siege to Arles. In 536, the Eastern Roman Emperor

1678: 1653:, after capturing Rome itself and the death of their leader, passed through Provence on their way to 1535: 1395: 1300:

tribes invaded Provence in 257 and 275. At the beginning the 4th century, the court of Roman Emperor

758: 89: 3232:

on January 2, 1942, to unite the diverse resistance movements in all of France against the Germans.

2557:

reigned in Avignon until 1423, when the Papacy finally returned to Rome. Between 1334 and 1363 Pope

2490:

Ramon Berenguer had four daughters, but no sons. After his death his youngest daughter and heiress,

2360:

monasteries were built in remote parts of Provence, far from the political intrigues of the cities.

2247: 64:

at the end of the 2nd century BC. From 879 until 1486, it was a semi-independent state ruled by the

3620:

Eduouard Baratier (editor), Histoire de la Provence, Editions Privat, Toulouse, 1990, Introduction.

3247:). The French fleet at Toulon sabotaged its own ships to keep them from falling into German hands. 3229: 3112:

in 1861. In that way Nice and its terrotory returned to Provence after neally 500 years of schism.

2819: 2632: 2514: 2495: 2444: 2334: 2062: 2016: 1941: 1922: 1914: 1847: 1717: 1409: 1382: 1358: 229: 225: 192: 129: 109: 1727:

The rule of the Ostrogoths lasted little more than thirty years. After the death of Theodoric the

207: 3403: 3267: 3259: 3147: 3115:

The railroad connected Paris with Marseille in 1848 and then with Toulon and Nice in 1864. Nice,

3022: 3011: 2933: 2795: 2722: 2659: 2472: 2268: 2138: 2046: 1973: 1949: 1937: 1503: 1460: 1350: 1074: 981: 153: 69: 65: 2972: 2420:. A war began in Provence between the French knights and the soldiers of Raymond VI and his son 1724:; under his rule Provence was officially, though loosely, attached to the Eastern Roman Empire. 1634: 1605:

At about the same time, in the 5th century, the first two monasteries in Provence were founded:

3025:

aimed at the revolutionaries. Calm was only restored by the rise of Napoleon to power in 1795.

1928:

The Carolingian Empire continued to disintegrate as the successors quarreled. When the Emperor

1661:

swept down the Rhône Valley as far as Valence and the valley of the Durance. In 471 an army of

3535: 3513: 3498: 3476: 3430: 3319: 3303: 3291: 3217: 3209: 3131: 3089: 2911: 2880: 2874: 2592: 2397: 2369: 2361: 2233: 2198: 2087: 1985: 1977: 1539: 1429: 1420:

were worshiped in Arles and Aix. In Marseille, they worshiped the Greek goddesses of the sea.

1372: 1317: 909: 586: 358:

and Vernėègues. Later, in the 5th and 4th centuries BC, the tribes formed confederations; the

181: 165: 157: 3134:

barricades went up in the streets of Marseille on March 23, 1871, and the Communards, led by

3994: 3350: 3279: 3143: 3034: 2984: 2925: 2834: 2742: 2718: 2584: 2566: 2523: 2437: 2346: 2194: 2170: 2150: 2134: 2000: 1933: 1929: 1811: 1794: 1721: 1515: 1507: 1413: 1321: 1297: 1144: 1052: 962: 954: 913: 394: 375: 339: 4438: 2460:

and Tarascon, occupying Nice, which had tried to ally with Genoa; and founding a new town,

3346:

communities have settled in and around the big cities, particularly Marseille and Toulon.

3236: 3205: 3135: 3007: 2952: 2944: 2897: 2802:

to serve as a base for a new French Mediterranean fleet. The base was greatly enlarged by

2640: 2624: 2412:

of supporting the Cathars, excommunicated him, and invited an army of French knights on a

2377: 2349:, was built on an island just north of Arles, and became a major destination for medieval 2012: 2004: 1957: 1953: 1855: 1547: 1086: 1067: 1001: 843: 724: 687: 682: 639:. Pytheas made mathematical instruments which allowed him to establish almost exactly the 567: 463: 437: 412:

Traces of the Celts and Ligures remain today in the ruins of their hilltop fortresses, in

343: 1606: 1436:

Later in the Empire, Eastern cults began to take hold in Provence: traces of the cult of

3629: 3196:

and passive resistance gradually gave way to more active resistance, particularly after

3096:

and the Nice region to France. He went to war with Austria in 1859 and won a victory at

1456:, the "mother of deities", worshiped at Marseille, Arles, Vence, Vaison, Riez, and Die. 1016:

and other mountainous valleys, who still resisted Roman domination. In 8 BC the Emperor

957:

and Julius Caesar, the leaders of Massalia made the fatal decision to back Pompey. (See

815:, marched into Provence and captured the capital of the Salyes, the hilltop fortress of 471: 3127: 3120: 3038: 2940: 2550: 2546: 2539: 2531: 2126: 1996: 1851: 1827: 1822: 1802: 1491:. A skull which is described as that of Mary Magdalene is displayed in the basilica of 1468: 1282: 889:). Within this territory, only the Greek port colony of Massalia remained independent. 835: 800: 763: 624:). They had a strong cultural influence on the interior of Provence — the Salyen 543: 3361:

high-speed trains shortened the trip from Paris to Marseille to less than four hours.

2928:, and First French Empire, and who, in 1799, was the instigator of the coup d'état of 2760: 2070:

was destroyed by Saracen pirates in either 731 or 838 then rebuilt in the 11th century

554:, by an assembly of the 600 wealthiest citizens. It had a large temple of the cult of 240: 100: 4457: 3225: 3139: 3015: 2753: 2644: 2596: 2330: 2115: 2027: 1523: 1353:

wrote of Arles that "All the riches of the orient, perfumes of Arabia, delicacies of

1226: 1163: 1148: 1109: 943: 862: 542:. A second wave of colonists arrived in about 540, when Phocaea was destroyed by the 508: 3057: 1463:

healed by Jesus; another claimed that his sister Martha came to Provence to convert

635:

The most famous citizen of Massalia was the mathematician, astronomer and navigator

3343: 3325: 3201: 3197: 3077: 2611: 2558: 2461: 2161: 2083: 1870:

warriors from Italy as allies to fight the Arabs and bring Provence under control.

1488: 1369:, among the last of the Roman emperors, resided there respectively in 455 and 459. 1278: 1254: 920: 878: 820: 804: 657: 609: 507:. The traders from Rhodes gave their names to the ancient town of Rhodanousia (now 347: 196: 105: 81: 61: 18: 3943:

J.R. Palanque, "Le Rattachement a l'Empire Romaine", section in Edouard Baratier,

3158: 1579: 1308:

The end of the Roman Empire and the arrival of Christianity (3rd-6th centuries AD)

632:

had villas and an outdoor public meeting area built in the classical Greek style.

433: 2345:, built between the 12th and the 15th centuries. A vast fortress-like monastery, 1602:

in Provence, and chapels on the large estates and churches in almost every town.

776:. Rome re-established the authority of Massalia along the coast from the rock of 212: 3271: 3221: 3213: 3176: 2968: 2929: 2823: 2734: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2694: 2675: 2647:, and other masters. He also completed one of the finest castles in Provence at 2635:, to flee. He eventually settled in one of his remaining territories, Provence. 2573: 2322: 1874: 1835: 1740: 1728: 1658: 1623: 1496: 1476: 1472: 1262: 1250: 1242: 1214: 1198: 1063: 990: 966: 947: 939: 924: 176: 2114:

Louis the Blind attempted to expel the Saracens from Provence without success.

3408: 3349:

In the 1940s, Provence underwent a cultural renewal, with the founding of the

3244: 3070: 3046: 3010:), and finally, thanks to the enterprise of the young commander of artillery, 2956: 2748: 2562: 2373: 2357: 2310: 2309:

Under the Catalan dynasty, the 12th century saw the construction of important

2079: 2034:

in 926. He ruled both Italy and Provence for twenty years. He made Provence a

1798: 1767: 1759: 1713: 1590: 1551: 1402:. They worshiped deities which combined Roman and Ligure-Celtic gods, such as 1313: 1293: 1156: 1013: 901: 854: 723:

to Massalia in an unsuccessful attempt to intercept Hannibal. In 207 BC, when

575: 539: 535: 420:

found in eastern Provence, in the stone shelters called 'Bories' found in the

351: 289: 265: 1902:, using it as a base to raid the towns on the coast and in the Rhône Valley. 515:) and to the main river of Provence, the Rhodanos, today known as the Rhône. 144:, dating to between 1 million and 1.050 million years BC. The excavations at 3760:

Musée d'histoire de Marseille, L'Antiquite, Pg. 21. See also J.R. Palanque,

3339: 3315: 3287: 3097: 2995: 2914:

from Marseille, who sent a battalion of volunteers to Paris to fight in the

2807: 2773: 2690: 2554: 2405: 2393: 2392:

In the early 13th century a religious and political struggle in neighboring

2241: 2182: 2108: 1981: 1906: 1891: 1771: 1736: 1701: 1674: 1670: 1662: 1654: 1646: 1594: 1527: 1511: 1424: 1230: 1190: 1182: 1178: 1160: 1090: 1047: 1021: 985: 881:

river, his soldiers founded the first Roman colony outside of Italy, called

676: 653: 605: 582: 523: 519: 492: 488: 313: 309: 305: 257: 185: 3167: 3104:

to Piedmont, and, in return, Napoleon received Savoy and Nice in 1860, and

2639:

expansion, and René was a generous patron of the arts, sponsoring painters

2631:

captured Marseille, and in 1443 captured Naples and forced its ruler, King

2519: 2129:, and held him for ransom. The ransom was paid and the abbot was released. 1543: 1246: 1136: 1095: 597: 500: 3049:, he detoured to avoid the cities of Provence, which were hostile to him. 3002:

recaptured Marseille in August 1793 and renamed it "City without a Name" (

2662:. Provence was legally incorporated into the French royal domain in 1486. 1112:, in the Alps along the Italian border further north, with its capital at 3774: 3299: 3295: 3119:

and Hyères became popular winter resorts for European royalty, including

3101: 3085: 2846: 2838: 2738: 2648: 2535: 2480: 2326: 2276: 2272: 2264: 2202: 2100: 2075: 1992: 1899: 1867: 1843: 1786: 1779: 1747: 1705: 1650: 1484: 1464: 1404: 1366: 1340: 1271: 1267: 1238: 1234: 1222: 1132: 1121: 1082: 1078: 1017: 1005: 932: 928: 886: 808: 773: 716: 712: 665: 649: 640: 591: 551: 467:

Remains of the ancient harbor of Massalia, near the Old Port of Marseille

451:(found beneath the ruins of the later Roman town) show traces of the old 417: 398: 390: 383: 367: 363: 359: 294: 261: 253: 41: 33: 24: 4218:, edited by Edouard Baratier. Editions Privat, Toulouse, 1990. Pg. 98-99 2791:, built at the harbor entrance to control the city's unruly population. 1349:

a new port on the right bank of the Rhône, and in 418 the Roman Emperor

842:("The Waters of Sextius"). Later it became known simply as Aix, then as 224:

At about the same time, another wave of new settlers from the east, the

3116: 2905: 2901: 2890:

from Aix, who tried to moderate the Revolution, and turn France into a

2862: 2854: 2850: 2702: 2413: 2365: 2350: 2280: 2237: 2229: 2096: 2092: 1910: 1895: 1863: 1775: 1682: 1677:, and Arles was threatened with famine. In 476 the last emperor of the 1639: 1586: 1563: 1417: 1354: 1209:

had most of the rights and obligations of Roman citizens, but no vote.

1152: 1035: 974: 893: 850: 747: 645: 636: 613: 571: 563: 531: 527: 421: 413: 379: 371: 330: 321: 317: 249: 49: 45: 4116:

Jean-Remy Palanque, "Le rattachement a l'Empire Romain", in Baratier,

3670:

See site of the Museum of Archaeology and the Exotic Garden of Monaco.

3258:

On August 15, 1944, two months after the Allied landings in Normandy (

2619:

triptych by Nicolas Froment, showing René and his wife Jeanne de Laval

2333:

was built on the site of the old Roman forum, and then rebuilt in the

2074:

While Louis the Blind and Hugh had been occupied in Italy, the Muslim

803:, marched along the valley of the Durance, and subdued the Ligures of 750:. Then, in 154 BC, when a Roman ambassador was abused and attacked at 3990: 3252: 3109: 2842: 2827: 2811: 2799: 2680:

Soon after Provence became part of France, it became involved in the

2542: 2457: 2417: 2401: 2314: 2020: 1969: 1883: 1709: 1619: 1610: 1599: 1567: 1519: 1453: 1441: 1437: 1362: 1345: 1336: 1101: 897: 866: 788: 781: 777: 769: 755: 751: 739: 738:

In 181 BC at the request of Massalia, the Romans suppressed Ligurian

728: 629: 621: 559: 555: 504: 496: 484: 476: 448: 441: 425: 402: 355: 248:

In the 4th century BC a people known by the Greeks and Romans as the

141: 137: 113: 57: 3069:

in North Africa and the Orient, especially after the opening of the

1838:

dynasty and the expanding new power in the Mediterranean world, the

791:, threatened Massalia itself. In 125 a Roman army led by the consul 731:

referred to Massalians as "The most faithful allies of the Romans."

3092:

and bringing about a united Italy, in exchange for Piedmont ceding

1700:

The rule of the Visigoths in Provence was short-lived; their king,

1135:, or colonies, for the veterans of his legions at Forum Julii (now 160:(30,000-10,000 BC) were discovered in the Observatory Cave, in the 4049:

J.R. Palanque in "La Rattachement a l'Empire Romain in Baratier",

4023:

J.R. Palanque in "La Rattachement a l'Empire Romain" in Baratier,

4010:

J.R. Palanque in "La Rattachement a l'Empire Romain in Baratier",

3611:(Catalog of museum), pg. 21, Imprimerie Muncipale, Marseille, 1988 3324: 3093: 3056: 2939: 2759: 2747: 2658:. One year later, in 1481, when Charles died, the title passed to 2610: 2600: 2599:

from Provence in 1388, and their attachment to the territories of

2549:. From 1309 until 1376, seven Popes reigned in Avignon before the 2513: 2443: 2297: 2287:

Marseille. Marseille went farther than the others, establishing a

2256: 2246: 2160: 2122: 2104: 2061: 2031: 1945: 1839: 1821: 1790: 1763: 1755: 1732: 1666: 1633: 1571: 1559: 1531: 1371: 1167: 1140: 1046: 1040: 1034: 1009: 970: 743: 693: 675: 512: 470: 462: 301: 239: 99: 53: 17: 4036:

J.R. Palanque in "La Rattachement a l'Empire Romain in Baratier,

2045:

With the death of Hugh, the title of Count of Provence passed to

2015:

in Rome in 901, but then was defeated and captured by his rival,

346:. They worshiped aspects of nature, establishing sacred woods at 3512:, Editions du Patrimoine, Centre des Monuments Nationaux, 2010 ( 3042: 3033:

Napoleon restored the property and power of the families of the

2293: 2035: 1918: 1826:

King Boson of Provence and Saint Stephen (fragment of fresco at

1751: 1555: 1449: 1445: 1376:

The baptistery of Fréjus Cathedral (5th century) is still in use

1171: 1125: 1117: 1105: 1004:

sent an army to conquer the last Ligurian tribes, around modern

994: 617: 401:

from the 7th and 6th centuries BC have been found in Marseille,

169: 149: 37: 3021:

The fall of the Montagnards in July 1794 was followed by a new

2452:

Beginning in 1220, Provence east of the Rhône had a new ruler,

4202:, edited by Edouard Baratier. Editions Privat, Toulouse, 1990. 3917:, Editions du Patrimoine, Centre des Monuments Nationaux, 2010 3358: 2951:

Provence also produced the most memorable song of the period,

2587:(1343–1382). She was murdered in 1382 by her cousin and heir, 811:

and the Salyes. The following year another Roman army, led by

661: 562:

on a hilltop overlooking the port and a temple of the cult of

23:

The Chateau of Good King René, the last ruler of Provence, in

4141: 4139: 3235:

In November 1942, following Allied landings in North Africa (

3146:

was the son of a Marseille grocer, and future prime minister

2213:. These were reunited by an intra-dynastic marriage in 1193. 1510:. There were active churches and bishops in Arles in 254, in 938:

The most famous of the proconsuls of the new province called

4078: 4076: 2963:

in 1792. It was originally a war song for the revolutionary

2591:, who started a new war, leading to the separation of Nice, 1390:

at Cimiez); gods of nature (the mistral wind, worshipped as

1245:

ran from Italy to the Rhône Valley, passing through Cimiez,

1089:, where the Alps met the Mediterranean, with its capital at 2623:

The 15th century saw a series of wars between the Kings of

2502:. Provence's fortunes became even more closely tied to the 2103:, where they pillaged the monasteries of San Dalmazzo near 2011:. He had some success at first, and was crowned Emperor by 1638:

A Visigothic buckle, found in the Visigothic necropolis at

1630:

Barbarians and Merovingians in Provence (5th–6th centuries)

1070:

wrote "it was more than a province, it was another Italy."

652:, and Norway, where he was the first scientist to describe 4153: 4151: 3661:, (Catalog of the Museum of History of Marseille), pg. 13. 2275:

and spices and the products of the eastern Mediterranean.

1685:, and Euric entered Arles and Marseille without a battle. 1296:

in Provence lasted until the middle of the third century.

1077:, which reached all the way to Spain, with its capital at 965:; and cut down the sacred forests of the Ligures to build 686:(Trophy of the Alps), in La Turbie, near Monaco, built by 300:

Some time between the 8th and 5th centuries BC, tribes of

3153:

The second half of the 19th century saw a revival of the

1862:

again Charles Martel sent an army to Provence, capturing

4133:, in Histoire de Provence, Privat, Toulon, 1990. pg. 76. 2464:, in the far east of Provence, near the Italian border. 36:, located in the southeast corner of France between the 2654:

When René died in 1480, his title passed to his nephew

2078:

in Provence had established a base on the coast called

660:. Though he hoped to establish a sea trading route for 256:. They were probably the descendants of the indigenous 3892: 3890: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3735:(Catalog of the Museum of History of Marseille, pg. 13 2169:, Count of Provence, in the Castle in Fos, painted by 1905:

In 855, following the death of the Carolinian Emperor

1386:), gods living in springs of fresh water (such as the 397:

traders from Italy began to visit the coast. Etruscan

124:

A bronze-age dolmen (2500 to 900 B.C.) near Draguignan

3772:

of celtic origin and a different race from the Gauls.

3466:

Prehistoric, Celto-Ligurian, Greek and Roman Provence

3447:

Martin Garrett, 'Provence: a Cultural History' (2006)

3088:, for France to assist in expelling Austria from the 2305:

Cathedrals and monasteries in Provence (12th century)

1285:

throughout Provence, many of which still exist. (See

1024:

to commemorate the final pacification of the region.

2400:

sent missionaries and then soldiers to suppress the

2197:, in 1032 led to Provence becoming a fiefdom of the 2175:

Reial Acadèmia Catalana de Belles Arts de Sant Jordi

1898:

arrived by sea from the Atlantic and settled in the

980:, defeated the Massalian fleet off the isles of the 4303: 4301: 1890:. In 849 the city was attacked again, this time by 1673:. The valley of the lower Rhône was ravaged by the 1361:himself visited Arles in 314 and 316. The Emperors 1217:, built in 118 BC, which went all the way from the 440:, at an altitude of 2,000 meters. The ruins of the 3165:. Mistral achieved literary success with his work 2955:. The song was originally written by a citizen of 2814:to strengthen the fortifications around the city. 2388:France, Toulouse and Catalonia battle for Provence 2086:, from which they controlled the mountains of the 1818:The Franks and Arabs in Provence (7th-9th century) 1221:, the easiest crossing point of the Alps, through 60:colonists since about 600 BC. It was conquered by 4413: 4411: 1988:, but in practice they were independent rulers. 1452:at Marseille and Arles; and most popular of all, 1108:; and also created a small client kingdom called 672:Roman Provence (2nd century BC to 5th century AD) 244:The peoples of Provence before the Roman conquest 3655:La Grande Histoire des premiers hommes européens 3642:La Grande Histoire des premiers hommes europeens 2908:, who was a delegate to the National Convention; 2810:, who commissioned his chief military engineer, 2627:and the Counts of Provence. In 1423 the army of 293:century BC, and they later aided the passage of 4240:Edouard Baratier, "Entre Francs et Arabes", in 4227:Edouard Baratier, "Entre Francs et Arabes", in 3473:La Grand Histoire des premiers hommes europeens 2798:began to build a naval arsenal and dockyard at 4261:, Editions Privat, Toulouse, 1990, pg. 104-105 4244:, Editions Privat, Toulouse, 1990, pg. 102-103 3828:J. R. Palanque, "Ligures, Celts et Grecs", in 1952:, who was of Carolingian blood, had their son 1693:), and a group of cities was ruled by a duke ( 1335:During the late 3rd century, invasions of the 787:In 125 BC, an alliance of Celtic peoples, the 3915:Glanum - De l'oppidum salyen à la cité latine 3865:Glanum - De l'oppidum salyen à la cité latine 3768:. Pg. 33. Strabo distinctly states they were 3743: 3741: 3018:, and Toulon was renamed "Port la Montagne". 2283:on the Rhône became important trading ports. 1467:; another popular legend claimed that Saints 1332:, and new officials to govern the provinces. 8: 2849:; textiles in Orange, Avignon and Tarascon; 919:The Romans sent one of their best generals, 838:were located, he founded a new town, called 2689:ordered the destruction of the villages of 1177:Other types of towns, classified as either 768:led an army into Provence and defeated the 475:The House of Antes, a Hellenistic villa in 203:survive on rabbits, snails and wild sheep. 4214:, "La Desagregation du monde antique", in 3657:; also see Musée d'historie de Marseille, 3294:). The American forces moved north toward 3037:in Provence. The British fleet of Admiral 2607:Good King René, the last ruler of Provence 2448:Statue of Ramon Berenguer in Aix Cathedral 2337:style in the 13th and 14th centuries. The 2216:In 1112, a descendant of Count William I, 2121:In 973, the Saracens captured Mayeul, the 1774:, ruled Marseille, Aix and Avignon, while 1731:kings of the Franks gradually claimed the 1495:. These legends first appeared during the 1237:on the Rhône, and then along the coast to 4434:Quilting in France: The French Traditions 3694:La Grande Histoire des premiers europeens 3459:Histoire Visuelle des Monuments de France 3239:), the Germans occupied all of Provence ( 3150:was elected deputy from the Var in 1885. 2888:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau 2569:was the largest gothic palace in Europe. 566:of Ephesus at the other end of the city. 526:in about 600 BC by colonists coming from 518:The first permanent Greek settlement was 308:, settled near modern-day Marseille. The 195:near Marseille. Inside, the walls of the 92:, so did the pronunciation and spelling. 3582:Guide d'architecture, France, 20e siecle 3493:Celine Le Prioux and Hervé Champollion, 3353:of theatre (1947), the reopening of the 2317:in Provence, in a harmonious new style, 2271:, became a transit point for cloth from 1487:by boat and settled in the mountains at 969:. He also had a dozen warships built at 260:peoples who had lived there through the 252:inhabited Provence from the Alps to the 172:date to between 130,000 and 170,000 BC. 119: 3600: 3568:Provence in the 19th and 20th centuries 2752:View of Toulon Harbour around 1750, by 2561:built the Papal Palace in Avignon, and 2222:Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona 1669:defeated the army of the Roman Emperor 1448:in Marseille; and the Egyptian goddess 1427:, an official of this cult, called the 735:that Rome wanted subjects, not allies. 3591:, John Murray Publishers, London 2004. 2794:At the beginning of the 17th century, 2666:Provence becomes French (1486 to 1789) 2483:and all traffic on the Rhône stopped. 2416:to cleanse the south of France of the 2396:upset the existing order in Provence. 2145:above the other counts of the region. 1782:, ruled the eastern part of Provence. 4464:History of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 3547:Provence before the French Revolution 3224:resistance movement, parachuted into 2733:laid siege to the Protestant city of 2468:Berenguer around Tarascon and Arles. 2099:, and north to the alpine valleys of 52:beginning in Neolithic times; by the 7: 3589:The Rise and Fall of the Côte d'Azur 3510:De l'oppidum salyen à la cité latine 2372:was founded in a remote valley near 1398:, worshipped under its Ligure name, 1073:In addition to the vast province of 297:on his way to attack Rome (218 BC). 44:river and the upper reaches of the 3429:, Editions Privat, Toulouse, 1990 ( 3100:, which resulted in Austria ceding 2565:built the New Palace; together the 2325:style of the Rhône Valley with the 2205:of Provence, passed by marriage to 2157:Catalan dynasty (12th-13th century) 874:Quintus Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus 3970:Le Rattachement a l'Empire Romaine 3497:, Editions Ouest-France, Rennes, ( 3255:, was assassinated in April 1943. 2364:was the first, established in the 2193:and his rival, the German Emperor 2177:, on deposit at the Palace of the 1104:), in the hills above present-day 872:In 121 BC a new Roman army led by 428:, and in the rock carvings in the 14: 4231:, Editions Privat, Toulouse, 1990 4196:La Desagregation du monde antique 4170:Le Rattachement a l'Empire Romain 4158:Le Rattachement a l'Empire Romain 4131:La Desagregation du monde antique 4101:Le rattachement a l'Empire Romain 4084:Le rattachement a l'Empire Romain 4064:Le rattachement a l'Empire Romain 3775:"Herakles in the West - Frater L" 3532:Les Chemins de la Provence Romane 3080:made a secret agreement with the 2705:, because their inhabitants were 1932:died in 879, his brother-in-law, 4378:Marquisat et Comptes en Provence 4366:Marquisant et Comtes en Provence 3607:Musée de'Histoire de Marseille, 3561:L'Arsenal de Toulon et la Royale 3525:Romanesque and Medieval Provence 3045:on March 1, 1815, and landed at 2477:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 32:The historic French province of 4354:Marquisat et Comtes en Provence 3972:, section in Edouard Baratier, 3731:Musée d'histoire de Marseille, 3577:, ed. Pierre-Marie Auzas (1971) 3554:Toulon – Port Royal (1481–1789) 3486:Musée d'histoire de Marseille, 3175:in French); he was awarded the 2861:. Many immigrants arrived from 2510:Popes in Avignon (14th century) 1546:at the end of the 4th century, 795:crossed the Alps by either the 68:. In 1481, the title passed to 3683:(Man Before History), pg. 15.) 3444:, Editions Ouest-France, 2001. 3243:) and then headed for Toulon ( 3138:and following the lead of the 2236:, while the lands between the 2207:William III, Count of Toulouse 2068:Abbey of St. Victor, Marseille 1444:and Glanum; of the Syrian god 1020:built a triumphal monument at 973:and his new fleet, led by his 819:, as well as the sanctuary of 742:based along the coast between 1: 4062:Cited by Jean-Remy Palanque, 3722:, Editions Ouest-France, 2001 3420:General histories of Provence 3278:, landed on the coast of the 2961:Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle 2721:, an enclave ruled by Prince 2410:Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse 2218:Douce I, Countess of Provence 1739:ceded all of Provence to the 1493:Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume 978:Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus 236:Ligures and Celts in Provence 3563:, Editions Alan Sutton, 2001 3183:Provence in the 20th century 3130:following his defeat in the 3053:Provence in the 19th century 2782:Fort St. Nicholas, Marseille 2770:Parlement of Aix-en-Provence 2764:Marseille in 1754, by Vernet 2687:Parlement of Aix-en-Provence 1854:, defeated the Arabs at the 1846:by the French. The Frankish 522:, established at modern-day 4145:Jean Remy Palanque, pg. 78. 3425:Edouard Baratier (editor), 3394:Timeline of Aix-en-Provence 2853:pottery in Marseille, Apt, 2845:; olive oil in Aix and the 2341:in Arles was a landmark of 534:, in modern Turkey) on the 483:Traders from the island of 389:The Celto-Ligures used the 320:settled to the west of the 80:The region got its name in 56:since about 900 BC, and by 4480: 4431:Etienne-Bugnot, Isabelle, 3556:. Tallandier: Paris, 2002. 3534:, Editions Ouest-France, ( 3276:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny 3264:Seventh United States Army 2872: 2669: 2534:, who was originally from 2356:In the 12th century three 1793:raiders, and epidemics of 1440:have been found in Arles, 707:Roman conquest of Provence 698:Roman triumphal arch near 342:and as many as 285 in the 334:. Today the traces of 165 3811:J. Cited by R. Palanque, 3552:Michel Vergé-Franceschi, 3329:Avignon TGV station, 2001 3029:Provence under Napoleon I 2916:French Revolutionary Army 2058:Expulsion of the Saracens 1576:Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux 1201:. The residents of these 354:, and healing springs at 288:. The ancient geographer 219:Châteauneuf-les-Martigues 162:Jardin Exotique de Monaco 40:, the Mediterranean, the 3928:Ligures, Celtes et Grecs 3898:Ligures, Celtes et Grecs 3878:Ligures, Celtes et Grecs 3749:L'Homme avant l'histoire 3707:L'Homme avant l'histoire 3705:(see Escalon de Fonton, 3681:L'Homme avant l'histoire 3679:(Max Escalon de Fonton, 3596:References and citations 3179:for literature in 1904. 2179:Generalitat of Catalonia 1995:were the descendants of 1964:First Counts of Provence 1814:and the Durance rivers. 1481:Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer 1287:Architecture of Provence 721:Publius Cornelius Scipio 511:, across the Rhône from 499:, and at mont Garou and 479:(1st-2nd centuries B.C.) 48:river, was inhabited by 4419:Histoire de la Provence 4403:Histoire de la Provence 4391:Histoire de la Provence 4342:Histoire de la Provence 4259:Histoire de la Provence 4242:Histoire de la Provence 4229:Histoire de la Provence 4216:Histoire de la Provence 4200:Histoire de la Provence 4183:Histoire de la Provence 4118:Histoire de la Provence 4105:Histoire de la Provence 4088:Histoire de la Provence 4068:Histoire de la Provence 4051:Histoire de la Provence 4038:Histoire de la Provence 4025:Histoire de la Provence 4012:Histoire de la Provence 3999:Histoire de la Provence 3993:, telling the story of 3978:Histoire de la Provence 3974:Histoire de la Provence 3945:Histoire de la Provence 3932:Histoire de la Provence 3902:Histoire de la Provence 3882:Histoire de la Provence 3852:Histoire de la Provence 3848:Ligures, Celts et Grecs 3830:Histoire de la Provence 3817:Histoire de la Provence 3813:Ligures, Celts et Grecs 3800:Histoire de la Provence 3796:Ligures, Celts et Grecs 3766:Histoire de la Provence 3762:Ligures, Celts et Grecs 3720:Histoire de la Provence 3530:Aldo Bastié and Hervé, 3442:Histoire de la Provence 3427:Histoire de la Provence 2983:) of the prison of the 2892:constitutional monarchy 2496:Charles, Count of Anjou 2384:, was founded in 1175. 2368:between 1148 and 1178. 2343:Romanesque architecture 2319:romanesque architecture 2191:Rudolph III of Burgundy 1956:adopted by the Emperor 1270:banned the planting of 1193:tribe became the Roman 908:and Servilus Caepio at 338:have been found in the 84:, when it was known as 4326:Entre Francs et Arabes 4309:Entre Francs et Arabes 4289:Entre Francs et Arabes 4272:Entre Francs et Arabes 4255:Entre Francs et Arabes 3959:, addresses by Cicero. 3475:, Odile Jacob, 2007. ( 3330: 3308:First Armored Division 3062: 3000:Jean François Carteaux 2994:seized power from the 2948: 2922:Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès 2859:Moustiers-Sainte-Marie 2765: 2757: 2727:House of Orange-Nassau 2717:, the principality of 2620: 2527: 2498:, the youngest son of 2449: 2404:religious movement in 2339:Church of St. Trophime 2260: 2220:, married the Catalan 2186: 2071: 1831: 1642: 1377: 1081:, in 7 BC the Emperor 1055: 1044: 906:Gnaeus Mallius Maximus 857:. A new Roman consul, 813:Gaius Sextius Calvinus 793:Marcus Fulvius Flaccus 715:marched the armies of 703: 700:Saint-Remy-de-Provence 691: 480: 468: 459:The Greeks in Provence 245: 217:people, living around 206:In about 6000 BC, the 125: 117: 29: 3653:See Henry de Lumley, 3630:A History of Provence 3450:James Pope-Hennessy, 3399:Timeline of Marseille 3328: 3312:Jean Touzet du Vigier 3208:became active in the 3204:in June 1941 and the 3060: 2943: 2804:Jean-Baptiste Colbert 2776:had two large forts, 2768:The semi-independent 2763: 2751: 2614: 2517: 2447: 2250: 2211:County of Forcalquier 2164: 2065: 2040:Rudolph I of Burgundy 1888:Abbey of Saint Victor 1878:poor and rocky soil. 1825: 1637: 1375: 1320:, after its capital, 1189:; The capital of the 1051:The Roman Theater in 1050: 1038: 697: 679: 474: 466: 243: 164:. Tools found in the 134:Roquebrune-Cap-Martin 123: 103: 21: 4330:Histoire de Provence 4328:, in the collection 4313:Histoire de Provence 4311:, in the collection 4293:Histoire de Provence 4291:, in the collection 4276:Histoire de Provence 4274:, in the collection 4194:Jean-Rémy Palanque, 4129:Jean Remy Palanque, 4099:Jean-Remy Palanque, 4082:Jean-Remy Palanque, 3584:, Picard, Paris 2000 3375:Timeline of Provence 3355:Cannes Film Festival 3274:corps under General 3220:, the leader of the 3084:, Prime Minister of 3076:In April–July 1859, 2672:Massacre of Mérindol 2629:Alphonse V of Aragon 2500:Louis VIII of France 2433:Louis VIII of France 2380:, on the Durance at 2125:of the monastery at 1886:, who destroyed the 1797:and other diseases. 1679:Western Roman Empire 1609:, on an island near 1396:Mont Sainte-Victoire 1312:In 297, the Emperor 912:(the modern town of 859:Dimitius Ahenobargus 780:to the mouth of the 182:saber-toothed tigers 104:The entrance to the 96:Prehistoric Provence 3863:Anne Roth Congrès, 3747:Escalon de Fonton, 3587:Jim Ring, Riviera, 3580:LeMoine, Bertrand, 3559:Cyrille Roumagnac, 3495:La Provence Antique 3452:Aspects of Provence 3306:, while the French 2985:Palace of the Popes 2725:(1533–1584) of the 2699:Cabrières-d'Avignon 2408:. The Pope accused 2382:La Roque-d'Anthéron 2329:style of the Alps. 2321:, which united the 2017:Berengar I of Italy 1923:Kingdom of Burgundy 1848:Mayor of the Palace 1359:Emperor Constantine 1039:The Roman arena at 817:Oppidum d'Entremont 193:Calanque de Morgiou 130:Grotte du Vallonnet 110:Calanque de Morgiou 4324:Edouard Baratier, 4307:Edouard Baratier, 4287:Edouard Baratier, 4270:Edouard Baratier, 4253:Edouard Baratier, 4212:Jean-Rémy Palanque 3913:Anne Roth Congès, 3508:Anne Roth Congès, 3457:Denizeau, Gerard, 3404:Timeline of Toulon 3388:Cities in Provence 3336:Unité d'Habitation 3331: 3268:Alexander M. Patch 3260:Operation Overlord 3148:Georges Clemenceau 3126:After the fall of 3063: 3012:Napoleon Bonaparte 2949: 2934:Napoleon Bonaparte 2806:, the minister of 2796:Cardinal Richelieu 2766: 2758: 2723:William the Silent 2660:Louis XI of France 2621: 2589:Charles of Durazzo 2578:Hundred Years' War 2528: 2475:, and appealed to 2473:Louis IX of France 2454:Ramon Berenguer IV 2450: 2261: 2187: 2151:Provençal language 2139:Battle of Tourtour 2082:, near modern-day 2072: 2047:Conrad of Burgundy 1974:Carolingian Empire 1832: 1704:, was defeated by 1643: 1504:Trophimus of Arles 1378: 1241:and to Spain. The 1219:Col de Montgenèvre 1075:Gallia Narbonensis 1056: 1045: 982:Frioul archipelago 959:Caesar's Civil War 797:Col de Montgenèvre 704: 702:, 1st Century A.D. 692: 481: 469: 246: 154:Middle Paleolithic 126: 118: 70:Louis XI of France 66:Counts of Provence 30: 3640:Henry de Lumley, 3573:Prosper Mérimée, 3518:978-2-7577-0079-2 3481:978-2-7831-2386-2 3471:Henry de Lumley, 3292:Operation Dragoon 3218:Charles de Gaulle 3210:French Resistance 3132:Franco-German War 3090:Italian peninsula 3061:Marseille in 1825 2990:When the radical 2965:Army of the Rhine 2912:Charles Barbaroux 2881:French Revolution 2875:French Revolution 2869:French Revolution 2429:Simon de Montfort 2398:Pope Innocent III 2370:Le Thoronet Abbey 2234:Count of Toulouse 2199:Holy Roman Empire 2167:Ramon Berenguer I 2088:Massif des Maures 1999:, whose grandson 1986:Holy Roman Empire 1972:of the crumbling 1143:and Arausio (now 1116:, the modern-day 877:the mouth of the 680:The ruins of the 620:), and Monoicos ( 430:Valley of Marvels 405:, and in hilltop 166:Grotte du Lazaret 158:Upper Paleolithic 156:(300,000 BC) and 4471: 4449: 4448: 4447: 4446: 4437:, archived from 4428: 4422: 4415: 4406: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4322: 4316: 4305: 4296: 4285: 4279: 4268: 4262: 4251: 4245: 4238: 4232: 4225: 4219: 4209: 4203: 4192: 4186: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4146: 4143: 4134: 4127: 4121: 4114: 4108: 4097: 4091: 4080: 4071: 4060: 4054: 4047: 4041: 4034: 4028: 4021: 4015: 4008: 4002: 3995:Sextius Calvinus 3987: 3981: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3941: 3935: 3924: 3918: 3911: 3905: 3894: 3885: 3874: 3868: 3861: 3855: 3846:J. R. Palanque, 3844: 3833: 3826: 3820: 3809: 3803: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3782: 3758: 3752: 3745: 3736: 3729: 3723: 3716: 3710: 3703: 3697: 3690: 3684: 3677: 3671: 3668: 3662: 3651: 3645: 3638: 3632: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3612: 3605: 3575:Notes de voyages 3461:, Larousse, 2003 3383: 3351:Avignon Festival 3241:Operation Attila 3230:Bouches-du-Rhône 3216:, the deputy of 3163:Frédéric Mistral 2932:, which brought 2926:French Consulate 2820:Provençal quilts 2790: 2743:House of Bourbon 2719:Orange, Vaucluse 2682:Wars of Religion 2656:Charles du Maine 2651:, on the Rhône. 2633:René I of Naples 2585:Joan I of Naples 2567:Palais des Papes 2524:Palais des Papes 2347:Montmajour Abbey 2195:Conrad the Salic 2135:La Garde-Freinet 2001:Boso of Provence 1934:Boso of Provence 1930:Charles the Bald 1722:Byzantine Empire 1508:Paul of Narbonne 1145:Orange, Vaucluse 1099: 1053:Orange, Vaucluse 1043:(2nd century AD) 955:Pompey the Great 767: 711:In 218 BC, when 608:), Athenopolis ( 595: 230:Bouches-du-Rhône 216: 86:Provincia Romana 4479: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4469: 4468: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4444: 4442: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4416: 4409: 4400: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4376: 4372: 4364: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4340: 4336: 4323: 4319: 4306: 4299: 4286: 4282: 4269: 4265: 4252: 4248: 4239: 4235: 4226: 4222: 4210: 4206: 4193: 4189: 4180: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4149: 4144: 4137: 4128: 4124: 4115: 4111: 4103:, in Baratier, 4098: 4094: 4086:, in Baratier, 4081: 4074: 4066:, in Baratier, 4061: 4057: 4048: 4044: 4035: 4031: 4022: 4018: 4009: 4005: 3988: 3984: 3968:J.R. Palanque, 3967: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3942: 3938: 3925: 3921: 3912: 3908: 3895: 3888: 3876:J.R. Palanque, 3875: 3871: 3862: 3858: 3845: 3836: 3827: 3823: 3810: 3806: 3794:J.R. Palanque, 3793: 3789: 3780: 3778: 3773: 3759: 3755: 3746: 3739: 3730: 3726: 3717: 3713: 3704: 3700: 3691: 3687: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3652: 3648: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3570: 3549: 3527: 3468: 3422: 3417: 3377: 3371: 3237:Operation Torch 3206:Communist Party 3185: 3136:Gaston Cremieux 3082:Count of Cavour 3055: 3031: 3008:Siege of Toulon 2979:storage rooms ( 2973:François Mireur 2953:La Marseillaise 2945:La Marseillaise 2898:Marquis de Sade 2877: 2871: 2784: 2778:Fort Saint-Jean 2731:Catholic League 2678: 2668: 2641:Nicolas Froment 2609: 2512: 2504:Angevin dynasty 2390: 2378:Silvacane Abbey 2307: 2226:Catalan Dynasty 2159: 2131:Count William I 2060: 2013:Pope Benedict V 2005:Louis the Blind 1966: 1958:Charles the Fat 1856:Battle of Tours 1820: 1681:was deposed in 1632: 1548:Aix-en-Provence 1310: 1249:, and Aix. The 1093: 1087:Alpes Maritimae 1068:Pliny the Elder 1033: 1002:Augustus Caesar 844:Aix-en-Provence 836:thermal springs 831:and Baou Roux. 761: 759:Quintus Opimius 725:Hasdrubal Barca 709: 688:Augustus Caesar 683:Tropaeum Alpium 674: 604:), Caccabaria ( 600:), Pergantion ( 596:), Olbia (near 589: 461: 438:Alpes-Maritimes 409:in the region. 344:Alpes-Maritimes 238: 210: 98: 78: 28: 12: 11: 5: 4477: 4475: 4467: 4466: 4456: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4423: 4407: 4394: 4382: 4370: 4358: 4346: 4334: 4317: 4297: 4280: 4263: 4246: 4233: 4220: 4204: 4187: 4174: 4162: 4147: 4135: 4122: 4109: 4092: 4072: 4055: 4042: 4029: 4016: 4003: 3989:The historian 3982: 3961: 3949: 3936: 3919: 3906: 3886: 3869: 3856: 3834: 3821: 3804: 3787: 3753: 3737: 3724: 3711: 3698: 3685: 3672: 3663: 3646: 3633: 3622: 3613: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3592: 3585: 3578: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3564: 3557: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3543: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3506: 3491: 3484: 3467: 3464: 3463: 3462: 3455: 3448: 3445: 3438: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3384: 3370: 3367: 3310:under General 3266:under General 3184: 3181: 3161:, led by poet 3128:Louis Napoleon 3121:Queen Victoria 3054: 3051: 3039:Horatio Nelson 3030: 3027: 3004:Ville sans Nom 2938: 2937: 2919: 2909: 2895: 2873:Main article: 2870: 2867: 2667: 2664: 2615:Detail of the 2608: 2605: 2593:Puget-Théniers 2551:Western Schism 2540:Roman Catholic 2532:Pope Clement V 2511: 2508: 2389: 2386: 2362:Sénanque Abbey 2306: 2303: 2263:Following the 2253:Saint Trophime 2251:The Church of 2189:A war between 2158: 2155: 2059: 2056: 1997:Boso the Elder 1965: 1962: 1852:Charles Martel 1828:Charlieu Abbey 1819: 1816: 1778:, the King of 1770:, the king of 1708:, King of the 1631: 1628: 1469:Mary Magdalene 1430:flamen Augusti 1309: 1306: 1124:. The Emperor 1032: 1029:The Pax Romana 1026: 708: 705: 673: 670: 612:), Antipolis ( 460: 457: 237: 234: 97: 94: 77: 74: 27:(15th century) 22: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4476: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4441:on 2018-09-29 4440: 4436: 4435: 4427: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4386: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4359: 4356:, pg. 147-149 4355: 4350: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4267: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4188: 4184: 4181:Aldo Bastié, 4178: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4126: 4123: 4119: 4113: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4056: 4052: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4033: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4017: 4013: 4007: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3986: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3965: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3926:R. Palanque, 3923: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3896:R. Palanque, 3893: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3808: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3721: 3718:Aldo Bastié, 3715: 3712: 3708: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3673: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3626: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3604: 3601: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3555: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3540:2-7373-1430-5 3537: 3533: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3503:2-7373-1431-3 3500: 3496: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3453: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440:Aldo Bastié, 3439: 3436: 3435:2-7089-1649-1 3432: 3428: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3366: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3345: 3344:North African 3341: 3337: 3327: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3254: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3194:Collaboration 3189: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3144:Léon Gambetta 3141: 3140:Paris Commune 3137: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3067:French Empire 3059: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3035:Ancien Régime 3028: 3026: 3024: 3019: 3017: 3016:Champ de Mars 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2942: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2896: 2894:like England; 2893: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2876: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2762: 2755: 2754:Joseph Vernet 2750: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2677: 2673: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2618: 2613: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2597:Barcelonnette 2594: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2331:Aix Cathedral 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2259:(12th century 2258: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2171:Marià Fortuny 2168: 2163: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2146: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2117: 2116:Hugh of Italy 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2069: 2064: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2028:Hugh of Italy 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2003:became king. 2002: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1879: 1876: 1873:The reign of 1871: 1869: 1865: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1842:, called the 1841: 1837: 1829: 1824: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1807: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1641: 1636: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1622:, and of the 1621: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1558:, Cimiez and 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1405:Mars-Teutates 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1374: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1307: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1110:Alpes Cottiae 1107: 1103: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1054: 1049: 1042: 1037: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 998: 996: 992: 987: 983: 979: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 951: 949: 945: 944:Julius Caesar 941: 936: 934: 930: 926: 922: 917: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 890: 888: 884: 883:Narbo Martius 880: 875: 870: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 847: 845: 841: 840:Aquae Sextiae 837: 832: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 801:Col de Larche 798: 794: 790: 785: 783: 779: 775: 771: 765: 760: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 736: 732: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 706: 701: 696: 689: 685: 684: 678: 671: 669: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 642: 638: 633: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 593: 588: 585:), Tauroeis ( 584: 579: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 547: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 516: 514: 510: 509:Trinquetaille 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 478: 473: 465: 458: 456: 454: 450: 446: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 410: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 387: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 332: 325: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 298: 296: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 242: 235: 233: 231: 227: 222: 220: 214: 209: 204: 200: 198: 194: 189: 187: 183: 178: 173: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 122: 115: 111: 107: 102: 95: 93: 91: 87: 83: 75: 73: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 35: 26: 20: 16: 4443:, retrieved 4439:the original 4433: 4426: 4418: 4402: 4397: 4390: 4385: 4380:, pg. 156-57 4377: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4353: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4312: 4308: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4258: 4254: 4249: 4241: 4236: 4228: 4223: 4215: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4182: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4157: 4130: 4125: 4117: 4112: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4050: 4045: 4037: 4032: 4024: 4019: 4011: 4006: 3998: 3985: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3944: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3914: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3864: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3829: 3824: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3779:. Retrieved 3769: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3751:, pg). 16-17 3748: 3732: 3727: 3719: 3714: 3709:, pg. 16-17) 3706: 3701: 3693: 3688: 3680: 3675: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3641: 3636: 3625: 3616: 3608: 3603: 3588: 3581: 3574: 3560: 3553: 3531: 3509: 3494: 3487: 3472: 3458: 3451: 3441: 3426: 3415:Bibliography 3363: 3348: 3332: 3257: 3249: 3234: 3202:Soviet Union 3200:invaded the 3198:Nazi Germany 3190: 3186: 3172: 3166: 3152: 3125: 3114: 3078:Napoleon III 3075: 3064: 3032: 3023:White Terror 3020: 3003: 2989: 2987:in Avignon. 2980: 2977: 2950: 2878: 2832: 2816: 2793: 2767: 2679: 2653: 2637: 2622: 2617:Burning Bush 2616: 2582: 2571: 2559:Benedict XII 2538:, moved the 2529: 2489: 2485: 2470: 2466: 2462:Barcelonette 2451: 2426: 2391: 2355: 2308: 2288: 2285: 2269:Saint-Gilles 2262: 2232:went to the 2225: 2215: 2188: 2165:The Catalan 2147: 2143: 2120: 2113: 2084:Saint-Tropez 2073: 2044: 2025: 1990: 1967: 1927: 1904: 1880: 1872: 1860: 1833: 1808: 1784: 1745: 1726: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1645:In 412, the 1644: 1615:Saint-Victor 1604: 1584: 1578:in 517; and 1501: 1489:Sainte-Baume 1458: 1435: 1428: 1422: 1403: 1399: 1391: 1387: 1381: 1379: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1311: 1291: 1279:amphitheater 1276: 1263:trade routes 1259: 1255:Roman Empire 1211: 1206: 1202: 1194: 1186: 1176: 1130: 1113: 1072: 1059: 1057: 1028: 999: 993:islands and 967:siege towers 952: 937: 921:Gaius Marius 918: 891: 882: 871: 848: 839: 833: 829:Saint-Blaise 824: 821:Roquepertuse 805:Barcelonette 786: 754:, the Roman 737: 733: 710: 681: 658:midnight sun 634: 625: 610:Saint-Tropez 580: 548: 517: 482: 444: 411: 406: 388: 386:to the Var. 348:Sainte-Baume 335: 329: 326: 299: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 247: 223: 208:Castelnovien 205: 201: 197:Cosquer Cave 190: 174: 127: 106:Cosquer Cave 85: 79: 31: 15: 4185:, (pg. 13.) 4027:. Pg. 56-57 3957:Pro Fonteio 3733:L'Antiquite 3659:L'Antiquité 3609:l'Antiquité 3488:L'Antiquité 3378: [ 3284:St. Raphael 3272:Free French 3222:Free France 3214:Jean Moulin 3177:Nobel Prize 2992:Montagnards 2969:Montpellier 2930:18 Brumaire 2824:Netherlands 2785: [ 2715:Protestants 2711:Piedmontese 2709:of Italian 2676:Waldensians 2574:Black Death 2422:Raymond VII 2323:Gallo-Roman 2111:near Suse. 1875:Charlemagne 1836:Merovingian 1741:Merovingian 1729:Merovingian 1659:Burgundians 1624:Virgin Mary 1554:, Avignon, 1526:in 314, in 1514:in 314, in 1497:Carolingian 1477:Mary Jacobe 1473:Mary Salome 1330:prefectures 1302:Constantine 1251:Via Agrippa 1243:Via Aurelia 1215:Via Domitia 1094: [ 1031:in Provence 948:Gallic Wars 940:Narbonensis 900:, left the 762: [ 616:), Nikaia ( 590: [ 382:, from the 211: [ 177:paleolithic 175:During the 146:Terra Amata 82:Roman times 4445:2010-05-02 4421:, (pg. 35) 4332:. pg. 119. 4315:. pg. 109. 4295:. pg. 108. 4278:. pg. 106. 3781:2010-08-18 3777:. Jwmt.org 3696:, pg. 125. 3409:Castellane 3314:liberated 3245:Case Anton 3226:Eygalières 3106:Roquebrune 3071:Suez Canal 3047:Golfe-Juan 2957:Strasbourg 2670:See also: 2645:Louis Bréa 2563:Clement VI 2494:, married 2438:city walls 2374:Draguignan 2358:Cistercian 2311:cathedrals 2080:Fraxinetum 1950:Ermengarde 1799:Irrigation 1768:Sigebert I 1714:Ostrogoths 1591:Theodosius 1552:Carpentras 1388:Vediantiae 1318:Viennensis 1314:Diocletian 1294:Pax Romana 1157:Carpentras 1060:Pax Romana 1014:Castellane 991:Stoechades 855:Allobroges 576:Baltic Sea 540:Asia Minor 416:and other 378:; and the 314:Tricastins 290:Posidonios 266:Bronze Age 136:, between 4405:, pg. 20. 4368:, pg. 157 4172:, pg. 71. 4160:, pg. 68. 3947:, pg. 53. 3934:, pg. 44. 3904:, pg. 41. 3884:, pg. 39. 3854:. Pg. 34. 3819:. Pg. 34. 3802:. Pg. 33. 3644:, pg. 122 3340:Corbusier 3316:Brignoles 3288:Cavalaire 3270:, with a 3159:Félibrige 3155:Provençal 3098:Solferino 3073:in 1869. 2996:Girondins 2936:to power. 2808:Louis XIV 2774:Louis XIV 2691:Lourmarin 2555:Antipopes 2530:In 1309, 2481:blockaded 2406:Languedoc 2394:Languedoc 2376:in 1160. 2289:confrerie 2242:Brignoles 2203:Margraves 2183:Barcelona 2109:Novalaise 1984:, or the 1982:Catalonia 1938:Mantaille 1907:Lothair I 1892:Byzantine 1803:aqueducts 1772:Austrasia 1737:Justinian 1718:Theodoric 1716:, led by 1702:Alaric II 1675:Visigoths 1671:Anthemius 1663:Visigoths 1655:Aquitaine 1647:Visigoths 1595:baptistry 1580:Glandèves 1528:Cavaillon 1512:Marseille 1425:Vespasian 1283:aqueducts 1272:vineyards 1231:Cavaillon 1207:civitates 1195:muncipium 1191:Brigantes 1187:municipia 1183:civitates 1179:municipia 1161:Cavaillon 1091:Cemenelum 1022:La Turbie 986:Trebonius 863:Vindalium 654:drift ice 606:Cavalaire 602:Breganson 583:La Ciotat 538:coast of 524:Marseille 493:Martigues 489:Marseille 434:Mont Bégo 418:megaliths 362:from the 310:Caturiges 306:Segobriga 258:neolithic 226:Chasséens 186:sea level 90:Provençal 76:Etymology 4458:Category 4417:Bastié, 4401:Bastiė, 4389:Bastiė, 4344:, pg. 16 4120:(pg. 64) 4107:(pg. 60) 4053:. Pg. 60 4040:. Pg. 58 4014:. Pg. 54 4001:. Pg. 54 3832:. 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