History of West Virginia - Knowledge (XXG)

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in the southern portions of the state and across the river, in Ohio. They largely left West Virginia altogether following Dunmore's War and most of them were forced to leave the entire region after the Shawnee War, with the last groups relocated West after 1830. A large group of Lenape moved in to the area between the Potomac River in Maryland and the Mahoning River in Ohio, as well as throughout Southern and Central Ohio, after they lost too much land to the Walking Purchase in 1690. The English crown forced the easternmost Lenape to act as a tribe of Iroquois and have an Iroquoian style of government, with chiefs approved by the Iroquois government. Towards the end of the French-Indian Wars, Lenape from Ohio were attacking settlers in West Virginia. Afterwards predicting that this would lead to another forced removal, the eastern Lenape chief, Tamaqua (King Beaver), decided to voluntarily begin relocating his people West in the 1740s-50s. He ended up being correct, with a decree from the royal crown stripping the land between the Potomac and Mahoning Rivers from the Lenape in the 1760s. Most of these Lenape relocated into what is now Tuscarawas and Holmes Counties in Ohio, however the Tuscarawas communities were devastated during the Revolutionary War and the Holmes County settlement followed suit in the early 1800s from a posse of white settlers led by a disgruntled former chief. Afterwards, these eastern Lenape seem to have fully collapsed into the other Lenape communities in central Ohio.

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came from the counties around the northern panhandle. The May Convention resolved to meet again in June 1861 should the Ordinance of Secession be ratified by public poll on May 23, 1861, which was the case. The June 1861 convention consisted of 104 members, 35 of which were members of the General Assembly in Richmond, some elected in the May 23 vote, and some hold-over State Senators. Arthur Laidley, elected to the General Assembly from Cabell County, attended the June Convention but refused to take part. The other delegates to the June Convention were "chosen even more irregularly-some in mass meetings, others by county committee, and still others were seemingly self-appointed". It was this June Convention which drafted the statehood resolution. The Constitutional Convention met in November 1861, and consisted of 61 members. Its composition was just as irregular. A delegate representing Logan County was accepted as a member of this body, though he did not live in Logan County, and his "credentials consisted of a petition signed by fifteen persons representing six families". The large number of Northerners in this convention caused great distrust over the new Constitution during Reconstruction years. In 1872, under the leadership of

919:–51, the Reform Convention, addressed a number of issues important to western Virginians. It extended the vote to all white males 21 years or older. The governor, lieutenant-governor, the judiciary, sheriffs, and other county officers were to be elected by public vote. The composition of the General Assembly was changed. Representation in the House of Delegates was apportioned on the basis of the census of 1850, counting whites only. The Senate representation was arbitrarily fixed at 50 seats, with the west receiving twenty, and the east thirty senators. This was made acceptable to the west by a provision that required the General Assembly to reapportion representation on the basis of white population in 1865, or else put the matter to a public referendum. But the east also gave itself a tax advantage in requiring a property tax at true and actual value, except for slaves. Slaves under the age of 12 years were not taxed and slaves over that age were taxed at only $ 300, a fraction of their true value. Small farmers, however, had all their assets, animals, and land taxed at full value. Despite this tax and the lack of 331:

account claims the Shenandoah were at war with the Catawba and Tutelo, before being wiped out. All of this comes from the period of the Beaver Wars. What we do know is that Susquehannocks have been shown to have held parts of West Virginia north of the Potomac and east of the Monongahela when whites arrived on the continent. They became involved in the Beaver Wars and eventually lost to the Irpquois and were absorbed by them in the 1680s. Afterwards, the Iroquois went to war with the Manahoac and Saponi, most of whom fled South to live with the Catawba. Along with some allies from "across the mountains" before trying to return in 1701. Several attempts were made by whites to settle West Virginia in the late 1600s, but it was politically argued that the area belonged to the Iroquois. The first settlers were allowed to move in immediately after the Iroquois give up ownership, which seems to coincide with the disappearance of the Shenandoah. The likely conclusion is that the Shenandoah were a group of Susquehannock who were holding the area for the Iroquois and the main front in their war against the Saponi.

2596:"If they proceeded now to direct a division of the State before a free expression of the people could be had, they would do a more despotic act than any ever done by the Richmond Convention itself. That Convention had offered the people of the State at least the form of a vote, and the Northwest at least had a full and free expression; and now they proposed to cut off Eastern Virginia without even the form of a vote. They now proposed a division when it was impossible for one-fourth of even the counties included in the boundaries proposed to give even an expression upon the proposition." Daniel Polsley, Lt. Governor of the Restored Government of Virginia, Second Wheeling Convention, August 16, 1861, quoted in Virgil Lewis, "How West Virginia Was Made", pg. 230 319:

known to have relocated to the shores of Lake Huron. The placement of this tribe on maps overlaps the Kanawha River and places the Guyandotte frequented, who were also an Iroquoian people known in the area after the Beaver Wars and are often confused with the Wyandot of northern Ohio. Likely, either the Wenro split in the 1630s, with some moving to Canada and others migrating South, or some took refuge among the Erie following the second defeat by the Iroquois and those moved further south after the Erie were defeated in the 1650s, or the Iroquois purposely stationed captured Petun to hold this area for them in a forgotten chapter of the Beaver Wars.

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discovered on that occasion as I never had before, the mysterious and over-powering influence 'the peculiar institution' had on men otherwise sane and reliable. Why, when Mr. Battelle submitted his resolutions, a kind of tremor – a holy horror, was visible throughout the house!" Instead of Rev. Battelle's resolution a policy of "Negro exclusion" for the new state was adopted to keep any new slaves, or freemen, from taking up residence, in the hope that this would satisfy abolitionist sentiment in Congress. When the statehood bill reached Congress, however, the lack of an emancipation clause prompted opposition from Senator

1128:", elected other officers, and adjourned. The legislature of the Restored Government was composed of members from the western counties who had been elected on May 23, 1861, and some senators who had been elected in 1859. It met at Wheeling on July 1, 1861, filled the remainder of the state offices, completed the reorganization of the state government, and elected two United States senators who were quickly seated in Washington. There were, therefore, two governments claiming to represent all of Virginia, one owing allegiance to the United States and one to the Confederacy. 1848:(USO) clubs that provided entertainment and assistance to servicemen, salvage campaigns to produce steel scrap, and civil defense training that taught first aid and emergency response techniques. Middle-class women made up the majority of volunteers; many programs were not open to African American and lower-class white women. Some West Virginia women also volunteered for military service, which was available to African American women. In spite of sexism, racism, and class distinctions that women faced in volunteering, thousands responded to the national war effort. 1154:

considered themselves citizens of the United States; they saw themselves as citizens of another country (the Confederacy) and did not vote in elections sponsored by the United States. Votes from the secessionist counties in the October 24 vote on statehood were mostly cast by refugees in the area around Wheeling, not in the counties themselves. In secessionist counties where a poll was conducted it was by military intervention. Even in some counties that had voted against secession, such as Wayne and Cabell, it was necessary to send in Union soldiers.

1283: 270:. Middle and Late Woodland people include Middle Woodland Watson pottery people, Late Woodland Wood Phase, Late Hopewell at Romney, Montana (late Woodland AD 500–1000), Wilhelm culture (Late Middle Woodland, c. AD 1~500), Armstrong (Late Middle Woodland, c. AD 1~500), Buck Garden (Late Woodland AD 500–1200), Childers Phase (Late Middle Woodland c. 400 AD), and Parkline Phase (Late Woodland AD 750~1000). Adena villages can be characterized as rather large compared to Late Prehistoric tribes. 1811:

established the French Creek Game Farm in 1923. Various game animals and now protected birds were raised for conservation repopulating or control reasons throughout the state. Coincidentally, it was similar to an indigenous species open zoo of today and became a place of family outings visitation. The following years saw a significant growth of visitors. Buffalo were included in 1954 and attracted additional visitors. Today, the zoological facility is of 338-acre (1.37 km) modern

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later upon his arrival, the new Petersburg manager, Chester Mace, was shown the curious novelty. In limited facilities of late 1956, "Goldy" had spawn with a few Rainbow trout. A few months later in 1957, the Petersburg hatchery moved these yellow-mottles to the larger Spring Run hatchery. By the spring stocking of 1963, the West Virginia Centennial year, Evans and Mace had supervised the spawning of good color and quality brood stock of the Mountain State's Centennial Golden Trout.

2320:"If it required a military force to hold an election, if Cabell County, which borders on the Ohio River, had to have a military force to hold an election there; if Boone had to have a military force to hold an election at two points; if a detachment went up and held an election there, and got into a corner of Raleigh and held an election there, with what difficulty are the counties represented?" Robert Hagar, Constitutional Convention delegate, quoted in 1196:

provision for the gradual abolition of slavery be inserted in the Constitution. The convention was reconvened on February 12, 1863, and the demand was met. The revised constitution was adopted on March 26, 1863, and on April 20, 1863, President Lincoln issued a proclamation admitting the state at the end of 60 days, on June 20, 1863. Meanwhile, officers for the new state were chosen, and Governor Pierpont moved the Restored Government to

4449: 19: 568:, constituting all of present West Virginia. However, in 1736 the Iroquois Six Nations protested Virginia's colonization beyond the demarcated Blue Ridge, and a skirmish was fought in 1743. The Iroquois were on the point of threatening all-out war against the Virginia Colony over the "Cohongoruton lands", which would have been destructive and devastating, when Governor Gooch bought out their claim for 400 pounds at the 1253:, with 5,000 Confederate soldiers, overran a considerable portion of the state. Bands of guerrillas burned and plundered in some sections, and were not entirely suppressed until after the war was ended. Estimates of the numbers of Civil War soldiers from the state, both within the Union and Confederacy, have varied widely, but recent studies have placed the numbers about equal, from 22,000 to 25,000 each. 1480:

lost their lives. Mine accidents were considered inevitable, and mine safety did not appreciably improve the situation because of lax enforcement. West Virginia's mines were considered so unsafe that immigration officials would not recommend them as a source of employment for immigrants, and those unskilled immigrants who did work in the coal mines were more susceptible to death or injury. When the

1140: 1136:, consisting of most of the counties that now comprise West Virginia. A little over one month later, Kanawha was renamed West Virginia. The Wheeling Convention, which had taken a recess until August 6, 1861, reassembled on August 20, 1861, and called for a popular vote on the formation of a new state and for a convention to frame a constitution if the vote should be favorable. 1104: 644: 1066: 2605:"Mr. Lamb, of Ohio County... declared that out of 2000 voters in Hampshire County, one hundred and 95 votes had been cast and he had heard that of these one hundred were cast by soldiers. Mr. Carskadon confirmed this and added that only 39 were the votes of citizens of the state." James McGregor "The Disruption of Virginia", pg. 270 1365:. Although West Virginia's first constitution provided for the assumption of a part of the Virginia debt, negotiations opened by Virginia in 1870 were fruitless, and in 1871 that state funded two-thirds of the debt and arbitrarily assigned the remainder to West Virginia. The issue was finally settled in 1915, when the 274:

gourds, squash and several seeds such as lambsquarter, may grass, sumpweed, smartweed and little barley cereals. In the Fort Ancient period, Indians lived in much larger poled rectangular shaped houses with walls hide covered. They were farmers who cultivated large fields around their villages, concentrating on corn,

912:. As a result, every county west of the Alleghenies except one voted to reject the constitution, which nevertheless passed because of eastern support. Failure of the eastern planter elite to make constitutional reforms exacerbated existing east–west sectionalism in Virginia and contributed to Virginia's later split. 311:

mostly divided up between Susquehannocks, Saponi-Tutelo, Manahoac, Fort Ancients & the Monongahela Culture when whites arrived. Among Early Scots-Irish and German settlers, however, Cherokee came to be a catch all term for all Native people and that is a term that pops up most often in the historical record.

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for opportunities elsewhere. West Virginia's history has been profoundly affected by its mountainous terrain, spectacular river valleys, and rich natural resources. These were all factors driving its state economy and the lifestyles of residents, as well as drawing visitors to the state. West Virginia's

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Rakes (2008) examines coal mine fatalities in the state in the first half of the 20th century before safety regulations were strictly enforced in the 1960s. Besides the well-publicized mine disasters that killed a number of miners at a time, there were many smaller episodes in which one or two miners

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required any substantial change in the nature or form of the state government to be approved by the people. Therefore, since the Secession Convention had been called by the legislature and not the people, all its acts were illegal. It further declared the pro-secession government in Richmond void and

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met, 425 delegates from 25 counties were present, but a division of sentiment soon arose. Some delegates favored the immediate formation of a new state, while others argued that, as Virginia's secession had not yet been ratified or become effective, such action would constitute revolution against the

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rights on the west side of the ridge, including all of West Virginia. Though the Iroquois made little effort to settle the region themselves, they made war throughout the area with their enemies, following the Great Indian Warpaths through the region and, some time between 1725 and 1750, contracted a

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in the 1890s through the early part of the 20th century. According to historian Anne Wallace Effland, conservative social and religious beliefs together with the campaigns by anti-suffragists kept up a solid defense against them. The organized work by women's clubs during World War I helped convince

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Returns from some counties were as low as 5%, e.g. Raleigh County 32–0 in favor of statehood, Clay 76–0, Braxton 22–0, and some gave no returns at all. The Constitutional Convention began on November 26, 1861, and finished its work on February 18, 1862. The instrument was ratified on April 11, 1862,

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The logging industry furthered the river shipping industry. A horse-drawn logging "tram" with a special block and tackle for hill-side harvesting was brought into use, allowing expansion of Crooked Creek and the opening of a wooden barrel plant at the creek's mouth. In the 1880s, this tram and other

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Tionontatecaga is the exact same name used for a small Iroquoian Nation originally from western New York, who had lived between the Iroquois, Neutral Nation and Erie otherwise called the Wenro, Petun or Tobacco. They were the first tribe attacked at the outset of the Beaver Wars in the 1630s and are

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including the pumpkin. They also raised domestic turkeys and kept dogs as pets. Their neighbors in the northerly of the state, the Monongahela houses were generally circular in shape often with nook or storage appendage. Their living characteristics were more of a heritage from the Woodland Indians.

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Mike Shingleton of the Division of Natural Resources explained the Centennial Golden Trout evolution. At the small rainbow trout hatchery in 1955, a yellow-mottled fingerling was noticed by Petersburg manager Vincent Evans. From that small batch of hatchlings he named it "Little Camouflage". Months

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laws were enacted), each declined to negotiate favorable rates with Page, nor did they offer to purchase his railroad, as they had many other short-lines. However, if the C&O and N&W presidents thought they could thus kill the Page project, they were to be proved mistaken. One of the silent

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President Lincoln was in a close campaign when he won reelection in 1864 with the majority of the popular vote and 212 electoral votes, versus 21 electoral votes cast for his Democratic opponent. However, the act that created West Virginia was signed in 1862, two years before Lincoln's re-election.

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Beyond that, the area was mostly known for Lenape, Guyandotte and Shawnee when whites first began moving in. It is believed the Guyandotte merged with the Senecas of Ohio around the 1750s. The Shawnee quickly began abandoning most of West Virginia upon arrival of white settlers and were mostly seen

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Calicua first appears in DeSoto's accounts of his travels. Given many of the cities he visited collapsed between his visit and colonization of the east coast, many were never quite sure where to place many of the tribes he says he encountered, leading to this term being plastered generally over the

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The Adena Indians used ceremonial pipes that were exceptional works of art. They lived in round (double post method) wicker sided and bark sheet roofed houses. Little is known about the housing of Paleo-Indian and Archaic periods, but Woodland Indians lived in wigwams. They grew sunflowers, tubers,

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sub-periods; Early (8000–6000 BC), Middle (6000–4000 BC), and Late (4000–1000 BC). Within the greater region of and neighboring the Mountain State, the Riverton Tradition includes Maple Creek Phase. Also are the Buffalo Phase, Transitional Archaic Phase, Transitional Period Culture and Central Ohio

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During the late 19th and early 20th century West Virginia saw its population grow, due in large part to the economic job opportunities provided by the coal and logging industries. Since the mid-20th century, West Virginia has experienced population declines due in large part to its citizens leaving

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Wildlife biologist Robert Silvester of the State Wildlife Center wrote a history of conservation in West Virginia. He explains as industry developed in the region, the people of West Virginia saw a need for wildlife conservation. The Wildlife and Fish Commission was created in 1921. The commission

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of Ohio. A compromise was reached known as the Willey Amendment which was approved by Unionist voters in the state on March 26, 1863. It called for the gradual emancipation of slaves based on age after July 4, 1863. Slavery was officially abolished by West Virginia on February 3, 1865. To note, it

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repealed the act of cession and in 1866 brought suit against West Virginia asking the court to declare the two counties a part of Virginia. Meanwhile, Congress on March 10, 1866, passed a joint resolution recognizing the transfer. The Supreme Court decided in favor of West Virginia, and there has

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The composition of all three Wheeling Conventions, the May (First) Convention, the June (Second) Convention, and the Constitutional Convention, was of an irregular nature. The members of the May Convention were chosen by groups of Unionists, mostly in the far Northwestern counties. Over one-third

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Shenandoah were never encountered by whites in any historical account, but were well associated with the Shenandoah Valley and are brought up in the historical record twice. Archaeology shows a war against likely Siouan occupants of the valley from the north just before the arrival of whites. One

2255:, 1933, pg. 309. Missing from both lists, however, are the delegates for McDowell County, William P. Cecil and Samuel L. Graham, who also represented Tazewell and Buchanan counties, which are still part of Virginia. Both Cecil and Graham voted in favor of the Ordinance. See Pendleton, William C. 1383:

In recent years there has been serious talk about the possibility of certain counties in the Eastern Panhandle rejoining the Commonwealth of Virginia. Frustrated by bad economic conditions and what they perceive to be neglect from the Charleston government, this movement has gained at least some

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The low vote turnout for the statehood referendum was due to many factors. On June 19, 1861, the Wheeling convention enacted a bill entitled "Ordinance to Authorize the Apprehending of Suspicious Persons in Time of War" which stated that anyone who supported Richmond or the Confederacy "shall be

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As coal mining and related work became a major employment activities in the state, there was considerable labor strife as working conditions and safety issues, as well as economic ones arose. Even in the 21st century, mining safety and ecological concerns are challenging to the state whose coal

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from Fairmont, had long chafed under the political domination of the Tidewater and Piedmont slave-holders. In addition to differences over the abolition of slavery, he and allies felt the Virginia government ignored and refused to spend funds on needed internal improvements in the west, such as

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Historically recorded names of tribes with regards to what is now West Virginia include Calicua, Mohetan, Moneton, Monecaga, Monahan, Tomahitan, Kanawha, Shattara, Shenandoah, Lenape, Ouabano, Guyan, Guyandotte, Little Mingo, Tionontatecaga & Shawnee. Archaeology has shown that the area was

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At the Constitutional Convention on December 14, 1861, the issue of slavery was raised by Rev. Gordon Battelle, an Ohio native who sought to introduce a resolution for gradual emancipation. Granville Parker, originally from Massachusetts and a member of the convention, described the scene – "I

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in Columbus, Ohio. Soldiers were also stationed at the polls to discourage secessionists and their supporters. In addition, a large portion of the state was secessionist, and any polls there had to be conducted under military intervention. The vote was further compromised by the presence of an

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On May 13, 1862, the state legislature of the reorganized government approved the formation of the new state. An application for admission to the Union was made to Congress. On December 31, 1862, an enabling act was approved by President Lincoln, admitting West Virginia on the condition that a

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of Brooke County championed the cause of western Virginians who sought a more democratic frame of government. However, western reforms were rejected by leaders from east of the Alleghenies who "clung to political power in an effort to preserve their plantation lifestyles dependent on enslaving

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In the election held on October 24, 1861, 18,408 votes were cast for the new state and only 781 against. At this time, West Virginia had nearly 70,000 qualified voters, and the May 23, 1861 vote to secede had drawn nearly 54,000 voters. However, most of the pro-Confederate elements no longer

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Ouabano is not the name of a tribe, but a common Algonquian term for a shaman. It's possible it's even confusing a name of an actual group of Natives associated with the Mohicans that settled in Central Pennsylvania following the Revolutionary War called the Wappinger, until their removal to

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Even before the American Civil War, counties in northwest Virginia had desired to break away from Virginia to form a new state. However, the federal Constitution did not allow a new state to be created out of an existing state unless the existing state gave its consent. Soon after the Union

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counties lying on the Potomac east of the mountains, in 1863, with the consent of the Reorganized government of Virginia voted in favor of annexation to West Virginia. Many men absent in the Confederate army when the vote was taken refused to acknowledge the transfer upon their return. The

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was a valued commodity of first Confederate, and later Union forces. Newer technology has since proved that West Virginia has enough salt resources to supply the nation's needs for an estimated 2,000 years. During recent years, production has been about 600,000 to 1,000,000 tons per year.

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called for a reorganization of the state government, taking the line that all who adhered to the Ordinance of Secession had effectively vacated their offices. The convention passed an act for the reorganization of the government on June 19, 1861. On the following day, the convention chose

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In the late 18th century the steel trap increased efficiency, and beaver became scarce. A shift to exporting the state's other natural resources began. Kanawha salt production followed by coal and timber could be seen on the waterways. A number of riverside locations were used for early

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were built in the Kanawha region in Leon, Ravenswood Murraysville, and Little Kanawha River. 19th century steamboats were built and repaired in Wheeling, Parkersburg, Point Pleasant and Mason City. Wooden coal barges were built on the Monongahela River near Morgantown, as well as along

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Although the Deepwater plan should have provided a competitive shipping market via either railroad, leaders of the two large railroads did not appreciate the scheme and sought to discourage competition in an area they considered theirs for expansion plans. In secret, but lawful

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In a referendum on May 23, 1861, secession was ratified by a large majority in the state as a whole. But in the western counties that would form the state of West Virginia, the vote was approximately 34,677 against and 19,121 for ratification of the Ordinance of Secession.

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On April 17, 1861, the Richmond convention voted on the Ordinance of Secession. Of the 49 delegates from the future state of West Virginia, 17 voted in favor, and 30 voted against, and two abstained. Almost immediately after the adoption of the ordinance, a mass meeting at

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A few of these are solvable. Shattara is a Yuchi word, traceable back to a village recorded in Yuchi territory, so it seems they may have split off from the Yuchi when the Coosa Chiefdom (original union of Yuchi and Cherokee peoples in Southern Appalachia) dissolved.

1447:(1814–1880), surveyed potential coal fields and invested in land and early mining projects. After the war, with the new railroads came a practical method to transport large quantities of coal to expanding U.S. and export markets. Among the numerous investors were 1053:(1861–1865), the western regions of Virginia split with the eastern portion politically, and the two were never reconciled as a single state again. In 1863, the western region was admitted to the Union as a new separate state, initially planned to be called the 876:, and settlers from the states farther north. Counties in the east and south were settled mostly by eastern Virginians. During the American Revolution, the movement to create a state west of the Alleghenies was revived and a petition for the establishment of " 1305:

During the war and for years afterward partisan feeling ran high. The property of Confederates might be confiscated, and, in 1866, a constitutional amendment disfranchising all who had given aid and comfort to the Confederacy was adopted. The addition of the

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The Late Prehistoric (c. AD 950–1650) phases of the Fort Ancient Tradition include Feurt Phase, Blennerhassett Phase, Bluestone Phase, Clover Complex followed by the Orchard Phase (c. AD 1550–1650) with a Late Proto-historic arrival of a Lizard Cult from the

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described him as a man who knew the land "as a farmer knows a field." Beginning in 1898, Page teamed with northern and European-based investors to take advantage of the undeveloped area. They acquired large tracts of land in the area, and Page began the

1349:, and for several decades thereafter, the two states disputed the new state's share of the pre-war Virginia government's debt, which had mostly been incurred to finance public infrastructure improvements, such as canals, roads, and railroads under the 2746:"Corporations lay track into thousands of hollows and pulled billions of dollars in lumber and coal from the region over the following century." Stoll, Steven. Ramp Hollow: The Ordeal of Appalachia (p. 22). Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Kindle Edition. 2569:"Union troops were stationed outside polling places to intimidate those who might vote for Virginia. Despite local support for Virginia, residents who actually filled out ballots voted overwhelmingly to place both counties in West Virginia." 2522:"Although early estimates noted that Union soldiers from the region outnumbered Confederates by more than three to one, more recent and detailed studies have concluded that there were nearly equal numbers of Union and Confederate soldiers." 871:

Social conditions in western Virginia were entirely unlike those in the eastern portion of the state. The population was not homogeneous, as a considerable part of the immigration came by way of Pennsylvania and included Germans, Protestant

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Valley Archaic Phase. Also within the region is the Laurentian Archaic Tradition, which includes Brewerton Phase, Feeley Phase, Dunlop Phase, McKibben Phase, Genesee Phase, Stringtown/Satchel Phase, Satchel Phase and Lamoka/Dustin Phase.

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steam machinery were used for collecting timber used as railroad ties in the railway construction along the Kanawha river. Railroad spurs were built throughout West Virginia, connecting mines to the riverboats, barges and coal-tipples.

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By 1900 only a large area of the most rugged terrain of southern West Virginia was any distance from the existing railroads and mining activity. Within this area west of the New River Coalfield in Raleigh and Wyoming counties lay the

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a total of 36,578 West Virginians served, with most beginning as teenagers. As the war went on, many citizens began to turn against the conflict. 711 of the state's citizens died during the war. Nine West Virginians were awarded the

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union out on strike, defying the government, outraging public opinion, and strengthening the hand of anti-union Congressmen. In the postwar years, he continued his militancy; his miners went on strikes or "work stoppages" annually.

884:, on the grounds that the mountains presented an almost impassable barrier to the east. The rugged nature of the country made slavery unprofitable, and time only increased the social, political, economic, and cultural differences 323:

area where the Fort Ancients and Monongahela culture were located on maps for many years. It is now believed that this was a village in what is now southern Missouri. Ergo, this tribe may have not even existed in the first place.

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Notwithstanding the competitive fears of the C&O and N&W, soon all three railroads were shipping ever-increasing volumes of coal to export from Hampton Roads. The VGN and the N&W ultimately became parts of the modern

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The constitutionality of the new state was achieved when the Unionist government of Virginia approved the division. The question of the addition of two counties came before the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of

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created a "living petition" of suffragists who greeted and personally lobbied each legislator as they prepared to vote. This strategy was a success, and West Virginia became the 34th of the 36 states needed to ratify the

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deemed... subjects or citizens of a foreign State or power at war with the United States." Many private citizens were arrested by federal authorities at the request of Wheeling and interned in prison camps, most notably

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every couple of generations. Many would join other tribes and remove to the midwest regions as settlers arrived in the state. Although, there were those who would acculturate within the historic as sometimes called

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at present-day Harpers Ferry, Jefferson County. The two ferry crossings became the earliest locations of government authorized civilian commercial crafts on what would become a part of the West Virginia Waterways.

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over 50 feet (15 m) thick. Salt mining had been underway since the 18th century, though that which could be easily obtained had largely played out by the time of the American Civil War, when the red salt of

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West Virginia enthusiastically supported World War II, with 67,000 men and about 1,000 women donning uniforms. Unemployment ended as the mines, railroads, mills and factories worked overtime to create the

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government declared that the Restored Government was the legitimate government of the Commonwealth, the Restored Government asserted its authority to give such approval. It authorized the creation of the

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United States. It was decided that if the ordinance was adopted (of which there was little doubt) another convention including the members-elect of the legislature should meet at Wheeling in June 1861.

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Many settlers crossed the mountains after 1750, though they were hindered by Native American resistance. The 1744 Treaty of Lancaster had left ambiguous whether the Iroquois had sold only as far as the

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seam (which Kimball's wife named "Pocahontas"), the N&W redirected its planned westward expansion to reach it. Soon, the N&W was also shipping from its own new coal piers on Hampton Roads at

3644: 1726:(VGN). Building the Virginian Railway cost $ 40 million by the time it was completed in 1909. Well-engineered and highly efficient with all new infrastructure, it operated very profitably. The 1719:

and land were acquired before the large railroads realized what was happening. Efforts to block Page and Rogers through many legal tactics and even several violent confrontations ultimately failed.

1471:. As those mines were playing out by the end of the 19th century, these men were among investors and industrialists who focused new interest on the largely untapped coal resources of West Virginia. 802:, Virginia in 1772, representing trans-Allegheny Virginia, encompassing most of West Virginia, all of Kentucky, and part of the "tail" of today's Virginia. In 1774, the Crown Governor of Virginia, 923:

in the west, the vote was 75,748 for and 11,063 against the new Constitution. Most of the opposition came from delegates from eastern counties, who did not like the compromises made for the west.

4485: 351:, Charles Poke and John Van Metre trading houses within the state. This historic period changed the way of living extends from a little before the 18th century Virginia and Pennsylvania region 4895: 1738:

system, and the VGN's well-engineered 20th-century tracks continue to offer a favorable gradient to Hampton Roads. In the early 20th century, West Virginia coal was also under high demand at

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culture. Some are early historic documented seeking protection closer, moving to the easterly colonial trade towns. And later, other small splintered clans were attracted to, among others,

957:, but the underlying problems were fundamental and never well resolved. Given these differences, many in the west had long contemplated a separate state. In particular, men such as lawyer 4890: 4063: 1799: 1307: 1276: 2272:, pg. 309, footnote 32. Two delegates who had also abstained later signed the Ordinance, and two who had voted against were allowed to change their votes in favor of the Ordinance. 2072:"The Fort Henry Story by Klein and Cooper > Research | Ohio County Public Library | Ohio County Public Library | Wheeling West Virginia | Ohio County WV | Wheeling WV History |" 1785:

legislators of their role in getting their women enfranchised. After a failed attempt to include woman suffrage as a state constitutional amendment in 1916, pro-suffrage Governor

1311: 1040: 2685: 3319: 905: 2827: 1933: 2506: 3862: 1380:

continued well into the 20th century. In 1991, both state legislatures appropriated money for a boundary commission to look into 15 miles (24 km) of the border area.

107: 72: 3762: 953:

and insensitive to their needs. Major crises in the Virginia state government over these differences were averted on more than one occasion during the period before the

837: 1591:, this city would remain the largest city in the southern portion of the state for several decades. It shares a sister city with the same name, Bluefield, in Virginia. 4478: 1688:

and an old hand at developing natural resources, transportation. A master at competitive "warfare", Henry Rogers did not like to lose in his endeavors, and also had

1111:

The Second Wheeling Convention met as agreed on June 11, 1861, and adopted "A Declaration of the People of Virginia". This document, drafted by former state senator

408:, sent the party of Thomas Batts and Robert Fallum into the West Virginia area. During this expedition the pair followed a tributary of the Kanawha River they named 1177:

At first the Wheeling politicians controlled only a small part of West Virginia. However, federal forces soon drove the Confederates out of most of West Virginia.

3757: 1913: 3809: 1533: 2285:, in Article 4, Section 3, clause 1, provides that no state may be divided into multiple states without the consent of the state's legislature and of Congress. 607:

valley between 1748 and 1751. The diary kept by Washington indicates that there were already many squatters, largely of German origin, along the South Branch.

3894: 1844:

Edwards (2008) explores the roles of women volunteers in West Virginia during World War II. Women volunteered for farm and home economics training programs,

1773: 1318:

secured control in 1870, and in 1871, the Constitutional Amendment of 1866 was abrogated. The first steps toward this change had been taken, however, by the

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again confirmed all land beyond the Alleghenies as Indian Territory, but the Iroquois finally relinquished their claims south of the Ohio to Britain at the

4806: 4471: 4043: 3960: 3066: 1295: 588: 327:

Wisconsin after 1830, but these Mohicans never formally settled in West Virginia. It usually comes up in claims of Native American Heritage among locals.

80: 4073: 4020: 916: 447: 183: 4053: 3980: 949:

The western area focused its commerce on neighbors to the west, and many citizens felt that the more populous eastern areas were too dominant in the

3241:

Noe, Kenneth W. "Exterminating Savages: The Union Army and Mountain Guerrillas in Southern West Virginia, 1861–1865." In Noe and Shannon H. Wilson,

1790: 987:, and hoped to strike a decisive blow against Southern slavery, creating a massive "underground railroad"–type project, in the central and southern 930:

and the difference of common economic interests resultant from the tobacco and food crops farming, fishing, and coastal shipping to the east of the

2223: 1427:

was logged. Logging was supported by a dense rail network extending throughout the mountains and hollows. Small pockets of virgin forest remain at

4796: 3889: 3696: 3137: 1552: 1402: 1346: 1044: 467:

large group of the Saponi-Tutelo warriors the Iroquois had living on the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania to fight alongside them in the region.

60: 2558: 246:

culture appears by 10,500 BC in West Virginia passing along the major river valleys and ridge-line gap watersheds. Following are the traditional

896: 100: 1484:

was given more authority to regulate mine safety in the 1960s, safety awareness improved, and West Virginia coal mines became less dangerous.

1174:, former Lt. Governor of Virginia, the Wheeling constitution was discarded, and an entirely new one was written along ante-bellum principles. 3556: 2690: 2632: 2386: 1781: 1777: 1695:

Instead of giving up, Page (and Rogers) secretly planned and had surveyed a route to provide a new, third major railroad, all the way to new

992: 971: 1789:

included the ratification of the federal amendment for woman suffrage in the agenda for a special legislative session in February 1920. The

1722:

With Page as its first president, and largely financed from Rogers' personal fortune, and the two railroads were merged in 1907 to form the

4816: 3937: 3879: 208: 3995: 3884: 3804: 2435: 1892: 1812: 934:(waters which drain to the Atlantic Ocean) along the Allegheny Mountains, and the interests of the western portion which drained to the 765: 2482: 779:, they acknowledged the right of English settlements south of the Ohio, but the Cherokee and Shawnee claims still remained. During the 3975: 3777: 3507: 2695: 1180: 2781:

Paul H. Rakes, "West Virginia Coal Mine Fatalities: The Subculture of Danger and a Statistical Overview of the Pre-enforcement Era,"

2049: 4885: 4156: 3799: 3752: 2823: 2429: 1157: 1019:, murder, and fomenting a slave insurrection, and was hanged on December 2. Six followers were also tried, convicted, and executed. 93: 3283:

Zimring, David R. "'Secession in Favor of the Constitution': How West Virginia Justified Separate Statehood during the Civil War."

2655:"How Virginia Split Into "East" and West Virginia (But With Only Three Shenandoah Valley Counties, and Without Southwest Virginia)" 2454: 3362:

Edwards, Pamela. "West Virginia Women in World War II: The Role of Gender, Class, and Race in Shaping Wartime Volunteer Efforts,"

2503: 791:

in 1768. Most of the Cherokee claim within West Virginia, the southwestern part of the state, was sold to Virginia in 1770 by the

382: 4778: 4349: 4314: 4224: 2878:

Pamela Edwards, "West Virginia Women in World War II: The Role of Gender, Class, and Race in Shaping Wartime Volunteer Efforts,"

2448:"Proclamation 100 – Admitting West Virginia Into the Union", John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, The American Presidency Project 803: 3521: 3260: 3116: 2725: 4554: 4344: 4339: 4254: 4229: 4204: 4093: 4030: 3837: 3742: 3338:

Corbin, David Alan. "Betrayal in the West Virginia Coal Fields: Eugene V. Debs and the Socialist Party of America, 1912–1914,"

2662: 1377: 1330: 1220: 1143: 1125: 904:

effectively disenfranchising poorer farmers in the west, whose families did much of the farm work themselves. In addition, the

451: 432: 300: 229: 43: 1866:

pledged to integrate the state's schools. The state's integration experiences were generally peaceful, swift and cooperative.

236:. The artifacts uncovered in these give evidence of a village society having a tribal trade system culture that practiced the 4369: 4329: 4294: 4284: 4244: 4169: 3832: 3747: 1598:(B&O) and other lines also expanded to take advantage of coal opportunities as well. The B&O developed coal piers in 1350: 1326: 1319: 1315: 1216: 1116: 678: 658:

By 1739 Thomas Shepherd had constructed a flour mill powered by water from the Town Run or the Falling Springs Branch of the

538: 385: 247: 3618: 2571: 2524: 216:

The area now known as West Virginia was a favorite hunting ground of numerous Native American peoples before the arrival of

908:

gave the slave-owning counties the benefit of three-fifths of their slave population in apportioning representation in the

338:

Within the Mountain State these tribal villages can be characterized as rather small and scattered as they moved about the

4739: 4434: 4414: 4384: 4374: 4364: 4354: 4304: 4269: 4259: 4249: 4234: 4209: 4194: 4179: 4164: 4005: 3912: 3847: 3425:

Our Southern Highlanders: A Narrative of Adventure in the Southern Appalachians and a Study of Life among the Mountaineers

1716: 1639: 1481: 1411: 1354: 710: 203: 55: 2905: 4494: 4419: 4404: 4394: 4389: 4359: 4324: 4319: 4299: 4279: 4214: 4189: 4184: 4068: 4058: 4048: 3874: 3819: 3767: 3499: 3200:

Fredette, Allison. "The View from the Border: West Virginia Republicans and Women's Rights in the Age of Emancipation,"

2891:

Sam F. Stack, Jr., "Implementing 'Brown' V. 'Board Of Education' In West Virginia: The 'Southern School News' Reports,"

1845: 1184: 550: 428: 424: 76: 2970: 2857: 4770: 4664: 4409: 4399: 4379: 4309: 4289: 4274: 4264: 4239: 4219: 4174: 4038: 3985: 3772: 3689: 1903: 1858: 1595: 1493: 1366: 1241:'s forces gained possession of the greater part of the territory in the summer of 1861. Following Confederate General 401: 199: 49: 2949: 1583:. In 1889, in the southern part of the state, along the Norfolk and Western rail lines, the important coal center of 1559:, had sights clearly set on the Mountain State, where the owners had large land holdings. Their railroad was renamed 1401:

The new state benefited from development of its mineral resources more than any other single economic activity after

857: 979:(1800–1859), an abolitionist who saw slavery as a sin against God, led a successful anti-slavery movement in Kansas 4429: 4424: 4334: 4199: 4136: 4126: 4078: 3857: 3787: 3409: 3039: 2997: 2282: 1923: 931: 861: 845: 841: 829: 735: 638: 604: 596: 534: 514: 240:

of copper to a limited extent. As of 2009, over 12,500 archaeological sites have been documented in West Virginia.

225: 167: 4083: 4854: 4839: 4829: 4786: 4704: 4669: 4131: 4121: 4111: 4106: 3869: 3827: 3719: 3581: 3435:

Transforming the Appalachian Countryside: Railroads, Deforestation, and Social Change in West Virginia, 1880–1920

3214:

Link, William A. "'This Bastard New Virginia': Slavery, West Virginia Exceptionalism, and the Secession Crisis,"

1501: 1299: 1225: 1211: 1081: 976: 950: 739: 718: 666: 420: 409: 175: 23: 1967:

The West Virginia Statewide, Historic Preservation Plan 2009–2014, West Virginia Division of Culture and History

1369:

ruled that West Virginia owed Virginia $ 12,393,929.50. The final installment of this sum was paid off in 1939.

4859: 4834: 4649: 4609: 3852: 3737: 3419: 2268:

Those not voting were Thomas Maslin of Hardy County and Benjamin Wilson of Harrison County. Ambler, Charles H.

1607: 1584: 1373: 1246: 1016: 815: 509:

John Van Metre, an Indian trader, penetrated into the northern portion of West Virginia in 1725. Also in 1725,

416:. Their journey continued northward (upriver) or westward over land, and there is ambiguity where they got go. 352: 263: 159: 143:(1861–1865). It became one of two American states that formed during the American Civil War – the other being 895:

In 1829 a constitutional convention met in Richmond to consider reforms to Virginia's outdated constitution.

4849: 4844: 4824: 4709: 4699: 4694: 4674: 4146: 4116: 1388:

sponsored legislation to allow Morgan, Berkeley, and Jefferson counties to rejoin Virginia by popular vote.

1291: 1085: 991:, that would assist the enslaved in running away and becoming free. With only 21 followers, in October 1859 833: 795:. Most early settlement was wildcat, with specious ("tomahawk") claims, and without organized governments. 775:, or all their claim south of the Ohio, including the rest of modern West Virginia. At the convening of the 171: 1325:

Following the war Virginia unsuccessfully brought a case to the Supreme Court challenging the secession of

1282: 4864: 4801: 4624: 4539: 4141: 4101: 4015: 3842: 3682: 3466:

Monongah: The Tragic Story of the 1907 Monongah Mine Disaster, the Worst Industrial Accident in US History

1660: 1624: 1521: 1036: 1012: 881: 788: 455: 372: 221: 217: 136: 3190:

Engle, Stephen D. "Mountaineer Reconstruction: Blacks in the Political Reconstruction of West Virginia,"

2821:

Rob Silvester, West Virginia State Wildlife Center: A Century of Conservation and Education, WVDNR, 2010

506:

from South Carolina) who were engaged in a bitter long-distance war, using the Valley as a battleground.

4659: 4654: 4529: 3927: 3922: 3917: 2215: 1898: 1635: 1428: 988: 920: 873: 780: 726: 652: 576: 522: 518: 376: 368: 233: 187: 3403: 3385:

Mountain People in a Flat Land: A Popular History of Appalachian Migration to Northeast Ohio, 1940–1965

1249:

in the same year, supremacy in western Virginia was never again seriously challenged. In 1863, General

3255:

Riccards, Michael P. "Lincoln and the Political Question: The Creation of the State of West Virginia"

864:. During the war, the settlers in western Virginia were generally active Whigs and many served in the 307:

called Monongahela is found on the northerly of the Mountain State stemming from the Drew Tradition.

4749: 4714: 4619: 4594: 4453: 3965: 3955: 3603: 2249: 1938: 1829: 1643: 1588: 1568: 1529: 1432: 1197: 1000: 887: 784: 565: 459: 147:

in 1864. It was the only state to form from another state during this time, splitting from Virginia.

999:, at that time in Virginia. Locals forced him to take refuge in the Armory firehouse, later called " 4734: 4684: 4639: 4629: 4614: 4604: 4589: 4569: 4544: 4534: 4524: 3945: 3495: 1928: 1908: 1837: 1681: 1652: 1614:(VGN), built in an extraordinary manner to the latest and highest standards and completed in 1909. 1560: 1537: 1509: 1238: 1147: 1121: 1092: 1073: 1028: 958: 849: 772: 674: 569: 443: 125: 2624: 2393: 478:, used the resources of the region as well. Soon after this, white settlers began moving into the 4754: 4729: 4634: 4574: 4549: 4519: 4509: 3970: 2164: 2125: 1863: 1715:, a new railroad, was quietly formed in Virginia by a Rogers attorney. The necessary sections of 1685: 1513: 1497: 1372:

Disputes about the exact location of the border in some of the northern mountain reaches between

1188: 1050: 954: 927: 792: 580: 364: 258:

provided the greatest cultural influence in the state. For practical purposes the Adena is Early

140: 3610: 2770:

The total lumber cut in West Virginia between 1870 and 1920 was more than 30 billion board feet.

2451:"Proclamation 100—Admitting West Virginia into the Union | the American Presidency Project" 1405:. Much of the northern panhandle and north-central portion of the state are underlain by bedded 1084:

recommended that each county in northwestern Virginia send delegates to a convention to meet in

482:

making up the entire eastern portion of the state. They found it largely unoccupied, apart from

4689: 4644: 4584: 4559: 4514: 4010: 4000: 3950: 3585: 3552: 3503: 3398: 2425: 2419: 2117: 1723: 1712: 1700: 1648: 1611: 1580: 1564: 1556: 1424: 939: 909: 755: 648: 625: 600: 479: 267: 212:

1715 Nicolas de Fer map showing the Native American areas known as Tionontatacaga and Calicuas

132: 3060: 3033: 806:, led a force over the mountains, and a body of militia under Colonel Andrew Lewis dealt the 4764: 4719: 4599: 4564: 3233:

The Fifth Border State: Slavery, Emancipation, and the Formation of West Virginia, 1829–1872

3183:

Curry, Richard Orr. "Crisis Politics in West Virginia, 1861–1870," in Richard O. Curry ed.,

2478: 2156: 2109: 1918: 1786: 1735: 1727: 1362: 1200:

from which he asserted jurisdiction over the counties of Virginia within the federal lines.

1133: 1054: 1032: 865: 819: 799: 690: 608: 483: 3043:. Vol. 32 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. 1793:

under the leadership of President Mrs. John L. Ruhl and WVESA Ratification Committee chair

1049:

In 1861, as the United States itself became massively divided over slavery, leading to the

926:

For the western areas, problems included the distance from the state seat of government in

623:

in 1751 and 1752. The company sought to have a fourteenth colony established with the name

454:, although according to contemporary accounts, Spotswood's trail went no farther west than 4791: 4724: 4679: 4579: 3525: 3427:. With an Introduction by George Ellison. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1976. 3378:

Miners, Millhands, and Mountaineers: Industrialization of the Appalachian South, 1880–1930

3326:

Life, Work, and Rebellion in the Coal Fields: The Southern West Virginia Miners, 1880–1922

3264: 3120: 2510: 2045: 1794: 1677: 1631: 1572: 1460: 1452: 1444: 1279:

to the U.S. Constitution accomplished on December 6, 1865, to abolish slavery nationwide.

1250: 1112: 1069: 982: 807: 503: 487: 405: 259: 166:(1788–1863). Western Virginia became sharply divided over the issue of secession from the 155: 4463: 2476:

Lincoln and West Virginia Statehood* By J. Duane Squires Volume 24, Number 4 (July 1963)

599:

to mark the western limit of the grant. A considerable part of this land was surveyed by

3428: 3271:

Democratizing the Old Dominion: Virginia and the Second American Party System, 1824–1861

3226: 2450: 1862:

Supreme Court decision outlawing segregated schools was generally positive, as Governor

18: 3488: 3168:

A House Divided: A Study of Statehood Politics and Copperhead Movement in West Virginia

2184: 1880: 1576: 1548: 1358: 1333:

to West Virginia. (Five more counties were formed later, to result in the current 55).

1267: 943: 853: 495: 491: 291: 4879: 3709: 3055: 2717: 2168: 2129: 1833: 1708: 1704: 1656: 1525: 1448: 1287: 1271: 1242: 1008: 996: 709:. Trading posts were established at the confluence of the Ohio and Kanawha Rivers at 670: 659: 620: 592: 584: 554: 530: 526: 413: 348: 255: 148: 3542: 3236: 3014: 3004: 2654: 1237:

During the American Civil War, West Virginia suffered comparatively little. General

3309:

Inventing Tradition: Appalachia and the Construction of an American Folk, 1930–1940

2757: 1747: 1536:. Among its many products, the shipyard began building ocean-going ships, known as 1464: 1456: 1406: 1171: 1004: 877: 848:. The battles ended in American victory and boosted morale with the heroic tale of 759: 714: 612: 542: 436: 397: 389: 243: 237: 186:

is known as the "Mountain State" due to its landscape being largely covered by the

3185:

Radicalism, Racism, and Party Realignment: The Border States During Reconstruction

3150:

Rasmussen, Barbara. "Charles Ambler's Sectionalism in Virginia: An Appreciation,"

1989:, Morgantown, West Virginia: West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, 1968:16 1139: 2575: 2528: 1298:

from statehood in 1863 until March 28, 1870, when the capitol was transferred to

3350:

Where There Are Mountains: An Environmental History of the Southern Appalachians

1875: 1739: 1689: 1603: 1541: 2796: 1512:. Within 10 years, the C&O was building tracks east from Richmond down the 3705: 3518:

In the Kingdom of Coal: An American Family and the Rock That Changed the World

3402: 3288: 1772:

West Virginia suffragists worked at supporting the agendas put forward by the

1505: 1468: 1385: 1258: 935: 826:

ceded their rights south of the Ohio, that is, to West Virginia and Kentucky.

616: 3070:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 560–564. 2145:"Reclaiming Congressman Philip Doddridge from Tidewater Cultural Imperialism" 2121: 2098:"Reclaiming Congressman Philip Doddridge from Tidewater Cultural Imperialism" 2043:

West Virginia Division of Culture and History, West Virginia Memory Project,

721:, at the confluence of the Kanawha and Coal Rivers, became a point of trade. 170:, leading to the separation from Virginia, and formalized by West Virginia's 3173:

Curry, Richard Orr. "A Reappraisal of Statehood Politics in West Virginia",

2849: 1743: 1696: 1672: 1668: 1599: 1517: 811: 730: 283: 615:, which was composed chiefly of Virginians, explored the country along the 3473:

Play of a Fiddle: Traditional Music, Dance, and Folklore in West Virginia.

3302:

A History of Education in West Virginia From Early Colonial Times to 1949

3161:

A History of Education in West Virginia From Early Colonial Times to 1949

2941: 2160: 2113: 303:. Contemporaneously to Fort Ancient Tradition southerly of the state, the 3674: 3654:, edited by Wilbur R. Jacobs, Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 1967 2244:

A detailed list of delegate names and votes are located in Virgil Lewis'

1746:. Coal transloading facilities were developed at several points, notably 1655:

which was chartered to stretch between the C&O at its line along the

901: 776: 682: 561: 475: 463: 163: 154:

The area that comprises West Virginia was originally part of the British

129: 3657:

History of the James River and Kanawha Company By Wayland Fuller Dunaway

3620:

THE OHIO VALLEY-GREAT LAKES ETHNOHISTORY ARCHIVES: THE MIAMI COLLECTION

3589: 3343: 3195: 1532:

also developed what would become the largest shipbuilder in the world,

1322:

in 1870. On August 22, 1872, an entirely new constitution was adopted.

1161:

Turnout by county in the October 24, 1861, West Virginia statehood vote

1103: 814:

a crushing blow at the junction of the Kanawha and Ohio rivers, in the

686: 471: 3480:

Appalachia in the Making: The Mountain South in the Nineteenth Century

2144: 2097: 1759:

continues to power electrical generating plants in many other states.

643: 439:

colony. Neither the land grant or the Swiss colony ever materialized.

381: 2071: 2026: 698: 499: 144: 3625: 3207:

Gerofsky, Milton. "Reconstruction in West Virginia, Part I and II,"

3178: 3059: 3032: 1571:

and a small party journeyed by horseback and saw firsthand the rich

1065: 579:

had granted a company of gentlemen the land between the Potomac and

3532:

Fire in the Hole: Miners and Managers in the American Coal Industry

1011:

stormed the firehouse and took Brown prisoner, almost killing him.

701:

sent trappers up and down the Kanawha region's tributary creeks by

697:

During the late 17th and early 18th centuries a growing demand for

2922:

McDonald (June 2012). "Statistics Off The Vietnam Memorial Wall".

1832:" that supplied the munitions to win the war. However, repeatedly 1676:

partner investors Page had enlisted was millionaire industrialist

1179: 1156: 1138: 1102: 1064: 900:

blacks." Virginia leaders maintained a property qualification for

823: 783:(1754–1763), the scattered settlements were almost destroyed. The 702: 651:

showing early ferries and established colonial borders before the

642: 380: 287: 279: 207: 17: 3563:

Coal, Class, and Color: Blacks in Southern West Virginia, 1915–32

3478:

Pudup, Mary Beth, Dwight B. Billings, and Altina L. Waller, eds.

3445:

Black Coal Miners in America: Race, Class, and Community Conflict

3413:. Vol. 24 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 3211:

6 (July 1945); Part I, 295–360, 7 (October 1945): Part II, 5–39,

1730:

came to be known as the "Richest Little Railroad in the World."

1555:(AM&O) which stretched across Virginia's southern tier from 706: 275: 174:

as a new state in 1863. West Virginia was one of five Civil War

4467: 3678: 3276:

Stealey III, John E. "The Freedmen's Bureau in West Virginia,"

1107:

Counties (in blue) approving Virginia's secession from the U.S.

3669:

The Thirty-fifth State: A Documentary History of West Virginia

3549:

An Appalachian New Deal: West Virginia in the Great Depression

1707:, fully 440 miles (710 km) away from the railhead on the 1594:

In the northern portion of the state and elsewhere, the older

220:

settlers. Many ancient earthen mounds constructed by various

26:

in West Virginia, the world's third-oldest river geologically

3452:

Welsh Americans: A History of Assimilation in the Coalfields

2421:

The Civil War: Primary Documents on Events from 1860 to 1865

2257:

History of Tazewell County and Southwest Virginia, 1748–1920

462:

as the western boundary of white settlement, and recognized

3357:

What's a Coal Miner to Do? The Mechanization of Coal Mining

3250:

The Allegheny Frontier: West Virginia Beginnings, 1730–1830

3078:(1901) online edition, detailed political narrative to 1900 1815:

under the direction of the Division of Natural Resources.

1634:(1854–1932), a civil engineer and mining manager based at 151:

was officially admitted as a U.S. state on June 20, 1863.

1423:

West Virginia was forested. During 1870–1920 most of the

1361:

formed a political coalition based upon this theory, the

1314:

to the United States Constitution caused a reaction, the

856:

continued to dispute the settlers' advance, fighting the

419:

On July 13, 1709, Louis Michel, George Ritter, and Baron

3101:. 2nd ed. Charleston, W.Va.: Appalachian Editions, 1997. 3641:

THE DISCOVERY, SETTLEMENT And present State of KENTUCKE

2549:

Virgil Lewis "How West Virginia Was Made", pgs. 116–117

1540:, to transport coal to other eastern ports (notably in 1488:

Early railroads, shipping to East Coast and Great Lakes

423:

petitioned the King of England for a land grant in the

3459:

Law and Order vs. the Miners: West Virginia, 1907–1933

1800:

Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

564:

was formed in 1734. It included all areas west of the

3671:. Morgantown: West Virginia University Library, 1966. 3461:(1979), On labor conflicts of the early 20th century. 1567:

to handle planned expansion. After its new President

1041:

List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union

2149:

West Virginia History: A Journal of Regional Studies

2102:

West Virginia History: A Journal of Regional Studies

1627:, later promoted as the "Billion Dollar Coalfield." 1618:

New competitor helps open "Billion Dollar Coalfield"

1563:(N&W), and a new railroad city was developed at 1443:

In the 1850s, geologists such as British expert Dr.

498:, and frequent passing bands of "Northern Indians" ( 4815: 4777: 4763: 4502: 4155: 4092: 4029: 3936: 3905: 3818: 3728: 3534:(1985), conflict in the coal industry to the 1980s. 3204:

Spring2009, Vol. 3 Issue 1, pp 57–80, 1861–1870 era

1934:

List of Registered Historic Places in West Virginia

1606:. Other significant rail carriers of coal were the 1459:, had been a key man in earlier development of the 1262:undetermined number of non-resident soldier votes. 587:. The grant eventually came into the possession of 4896:History of the United States by state or territory 3605:Visit wvstatehood.org Where WV history comes alive 3487: 3359:(1988), changes in the coal industry prior to 1940 2183: 798:Sustained settlement started with the creation of 673:from the landing of Evan Watkin near the mouth of 2971:5 Facts about the Vietnam War & West Virginia 838:Western theater of the American Revolutionary War 355:beginning on the Eastern Panhandle of the state. 3539:William L. Wilson and Tariff Reform, a Biography 3194:Vol. 78, No. 3 (Summer, 1993), pp. 137–165 2046:"West Virginia Memory Project – Timeline Search" 1610:(WM), particularly notable was a latecomer, the 1384:momentum. In 2011, West Virginia state delegate 521:, was settled, and later became the site of the 266:'s Dr. Edward V. McMichael, also among the 1963 3551:(West Virginia University Press, 1998) 316 pp. 3342:Vol. 64, No. 4 (Mar., 1978), pp. 987–1009 2039: 2037: 2031:, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office 1941:– Preeminent historian of West Virginia history 906:Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829–1830 4891:History of the Southern United States by state 3572:(1976), economic history of late 19th century. 3394:. (1967), includes highly detailed statistics. 1914:Former counties, cities, and towns of Virginia 1663:, a distance of about 80 miles (130 km). 669:passed an act establishing a ferry across the 4479: 3690: 2758:"Logging the Virgin Forests of West Virginia" 1547:In 1881 the new Philadelphia-based owners of 1534:Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company 533:, a Welshman, built a cabin near present-day 490:, some Shawnee villages in the region around 458:. The Treaty of Albany, 1722, designated the 224:cultures survive, especially in the areas of 158:(1607–1776) and the western part of the U.S. 101: 8: 2718:"WVGES Geology: West Virginia Salt Industry" 1774:National American Woman Suffrage Association 541:in 1727. The same year German settlers from 446:is sometimes credited with taking his 1716 " 3520:(2003), owners' perspective online edition 3076:The history and government of West Virginia 2760:. The Potomac Appalachian Trail Club (PATC) 842:besieged the American militia there in 1777 589:Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron 4486: 4472: 4464: 3697: 3683: 3675: 3667:Elizabeth Cometti, and Festus P. Summers. 3570:West Virginia and the Captains of Industry 3145:Sectionalism in Virginia from 1776 to 1861 1856:The response in West Virginia to the 1954 917:Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1850 685:. In March 1761, Robert Harper obtained a 486:who had lately moved into the area around 448:Knights of the Golden Horseshoe Expedition 108: 94: 29: 3652:The Edmond Atkin Report and Plan of 1755" 3486:Rice, Otis K.; Brown, Stephen W. (1994). 3407:. In Baynes, T. S.; Smith, W. R. (eds.). 3392:The Southern Appalachian Region: A Survey 3005:Charles H. Ambler and Festus P. Summers. 1496:(C&O) westerly across the state from 1187:, changed hands a dozen times during the 502:from New Jersey) and "Southern Indians" ( 3335:(Charleston: Education Foundation, 1960) 3316:The Southern Highlander and His Homeland 3025:Semi-Centennial History of West Virginia 2614:Richard Curry "A House Divided", pg. 90. 1987:Introduction to West Virginia Archeology 1791:West Virginia Equal Suffrage Association 1281: 128:, which was an assembly of northwestern 3235:(West Virginia University Press, 2023) 3138:West Virginia in the American Civil War 3001:(2006) 1864pp; 2000 articles by experts 2995:Abramson, Rudy, and Jean Haskell, eds. 2906:West Virginia veterans remember Vietnam 2850:"e-WV – The West Virginia Encyclopedia" 2830:from the original on September 28, 2008 2186:Sectionalism in Virginia from 1776–1861 1951: 1553:Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad 1166:with 18,162 votes for and 514 against. 1045:West Virginia in the American Civil War 32: 4021:Washington–Baltimore metropolitan area 3333:History of West Virginia Coal Industry 3099:West Virginia: A History for Beginners 2895:Spring 2008, Vol. 2 Issue 1, pp. 59–81 2882:Spring 2008, Vol. 2 Issue 1, pp. 27–57 2686:"Secession bill planned to 'stir pot'" 1057:, but ultimately named West Virginia. 892:between the two sections of Virginia. 3634:Classics of American Colonial History 3366:Spring 2008, Vol. 2 Issue 1, pp 27–57 3218:Spring 2009, Vol. 3 Issue 1, pp 37–56 3106:West Virginia: A Bicentennial History 3017:West Virginia Politics and Government 2785:Spring 2008, Vol. 2 Issue 1, pp. 1–26 2665:from the original on February 1, 2017 2525:"Researching Your Civil War Ancestor" 2479:"Lincoln and West Virginia Statehood" 2052:from the original on October 19, 2008 1806:State hatcheries and tourism industry 1778:National Association of Colored Women 717:resided for several years. Likewise, 400:, at the direction of Royal Governor 7: 3371:Uneven Ground: Appalachia Since 1945 3154:Spring 2009, Vol. 3 Issue 1, pp 1–35 3088:Rice, Otis K. and Stephen W. Brown. 3027:(1913), online, old useful narrative 2801:e-WV: The West Virginia Encyclopedia 2635:from the original on August 14, 2017 1294:, which served as the state's first 818:. Following this conflict, known as 3647:) – 1784 Mr John Filson (1747–1788) 3627:Compact History Geographic Overview 3092:, 2d ed. (1993), a standard history 3051:(1923) 3 vol, with many biographies 2467:. Santa Barbara, CA. April 20, 1863 2457:from the original on April 21, 2014 2259:, Richmond, 1920, pgs. 600 and 603. 1893:Historical outline of West Virginia 766:History of slavery in West Virginia 750:Trans-Allegheny Virginia, 1768–1861 412:for their sponsor, and discovered 359:European exploration and settlement 3650:The Appalachian Indian Frontier; " 3576:Williams, John Alexander (2013) . 2904:Evans, Jessica. (March 29, 2021). 2860:from the original on June 10, 2016 2803:. West Virginia Humanities Council 2684:Jenni Vincent (January 25, 2011). 2485:from the original on June 27, 2010 2438:from the original on July 5, 2014. 2226:from the original on July 19, 2012 2190:. New York: Russell & Russell. 1782:Woman's Christian Temperance Union 1587:was founded. The "capital" of the 972:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 681:to the property of Edmund Wade in 14: 3007:West Virginia, the Mountain State 2975:West Virginia Public Broadcasting 2952:from the original on May 11, 2016 2824:"West Virginia Wildlife Magazine" 2728:from the original on May 23, 2016 2143:Richards, Samuel J. (Fall 2019). 993:he took hostages and freed slaves 966:John Brown at Harpers Ferry, 1859 595:was erected at the source of the 480:Greater Shenandoah-Potomac Valley 65: 4447: 1642:. Former West Virginia Governor 836:played an important role in the 804:John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore 3612:WV, An Archaeological Treasure 3280:39 (January/April 1978): 99–142 3257:Presidential Studies Quarterly, 3031:Callahan, James Morton (1922). 1378:Jefferson County, West Virginia 1144:West Virginia Independence Hall 1126:Restored Government of Virginia 840:. British-allied Native tribes 301:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex 2942:"Vietnam War: Deaths by State" 1351:Virginia Board of Public Works 1117:Virginia Declaration of Rights 689:to operate a ferry across the 662:in present-day Shepherdstown. 139:that Virginia made during the 1: 4006:Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians 3614:Online Gallery, Fort Ancients 3259:Vol. 27, 1997 online edition 2350:, pp. 79–80, with errata note 2214:Grady, John (July 16, 2012). 2028:The Siouan Tribes of the East 1602:and at several points on the 1508:in 1872 opened access to the 1482:United States Bureau of Mines 1275:took the ratification of the 711:Point Pleasant, West Virginia 204:Protohistory of West Virginia 4495:History of the United States 3981:Huntington metropolitan area 3961:Charleston metropolitan area 3500:University Press of Kentucky 3340:Journal of American History, 3177:28 (November 1962): 403–21. 2361:The History of West Virginia 2324:, by James McGregor, pg. 269 2096:Richards, Samuel J. (2019). 1846:United Service Organizations 1630:A protégé of Dr. Ansted was 1463:regions centered in eastern 1185:Harpers Ferry, West Virginia 1072:, a leader during the First 860:(1776–1794) until after the 557:, and others soon followed. 4064:Parkersburg–Marietta–Vienna 3175:Journal of Southern History 3127:Scholarly secondary studies 3037:. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). 3015:Brisbin, Richard A. et al. 2985:References and bibliography 2387:"A Constitution of Our Own" 2182:Ambler, Charles H. (1964). 1904:History of the Upland South 1859:Brown v. Board of Education 1596:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 1494:Chesapeake and Ohio Railway 1367:United States Supreme Court 1353:. Virginians led by former 1013:Brown was quickly convicted 980: 885: 611:, a surveyor for the first 388:, the first manager of the 200:Prehistory of West Virginia 4912: 3582:W. W. Norton & Company 3561:Trotter Jr., Joe William. 3223:The Disruption of Virginia 3135: 2998:Encyclopedia of Appalachia 2977:. Retrieved June 20, 2022. 2559:Camp Chase Civil Prisoners 2424:. Greenwood. p. 108. 2348:How West Virginia Was Made 2335:The Disruption of Virginia 2322:The Disruption of Virginia 2283:United States Constitution 2270:A History of West Virginia 2253:A History of West Virginia 2246:How West Virginia Was Made 2202:A History of West Virginia 1924:West Virginia State Museum 1890: 1229:been no further question. 1026: 969: 932:Eastern Continental Divide 862:American Revolutionary War 852:. Renegade Cherokee chief 763: 753: 639:Waterways of West Virginia 636: 619:north of the mouth of the 605:South Branch Potomac River 597:North Branch Potomac River 515:South Branch Potomac River 470:Other tribes, notably the 362: 197: 162:(1776–1788), and state of 135:, who aimed to repeal the 4443: 3863:Colleges and universities 3716: 3568:William, John Alexander. 3524:November 3, 2011, at the 3192:Journal of Negro History, 3111:William, John Alexander. 3104:William, John Alexander. 3097:William, John Alexander. 2572:"West Virginia Statehood" 2504:Virginia v. West Virginia 2076:www.ohiocountylibrary.org 1300:Charleston, West Virginia 1226:Virginia General Assembly 1212:Virginia v. West Virginia 962:turnpikes and railroads. 951:Virginia General Assembly 719:St. Albans, West Virginia 713:where, in the mid-1780s, 667:Virginia General Assembly 421:Christoph von Graffenried 4886:History of West Virginia 4797:Northern Mariana Islands 4454:West Virginia portal 3763:Census-designated places 3636:, Dinsmore Documentation 3578:West Virginia: A History 3490:West Virginia: A History 3420:Our Southern Highlanders 3090:West Virginia: A History 3083:West Virginia: A History 3049:History of West Virginia 3047:Callahan, James Morton. 2912:Retrieved June 20, 2022. 1608:Western Maryland Railway 1585:Bluefield, West Virginia 1451:and New York City mayor 1374:Loudoun County, Virginia 1017:Commonwealth of Virginia 816:Battle of Point Pleasant 353:North American fur trade 264:West Virginia University 160:Commonwealth of Virginia 122:history of West Virginia 34:History of West Virginia 3423:. (1922). Reprinted as 3410:Encyclopædia Britannica 3243:Civil War in Appalachia 3067:Encyclopædia Britannica 3040:Encyclopædia Britannica 1678:Henry Huttleston Rogers 1671:(in an era before U.S. 1524:on the large harbor of 1475:Accidents in coal mines 1455:, whose father-in-law, 1292:Wheeling, West Virginia 1015:of treason against the 777:1752 Treaty of Logstown 172:admittance to the Union 4049:Hagerstown–Martinsburg 3364:West Virginia History, 3348:Davis, Donald Edward. 3318:(1921) reissued 1969. 3263:June 28, 2011, at the 3216:West Virginia History, 3202:West Virginia History, 3152:West Virginia History, 3115:(2002) online edition 2893:West Virginia History, 2880:West Virginia History, 2783:West Virginia History, 2374:Disruption of Virginia 2216:"The Birth of a State" 1625:Winding Gulf Coalfield 1528:. There, city founder 1522:Newport News, Virginia 1492:The completion of the 1302: 1192: 1162: 1150: 1108: 1076: 1037:Admission to the Union 858:Cherokee–American wars 789:Treaty of Fort Stanwix 655: 456:Harrisonburg, Virginia 393: 373:Treaty of Paris (1763) 213: 137:Ordinance of Secession 27: 3758:Magisterial districts 3547:Thomas, Jerry Bruce. 3404:"West Virginia" 3285:West Virginia History 3278:West Virginia History 3209:West Virginia History 3119:May 26, 2010, at the 3113:Appalachia: A History 3061:"West Virginia" 3034:"West Virginia" 2161:10.1353/wvh.2019.0019 2114:10.1353/wvh.2019.0019 1985:Edward V. McMichael, 1899:History of Appalachia 1754:Labor, ecology issues 1711:. In early 1904, the 1429:Gaudineer Scenic Area 1285: 1215:, 78 U.S. 39 (1871). 1183: 1160: 1142: 1106: 1068: 989:Appalachian Mountains 921:internal improvements 781:French and Indian War 764:Further information: 754:Further information: 727:Industrial Revolution 653:French And Indian War 646: 637:Further information: 583:rivers, known as the 577:Charles II of England 523:French and Indian War 384: 377:Indian Reserve (1763) 369:French and Indian War 211: 198:Further information: 188:Appalachian Mountains 21: 4074:Weirton–Steubenville 3966:Cumberland Mountains 3956:Blue Ridge Mountains 3390:Ford, Thomas R. ed. 3324:Corbin, David Alan. 3231:MacKenzie, Scott A. 3166:Curry, Richard Orr. 2698:on February 11, 2015 2418:Ford Risley (2004). 1939:Charles Henry Ambler 1830:Arsenal of Democracy 1644:William A. MacCorkle 1589:Pocahontas coalfield 1569:Frederick J. Kimball 1530:Collis P. Huntington 1433:Cathedral State Park 1124:as governor of the " 1115:, declared that the 888:Tuckahoes and Cohees 785:Proclamation of 1763 665:In October 1748 the 566:Blue Ridge Mountains 517:valley, present-day 460:Blue Ridge Mountains 124:stems from the 1861 4807:U.S. Virgin Islands 3946:Allegheny Mountains 3810:Tourist attractions 3537:Summers, Festus P. 3300:Ambler, Charles H. 3287:3.2 (2009): 23–51. 3221:McGregor, James C. 3159:Ambler, Charles H. 3143:Ambler, Charles H. 3023:Callahan, James M. 2795:Effland, Anne B.W. 2513:, 78 U.S. 39 (1871) 2250:Charles H. Ambler's 2248:, pg. 30, and also 1929:Wheeling Convention 1909:History of Virginia 1838:United Mine Workers 1682:John D. Rockefeller 1659:and the N&W at 1653:short-line railroad 1632:William Nelson Page 1561:Norfolk and Western 1520:at the new city of 1510:New River Coalfield 1500:to the new city of 1239:George B. McClellan 1148:Wheeling Convention 1122:Francis H. Pierpont 1093:Wheeling Convention 1074:Wheeling Convention 1029:Wheeling Convention 1023:Civil War and split 959:Francis H. Pierpont 880:" was presented to 675:Conococheague Creek 633:Early river traffic 570:Treaty of Lancaster 450:" into what is now 444:Alexander Spotswood 126:Wheeling Convention 4054:Huntington–Ashland 3996:Northern Panhandle 3971:Cumberland Plateau 3399:Kenna, John Edward 3314:Campbell, John C. 3304:(1951), 1000 pages 3269:Shade, William G. 3237:online book review 3163:(1951), 1000 pages 3011:a standard history 2854:wvencyclopedia.org 2797:"Women's Suffrage" 2659:virginiaplaces.org 2625:"Willey Amendment" 2509:2010-10-17 at the 2200:Charles H. Amber, 1958:Bryan Ward 2009:10 1864:William C. Marland 1852:School integration 1686:Standard Oil Trust 1516:to reach its huge 1514:Virginia Peninsula 1498:Richmond, Virginia 1303: 1193: 1189:American Civil War 1163: 1151: 1109: 1077: 1051:American Civil War 955:American Civil War 822:, the Shawnee and 793:Treaty of Lochaber 656: 394: 365:Colony of Virginia 290:and many types of 214: 141:American Civil War 133:Southern Unionists 28: 4873: 4872: 4461: 4460: 4011:Shenandoah Valley 4001:Potomac Highlands 3976:Eastern Panhandle 3951:Allegheny Plateau 3557:978-1-933202-51-8 3530:Seltzer, Curtis. 3516:Rottenberg, Don. 3464:McAteer, Davitt. 3457:Lunt, Richard D. 3450:Lewis, Ronald L. 3443:Lewis, Ronald L. 3433:Lewis, Ronald L. 3417:Kephart, Horace. 3383:Feather, Carl E. 3376:Eller, Ronald D. 3369:Eller, Ronald D. 3074:Fast, Richard E. 2016:McMichael 1968:49 2007:McMichael 1968:38 1998:McMichael 1968:21 1724:Virginian Railway 1713:Tidewater Railway 1703:on the harbor of 1680:, a principal in 1649:Deepwater Railway 1612:Virginian Railway 1467:and northwestern 1425:old-growth forest 1341:Enduring disputes 1088:on May 13, 1861. 1001:John Brown's Fort 910:Virginia Assembly 756:Vandalia (colony) 649:Fry-Jefferson map 603:, especially the 601:George Washington 435:, to establish a 268:Geological Survey 118: 117: 73:African-Americans 4903: 4817:Outlying islands 4771:Washington, D.C. 4765:Federal district 4488: 4481: 4474: 4465: 4452: 4451: 4450: 3699: 3692: 3685: 3676: 3593: 3513: 3493: 3471:Milnes, Gerald. 3429:full text online 3414: 3406: 3307:Becker, Jane S. 3227:full text online 3071: 3063: 3044: 3036: 2978: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2919: 2913: 2910:wearemighty.com. 2902: 2896: 2889: 2883: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2792: 2786: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2767: 2765: 2753: 2747: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2694:. 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Cornwell 1736:Norfolk Southern 1728:Class 1 railroad 1544:) and overseas. 1363:Readjuster Party 1331:Jefferson County 1316:Democratic Party 1296:capitol building 1288:Linsly Institute 1134:State of Kanawha 1055:State of Kanawha 1033:State of Kanawha 986: 897:Philip Doddridge 891: 866:Continental Army 850:McColloch's Leap 800:Fincastle County 691:Shenandoah River 609:Christopher Gist 531:Morgan ap Morgan 511:Pearsall's Flats 452:Pendleton County 433:Jefferson County 402:William Berkeley 396:In 1671 General 230:South Charleston 110: 103: 96: 52:(before 17th c.) 30: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4901: 4900: 4876: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4811: 4773: 4759: 4498: 4492: 4462: 4457: 4448: 4446: 4439: 4151: 4088: 4025: 3932: 3901: 3814: 3724: 3712: 3703: 3664: 3662:Primary sources 3629:by Lee Sultzman 3600: 3575: 3526:Wayback Machine 3510: 3485: 3397: 3297: 3265:Wayback Machine 3245:(1997), 104–30. 3140: 3134: 3129: 3121:Wayback Machine 3054: 3030: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2981: 2969: 2965: 2955: 2953: 2946:Landscaper.net/ 2940: 2939: 2935: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2903: 2899: 2890: 2886: 2877: 2873: 2863: 2861: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2833: 2831: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2806: 2804: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2780: 2776: 2763: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2731: 2729: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2701: 2699: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2638: 2636: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2581: 2579: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2534: 2532: 2531:on July 7, 2010 2523: 2521: 2517: 2511:Wayback Machine 2502: 2498: 2488: 2486: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2460: 2458: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2432: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2371: 2367: 2358: 2354: 2345: 2341: 2332: 2328: 2319: 2315: 2309:A House Divided 2307:Richard Curry, 2306: 2302: 2296:A House Divided 2294:Richard Curry, 2293: 2289: 2280: 2276: 2267: 2263: 2243: 2239: 2229: 2227: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2199: 2195: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2142: 2141: 2137: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2080: 2078: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2055: 2053: 2044: 2042: 2035: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1895: 1889: 1872: 1854: 1825: 1813:Wildlife Center 1808: 1795:Lenna Lowe Yost 1770: 1765: 1756: 1620: 1573:bituminous coal 1490: 1477: 1461:anthracite coal 1453:Abram S. Hewitt 1445:David T. Ansted 1441: 1421: 1399: 1394: 1343: 1327:Berkeley County 1312:15th Amendments 1251:John D. Imboden 1235: 1206: 1113:John S. Carlile 1091:When the First 1070:John S. Carlile 1063: 1047: 1027:Main articles: 1025: 983:Bleeding Kansas 974: 968: 942:rivers and the 832:in present-day 808:Shawnee Indians 768: 762: 752: 679:Berkeley County 677:in present-day 641: 635: 560:Orange County, 547:New Mecklenburg 539:Berkeley County 488:Martinsburg, WV 406:Virginia Colony 379: 363:Main articles: 361: 260:Woodland period 206: 196: 156:Virginia Colony 114: 12: 11: 5: 4909: 4907: 4899: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4878: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4855:Navassa Island 4852: 4847: 4842: 4840:Johnston Atoll 4837: 4832: 4830:Howland Island 4827: 4821: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4787:American Samoa 4783: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4769: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4705:South Carolina 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4670:North Carolina 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4499: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4483: 4476: 4468: 4459: 4458: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4161: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4150: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4098: 4096: 4094:Largest cities 4090: 4089: 4087: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4035: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3942: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3909: 3907: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3899: 3898: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3866: 3865: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3838:Climate change 3835: 3830: 3824: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3791: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3734: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3704: 3702: 3701: 3694: 3687: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3658: 3655: 3648: 3637: 3631: 3623: 3616: 3608: 3599: 3598:External links 3596: 3595: 3594: 3573: 3566: 3559: 3545: 3543:online edition 3535: 3528: 3514: 3509:978-0813118543 3508: 3483: 3476: 3469: 3462: 3455: 3448: 3441: 3439:online edition 3431: 3415: 3395: 3388: 3381: 3374: 3367: 3360: 3353: 3346: 3336: 3331:Conley, Phil. 3329: 3322: 3320:online edition 3312: 3305: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3291: 3281: 3274: 3267: 3253: 3248:Rice, Otis K. 3246: 3239: 3229: 3219: 3212: 3205: 3198: 3188: 3181: 3171: 3164: 3157: 3156: 3155: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3109: 3102: 3095: 3094: 3093: 3081:Rice, Otis K. 3079: 3072: 3058:, ed. (1911). 3056:Chisholm, Hugh 3052: 3045: 3028: 3021: 3012: 3002: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2963: 2933: 2914: 2897: 2884: 2871: 2841: 2814: 2787: 2774: 2748: 2739: 2709: 2676: 2646: 2616: 2607: 2598: 2589: 2562: 2551: 2542: 2515: 2496: 2469: 2441: 2430: 2410: 2378: 2365: 2352: 2339: 2326: 2313: 2300: 2298:, pp. 147, 149 2287: 2274: 2261: 2237: 2220:New York Times 2206: 2193: 2174: 2135: 2088: 2063: 2033: 2025:James Mooney, 2018: 2009: 2000: 1991: 1978: 1969: 1960: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1891:Main article: 1888: 1885: 1881:Medal of Honor 1871: 1868: 1853: 1850: 1824: 1821: 1807: 1804: 1769: 1768:Woman suffrage 1766: 1764: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1701:Sewell's Point 1699:facilities at 1690:"deep pockets" 1640:Fayette County 1619: 1616: 1577:Lamberts Point 1549:William Mahone 1489: 1486: 1476: 1473: 1440: 1437: 1420: 1417: 1412:Kanawha County 1403:Reconstruction 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1359:William Mahone 1347:Reconstruction 1342: 1339: 1277:13th Amendment 1268:Charles Sumner 1247:Cheat Mountain 1234: 1231: 1205: 1202: 1146:, site of the 1062: 1059: 1024: 1021: 970:Main article: 967: 964: 944:Gulf of Mexico 854:Dragging Canoe 751: 748: 634: 631: 549:, the present 496:Winchester, VA 492:Moorefield, WV 360: 357: 345:Fireside Cabin 305:sister culture 195: 192: 116: 115: 113: 112: 105: 98: 90: 87: 86: 85: 84: 68: 63: 61:U.S. Civil War 58: 53: 47: 37: 36: 22:A view of the 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4908: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4860:Palmyra Atoll 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4835:Jarvis Island 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4766: 4762: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4745:West Virginia 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 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2590: 2577: 2573: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2555: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2530: 2526: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2505: 2500: 2497: 2484: 2480: 2473: 2470: 2456: 2452: 2445: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2431:9780313321269 2427: 2423: 2422: 2414: 2411: 2403:September 25, 2395: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2356: 2353: 2349: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2333:J. McGregor, 2330: 2327: 2323: 2317: 2314: 2310: 2304: 2301: 2297: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2241: 2238: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2197: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2178: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2139: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2092: 2089: 2077: 2073: 2067: 2064: 2051: 2047: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2029: 2022: 2019: 2013: 2010: 2004: 2001: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1982: 1979: 1973: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1955: 1952: 1945: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1894: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1877: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1834:John L. Lewis 1831: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1814: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1767: 1762: 1760: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1709:Kanawha River 1706: 1705:Hampton Roads 1702: 1698: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1657:Kanawha River 1654: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1626: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1526:Hampton Roads 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1449:Charles Pratt 1446: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1408: 1407:salt deposits 1404: 1396: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1345:Beginning in 1340: 1338: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1278: 1273: 1272:Benjamin Wade 1269: 1263: 1260: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1245:'s defeat at 1244: 1243:Robert E. Lee 1240: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1167: 1159: 1155: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1135: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1060: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1022: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1009:Robert E. Lee 1006: 1003:"; a unit of 1002: 998: 997:Harpers Ferry 994: 990: 984: 978: 973: 965: 963: 960: 956: 952: 947: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 924: 922: 918: 913: 911: 907: 903: 898: 893: 889: 883: 879: 875: 869: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 844:and again in 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 825: 821: 820:Dunmore's War 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 796: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 767: 761: 757: 749: 747: 743: 741: 737: 732: 728: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 695: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 671:Potomac River 668: 663: 661: 660:Potomac River 654: 650: 645: 640: 632: 630: 628: 627: 622: 621:Kanawha River 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 585:Northern Neck 582: 578: 575:In 1661 King 573: 571: 567: 563: 558: 556: 555:Potomac River 552: 551:Shepherdstown 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 527:Fort Pearsall 524: 520: 516: 512: 507: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 468: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 442:Lt. Governor 440: 438: 434: 430: 429:Shepherdstown 426: 425:Harpers Ferry 422: 417: 415: 414:Kanawha Falls 411: 407: 403: 399: 391: 387: 383: 378: 374: 370: 366: 358: 356: 354: 350: 349:James Le Tort 346: 341: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 306: 302: 296: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 271: 269: 265: 262:according to 261: 257: 252: 249: 245: 241: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 222:mound builder 219: 210: 205: 201: 193: 191: 189: 185: 179: 177: 176:border states 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 152: 150: 149:West Virginia 146: 142: 138: 134: 131: 127: 123: 111: 106: 104: 99: 97: 92: 91: 89: 88: 83: 82: 78: 74: 69: 67: 64: 62: 59: 57: 54: 51: 48: 46: 45: 41: 40: 39: 38: 35: 31: 25: 20: 16: 4850:Midway Atoll 4845:Kingman Reef 4825:Baker Island 4802:Puerto Rico 4744: 4710:South Dakota 4700:Rhode Island 4695:Pennsylvania 4675:North Dakota 4445: 3913:Coat of arms 3848:Demographics 3794: 3718: 3668: 3651: 3645:Page 100-103 3640: 3633: 3626: 3619: 3611: 3604: 3580:. 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Ambler, 2108:(2): 1–26. 2056:October 19, 1876:Vietnam War 1874:During the 1870:Vietnam War 1836:called his 1740:Great Lakes 1604:Great Lakes 1542:New England 1355:Confederate 1320:Republicans 940:Mississippi 773:Alleghenies 535:Bunker Hill 410:Woods River 392:of Virginia 226:Moundsville 77:Environment 4880:Categories 4740:Washington 4660:New Mexico 4655:New Jersey 4530:California 4350:Pocahontas 4315:Monongalia 4225:Greenbrier 4132:Morgantown 4122:Huntington 4112:Clarksburg 4107:Charleston 4084:Winchester 4069:Washington 4059:Morgantown 4044:Charleston 3885:Newspapers 3880:Mass media 3773:Government 3720:Charleston 3590:B00FAD73U2 3295:Since 1877 3136:See also: 2372:McGregor, 2346:V. Lewis, 1976:Kerr, 2010 1551:'s former 1506:Ohio River 1502:Huntington 1469:New Jersey 1386:Larry Kump 1259:Camp Chase 1198:Alexandria 1082:Clarksburg 1061:Separation 977:John Brown 830:Fort Henry 736:Coal River 617:Ohio River 525:stockade, 484:Tuscaroras 386:Thomas Lee 340:old fields 284:sunflowers 194:Prehistory 66:Since 1900 50:Prehistory 4750:Wisconsin 4715:Tennessee 4620:Minnesota 4595:Louisiana 4497:by polity 4345:Pleasants 4340:Pendleton 4255:Jefferson 4230:Hampshire 4205:Doddridge 4039:Bluefield 3858:Education 3788:Elections 3778:Governors 3723:(capital) 3482:. (1995). 3387:. (1998). 3273:. (1996). 3225:. 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